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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cDZmkhQTPtc9Xh3QmwX9P9N</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000200195</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180031</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Anatomopathological Correlation</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 1/2018 - Young Male with Heart Disease Expressed Mainly as Ventricular Arrhythmia, Right Ventricular Dysfunction and Syncope</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>195</fpage>
      <lpage>200</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Right</kwd>
        <kwd>Syncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Defibrillators, Implantable</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The patient is a 36-year-old male with history of syncope since the age of 20 years and dyspnea since the age of 30 years. He reported marked worsening of those symptoms in the preceding 6 months from the last admission.</p>
    <p>His symptoms began with episodes of syncope at the age of 20 years. On the investigation, a neurological cause was ruled out, and heart disease with cardiac dilatation and systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle was detected. The patient denied dyspnea at that time.</p>
    <p>On ECG (2001), low-voltage complexes in the frontal plane and final conduction delay were observed.</p>
    <p>The laboratory tests (April 2001) revealed: hemoglobin, 14.6 g/dL; hematocrit, 42%; leukocytes, 4900/mm<sup>3</sup> (31% neutrophils, 14% eosinophils, 1% basophils, 37% lymphocytes and 17% monocytes); platelets, 170000/mm<sup>3</sup>; potassium, 4 mEq/L; sodium, 134 mEq/L; creatinine, 1 mg/dL; urea, 39 mg/dL; PT(INR), 1.0; aPTT (rel. times), 1.16.</p>
    <p>Magnetic resonance angiography (April 12, 2001) of the internal carotid, anterior, middle and posterior cerebral and vertebral arteries was normal.</p>
    <p>The echocardiogram (June 5, 2001) revealed the following: diameters of the aorta and left atrium, 32 mm, and of the left ventricle (diastolic/systolic), 65/52 mm; ejection fraction (Simpson), 40%; septal and posterior wall thickness, 10 mm; right ventricle, 23 mm. In addition, there were indirect signs of pulmonary hypertension, estimated as 40 mmHg. The left ventricle showed diffuse hypokinesia, and there was marked calcification of the mitral valve leaflets.</p>
    <p>The exercise test (July 2, 2001) up to 70% of the predicted maximal heart rate showed no change suggestive of ischemia. The blood pressure curve had a depressed pattern. Isolated and paired ventricular extrasystoles were frequent, as were short-duration nonsustained ventricular tachycardia episodes. The test was interrupted because of exhaustion.</p>
    <p>The management consisted in heart failure treatment and cardioverter defibrillator implantation, the cardiac findings being attributed to sequelae of myocarditis. His daily prescription was as follows: losartan 50 mg, amiodarone 400 mg, spironolactone 25 mg, and metoprolol succinate 75 mg.</p>
    <p>His laboratory tests (Dec 2002) showed: cholesterol, 167 mg/dL; TSH, 6.8 &#181;g/mL; free T4, 1.6 ng/mL; triglycerides, 43 mg/dL; glycemia, 90 mg/dL; uric acid, 4.3 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>His new echocardiogram (March 2004) revealed the following diameters: aorta, 31 mm; left atrium, 34 mm; left ventricle (diastolic/systolic), 60/50 mm. His ejection fraction was 42%, and the septal and posterior wall thickness, 7 mm. The left ventricle was dilated and diffusely hypokinetic. The right ventricle was 31-mm thick, dilated and hypokinetic. The right atrium was dilated. Pacemaker electrodes were identified in the right chambers. Neither atrioventricular nor ventriculo-arterial valves had changes.</p>
    <p>The patient developed dyspnea on maximal exertion, but no syncope. There was an episode of inappropriate shock from the cardioverter defibrillator in 2005, due to problems in the ventricular electrode, which was replaced. The disease course was uneventful until 2012.</p>
    <p>Cardiopulmonary exercise test showed variation of heart rate from 57 bpm to 122 bpm, and of blood pressure from 120/80 mm Hg to 185/70 mm Hg, and maximal oxygen consumption of 28.4 mL/kg/min.</p>
    <p>During that time, the echocardiography showed ejection fraction ranging from 44% (2001) to 39% in 2006, and of 28% in 2011, while the diastolic diameter of the left ventricle remained constant (65 mm in 2001, 66 mm in 2006 and 2011).</p>
    <p>The patient was referred for surgical treatment assessment for heart failure, but, because he had few symptoms and good physical capacity, clinical and pharmacologic management was maintained (2012).</p>
    <p>Computed tomographic angiography of the coronary arteries (February 5, 2014) showed neither calcifications nor obstructive lesions.</p>
    <p>In February 2014, the cardioverter defibrillator delivered a shock, and the patient underwent radiofrequency ablation of the arrhythmia.</p>
    <p>During the electrophysiological study (February 3, 2014), atrial stimulation triggered atrial fibrillation, which organized as flutter arising from the cavotricuspid isthmus, which was blocked. On the electrical mapping of the right ventricle, areas of scar and low-voltage late potentials were observed in the basal posterior and lateral walls, and radiofrequency pulses were applied, eliminating them.</p>
    <p>During left ventricular epicardial mapping, a non-dense scar area was identified in the basal portion of the posterolateral wall, as were late potentials. No radiofrequency pulse was applied to those sites.</p>
    <p>During the study, poorly-tolerated sustained ventricular tachycardia of epicardial origin was observed and reversed with electrical cardioversion. The procedure was successful.</p>
    <p>In March 2014, the patient sought the emergency unit reporting three shocks of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator in the morning while walking on the beach, the first being preceded by tachycardia. The patient had bradycardia (40 bpm) while receiving intravenous amiodarone. He remained asymptomatic during hospitalization (March 3 to 14, 2014). The patient was discharged with the following prescription: 50 mg of losartan, 200 mg of amiodarone, 25 mg of spironolactone and 75 mg of metoprolol succinate, in addition to programming of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator to pacemaker capture threshold of 40 bpm.</p>
    <p>His catheterization (September 29, 2015) revealed: mean right atrial pressure, 14 mm Hg; right ventricular pressures (systolic/initial diastolic/final diastolic), 28/06/14 mmHg; pulmonary artery pressures (systolic/diastolic/mean), 28/18/21 mmHg; pulmonary occlusion pressure, 18 mmHg; aortic pressures (systolic/diastolic/mean), 93/60/71 mmHg; cardiac output, 3.78 mL/min; pulmonary vascular resistance, 0.79 woods; arterial O<sub>2</sub> saturation, 99.1%; venous O<sub>2</sub> saturation, 70.4%.</p>
    <p>A new electrophysiological study was performed (September 29, 2015). At the beginning of the procedure, the patient was in sinus rhythm, and had periods of atrioventricular block 2:1 and total atrioventricular block during the procedure. To desfibrillitor was summed a pacemaker elecatrode programmed to VVI pacing for 40 bpm. Electrophysiological mapping and voltage mapping of the right ventricle (endocardial) were performed, evidencing a scar area in the lateral region of the right ventricular outflow tract, extending to the tricuspid annulus. The extra stimuli induced type I ventricular tachycardia (VT1) with positive complexes in I and aVL leads, with negative superior axis in V<sub>1</sub> and no transition. The activation mapping during tachycardia evidenced mesodiastolic potential in the scar area of the lateral region of the right ventricular outflow tract. Radiofrequency application in that site terminated the VT1. In addition, the scar area was homogenized from the lesion to the tricuspid annulus. New tests with extra stimuli failed to induce arrhythmias.</p>
    <p>The patient had no arrhythmia and only a few symptoms of dyspnea.</p>
    <p>During a medical visit in January, 2016, the patient reported worsening of symptoms, with dyspnea occurring while taking a bath or walking less than two blocks, in addition to weight loss, although his appetite was preserved. His daily prescription was as follows: amiodarone 400 mg, spironolactone 25 mg, metoprolol succinate 50 mg, losartan 50 mg, levothyroxine 75 mcg, magnesium 400 mg, and furosemide 20 mg.</p>
    <p>His physical examination revealed blood pressure of 100/80 mm Hg, heart rate of 60 bpm, regular perfusion, and signs of neither hypervolemia nor pulmonary congestion. His daily dose of losartan was increased to 75 mg.</p>
    <p>The patient continued very limited regarding his daily activities, being placed on the waiting list for cardiac transplantation, which was performed on April 12th, 2016.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>The patient had syncope episodes since the age of 20 years, and heart failure since the age of 30 years, undergoing cardiac transplantation at the age of 36 years.</p>
      <p>Since symptom onset, heart disease with marked left ventricular dilatation and moderate dysfunction was detected. The exercise test revealed frequent ventricular arrhythmia. His syncope episodes were attributed to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, and a cardioverter defibrillator was implanted.</p>
      <p>The patient remained stable and with no syncope episode for 11 years, when marked decrease in ventricular ejection fraction was detected.</p>
      <p>At the age of 34 years, the cardioverter defibrillator delivered an appropriate shock during an episode of ventricular tachycardia, and the patient was submitted to an electrophysiological study, which triggered atrial fibrillation and the cavotricuspid isthmus was blocked. During the same procedure, areas compatible with scars and low-voltage late potentials in the basal posterior and lateral walls of the right ventricle were observed, undergoing ablation, which eliminated the potentials. However, during the procedure, poorly-tolerated sustained ventricular tachycardia of epicardial origin was observed and reversed with electrical cardioversion.</p>
      <p>One year later, the patient had a new episode of tachycardia and appropriate cardioverter defibrillator discharge, undergoing then a new electrophysiological study, which evidenced a scar in the right ventricular outflow tract, extending to the tricuspid annulus. The extra stimuli triggered VT1 arising in the right ventricle, which was terminated with ablation with radiofrequency application.</p>
      <p>A few months later, the patient was hospitalized due to NYHA functional class III heart failure, being placed on the waiting list for cardiac transplantation.</p>
      <p>This is a case of heart disease, presenting as episodes of syncope due to ventricular arrhythmias and mild left ventricular dysfunction, despite left ventricular dilatation.</p>
      <p>Some of the heart diseases that progress mainly with ventricular arrhythmias are as follows: Chagas heart disease, sarcoidosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>Regarding Chagas disease, it is known to cause frequent arrhythmias, heart failure and sudden death, but the patient had neither a typical ECG nor a typical echocardiogram. His ECG showed neither right bundle branch block nor left anterior hemiblock, and his echocardiogram revealed neither diffuse marked hypokinesia nor an apical aneurysm. In addition, apparently there was neither positive epidemiology for that disease, nor predominance of right heart failure signs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In sarcoidosis, heart impairment is mainly characterized by atrioventricular blocks, malignant arrhythmias and sudden death, all caused by infiltration of the conduction system and myocardium by noncaseous granuloma. Some studies on pulmonary or systemic sarcoidosis have reported cardiac impairment in 5% of the patients and in up to 25% of postmortem examinations. However, imaging tests have shown impairment in up to 50% of the patients. Individuals with extracardiac sarcoidosis diagnosis confirmed on biopsy should be asked about the symptoms of syncope, presyncope and heart palpitations. The ECG is mandatory in all patients with sarcoidosis, and if any abnormality is found, echocardiography and other imaging tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging and 14-fluorodeoxyglucose PET, can be useful.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present case could be perfectly diagnosed as sarcoidosis, except for the lack of extracardiac sarcoidosis findings, mainly pulmonary impairment, which is the most common finding.</p>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can cause syncope and sudden death. However, our patient showed no cardiac hypertrophy with at least one wall with minimal thickness of 15 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Arrhythmogenic ventricular cardiomyopathy is a genetic disease due to mutations in the genes encoding desmosine, characterized by fibrofatty infiltration of the right ventricular myocardium. The changes can begin in three regions of the right ventricle: ventricular inlet, outflow tract and tip.</p>
      <p>The diagnostic criteria of arrhythmogenic ventricular cardiomyopathy were reviewed by a Task Force in 2010. They comprise electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, magnetic resonance imaging and right ventriculographic findings, family history, and histologic changes on endomyocardial biopsy.</p>
      <p>On ECG at rest, the major criteria are: T-wave inversion in V<sub>1</sub> to V<sub>3</sub> in individuals aged over 14 years, in absence of right bundle branch block (QRS &#8805; 120 ms), epsilon waves at the end of the QRS complex in V<sub>1</sub> to V<sub>2</sub>. The minor criteria are: T-wave inversion in V<sub>1</sub> and V<sub>2</sub>, in absence of right bundle branch block, or in V<sub>4</sub> to V<sub>6</sub>; or T-wave inversion in V<sub>1</sub> to V<sub>4</sub> at that same age group with right bundle branch block, high-resolution ECG lasting &#8805; 114 ms, and low-voltage late potentials (&lt; 40 &#181;V), at the end of the QRS complex, &gt; 38 ms.</p>
      <p>Regarding the presence of arrhythmia, a major criterion is the occurrence of sustained or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia with morphology of left bundle branch block with superior axis. The minor criteria are: ventricular tachycardia with QRS morphology of left bundle branch block with inferior axis or frequent ventricular extrasystoles &gt; 500/24 hours.</p>
      <p>On two-dimensional echocardiography, the major criteria are regional right ventricular akinesia, dyskinesia or aneurysm, accompanied by one of the following changes: ventricular outflow tract dilatation (&#8805; 32 mm) or with correction for body surface &#8805; 19mm/m<sup>2</sup> in parasternal long-axis view; &#8805; 26 mm or with correction for body surface &#8805; 21 mm/m<sup>2</sup> in parasternal short-axis view or ejection fraction &#8804; 33%. The minor criteria are: regional right ventricular akinesia or dyskinesia and one of the following changes: ventricular outflow tract dilatation &#8805; 29 and &lt; 32 mm or with correction for body surface &#8805; 16 and &lt; 19 mm/m<sup>2</sup> in parasternal long-axis view; or &#8805; 32 and &lt; 36 mm in parasternal short-axis view or with correction for body surface &#8805; 18 and &lt; 21 mm/m<sup>2</sup>; or ejection fraction &gt; 33% and &#8804; 40%.</p>
      <p>On magnetic resonance imaging, the major criteria are akinesia or dyskinesia or dyssynchronous right ventricular contraction, in addition to one of the following changes: right ventricular end-diastolic index &#8805; 110 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (male) and &#8805; 100mL/m<sup>2</sup> (female); right ventricular ejection fraction &#8804; 40%. The minor criteria are the motion changes already described as major criteria accompanied by right ventricular end-diastolic index &#8805; 100 and &lt; 110 mL/m<sup>2</sup> (male) and &#8805; 90 and &lt; 100mL/m<sup>2</sup> (female), or ejection fraction &gt; 40% and &#8804; 45%.</p>
      <p>The family history has the strength of a major criterion when arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is diagnosed in first-degree relatives both by meeting the above-mentioned criteria and by a positive biopsy or postmortem examination, or even when mutations related to the development of cardiomyopathy are confirmed. The minor criteria are: suspected disease in a first-degree relative that cannot be confirmed; sudden death probably due to that cardiomyopathy in a first-degree relative before the age of 35 years; or confirmed diagnosis in a second-degree relative.</p>
      <p>Regarding endomyocardial histopathology, the major criterion is less than 60% of the myocardial area occupied by cardiomyocytes at morphometric analysis (or &lt;50% if estimated) with fibrous replacement of the right ventricular free wall in at least two endocardial samples, with or without fatty replacement. The minor criteria comprise the same changes described above and a residual myocyte rate between 60% and 75% by morphometric analysis (or between 50% and 65% if estimated).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our patient, we had no access to the original ECG tracing, and, thus, could not use it as a diagnostic method.</p>
      <p>However, on the electrophysiological study, ventricular tachycardia with morphology of left bundle branch block and superior axis was triggered, a major criterion for that disease diagnosis.</p>
      <p>The echocardiogram evidenced a dilated and hypokinetic right ventricle, but provided no detail to confirm the diagnosis.</p>
      <p>Magnetic resonance imaging could not be performed because of the presence of the cardioverter defibrillator, implanted on the beginning of the clinical findings, when syncope was attributed to arrhythmia, which, along with left ventricular dysfunction, would be sequelae of a previous episode of myocarditis.</p>
      <p>Although magnetic resonance imaging is considered the gold-standard test for the non-invasive diagnosis of that disease, the false-positive rate has been very high.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The therapy of choice for patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is cardioverter defibrillator implantation, because neither the use of antiarrhythmic agents nor ablation on electrophysiological study proved to be reliable alternatives to reduce sudden death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> (Desiderio Favarato, MD)</p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypothesis:</bold> arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. (Desiderio Favarato, MD)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Anatomopathological examination</title>
      <p>The explanted heart weighed 576 g, lacked a large part of the left atrium, was very enlarged and ball-shaped, and had abundant subepicardial fat. There was a bulging area of imprecise limits in the right ventricular outflow tract, corresponding to an aneurysmal formation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The right ventricle was markedly dilated and exhibited a metallic lead (cardioverter defibrillator lead) anchored in its apex, focally adhered to the free margin of the tricuspid valve. Extensive, diffuse fatty infiltration of the compacted portion of the right ventricular free wall in its inlet, apex and outflow tract was seen (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The left ventricle showed moderate dilation and hypertrophy, with isolated foci of subepicardial fibrofatty infiltration (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). The microscopic exam confirmed the gross aspect of myocardial fatty infiltration, in addition to fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). The most preserved areas of the myocardium showed hypertrophic cardiomyocytes, fibrosis foci, and interstitial mild lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate. The endocardium was thickened and whitish in the region of the aneurysmal formation of the right ventricular outflow tract. The heart valves and epicardial coronary arteries showed no abnormality. No cavitary thrombus was seen. (Luiz Alberto Benvenuti, MD)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>External view of the anterior face of the explanted heart. The epicardial fat is abundant, and a collapsed aneurysmal formation can be seen in the right ventricular outflow tract (asterisks).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0195-80031-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Right ventricular inlet. The cavity is markedly dilated, and the fatty infiltration of the compacted portion of the wall is evident, remaining only the trabecular musculature. Note the metallic lead of the cardioverter defibrillator in the ventricular apex.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0195-80031-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left ventricular outflow tract. Note the moderate dilatation of the cavity, hypertrophy of the wall and area of subepicardial fibrosis (arrow).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0195-80031-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histological section of the right ventricular inlet. The myocardium shows replacement with adipose cells (asterisks), and deposition of collagen (stained in blue) amid the cardiomyocytes (stained in red). Masson&#8217;s trichrome staining.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0195-80031-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnosis:</bold> arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. (Luiz Alberto Benvenuti, MD)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>The patient is a 36-year-old male with heart disease characterized by syncope episodes since the age of 20 years, cardiomegaly and ventricular dysfunction. He underwent cardioverter defibrillator implantation in 2001. His electrophysiological study evidenced scars and late potentials in several regions of the right ventricle, ventricular tachycardia being triggered during the exam in 2015. Because of progression of the ventricular dysfunction and heart failure, the patient underwent cardiac transplantation in 2016. The anatomopathological exam of the explanted heart revealed arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, with marked fatty infiltration of the compacted portion of that ventricle, with aneurysmal formation in the outflow tract. In addition, there was impairment of the left ventricle, which showed foci of subepicardial fibrofatty infiltration. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, also known as arrhythmogenic dysplasia, is a primary genetic cardiomyopathy, most commonly of dominant autosomal inheritance. Several mutations related to the disease have been identified, usually in genes encoding desmosomal proteins, the most known being the genes of desmoplakin and plakoglobin. It can be associated with Carvajal syndrome or Naxos disease (palmoplantar keratoderma/wooly hair). Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is a frequent cause of sudden death in young individuals, being the major cause of sudden death associated with sports activity in Italy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The disease can be restricted to the right ventricle, with severe arrhythmias, but, in the forms of progressive heart failure, as the present case, the left ventricle is commonly affected. Because both ventricles can be affected, many people advocate the use of the term 'arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy'. The diagnosis of the disease is complex and multifactorial, and several elements should be considered, such as electrocardiographic changes, presence and type of arrhythmias, echocardiographic and magnetic resonance imaging changes, family history and even histological changes of the ventricular wall. Since 1994, and modified in 2010, there has been consensus about the diagnostic criteria, some considered major and others, minor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Although invasive, endomyocardial biopsy is indicated in selected cases to assess myocardial histology, and myocardial fibrofatty infiltration is considered a major criterion when the residual myocardium corresponds to less than 60%, and a minor criterion when the residual myocardium corresponds to 60% to 75% of the sample.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> (Luiz Alberto Benvenuti, MD)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Section editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Associated editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p>Vera Dermarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 1/2018 - Homem Jovem com Cardiopatia que se Expressou Principalmente por Arritmias Ventriculares, Disfun&#231;&#227;o de Ventr&#237;culo Direito e S&#237;ncope</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Direito</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Trata-se de paciente do sexo masculino de 36 anos, com hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncopes desde os 20 anos de idade e dispneia desde os 30 anos de idade. Apresentou piora acentuada nos seis meses que antecederam a &#250;ltima interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O in&#237;cio dos sintomas foi com epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope aos 20 anos de idade. Na investiga&#231;&#227;o foi descartada causa neurol&#243;gica e detectada cardiopatia com dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Negava dispneia nessa &#233;poca.</p>
      <p>O ECG (2001) revelou complexos de baixa voltagem no plano frontal e atraso final de condu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (abril 2001) revelaram: hemoglobina, 14,6 g/dl; hemat&#243;crito, 42%; leuc&#243;citos, 4900/mm<sup>3</sup> (31% neutr&#243;filos, 14% eosin&#243;filos, 1% bas&#243;filos, 37% linf&#243;citos e 17% mon&#243;citos); plaquetas, 170000/mm<sup>3</sup>; pot&#225;ssio, 4 mEq/l; s&#243;dio, 134 mEq/l; creatinina, 1 mg/dl; ureia, 39 mg/dl; TAP (INR), 1,0; TTPA (rel tempos), 1,16.</p>
      <p>A angiorresson&#226;ncia (12 abr 2001) de art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas internas, cerebrais anterior, m&#233;dia e posteriores, e vertebrais foi normal.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (5 jun 2001) revelou: di&#226;metros de aorta e &#225;trio esquerdo de 32 mm, de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (diast&#243;lico/sist&#243;lico) de 65/52 mm; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 40% (Simpson); espessura de septo e parede posterior de 10 mm; ventr&#237;culo direito, 23 mm; sinais indiretos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, que foi estimada em 40 mmHg. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentava hipocinesia difusa. Havia calcifica&#231;&#227;o acentuada dos folhetos da valva mitral.</p>
      <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico (2 jul 2001) at&#233; 70% da frequ&#234;ncia m&#225;xima prevista n&#227;o revelou altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de isquemia. Houve curva deprimida da press&#227;o arterial e foram observadas frequentes extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares isoladas, em pares e taquicardias ventriculares n&#227;o sustentadas de curta dura&#231;&#227;o. O teste foi interrompido devido ao cansa&#231;o f&#237;sico.</p>
      <p>A conduta foi tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e implante de cardiodesfibrilador, sendo o quadro cardiol&#243;gico atribu&#237;do a sequelas de miocardite. Foram receitados: losartana 50 mg, amiodarona 400 mg, espironolactona 25 mg e succinato de metoprolol 75 mg di&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais de dez 2002 revelaram: colesterol, 167 mg/dl; TSH, 6,8 &#181;g/ml; T4 livre, 1,6 ng/ml; triglic&#233;rides, 43 mg/dl; glicemia, 90 mg/dl; &#225;cido &#250;rico, 4,3 mg/dl.</p>
      <p>Novo ecocardiograma (mar&#231;o 2004) revelou: di&#226;metros de aorta de 31 mm, de &#225;trio esquerdo de 34 mm, de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (diast&#243;lico/sist&#243;lico) 60/50 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 42%, espessura de septo e parede posterior de 7 mm. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mostrava-se dilatado e com hipocinesia difusa. O ventr&#237;culo direito tinha 31 mm de espessura e era dilatado e hipocin&#233;tico. O &#225;trio direito era dilatado. Havia eletrodos de marca-passo em c&#226;maras direitas. N&#227;o havia altera&#231;&#245;es nas valvas atrioventriculares ou ventr&#237;culo-arteriais.</p>
      <p>O paciente evoluiu com dispneia aos grandes esfor&#231;os e n&#227;o teve mais s&#237;ncopes. Houve apenas um epis&#243;dio de choque inapropriado do desfibrilador em 2005 por problemas no eletrodo ventricular, que foi substitu&#237;do. Assim permaneceu at&#233; 2012.</p>
      <p>O exame ergoespirom&#233;trico revelou varia&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia de 57 bpm at&#233; 122 bpm, e de press&#227;o arterial de 120/80 mmHg para 185/70 mmHg, com consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio de 28,4 ml/kg/min.</p>
      <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica nesse per&#237;odo revelou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o variando de 44% (2001) a 39% em 2006 e 28% em 2011, enquanto o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo manteve-se constante (65 mm em 2001, 66 mm em 2006 e 2011).</p>
      <p>Foi encaminhado para avalia&#231;&#227;o de tratamento cir&#250;rgico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, contudo, por estar oligossintom&#225;tico e apresentar boa capacidade f&#237;sica, foi mantido em tratamento cl&#237;nico-medicamentoso (2012).</p>
      <p>A angiotomografia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (5 fev 2014) n&#227;o revelou calcifica&#231;&#245;es nem les&#245;es obstrutivas.</p>
      <p>Em fevereiro de 2014, recebeu choque do desfibrilador implantado por taquicardia ventricular e foi submetido a terapia de abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia da arritmia.</p>
      <p>No estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (3 fev 2014), ocorreu fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial durante estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial, que se organizava em <italic>flutter</italic> e utilizava o istmo cavo-tricusp&#237;deo, sendo realizada linha de bloqueio no istmo. Na realiza&#231;&#227;o do mapeamento el&#233;trico do ventr&#237;culo direito, foram observadas regi&#245;es de cicatrizes e potenciais tardios de baixa voltagem em paredes posterior e lateral basais e foram aplicados pulsos de radiofrequ&#234;ncia que os eliminaram.</p>
      <p>Durante o mapeamento epic&#225;rdico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, observou-se tamb&#233;m regi&#227;o de cicatriz n&#227;o densa na por&#231;&#227;o basal da parede p&#243;stero-lateral e presen&#231;a de potenciais tardios. N&#227;o houve aplica&#231;&#227;o de pulsos de radiofrequ&#234;ncia nesses locais.</p>
      <p>Durante o estudo, observou-se taquicardia ventricular sustentada de origem epic&#225;rdica, mal tolerada, revertida por cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica. O procedimento foi considerado bem-sucedido.</p>
      <p>Em mar&#231;o de 2014, o paciente deu entrada na emerg&#234;ncia com quadro de tr&#234;s epis&#243;dios de disparos de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel pela manh&#227; enquanto caminhava pela praia, sendo o primeiro precedido por palpita&#231;&#245;es taquic&#225;rdicas. Apresentou bradicardia de 40 bpm enquanto recebia amiodarona endovenosa. Permaneceu assintom&#225;tico na interna&#231;&#227;o (de 3 a 14 mar&#231;o 2014). Recebeu alta com prescri&#231;&#227;o de 50 mg de losartana, 200 mg de amiodarona, 25 mg de espironolactona e 75 mg de succinato de metoprolol, al&#233;m de programa&#231;&#227;o do cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel para marca-passo em frequ&#234;ncia de espera m&#237;nima de 40 bpm.</p>
      <p>O cateterismo (29 set 2015) revelou: press&#227;o m&#233;dia de &#225;trio direito, 14 mmHg; press&#245;es de ventr&#237;culo direito (sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica inicial/diast&#243;lica final), 28/06/14 mmHg; press&#245;es de art&#233;ria pulmonar (sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica/m&#233;dia), 28/18/21 mmHg; press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o pulmonar, 18 mmHg; press&#245;es de aorta (sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica/m&#233;dia), 93/60/71 mmHg; d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, 3,78 ml/min; resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar, 0,79 woods; satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de O<sub>2</sub>, 99,1% e venosa de O<sub>2</sub>, 70,4%.</p>
      <p>Foi realizado novo estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (29 set 2015). No in&#237;cio do procedimento, o paciente estava em ritmo sinusal, com per&#237;odos de bloqueio atrioventricular 2:1 e bloqueio atrioventricular total durante o procedimento, sendo o ressincronizador (cardiodesfibrilador CRT) programado em VVI 40. Realizado mapeamento eletrofisiol&#243;gico e mapa de voltagem de ventr&#237;culo direito (endoc&#225;rdico), com evid&#234;ncia de cicatriz em regi&#227;o lateral da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, estendendo-se at&#233; a regi&#227;o do anel tricusp&#237;deo. Os extra-est&#237;mulos induziram taquicardia ventricular tipo I (TV1) com complexos positivos em deriva&#231;&#245;es I, aVL, com eixo superior e negativo em V<sub>1</sub>, sem transi&#231;&#227;o. No mapeamento de ativa&#231;&#227;o durante a taquicardia, evidenciou-se potencial mesodiast&#243;lico em &#225;rea de cicatriz na regi&#227;o lateral da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia nesse local houve interrup&#231;&#227;o da TV1. Tamb&#233;m foi realizada homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o da cicatriz com extens&#227;o da les&#227;o at&#233; anel tricusp&#237;deo. Novos testes com extra-est&#237;mulos n&#227;o induziram arritmias.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o mais houve intercorr&#234;ncias por arritmia e o paciente continuou oligossintom&#225;tico para dispneia.</p>
      <p>Em consulta m&#233;dica (janeiro de 2016), revelou piora dos sintomas com dispneia ao tomar banho ou caminhar menos de duas quadras. Apesar do apetite mantido, estava perdendo peso. Estava em uso de amiodarona 400 mg, espironolactona 25 mg, succinato de metoprolol 50 mg, losartana 50 mg, levotiroxina 75 mcg, magn&#233;sio 400 mg e furosemida 20 mg di&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico revelou press&#227;o arterial de 100/80 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 60 bpm, sem sinais de hipervolemia ou congest&#227;o pulmonar, com perfus&#227;o regular. Aumentou-se o losartana para 75 mg di&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>Na evolu&#231;&#227;o, o paciente continuou muito limitado para suas atividades di&#225;rias e foi colocado em fila de transplante card&#237;aco, que foi realizado em 12 de abril de 2016.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>O paciente apresentou s&#237;ncopes desde a idade de 20 anos, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca desde a idade de 30 anos e foi transplantado aos 36 anos.</p>
        <p>Desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas, foi detectada cardiopatia com dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada e disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O teste de esfor&#231;o revelou arritmia ventricular frequente. As s&#237;ncopes foram atribu&#237;das &#224;s arritmias ventriculares malignas e foi implantado desfibrilador.</p>
        <p>Evoluiu est&#225;vel e sem s&#237;ncopes por 11 anos, quando foi detectada queda acentuada da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        <p>Aos 34 anos de idade, houve choque adequado do desfibrilador em epis&#243;dio de taquicardia ventricular e o paciente foi submetido a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, que desencadeou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e foi realizado bloqueio istmo-caval. Durante o mesmo estudo, foram observadas regi&#245;es compat&#237;veis com cicatrizes e potenciais tardios de baixa voltagem nas paredes basal posterior e basal lateral do ventr&#237;culo direito, que sofreram abla&#231;&#227;o com desaparecimento de tais potenciais. Contudo, durante o procedimento, o paciente apresentou taquicardia de origem epic&#225;rdica, mal tolerada, sendo submetido a cardiovers&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Um ano depois, o paciente voltou a apresentar taquicardia e cardiovers&#227;o adequada pelo desfibrilador, sendo novamente submetido a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, que demonstrou cicatriz na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, que se estendia at&#233; o anel tricusp&#237;deo. Os extra-est&#237;mulos desencadearam TV1 de origem no ventr&#237;culo direito e ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o com aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia, n&#227;o sendo mais desencadeada.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s alguns meses, o paciente foi internado por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe funcional III da NYHA e foi colocado em fila de transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>Assim, estamos frente a um caso de cardiopatia que se apresentou como s&#237;ncopes por arritmias ventriculares e pouca disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, apesar da dilata&#231;&#227;o desse &#250;ltimo.</p>
        <p>Entre as cardiopatias que evoluem principalmente com arritmias ventriculares, temos a cardiopatia da doen&#231;a de Chagas, a sarcoidose, a cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e a cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; doen&#231;a de Chagas, sabe-se que frequentemente causa arritmias, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e morte s&#250;bita, mas o paciente n&#227;o apresentava ECG e ecocardiograma t&#237;picos dessa doen&#231;a. N&#227;o havia no ECG bloqueio de ramo direito, nem bloqueio da divis&#227;o &#226;ntero-superior do ramo esquerdo, e o ecocardiograma n&#227;o revelou hipocinesia difusa acentuada ou aneurisma de ponta. Al&#233;m disso, aparentemente, n&#227;o havia epidemiologia positiva para tal doen&#231;a, nem a predomin&#226;ncia de sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O acometimento card&#237;aco da sarcoidose tem como principais manifesta&#231;&#245;es os bloqueios atrioventriculares, as arritmias malignas e a morte s&#250;bita, todos causados pela infiltra&#231;&#227;o do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o e mioc&#225;rdio por granulomas n&#227;o caseosos. Alguns estudos revelaram que, em pacientes com sarcoidose pulmonar ou sist&#234;mica, h&#225; acometimento card&#237;aco em 5% dos casos e em at&#233; 25% dos estudos de necropsia. Contudo, exames de imagem demonstram acometimento em at&#233; 50% dos pacientes. Indiv&#237;duos com sarcoidose extracard&#237;aca comprovada por bi&#243;psia devem ser interpelados para os sintomas de s&#237;ncope, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope ou palpita&#231;&#245;es. O ECG &#233; exame obrigat&#243;rio em todos os pacientes com sarcoidose e, se alguma anormalidade for encontrada, o ecocardiograma e outros exames de imagem, como a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e o PET com glicose marcada com fl&#250;or-14, podem ser &#250;teis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente caso poderia se encaixar perfeitamente no diagn&#243;stico de sarcoidose, contudo, n&#227;o houve comprova&#231;&#227;o de sarcoidose extracard&#237;aca, principalmente o acometimento pulmonar, que &#233; o mais comum.</p>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica pode ser causa de s&#237;ncopes e morte s&#250;bita, contudo, no presente caso, n&#227;o havia hipertrofia card&#237;aca com pelo menos uma parede com espessura maior ou igual a 15 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo &#233; doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica por muta&#231;&#245;es dos genes codificadores da desmosina, caracterizando-se pela substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrogordurosa do mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo direito. As altera&#231;&#245;es podem se iniciar em tr&#234;s regi&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo direito: trato de entrada, trato de sa&#237;da ou ponta.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos dessa doen&#231;a foram revisados por uma for&#231;a-tarefa em 2010. Incluem crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, de imagens ao ecocardiograma, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e ventriculografia direita, hist&#243;ria familiar e altera&#231;&#245;es tissulares na biopsia endomioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>No ECG de repouso, os crit&#233;rios maiores s&#227;o: presen&#231;a de ondas T invertidas de V<sub>1</sub> a V<sub>3</sub> em indiv&#237;duos acima de 14 anos, na aus&#234;ncia de bloqueio de ramo direito (QRS &#8805; 120 ms), presen&#231;a de ondas &#233;psilon no final do QRS em V<sub>1</sub> a V<sub>2</sub>. Os crit&#233;rios menores s&#227;o: invers&#227;o de onda T em V<sub>1</sub> e V<sub>2</sub>, na aus&#234;ncia de bloqueio de ramo direito, ou V<sub>4</sub> a V<sub>6</sub>; ou ainda onda T invertida em V<sub>1</sub> a V<sub>4</sub> na mesma faixa et&#225;ria com bloqueio de ramo direito, ECG de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 114 ms e presen&#231;a de potenciais de baixa voltagem tardios (&lt; 40 &#181;V), isto &#233;, nos &#250;ltimos momentos do complexo QRS, &gt; 38 ms.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de arritmias, &#233; crit&#233;rio maior a presen&#231;a de taquicardia ventricular sustentada ou n&#227;o com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo com eixo superior. Os crit&#233;rios menores s&#227;o: taquicardia ventricular com morfologia de QRS de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo com eixo para baixo ou extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares frequentes &gt; 500/24horas.</p>
        <p>Na ecocardiografia bidimensional, s&#227;o considerados crit&#233;rios maiores acinesia, discinesia ou aneurisma regionais de ventr&#237;culo direito acompanhados de uma das seguintes altera&#231;&#245;es: dilata&#231;&#227;o do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo (&#8805; 32 mm) ou seu &#237;ndice corrigido para superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea &#8805; 19 mm/m<sup>2</sup> no eixo longo; &#8805; 26 mm ou seu &#237;ndice corrigido pela superf&#237;cie corporal &#8805; 21 mm/m<sup>2</sup> no seu eixo curto; ou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8804; 33%. E crit&#233;rios menores: acinesia ou discinesia regionais do ventr&#237;culo direito e uma das seguintes altera&#231;&#245;es: dilata&#231;&#227;o de via de sa&#237;da &#8805; 29 e &lt; 32 mm ou seu &#237;ndice corrigido &#8805; 16 e &lt; 19 mm/m<sup>2</sup> no eixo longo; ou no eixo curto entre &#8805; 32 e &lt; 36 mm ou com corre&#231;&#227;o para superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea &#8805; 18 e &lt; 21 mm/m<sup>2</sup>; ou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o entre &gt; 33% e &#8804; 40%.</p>
        <p>Na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, s&#227;o considerados crit&#233;rios maiores, al&#233;m de acinesia ou discinesia, a contra&#231;&#227;o assincr&#244;nica do ventr&#237;culo al&#233;m de uma das seguintes altera&#231;&#245;es: &#237;ndice diast&#243;lico final de ventr&#237;culo direito &#8805; 110 ml/m<sup>2</sup> em homens e &#8805; 100ml/m<sup>2</sup> em mulheres; ou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8804; 40%. Os crit&#233;rios menores s&#227;o as altera&#231;&#245;es de motilidade j&#225; descritas para os crit&#233;rios maiores acompanhadas por &#237;ndice diast&#243;lico final de ventr&#237;culo direito &#8805; 100 e &lt; 110 ml/m<sup>2</sup> em homens e &#8805; 90 e &lt; 100 ml/m<sup>2</sup> em mulheres, ou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &gt; 40% e &#8804; 45%.</p>
        <p>A hist&#243;ria familiar tem for&#231;a de crit&#233;rio maior quando a cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito foi diagnostica em parentes de 1&#186; grau tanto por preencherem os crit&#233;rios acima descritos quanto por biopsia ou autopsia positiva ou, ainda, se houver comprova&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a das muta&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao desenvolvimento da cardiomiopatia. Os crit&#233;rios menores s&#227;o: suspeita n&#227;o pass&#237;vel de comprova&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a em parentes do 1&#186; grau; morte s&#250;bita em parentes em 1&#186; grau antes dos 35 anos devido a prov&#225;vel presen&#231;a dessa cardiomiopatia ou, ainda, diagn&#243;stico comprovado em parente de 2&#186; grau.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas tissulares, temos como crit&#233;rio maior a presen&#231;a de menos de 60% de mi&#243;citos em an&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica ou &lt; 50% por estimativa com reposi&#231;&#227;o por tecido fibroso da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito em pelo menos duas amostras endoc&#225;rdicas associada ou n&#227;o &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o gordurosa. No crit&#233;rio menor est&#227;o presentes as mesmas altera&#231;&#245;es acima e taxa de mi&#243;citos residual entre 60% e 75% na morfometria e entre 50% e 65% por estimativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No caso atual, infelizmente, n&#227;o tivemos acesso ao tra&#231;ado original do ECG e, assim, n&#227;o pudemos us&#225;-lo como m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>Contudo, no estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, desencadeou-se taquicardia ventricular com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo com eixo para cima, um crit&#233;rio maior para o diagn&#243;stico dessa doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>O ecocardiograma n&#227;o revelou detalhes que confirmassem o diagn&#243;stico, mas evidenciou ventr&#237;culo direito dilatado e hipocin&#233;tico.</p>
        <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica n&#227;o foi realizada pela presen&#231;a do desfibrilador, implantado logo no in&#237;cio do quadro cl&#237;nico, pois se atribuiu a causa da s&#237;ncope &#224; arritmia, que, como a disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, seriam sequelas de epis&#243;dio pregresso de miocardite.</p>
        <p>Embora a resson&#226;ncia tenha sido considerada o padr&#227;o-ouro no diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo dessa doen&#231;a, a taxa de falsos positivos tem sido muito alta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em tempo, a terap&#234;utica de elei&#231;&#227;o dos portadores de cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; o implante de desfibrilador, pois o uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos ou a abla&#231;&#227;o em estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico n&#227;o se revelaram alternativas confi&#225;veis para redu&#231;&#227;o da morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> (Dr. Desiderio Favarato)</p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica:</bold> Cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito. (Dr. Desiderio Favarato)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exame anatomopatol&#243;gico</title>
        <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o explantado pesou 576 g, encontrando-se sem grande parte do &#225;trio esquerdo. Apresentava volume muito aumentado e forma globosa, e abundante gordura subepic&#225;rdica. Havia &#225;rea de abaulamento de limites imprecisos na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito, configurando aneurisma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>). O ventr&#237;culo direito apresentava dilata&#231;&#227;o proeminente, com presen&#231;a de cabo met&#225;lico (cabo do cardiodesfibrilador) impactado no seu &#225;pice, focalmente aderido &#224; borda livre da valva tric&#250;spide. Havia substitui&#231;&#227;o gordurosa extensa, difusa, da por&#231;&#227;o compacta da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito na via de entrada, &#225;pice e via de sa&#237;da (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>). O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentava dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada e hipertrofia da parede, com focos isolados de substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrogordurosa subepic&#225;rdica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>). O exame histol&#243;gico confirmou o aspecto macrosc&#243;pico de substitui&#231;&#227;o gordurosa do mioc&#225;rdio, havendo tamb&#233;m fibrose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>). As &#225;reas mais preservadas do mioc&#225;rdio exibiam hipertrofia dos cardiomi&#243;citos, focos de fibrose e discreto infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio linfo-histiocit&#225;rio intersticial. O endoc&#225;rdio estava espessado e esbranqui&#231;ado na &#225;rea do aneurisma da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. As valvas card&#237;acas e as coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas n&#227;o apresentavam particularidades. N&#227;o havia trombos cavit&#225;rios. (Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vista externa da face anterior do cora&#231;&#227;o explantado. A gordura epic&#225;rdica &#233; abundante, notando-se forma&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica colapsada na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (asteriscos).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0195-80031-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Via de entrada do ventr&#237;culo direito. A cavidade est&#225; acentuadamente dilatada, sendo evidente a substitui&#231;&#227;o gordurosa da por&#231;&#227;o compacta da parede, restando apenas a musculatura trabecular. Presen&#231;a de cabo met&#225;lico (cabo do cardiodesfibrilador) impactado no &#225;pice ventricular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0195-80031-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Note a moderada dilata&#231;&#227;o da cavidade, hipertrofia da parede e &#225;rea macrosc&#243;pica de fibrose subepic&#225;rdica (seta).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0195-80031-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica da parede da via de entrada do ventr&#237;culo direito. H&#225; substitui&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio por c&#233;lulas adiposas (asteriscos), com deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno (corado em azul) em meio aos cardiomi&#243;citos (corados em vermelho). Colora&#231;&#227;o pelo tricr&#244;mico de Masson.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0195-80031-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico anatomopatol&#243;gico:</bold> Cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito. (Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
        <p>Caso de homem jovem, de 36 anos de idade, com cardiopatia caracterizada por epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope desde os 20 anos de idade, cardiomegalia e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, tendo sido implantado cardiodesfibrilador em 2001. O estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico evidenciou cicatrizes e potencias tardios em diversas regi&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo direito, com indu&#231;&#227;o de taquicardia ventricular em exame de 2015. Devido &#224; progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi submetido a transplante card&#237;aco em 2016. O exame anatomopatol&#243;gico do cora&#231;&#227;o explantado revelou tratar-se de cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito, com acentuada substitui&#231;&#227;o adiposa da por&#231;&#227;o compacta de todo esse ventr&#237;culo, com forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma na via de sa&#237;da. Havia tamb&#233;m acometimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, que exibia focos de infiltra&#231;&#227;o fibroadiposa subepic&#225;rdica. A cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito, tamb&#233;m chamada de displasia arritmog&#234;nica, &#233; cardiomiopatia prim&#225;ria de base gen&#233;tica, tendo mais comumente heran&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante. J&#225; foram identificadas v&#225;rias muta&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; doen&#231;a, geralmente em genes relacionados &#224; codifica&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas do desmossomo, sendo os mais conhecidos os genes da desmoplaquina e da placoglobina. Pode estar associada &#224; s&#237;ndrome de Carvajal ou &#224; doen&#231;a de Naxos (queratose palmo-plantar/cabelos lanosos). A cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; causa frequente de morte s&#250;bita em jovens, sendo considerada a principal causa de morte s&#250;bita associada &#224; atividade esportiva na It&#225;lia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A doen&#231;a pode se restringir ao ventr&#237;culo direito, com arritmias muitas vezes severas, mas, nas formas com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca progressiva, como no presente caso, &#233; comum o acometimento tamb&#233;m do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Como pode haver acometimento biventricular, muitos advogam o uso do termo cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica. O diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a &#233; complexo e multifatorial, devendo-se considerar v&#225;rios elementos como altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, presen&#231;a e tipo de arritmias, altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e da resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica, hist&#243;ria familiar e at&#233; mesmo altera&#231;&#245;es da constitui&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica da parede ventricular. Desde 1994 e depois modificado em 2010, existe consenso sobre os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos, sendo alguns considerados como maiores e outros menores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Apesar de invasiva, em casos selecionados est&#225; indicada a realiza&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica para avalia&#231;&#227;o da constitui&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica do mioc&#225;rdio, sendo valorizada a substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrogordurosa do mioc&#225;rdio, considerada como um crit&#233;rio maior quando o mioc&#225;rdio residual compreende menos de 60% e crit&#233;rio menor quando compreende de 60% a 75% da amostra.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> (Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
          <p>Vera Dermarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
