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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8VvNTTq6vpPFNX4hjsZZgyN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000300207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180041</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Yellow Fever and Cardiovascular Disease: An Intersection of Epidemics</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Muniz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#201;dson Saad</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina (Cardiologia) do Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina e do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#201;dson Saad da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Samaritano</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira,</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 - Pr&#233;dio do HU 8&#186; andar - sala 6, UFRJ. Postal Code 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>, <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>207</fpage>
      <lpage>210</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Yellow Fever</kwd>
        <kwd>Tropical Ecosystem, Arbovirus Infections</kwd>
        <kwd>Aedes, Liver Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Kidney Failure, Chronic</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorrhage</kwd>
        <kwd>Bradycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug-Eluting Stents / adverse effects</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Arboviral diseases are an important public health problem, especially in tropical and subtropical countries, such as Brazil, where viruses of the family <italic>Flaviviridae,</italic> responsible for dengue fever, zika and yellow fever (YF), and of the family <italic>Togaviridae</italic>, which cause chikungunya, predominate. In recent years, the number of cases has increased because of several factors, of which environmental changes, such as deforestation and climate changes, disorderly occupation of cities with low hygiene-sanitary conditions, in addition to the increased mobility of international travelers, stand out. Such factors have allowed the colonization of new areas by vectors, mainly <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic>, which can be found in 80% of the Brazilian territory.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Dengue virus, which has four different serotypes, has accounted for isolated epidemics or for co-infections in 1984-1985, 1997-1999 and 2004-2007. Chikungunya, whose virus originated in Africa, succeeded the dengue fever in Brazil in 2014, with similar clinical and laboratory presentation, hindering the differential diagnosis. In 2015, the first cases of zika were reported in Brazil. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the clinical manifestations of those arboviral diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <label>Table 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Clinical spectrum of dengue, chikungunya and zika</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup>
          <col width="33%"/>
          <col width="33%"/>
          <col width="33%"/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th align="left" rowspan="2">Arboviral disease</th>
            <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Clinical presentation</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th align="center">Mild forms</th>
            <th align="center">Severe forms</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Dengue</td>
            <td align="center">High fever, myalgia, joint pain, nauseas, vomiting, skin rash, hemorrhagic manifestations, low platelet count </td>
            <td align="center">Organ failure (respiratory, heart, hepatic, hematologic, central nervous system), refractory shock and death</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Chikungunya</td>
            <td align="center">The aforementioned manifestations + symmetrical pain in small and large joints, except for hemorrhagic syndrome</td>
            <td align="center">Nephritis, meningoencephalitis, Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and flaccid paralysis</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Zika</td>
            <td align="center">Milder aforementioned manifestations, conjunctivitis</td>
            <td align="center">Neurological complications, such as microcephaly (newborn infants), Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome, hearing loss</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <p>According to the World Health Organization, YF is endemic in Brazil since the year 1900, with sylvan and urban cycles, aggravated by the presence of <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> in the cities. In the past decades, there has been a significant reduction in the number of cases because of the increase in vaccine coverage. However, the disease spread from endemic areas to the vicinities with similar ecological characteristics has enabled the emergence of the recent epidemic in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and S&#227;o Paulo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the signs and symptoms of YF, highlighting hepatic and renal failures, in addition to bleedings that occur in the more severe forms.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t2">
      <label>Table 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Clinical spectrum of yellow fever and respective treatment site<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</title>
      </caption>
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup>
          <col width="25%"/>
          <col width="25%"/>
          <col width="25%"/>
          <col width="25%"/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th align="left">Form</th>
            <th align="center">Signs and symptoms</th>
            <th align="center">Laboratory changes</th>
            <th align="center">Treatment site</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Mild / Moderate</td>
            <td align="center">Fever, headache, myalgia, nauseas, absent/mild jaundice</td>
            <td align="center">Low platelet count, moderate elevation of transaminases, normal or mildly elevated bilirubin levels</td>
            <td align="center">Outpatient clinic / hospital (ward)</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Severe</td>
            <td align="center">All aforementioned, jaundice, severe hemorrhages, oliguria, reduced level of consciousness</td>
            <td align="center">Severe low platelet count, increased creatinine, significant elevation of transaminases</td>
            <td align="center">Hospital (ward / intensive care unit)</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">Malignant</td>
            <td align="center">All classic symptoms of the severe form intensified</td>
            <td align="center">All aforementioned, disseminated intravascular coagulation</td>
            <td align="center">Hospital (intensive care unit)</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <p>Most monkeys in Africa are resistant to the YF virus, differently from the neotropical species of primates of the Americas, which are more susceptible to fatal infections, mainly the <italic>Alouatta</italic> ssp, which serves as a sentinel species for the YF virus. In those animal models, YF is characterized by a hemorrhagic viral disease with multiple organ failure and cardiovascular shock, similarly to that affecting human beings. In <italic>Rhesus</italic> monkeys, marked lymphopenia has been reported preceding the spleen, liver, kidney and lymphoid tissue damages. Those findings are probably due to viral replication, release of cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12/23p40, IL-15, IL-17, G-CSF, GM-CSF, sCD40, RANTES, MCP-1 and INF&#404;, and gene expression associated with immune response, ionic metabolism and apoptosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Cardiovascular involvement in arboviral diseases was described in 1822 in YF, with myocardial impairment characterized by bradycardia. Later, Lloyd<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> has reported prolongation of the atrioventricular conduction and ventricular repolarization changes. In 1965, bradycardia and hypotension were reported in chikungunya, and, in 1973, myocarditis, pericarditis and atrial fibrillation were reported in dengue fever.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A recent systematic review has reported that cardiovascular manifestations are common in chikungunya, mainly hypotension, shock, arrhythmias, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure with troponin level elevation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The histopathological assessment of the cardiac tissue of a fatal case of myocarditis and cardiogenic shock due to dengue fever in Brazil has shown muscular necrosis and interstitial edema with viral particles in cardiomyocytes and interstitial space, suggesting direct action of the virus in the myocardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Cases of myocarditis, heart failure, arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation and ventricular and supraventricular tachycardia have been reported in zika.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The varied clinical presentation of YF, from asymptomatic to severe forms, affects directly the disease&#8217;s therapeutic strategy. The malignant manifestations are associated with a mortality rate of up to 50%, requiring, thus, attention and differentiated care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Although the disease has no effective specific treatment, respiratory, hemodynamic, metabolic and hemostatic supports, in addition to appropriate control of comorbidities, are fundamental to establish the patient&#8217;s recovery. Moreover, the Ministry of Health criteria for outpatient clinic follow-up or hospitalization should be met in patients with heart diseases (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> However, some particularities of clinical management do apply to those patients.</p>
    <p>There is no study in the literature about the safest way to treat patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and manifestations of YF. The experience in treating epidemics of other arboviral diseases in Brazil, however, could be a reference. In 2013, the Brazilian National Institute of Cardiology (Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia) issued recommendations for the use of antiplatelet drugs in patients with CAD and dengue fever, which were incorporated into the Ministry of Health Manual of Diagnosis and Clinical Management of dengue fever.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In that document, the recommendations for suspension of antiplatelet drugs acknowledged the importance of different levels of platelet count essentially in patients with bare-metal or first-generation drug-eluting stents, who required at least 6 months of dual antiplatelet therapy to minimize the risk of thrombosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Since then, the most frequent use of second-generation drug-eluting stents with everolimus or zotarolimus has allowed for shorter periods of dual antiplatelet therapy with the same safety level. Considering that low platelet count is one of the most important characteristics of all viral hemorrhagic fevers, those recommendations could also serve as a model for new recommendations for YF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Thus, the consideration of validated tools to assess the risks for hemorrhage and thrombosis after coronary stent implantation is a promising strategy. An example is the PRECISE-DAPT score, which uses hemoglobin, leukocyte count, age, creatinine clearance and history of bleeding as variables to estimate that risk. Scores &lt; 25 are predictors of a low risk of bleeding and could identify patients who benefit from longer periods of dual antiplatelet therapy (6-12 months). However, scores &#8805; 25 are associated with high rates of bleeding, indicating a shorter period of dual antiplatelet therapy (3-6 months).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The 2017 European Society of Cardiology guideline considers that score in some of its recommendations and raises the possibility of only 1 month of dual antiplatelet therapy for patients at high risk for bleeding (PRECISE-DAPT &#8805;25), who might not tolerate 3 months of use. Those recommendations and that score application do not depend on the type of stent implanted.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Although the incorporation of that strategy into the management of patients with YF has been neither studied nor validated, it provides additional enhancement to isolated platelet count to estimate the risk for thrombosis and bleeding after percutaneous coronary interventions. Such assessment would be of fundamental importance to define the management, mainly because the modifiable variables used in the PRECISE-DAPT score can be affected by YF. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows an algorithm for the antiplatelet management of patients with coronary stents implanted within less than 12 months from the YF infection.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Algorithm for the management of antiplatelet drugs in patients with coronary stents implanted within less than 12 months and yellow fever with neither active bleeding nor blood dyscrasia signs. ASA: acetylsalicylic acid.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0207-80041-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>It is worth noting that in the presence of active bleeding or significant blood dyscrasia secondary to hepatic failure (INR &gt; 1.5 or clotting time &gt; 20 minutes), antiplatelet therapy should be suspended independently of any other criterion. Similarly, the suspension of antiplatelet drugs in patients with CAD without stents, or who had undergone percutaneous coronary interventions more than 12 months before, is recommended, even in moderate cases without significantly low platelet count, because the short-term thrombotic risk of those patients is lower. In addition, oral anticoagulants should be avoided in moderate severity cases, and in-hospital parenteral anticoagulation can be considered for patients with mechanical valve prostheses without active bleeding, evidence of liver dysfunction or other criteria of greater severity.</p>
    <p>Patients with heart failure constitute another group whose management might require differentiated approaches in the context of YF. Support therapy in patients with moderate to severe forms of disease depends mainly on the maintenance of an appropriate hemodynamic status through oral or venous hydration, occasional transfusions of blood derivatives and even the use of vasoactive amines. In this scenario, the hemodynamic balance should be constantly reassessed and carefully adjusted, with eventual invasive monitoring in more extreme situations, because those patients are very sensitive to small variations in blood volume.</p>
    <p>In addition, the maintenance of drugs often used in the chronic treatment of heart failure, such as diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta-blockers, might hinder the clinical management. Thus, in situations of moderate severity, with neither bleeding nor hemodynamic, renal or respiratory impairment, we suggest maintaining only beta-blockers, preferably at their usual dose. However, they should be avoided in severe cases, with a higher likelihood of clinical deterioration. This recommendation is based on the previous demonstration that the suspension or reduction of those drugs in heart failure proved to be deleterious in other situations of clinical agudization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Thus, similarly to diuretics and ACE inhibitors, statins should be avoided even in moderate severity cases, mainly because of their potential hepatotoxic effect.</p>
    <p>Finally, the vaccine against YF should not be contraindicated based only on the presence of an underlying heart disease, even in patients with previous infarction and/or heart failure. For those patients, the criteria are the same already recommended by the Ministry of Health, with vaccination preferably indicated in the presence of high likelihood of exposure to the virus and low risk for adverse effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In the context of heart disease, only transplanted patients should not be vaccinated, because they are on chronic immunosuppressive therapy.</p>
    <p>There is an increasing need for further and more detailed studies that assess how arboviral and cardiovascular diseases interact from both the individual and epidemiological viewpoints. In addition, the ineffective control of those epidemics is clearly related to socioeconomic deficiencies and failures in the environmental and urban planning processes, mainly in developing countries. The combination of such factors might be the intersection point, to where investments and research should be primarily directed.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Febre Amarela e Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular: Uma Interse&#231;&#227;o de Epidemias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Muniz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina (Cardiologia) do Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina e do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#201;dson Saad da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira,</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 - Pr&#233;dio do HU 8&#186; andar - sala 6, UFRJ. CEP 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>, <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Febre Amarela</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecossistema Tropical</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#245;es por Arbovirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Aedes</kwd>
        <kwd>Fal&#234;ncia Hep&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fal&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorragia</kwd>
        <kwd>Bradicardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents Farmacol&#243;gicos / efeitos adversos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>As arboviroses constituem um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica especialmente em pa&#237;ses de regi&#245;es tropical e subtropical, como o Brasil. Nesses locais, predominam os v&#237;rus das fam&#237;lias <italic>Flaviviridae,</italic> respons&#225;veis pela Dengue, Zika e Febre Amarela (FA), e <italic>Togaviridae</italic>, causador da Chikungunya. Nos anos mais recentes, o n&#250;mero de casos aumentou devido a diversos fatores, dentre os quais destacam-se as modifica&#231;&#245;es ocorridas no meio ambiente, tais como desmatamento e mudan&#231;as clim&#225;ticas, ocupa&#231;&#227;o desordenada das cidades com baixas condi&#231;&#245;es higi&#234;nico-sanit&#225;rias, al&#233;m do aumento da mobilidade de viajantes internacionais. Essas ocorr&#234;ncias possibilitaram a coloniza&#231;&#227;o de novas &#225;reas pelos vetores, especialmente o <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic>, que pode ser encontrado em cerca de 80% do territ&#243;rio brasileiro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Os v&#237;rus da Dengue, que apresentam quatro sorotipos distintos, foram respons&#225;veis por epidemias isoladamente ou em co-infec&#231;&#227;o em 1984-1985, 1997-1999, 2004-2007. O v&#237;rus da Chikungunya, origin&#225;rio do territ&#243;rio africano, sucedeu a Dengue no Brasil em 2014, com apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial semelhante, dificultando o diagn&#243;stico diferencial. Em 2015, os primeiros casos de Zika foram relatados no Brasil. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas dessas arboviroses est&#227;o sumarizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Espectro cl&#237;nico da Dengue, Chikungunya e Zika</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Arbovirose</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Apresenta&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Formas brandas</th>
              <th align="center">Formas severas</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dengue</td>
              <td align="center">Febre alta, mialgia, artralgia, n&#225;useas, v&#244;mitos, <italic>rash</italic> cut&#226;neo, manifesta&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, plaquetopenia</td>
              <td align="center">Fal&#234;ncias org&#226;nicas (respirat&#243;ria, card&#237;aca, hep&#225;tica, hematol&#243;gicas, sistema nervoso central), choque refrat&#225;rio e &#243;bito</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chikungunya</td>
              <td align="center">As anteriores mais artralgia sim&#233;trica em pequenas e grandes articula&#231;&#245;es, exceto s&#237;ndrome hemorr&#225;gica</td>
              <td align="center">Nefrite, meningoencefalite, s&#237;ndrome de Guillain-Barr&#233; e paralisia fl&#225;cida</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Zika</td>
              <td align="center">Manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas anteriores menos proeminentes, conjuntivite</td>
              <td align="center">Complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas, como microcefalia (rec&#233;m-natos), s&#237;ndrome de Guillain-Barr&#233;, hipoacusia</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, a FA &#233; end&#234;mica no Brasil desde os anos de 1900, com ciclos silvestre e urbano, amplificados pela presen&#231;a do <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> nas cidades. Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, houve importante redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de casos pelo aumento da cobertura vacinal. Por outro lado, a expans&#227;o da doen&#231;a de &#225;reas end&#234;micas para as vizinhan&#231;as com caracter&#237;sticas ecol&#243;gicas semelhantes permitiu o aparecimento da epidemia recente nos estados de Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e S&#227;o Paulo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Os sinais e sintomas da FA podem ser vistos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>, ressaltando-se as fal&#234;ncias hep&#225;tica e renal, assim como as hemorragias que ocorrem nas apresenta&#231;&#245;es mais graves.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Espectro cl&#237;nico da febre amarela e respectivo ambiente mais adequado de tratamento14</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Forma</th>
              <th align="center">Sinais e sintomas</th>
              <th align="center">Altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais</th>
              <th align="center">Local de tratamento</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Leve / Moderada</td>
              <td align="center">Febre, cefaleia, mialgia, n&#225;useas, icter&#237;cia ausente ou leve</td>
              <td align="center">Plaquetopenia, eleva&#231;&#227;o moderada de transaminases, bilirrubinas normais ou discretamente elevadas</td>
              <td align="center">Ambulatorial / Hospitalar (enfermaria)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Grave</td>
              <td align="center">Todos os anteriores, icter&#237;cia, intensas hemorragias, olig&#250;ria, diminui&#231;&#227;o de consci&#234;ncia</td>
              <td align="center">Plaquetopenia intensa, aumento de creatinina, eleva&#231;&#227;o importante de transaminases</td>
              <td align="center">Hospitalar (enfermaria / terapia intensiva)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maligna</td>
              <td align="center">Todos os sintomas cl&#225;ssicos da forma grave intensificados</td>
              <td align="center">Todos os anteriores, coagula&#231;&#227;o intravascular disseminada</td>
              <td align="center">Hospitalar (terapia intensiva)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A maioria dos macacos na &#193;frica apresenta resist&#234;ncia ao v&#237;rus da FA, diferentemente das esp&#233;cies neotropicais das Am&#233;ricas, que s&#227;o mais suscept&#237;veis &#224;s infec&#231;&#245;es fatais, especialmente o <italic>Alouatta</italic> ssp, que serve como sentinela para o v&#237;rus da FA. A FA nesses modelos animais &#233; caracterizada por virose hemorr&#225;gica com fal&#234;ncias org&#226;nicas m&#250;ltiplas e choque cardiovascular, semelhante ao que ocorre em humanos. Em macacos <italic>Rhesus</italic>, foi descrita linfopenia acentuada precedendo os danos espl&#234;nicos, hep&#225;ticas, renais e dos tecidos linf&#243;ides. Esses achados s&#227;o provavelmente decorrentes da replica&#231;&#227;o viral, libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12/23p40, IL-15, IL-17, G-CSF, GM-CSF, sCD40, RANTES, MCP-1 e INF&#404;, e express&#227;o g&#234;nica associadas com a resposta imune, o metabolismo i&#244;nico e a apoptose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O acometimento cardiovascular nas arboviroses foi descrito em 1822 na FA, com comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico caracterizado por bradicardia. Posteriormente Lloyd<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> relatou prolongamento da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular e altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Em 1965, foram referidas tamb&#233;m bradicardia e hipotens&#227;o na Chikungunya, e, em 1973, observou-se miocardite, pericardite e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial na Dengue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica recente reportou que as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares s&#227;o comuns na Chikungunya, especialmente hipotens&#227;o, choque, arritmias, miocardite, cardiomiopatia dilatada e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva com eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o histopatol&#243;gica de tecido card&#237;aco de um caso fatal de miocardite e choque cardiog&#234;nico por Dengue no Brasil demonstrou necrose muscular e edema intersticial com part&#237;culas virais nos cardiomi&#243;citos e no espa&#231;o intersticial, sugerindo a a&#231;&#227;o direta do v&#237;rus no mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Foram relatados casos de miocardite, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmia, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e taquicardia ventricular e supraventricular na Zika.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A variabilidade de apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da FA desde formas assintom&#225;ticas at&#233; quadros graves afeta diretamente a estrat&#233;gia de abordagem terap&#234;utica da doen&#231;a. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es malignas est&#227;o associadas a taxas de letalidade de at&#233; 50%, requerendo, por isso, aten&#231;&#227;o e cuidados diferenciados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Embora a doen&#231;a n&#227;o apresente um tratamento espec&#237;fico que seja comprovadamente eficaz, os suportes respirat&#243;rio, hemodin&#226;mico, metab&#243;lico e hemost&#225;tico, al&#233;m do controle adequado de eventuais comorbidades, s&#227;o fundamentais para estabelecer um meio prop&#237;cio no qual o paciente possa se recuperar. Nesse contexto, os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de para acompanhamento ambulatorial ou interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar tamb&#233;m devem ser aplicados a pacientes cardiopatas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Entretanto, algumas particularidades do manejo cl&#237;nico devem ser lembradas nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o existem trabalhos na literatura que tenham descrito a forma mais segura de manejar pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) durante um quadro de FA. A experi&#234;ncia na abordagem de epidemias relacionadas a outras arboviroses no Brasil, por&#233;m, poderia servir como uma refer&#234;ncia nessa situa&#231;&#227;o. Em 2013, o Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia elaborou recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o uso de antiplaquet&#225;rios em pacientes com DAC e Dengue, que foram incorporadas ao manual de diagn&#243;stico e manejo cl&#237;nico do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de relacionado &#224; doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Nesse documento, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a suspens&#227;o dos antiplaquet&#225;rios valorizavam n&#237;veis diferentes de plaquetometria essencialmente em pacientes com <italic>stents</italic> convencionais ou farmacol&#243;gicos de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o, que demandavam no m&#237;nimo 6 meses de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria para minimizar o risco de trombose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Desde ent&#227;o, o uso mais frequente de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o compostos por everolimus ou zotarolimus permitiu per&#237;odos mais curtos de terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla com o mesmo grau de seguran&#231;a. Considerando que a plaquetopenia &#233; uma das caracter&#237;sticas mais marcantes de todas as doen&#231;as conhecidas como febres hemorr&#225;gicas virais, essas diretrizes tamb&#233;m poderiam servir como um modelo a partir do qual novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es seriam incorporadas para casos de FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Dessa forma, a considera&#231;&#227;o de ferramentas validadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos riscos hemorr&#225;gico e tromb&#243;tico ap&#243;s o implante de <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia promissora. Um exemplo &#233; o escore PRECISE-DAPT, que utiliza hemoglobina, leucometria, idade, <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina e hist&#243;ria de sangramento como vari&#225;veis para tal estimativa. Pontua&#231;&#245;es &lt; 25 s&#227;o preditoras de um baixo risco de sangramento e poderiam identificar pacientes que se beneficiariam de per&#237;odos mais prolongados de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o (6-12 meses). Por outro lado, valores &#8805; 25 est&#227;o associados a elevadas taxas de hemorragia, direcionando para um menor tempo de terapia dupla (3-6 meses).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A diretriz da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia de 2017 considera esse escore em algumas de suas recomenda&#231;&#245;es, e ainda levanta a possibilidade de apenas 1 m&#234;s de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com alto risco de sangramento (PRECISE-DAPT &#8805; 25), que poderiam n&#227;o tolerar 3 meses de utiliza&#231;&#227;o. Essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es e a aplica&#231;&#227;o do escore independem do tipo de <italic>stent</italic> implantado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Embora a incorpora&#231;&#227;o dessa estrat&#233;gia no manejo de pacientes com FA nunca tenha sido estudada ou validada, ela permitiria um refinamento adicional &#224; plaquetometria isolada para estimar o risco tromb&#243;tico e hemorr&#225;gico ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas percut&#226;neas. Tal avalia&#231;&#227;o seria fundamental para a defini&#231;&#227;o da conduta nesse contexto, principalmente porque as vari&#225;veis modific&#225;veis utilizadas no escore PRECISE-DAPT s&#227;o potencialmente afetadas pela FA. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> demonstra um algoritmo sugerido para o manejo de antiplaquet&#225;rios em pacientes portadores de <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos implantados h&#225; menos de 12 meses e FA.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Algoritmo sugerido para o manejo de antiplaquet&#225;rios em pacientes com implante de stents coronarianos h&#225; menos de 12 meses e febre amarela sem sinais de sangramento ativo ou discrasia. AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-03-0207-80041-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Vale ressaltar que, na presen&#231;a de sangramento ativo ou discrasia sangu&#237;nea significativa secund&#225;ria &#224; insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica (INR &gt; 1,5 ou tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o &gt; 20 minutos), a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dever&#225; ser suspensa independentemente de qualquer outro crit&#233;rio. Da mesma forma, a suspens&#227;o dos antiplaquet&#225;rios em pacientes com DAC sem <italic>stents</italic>, ou com interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas coronarianas h&#225; mais de 12 meses, tamb&#233;m &#233; recomendada, mesmo em casos moderados e sem plaquetopenia significativa, uma vez que o risco tromb&#243;tico desses pacientes a curto prazo &#233; menor. Anticoagulantes orais tamb&#233;m devem ser evitados j&#225; em casos de moderada gravidade, podendo ser considerada a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o parenteral em ambiente hospitalar de pacientes com pr&#243;teses valvares mec&#226;nicas sem sangramento ativo, evid&#234;ncias de disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica ou outros crit&#233;rios de maior gravidade.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca constituem outro grupo cuja abordagem poder&#225; necessitar de condutas diferenciadas no contexto da FA. A terapia de suporte em pacientes com quadros moderados a graves depende em grande parte da manuten&#231;&#227;o de um estado hemodin&#226;mico adequado atrav&#233;s de hidrata&#231;&#227;o oral ou venosa, eventuais transfus&#245;es de hemoderivados e at&#233; mesmo o uso de aminas vasoativas. Nesse cen&#225;rio, o equil&#237;brio hemodin&#226;mico dever&#225; ser constantemente reavaliado e ajustado de forma criteriosa, com eventual monitoriza&#231;&#227;o invasiva em quadros mais extremos, pois s&#227;o pacientes com grande sensibilidade a pequenas varia&#231;&#245;es de volemia.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, a manuten&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos frequentemente utilizados no tratamento cr&#244;nico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, como diur&#233;ticos, inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) e betabloqueadores, tamb&#233;m poder&#225; dificultar o manejo cl&#237;nico. Assim, em quadros de moderada gravidade, sem hemorragias, comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico, renal ou respirat&#243;rio, sugerimos a manuten&#231;&#227;o apenas dos betabloqueadores, preferencialmente na mesma dose habitual. Esses dever&#227;o ser evitados inteiramente nos quadros definidos como graves, onde a possibilidade de deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; maior. Essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o baseia-se na demonstra&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de que a suspens&#227;o ou redu&#231;&#227;o desses medicamentos na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mostrou-se delet&#233;ria em outras situa&#231;&#245;es de agudiza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Assim como os diur&#233;ticos e inibidores da ECA, as estatinas tamb&#233;m dever&#227;o ser evitadas mesmo em quadros moderados, principalmente devido ao seu potencial efeito hepatot&#243;xico.</p>
      <p>Por &#250;ltimo, a vacina&#231;&#227;o para FA n&#227;o deve ser contraindicada isoladamente pela presen&#231;a de uma cardiopatia de base, mesmo em pacientes com infarto pr&#233;vio e/ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os crit&#233;rios nesse grupo de pacientes seguem os mesmos padr&#245;es j&#225; recomendados pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, indicando-se a vacina&#231;&#227;o preferencialmente quando h&#225; uma alta probabilidade de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao v&#237;rus e um baixo risco de efeitos adversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> No contexto de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, apenas pacientes j&#225; submetidos a transplante n&#227;o devem ser vacinados, por utilizarem cronicamente medica&#231;&#245;es imunossupressoras.</p>
      <p>Existe uma necessidade crescente de estudos mais detalhados que avaliem como as arboviroses e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares interagem tanto do ponto de vista individual quanto epidemiol&#243;gico. Ainda assim, o controle ineficaz dessas epidemias est&#225; claramente relacionado a defici&#234;ncias socioecon&#244;micas e car&#234;ncias no processo de planejamento ambiental e urbano, sobretudo em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. Talvez a combina&#231;&#227;o desses fatores constitua o ponto de interse&#231;&#227;o para onde os investimentos e as pesquisas devam ser priorizados.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
