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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mJwtg5VcgxZpKsLCzTFRQLJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000200181</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005002103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Heart Transplantation for Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: A Single-Center Experience</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bouabdallaoui</surname>
            <given-names>Nadia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demondion</surname>
            <given-names>Pierre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mar&#233;chaux</surname>
            <given-names>Sylvestre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Varnous</surname>
            <given-names>Shaida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lebreton</surname>
            <given-names>Guillaume</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mouquet</surname>
            <given-names>Fr&#233;d&#233;ric</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leprince</surname>
            <given-names>Pascal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Assistance Publique des H&#244;pitaux de Paris</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">La Piti&#233; Salp&#234;tri&#232;re</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiac Surgery</institution>
        <country country="FR">France</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiac Surgery, La Piti&#233; Salp&#234;tri&#232;re, Assistance Publique des H&#244;pitaux de Paris; Universit&#233; Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, France</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universit&#233; Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6</institution>
        <country country="FR">France</country>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universit&#233; Curie Paris 6</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universit&#233; Catholique de Lille</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facult&#233; Libre de M&#233;decine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiology Department and Heart Valve Center</institution>
        <country country="FR">France</country>
        <institution content-type="original">GCS-Groupement des H&#244;pitaux de l&#8217;Institut Catholique de Lille, Cardiology Department and Heart Valve Center, Facult&#233; Libre de M&#233;decine/Universit&#233; Catholique de Lille, France</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universit&#233; Catholique de Lille</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centre hospitalier universitaire de Lille</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">H&#244;pital Cardiologique</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">P&#244;le Cardio-vasculaire et Pulmonaire</institution>
        <country country="FR">France</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Service de Cardiologie, P&#244;le Cardio-vasculaire et Pulmonaire, H&#244;pital Cardiologique, CHRU Lille, Lille Cedex, France</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Nadia Bouabdallaoui,</bold> 47-83 Boulevard de l&#8217;H&#244;pital. 75013. Paris. E-mail: <email>nadia.bouabdallaoui@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Bouabdallaoui N; Acquisition of data: Bouabdallaoui N, Demondion P; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Marechaux S; Statistical analysis: Marechaux S; Writing of the manuscript: Bouabdallaoui N; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Varnous S, Lebreton G, Mouquet F; Supervision: Leprince P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>181</fpage>
      <lpage>187</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Peripartum cardiomyopathy is an idiopathic disorder defined by the occurrence of acute heart failure during late pregnancy or post-partum period in the absence of any other definable cause. Its clinical course is variable and severe cases might require heart transplantation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate long-term outcomes after heart transplantation (HT) for peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Out of a single-center series of 1938 HT, 14 HT were performed for PPCM. We evaluated clinical characteristics, transplant-related complications, and long-term outcomes, in comparison with 28 sex-matched controls. Primary endpoint was death from any cause; secondary endpoints were transplant-related complications (rejection, infection, cardiac allograft vasculopathy). A value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered of statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>PPCM patients and matched controls were comparable for most variables (all p values &gt; 0.05), except for a higher use of inotropes at the time of HT in PPCM group (p = 0.03). During a median follow-up of 7.7 years, 16 patients died, 3 (21.5%) in PPCM group and 13 (46.5%) in control group. Mortality was significantly lower in PPCM group (p = 0.03). No significant difference was found in terms of transplant-related complications (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Long-term outcomes following HT for PPCM are favorable. Heart transplantation is a valuable option for PPCM patients who did not recover significantly under medical treatment.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Peripartum Period</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Graft Rejection. / mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is defined by the occurrence of acute heart failure (HF) during late pregnancy or post-partum period in the absence of any other definable cause or prior heart disease. Diagnostic criteria have recently been revised by the ESC Working Group on PPCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Disease incidence shows ethnic variations, with a greater prevalence among African women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A deleterious combination of &#8220;anti angiogenic signaling excess&#8221; and &#8220;oxidative stress-prolactin axis&#8221; toward the end of pregnancy is suggested as key element in the pathophysiology of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Beside conventional treatment of HF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> targeted therapies including pharmacological prolactin blockade are being investigated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Although half of patients will fully recover left ventricular systolic function, the clinical course of PPCM is highly variable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Data from the Investigations of Pregnancy-Associated Cardiomyopathy (IPAC) recently assessed a 6% rate of death, heart transplantation, and left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation at 1 year in PPCM patients and more than 20% rate of persistent left ventricular (LV) dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Baseline LVEF &lt; 30%, baseline LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) &gt; 60mm, black ethnicity and post-partum diagnosis were correlated with poor prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Up to 10% of PPCM patients will require heart transplantation according to literature data.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Post-transplant prognosis for PPCM patients is at present still contradictory.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A higher incidence of rejection has been reported, particularly during the first year following transplantation, along with a lower graft survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Heart transplantation (HT) is however considered as a valuable option for PPCM patients presenting with HF unresponsive to maximal conventional treatment. The aim of this study is to compare all-cause mortality and transplant-related complications after HT for PPCM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a retrospective single-center non-interventional study. Primary endpoint was all-cause mortality following heart transplantation (HT). Secondary endpoint was outcomes after HT including transplant-related complications (rejection, infection, cardiac allograft vasculopathy). All patients had single-center management with a consistent approach at both surgical and medical levels.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient population</title>
        <p>A total of 1938 patients from whom 368 females were transplanted for severe HF in our institution. Fourteen patients met diagnosis criteria of PPCM. All our PPCM cases were ascertained with the most recent definition of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> An extensive work-up was performed retrospectively for each patient to exclude other causes of HF. Twenty-eight age-matched female patients who underwent HT during the same period for other causes served as controls. Each PPCM patient was matched to two female control patients depending on their age at the time of transplantation (&#177; 5 years) and on the era of transplantation (&#177; 6 months). Survival was assessed until last follow-up. Demographics, pre- and post-transplant data were retrospectively collected from our institution&#8217;s computerized medical charts. Information on follow-up was obtained retrospectively by direct patient interview for those who were still alive at the time of data collection. As this was an observational study, our institutional ethics board was not involved.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Post-transplant course</title>
        <p>All patients had a similar post-transplant follow-up protocol. Endomyocardial biopsies were routinely performed during the first two years following HT, then, less frequently (every 6 months for years 2 to 5, then every year beyond 5th year), unless clinical indication. Coronary angiography was first performed at one-year post transplant then every two years if normal. We considered arbitrarily graft rejection as present or non-present, regardless of its type (antibody-mediated or cell-mediated rejection) and severity. The diagnosis of cell mediated rejection was based on Stanford grading system until 1990,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> then, on the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation nomenclature (ISHLT;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>). The ISHLT Guidelines on Antibodies-mediated rejection (AMR) were used for the definition of AMR rejections.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> We considered rejection as &#8220;characterized&#8221; in the following situations: All cell-mediated rejections of grade &gt; or = to 1A/1R; All proven antibodies mediated rejection regardless of grade; All symptomatic rejections i.e. with hemodynamic compromise or LV dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> All characterized rejections triggered therapeutic interventions.</p>
        <p>Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy (CAV) was considered in the setting of any angiographic evidence of coronary artery stenosis regardless of the need of specific treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Infections were defined as any episode requiring hospitalization or intravenous treatment, including cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections.</p>
        <p>Immunosuppressive therapy and rejection treatments varied over time. Induction therapy involved intravenous methylprednisolone, and rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin from 1986 to 2000; and antithymocyte globulin or Basiliximab since 2000. Long-term prophylactic immunosuppressive therapy was based on calcineurin inhibitors (mostly cyclosporine), azathioprine and long-term oral corticosteroids from 1986 to 2000; and calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine or tacrolimus), mycophenolate mofetil and oral corticosteroids since 2000. Everolimus was not routinely used upon the study population. Of note, none of the patients in PPCM group received Bromocriptine.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical considerations and analysis</title>
        <p>Data are presented as the mean &#177; standard deviation, unless otherwise specified. Comparisons between groups for continuous variables were performed using the Student t-test or the Mann Whitney U test as appropriate. The chi-square or the Fisher exact tests were used for categorical variables as appropriate. The duration of follow up was computed using reverse the Kaplan Meier method. Survival was defined as being alive at the cut-off date for our study without the need of a retransplantation. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed for the two groups and compared using the log rank test. A value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered of statistical significance. All analyses were conducted with the use of SPSS 18.0 software (Chicago, Illinois).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pre-transplant characteristics</title>
        <p>Pre-transplant characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>. Patients in control group were transplanted for: idiopathic dilated (n = 10, 36%), ischemic (n = 8, 28.5%), congenital (n = 1, 3.5%), restrictive (n = 2, 7.1%), valvular (n = 2, 7.1%), and anthracyclines-induced (n = 3, 10.7%) cardiomyopathies or myocarditis (n = 2, 7.1%). There were significantly more patients requiring inotropes in PPCM group (n= 9, 64% in PPCM patients vs. n = 8, 28% in controls, p = 0.03). Patients requiring hemodynamic support were indiscriminately those recently diagnosed with PPCM and readily presenting with cardiogenic shock (n = 4/9), but also those with long time known PPCM and gradually progressing to end-stage heart failure (n = 5/9). Conversely, in control group, patients requiring inotropic support were more often those who were recently (&lt; 1year) diagnosed with HF.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>General characteristics of PPCM patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">PPCM patients</th>
                <th align="center">Time from diagnosis to HT</th>
                <th align="center">Time on waiting list</th>
                <th align="center">Age at the time of HT</th>
                <th align="center">LVEF (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Inotropes</th>
                <th align="center">IABP</th>
                <th align="center">ECMO (P + C)</th>
                <th align="center">VAD</th>
                <th align="center">Cross-match</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">19 yrs</td>
                <td align="center">1 mth</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">Y</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">2 yrs</td>
                <td align="center">18 mths</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">8 yrs</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 1 mth</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">Y</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="center">10 mths</td>
                <td align="center">1 mth</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5</td>
                <td align="center">5 mths</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 1 mth</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">Y</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">Y</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6</td>
                <td align="center">3 mths</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 1 mth</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td align="center">13 yrs</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 1 mth</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">Y</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8</td>
                <td align="center">1 mth</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 1 mth</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">Y</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9</td>
                <td align="center">4 mths</td>
                <td align="center">1 mth</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">Y</td>
                <td align="center">Y</td>
                <td align="center">Y</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10</td>
                <td align="center">4 yrs</td>
                <td align="center">9 mths</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">Y</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">Y</td>
                <td align="center">Y</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">11</td>
                <td align="center">15 yrs</td>
                <td align="center">2 mths</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">12</td>
                <td align="center">1 yr</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 1 mth</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">13</td>
                <td align="center">9 mths</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 1 mth</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">Y</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">14</td>
                <td align="center">1 yr</td>
                <td align="center">2 mths</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">Y</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
                <td align="center">N</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>LVEF: Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction; IABP: intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation; ECMO (P+C): Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (Peripheral + Central); VAD: Ventricular Assist Device; Y: Yes; N: No; NA: Not applicable; yr: year; m: month.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pre-transplant characteristics in PPCM group and control subjects</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">PPCM group (n = 14)</th>
                <th align="center">Control group (n = 28)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age at the time of HT, years</td>
                <td align="center">36.7 &#177; 6.5</td>
                <td align="center">38.4 &#177; 8.5</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous pregnancies</td>
                <td align="center">100% (n = 14)</td>
                <td align="center">50% (n = 14)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoker</td>
                <td align="center">21% (n = 3)</td>
                <td align="center">42.8% (n = 12)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">7% (n = 1)</td>
                <td align="center">7% (n = 2)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-blockers</td>
                <td align="center">50% (n = 7)</td>
                <td align="center">42.8% (n = 12)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACE inhibitors</td>
                <td align="center">50% (n = 7)</td>
                <td align="center">75% (n = 21)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Time on waiting list, months</td>
                <td align="center">2.4 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">3.8 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inotropes</td>
                <td align="center">64% (n = 9)</td>
                <td align="center">28.57% (n = 8)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IABP</td>
                <td align="center">7% (n = 1)</td>
                <td align="center">7% (n = 2)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ECMO</td>
                <td align="center">14% (n = 2)</td>
                <td align="center">25% (n = 7)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VAD</td>
                <td align="center">14% (n = 2)</td>
                <td align="center">7% (n = 2)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>PPCM: peripartum cardiomyopathy; LVEF: Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction; RV: Right Ventricle; IABP: intra-aortic balloon counter pulsation; ECMO (P+C): Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (Peripheral + Central); VAD: Ventricular Assist Device. (Comparisons between groups for continuous variables were performed using the Student t test or the Mann Whitney U test as appropriate).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>We found no significant difference considering African descent; the time spent on the transplant waiting list; right ventricular dysfunction; and HF severity at the time of diagnosis. No significant difference in HF treatment was noticed particularly in terms of ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers administration, and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) / internal cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation rates.</p>
        <p>Regarding mechanical circulatory support (MCS) indication, no significant difference was observed. In PPCM group, one patient underwent intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP), two peripheral Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO), one long-term Ventricular Assist Devices, and one CardioWest Total Artificial Heart implantation. In control group, two patients underwent IABP, seven peripheral or central ECMO, and two long term VADs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Graft Characteristics and Immunosuppressive treatments</title>
        <p>Graft characteristics were similar in the two groups. Mean ischemic time duration was 159 &#177; 12 minutes in PPCM group vs. 178 &#177; 13 minutes in control group. Mean age donor was 45 years for PPCM recipients and 46 years for controls. We observed no significant difference in terms of sex mismatch. As the patients were matched for transplantation period, there was no difference in immunosuppressive regimen.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients outcomes</title>
        <p>During a median follow-up of 7.7 years, 16 patients died, 3 (21.5%) in PPCM group and 13 (46.5%) in control group. Mortality was significantly lower in PPCM group (p = 0.03, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Causes of death are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. Major causes of one-year mortality after HT were rejection, hemorrhagic complications and infections; major causes of long-term mortality (&gt; 1 year) after HT were rejection, CAV, and infections. Both early and late rejection rates were similar in both groups (p = 0.5 and 0.6 respectively). PPCM patients had a similar incidence of infections including cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections compared with control population (p = 0.07). Two patients from control group died within the first year following transplantation from septic shock, none in PPCM group. One more patient in control group died from septic shock &gt; 1 year post transplant, none in PPCM group. PPCM patients had a similar risk of CAV compared with control group (p = 0.4). Pathological study of explanted hearts did not reveal any specific lesion.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Transplant-related complications and causes of Death</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Transplant-related complications</th>
                <th align="center">PPCM group (n = 14)</th>
                <th align="center">Control group (n = 28)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Rejection:</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Treated rejections &lt; 1-year post transplant</td>
                <td align="center">50% (n = 7)</td>
                <td align="center">50% (n = 14)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Treated rejections &gt; 1-year post transplant</td>
                <td align="center">71% (n = 10)</td>
                <td align="center">50% (n = 14)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infection rate</td>
                <td align="center">35.7% (n = 5)</td>
                <td align="center">64.3% (n = 18)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CAV</td>
                <td align="center">50% (n = 7)</td>
                <td align="center">35.7% (n = 10)</td>
                <td align="center">p = 0.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Death: Early all-cause mortality (&lt; 1 year)</td>
                <td align="center">7% (n = 1)</td>
                <td align="center">21.4% (n = 6)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="6">p = 0.06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rejection</td>
                <td align="center">n = 0</td>
                <td align="center">n = 1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infection</td>
                <td align="center">n = 0</td>
                <td align="center">n = 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CAV</td>
                <td align="center">n = 0</td>
                <td align="center">n = 0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemorrhagic complications</td>
                <td align="center">n = 1</td>
                <td align="center">n = 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Thromboembolic complications</td>
                <td align="center">n = 0</td>
                <td align="center">n = 1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Death: Late all-cause mortality (&gt; 1 year)</td>
                <td align="center">21.4% (n = 3)</td>
                <td align="center">46.4% (n = 13)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="8">p = 0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rejection</td>
                <td align="center">n = 1</td>
                <td align="center">n = 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infection</td>
                <td align="center">n = 0</td>
                <td align="center">n = 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CAV</td>
                <td align="center">n = 1</td>
                <td align="center">n = 4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemorrhagic complications</td>
                <td align="center">n = 1</td>
                <td align="center">n = 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Thromboembolic complications</td>
                <td align="center">n = 0</td>
                <td align="center">n = 1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Neoplasia</td>
                <td align="center">n = 0</td>
                <td align="center">n = 1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Unknown</td>
                <td align="center">n = 1</td>
                <td align="center">n = 0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>CAV: Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy (Comparisons between groups for continuous variables were performed using the Student t-test or the Mann Whitney U test as appropriate).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Long-term survival after heart transplantation, PPCM group (PPCM (+)) and control patients (PPCM (-)). PPCM: peripartum cardiomyopathy.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0181-80014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In this retrospective single-center study, we assessed post-transplant outcomes in a population of patients transplanted for severe HF in the setting of peripartum cardiomyopathy. Median follow-up was 7.7 years. We demonstrate upon our population that post-transplant mortality is significantly lower in patients transplanted for PPCM. Patients transplanted for PPCM did not display a significantly higher rate of transplant-related complications compared with control subjects matched for age and transplantation period.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pre-transplant characteristics</title>
        <p>In the pre-transplant setting, we significantly used more inotropes at the time of HT in PPCM patients compared with control subjects. The frequent need of medical intensive cardiovascular support in PPCM patients awaiting heart transplantation has also been demonstrated by others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Importantly, potential deleterious cellular alterations related to Dobutamine have recently been pointed in PPCM patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and recent guidelines recommend a cautious use of inotropes for critically-ill PPCM patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Data related to MCS in the management of PPCM patients are scarce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> It seems however that MCS is an option for patients who deteriorate despite maximal therapy, in a strategy of bridge to transplantation or to recovery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Noticeably, one major concern in the setting of long-term MCS in PPCM patients relates to a possibly higher risk of thrombotic complications in a prothrombotic condition such as the peripartum period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Medical management of HF might be considered as non-optimal in our population, particularly among PPCM patients, as only one half received beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors. Importantly, under-treated patients were, in both groups, those requiring inotropic and mechanical circulatory support.</p>
        <p>Seven percent (7%) of patients had CRT/ICD implantation. Recent data suggest that CRT is crucial in the management of PPCM patients presenting with persistent systolic dysfunction. It has indeed been demonstrated a rapid and significant LV recovery under CRT in PPCM patients with severe systolic dysfunction despite optimal medical therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients Outcomes after Heart Transplantation</title>
        <p>We assessed post-transplant outcomes in patients transplanted for PPCM. Again, we demonstrated a significantly lower post-transplant all-cause mortality in patients transplanted for PPCM, with a similar rate of transplant-related complications as compared with control subjects. Data on long-term outcomes after HT for PPCM are contradictory, reporting either favorable outcomes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> or higher rejection rates and poorer outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Current practice is however favorable to HT for PPCM. As we did, a long-term survey of a small cohort of patients transplanted for PPCM has also shown favorable outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The major limitation of our study is the small number of patients, prohibiting definitive conclusions. We arbitrarily adjudicated rejection in a binary way (present: yes, or no), which might therefore be considered as simplistic and of limited value.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>We assessed long-term post-transplant outcomes in the setting of PPCM. Upon the studied population, we demonstrate a significantly lower long-term post-transplant mortality in patients transplanted for PPCM, with a similar rate of transplant-related complications as compared with control subjects. We show that heart transplantation for PPCM patients who did not significantly recover under maximal medical treatment remains appropriate. The overall impact of heart transplantation for PPCM is yet to be determined at a larger scale in well characterized population.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transplante Card&#237;aco por Cardiomiopatia Periparto: Uma Experi&#234;ncia de Centro &#218;nico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bouabdallaoui</surname>
            <given-names>Nadia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demondion</surname>
            <given-names>Pierre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mar&#233;chaux</surname>
            <given-names>Sylvestre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Varnous</surname>
            <given-names>Shaida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lebreton</surname>
            <given-names>Guillaume</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mouquet</surname>
            <given-names>Fr&#233;d&#233;ric</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leprince</surname>
            <given-names>Pascal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiac Surgery, La Piti&#233; Salp&#234;tri&#232;re, Assistance Publique des H&#244;pitaux de Paris; Universit&#233; Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, France</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">GCS-Groupement des H&#244;pitaux de l&#8217;Institut Catholique de Lille, Cardiology Department and Heart Valve Center, Facult&#233; Libre de M&#233;decine/Universit&#233; Catholique de Lille, France</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Service de Cardiologie, P&#244;le Cardio-vasculaire et Pulmonaire, H&#244;pital Cardiologique, CHRU Lille, Lille Cedex, France</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Nadia Bouabdallaoui,</bold> 47-83 Boulevard de l&#8217;H&#244;pital. 75013. Paris. E-mail: <email>nadia.bouabdallaoui@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Bouabdallaoui N; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Bouabdallaoui N, Demondion P; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Marechaux S; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Marechaux S; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bouabdallaoui N; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Varnous S, Lebreton G, Mouquet F; Supervis&#227;o: Leprince P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A cardiomiopatia periparto &#233; uma doen&#231;a idiop&#225;tica definida pela ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda durante a gravidez tardia ou p&#243;s-parto na aus&#234;ncia de qualquer outra causa defin&#237;vel. Seu curso cl&#237;nico &#233; vari&#225;vel e casos graves podem exigir transplante. card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Pesquisar os resultados a longo prazo ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco (TC) por cardiomiopatia periparto (CMPP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>De uma &#250;nica s&#233;rie central de 1938 TC, 14 TC foram realizados por CMPP. Foram avaliadas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao transplante e resultados a longo prazo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 28 controles pareados por g&#234;nero. O principal crit&#233;rio de avalia&#231;&#227;o foi a morte por qualquer causa; os crit&#233;rios secund&#225;rios foram complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao transplante (rejei&#231;&#227;o, infec&#231;&#227;o, vasculopatia do aloenxerto card&#237;aco). Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As pacientes com CMPP e controles pareados foram compar&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;para a maioria das vari&#225;veis (todos os valores de p &gt; 0,05), exceto para um maior uso de inotr&#243;picos no momento do TC no grupo CMPP (p = 0,03). Durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de 7,7 anos, 16 pacientes morreram, 3 (21,5%) no grupo CMPP e 13 (46,5%) no grupo controle. A mortalidade foi significativamente menor no grupo CMPP (p = 0,03). N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas em termos de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao transplante (p&gt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Os resultados a longo prazo ap&#243;s TC para CMPP s&#227;o favor&#225;veis. O transplante card&#237;aco &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o valiosa para pacientes com CMPP que n&#227;o se recuperaram significativamente sob tratamento m&#233;dico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Per&#237;odo Periparto</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Rejei&#231;&#227;o de Enxerto / mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia periparto (CMPP) &#233; definida pela ocorr&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda (IC) durante a gravidez tardia ou p&#243;s-parto na aus&#234;ncia de qualquer outra causa defin&#237;vel ou doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;via. Os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos foram recentemente revisados pelo Grupo de Trabalho ESC sobre CMPP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a mostra varia&#231;&#245;es &#233;tnicas, com maior preval&#234;ncia entre as mulheres africanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Uma combina&#231;&#227;o delet&#233;ria de "excesso de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o antiangiog&#234;nica" e "eixo estresse oxidativo-prolactina" perto do fim da gravidez &#233; sugerido como elemento chave na fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Al&#233;m do tratamento convencional do TC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> est&#227;o sendo investigadas terapias direcionadas, incluindo o bloqueio farmacol&#243;gico da prolactina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Embora a metade das pacientes recuperem completamente a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o curso cl&#237;nico da CMPP &#233; muito vari&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Dados das Pesquisas das Cardiomiopatias Associadas &#224; Gravidez (IPAC) avaliaram recentemente uma taxa de mortalidade de 6%, transplante card&#237;aco e implanta&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DAVE) em um 1 ano em pacientes com CMPP e mais de 20% de disfun&#231;&#227;o persistente do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> FEVE inicial &lt; 30%, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final VE inicial (DDFVE) &gt; 60 mm, etnia negra e diagn&#243;stico p&#243;s-parto foram correlacionados com um progn&#243;stico ruim.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> At&#233; 10% das pacientes com CMPP precisar&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco de acordo com os dados da literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O progn&#243;stico p&#243;s-transplante para pacientes com CMPP &#233; ainda contradit&#243;rio atualmente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Uma maior incid&#234;ncia de rejei&#231;&#227;o foi relatada, particularmente durante o primeiro ano ap&#243;s o transplante, juntamente com uma menor sobreviv&#234;ncia do enxerto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O transplante card&#237;aco (TC) &#233;, no entanto, considerado como uma op&#231;&#227;o valiosa para pacientes com CMPP que apresentam IC que n&#227;o responde ao m&#225;ximo tratamento convencional. O objetivo deste estudo &#233; comparar a mortalidade por todas as causas e as complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao transplante ap&#243;s TC para CMPP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo retrospectivo de um &#250;nico centro n&#227;o intervencionista. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a mortalidade por todas as causas ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco (TC). O desfecho secund&#225;rio foi o resultado ap&#243;s TC, incluindo complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao transplante (rejei&#231;&#227;o, infec&#231;&#227;o, vasculopatia de aloenxerto card&#237;aco). Todas as pacientes pertenciam a um &#250;nico centro e tiveram uma abordagem consistente em ambos n&#237;veis, cir&#250;rgico e m&#233;dico.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
          <p>Um total de 1938 pacientes, dos quais 368 mulheres foram transplantadas por IC grave em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Quatorze pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico de CMPP. Todos os nossos casos de CMPP foram determinados com a defini&#231;&#227;o mais recente da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Um extenso trabalho foi realizado retrospectivamente para cada paciente para excluir outras causas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Vinte e oito pacientes do sexo feminino com idade avan&#231;ada que realizaram TC durante o mesmo per&#237;odo por outras causas serviram como controles. Cada paciente CMPP foi pareado com duas pacientes do sexo feminino dependendo da idade no momento do transplante (&#177; 5 anos) e da &#233;poca do transplante (&#177; 6 meses). A sobreviv&#234;ncia foi avaliada at&#233; o &#250;ltimo acompanhamento. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos, pr&#233; e p&#243;s-transplante foram recolhidos retrospectivamente nos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos informatizados da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o seguimento foram obtidas retrospectivamente por entrevista direta ao paciente para aqueles que ainda estavam vivos no momento da coleta de dados. Como este era um estudo observacional, nosso conselho de &#233;tica institucional n&#227;o estava envolvido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Curso p&#243;s-transplante</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes apresentaram um protocolo similar de seguimento p&#243;s-transplante. As bi&#243;psias endomiocardiais foram rotineiramente realizadas durante os dois primeiros anos ap&#243;s o TC, depois menos frequentemente (a cada 6 meses para os anos 2 a 5, depois todos os anos ap&#243;s o 5&#186; ano), a menos que tiver indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A angiografia coron&#225;ria foi realizada pela primeira vez no p&#243;s transplante de um ano, em seguida, a cada dois anos, se for normal. Consideramos arbitrariamente a rejei&#231;&#227;o do enxerto como presente ou n&#227;o presente, independentemente do seu tipo (rejei&#231;&#227;o mediada por anticorpos ou mediada por c&#233;lulas) e gravidade. O diagn&#243;stico de rejei&#231;&#227;o mediada por c&#233;lulas se baseou no sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o Stanford at&#233; 1990,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> depois, na Nomenclatura da Sociedade Internacional de Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Pulm&#227;o (ISHLT;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>). As diretrizes ISHLT sobre rejei&#231;&#227;o mediada por anticorpos (RMA) foram usadas para a defini&#231;&#227;o de rejei&#231;&#245;es de RMA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Consideramos a rejei&#231;&#227;o como "caracterizada" nas seguintes situa&#231;&#245;es: Todas as rejei&#231;&#245;es mediadas por c&#233;lulas de grau &gt; ou = a 1A / 1R; todas as rejei&#231;&#245;es mediadas por anticorpos comprovadas, independentemente do grau; todas as rejei&#231;&#245;es sintom&#225;ticas, p.e. com compromisso hemodin&#226;mico ou disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Todas as rejei&#231;&#245;es caracterizadas desencadearam interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. A vasculopatia de aloenxerto card&#237;aco (VAC) foi considerada no cen&#225;rio de qualquer evid&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica de estenose da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria independentemente da necessidade de tratamento espec&#237;fico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Infec&#231;&#245;es foram definidas como qualquer epis&#243;dio que requeresse hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou tratamento intravenoso, incluindo infec&#231;&#245;es por citomegalov&#237;rus (CMV).</p>
          <p>A terapia imunossupressora e os tratamentos de rejei&#231;&#227;o variaram ao longo do tempo. A terapia de indu&#231;&#227;o incluiu metilprednisolona intravenosa e globulina anti-tim&#243;cito de coelho de 1986 a 2000; e globulina antitimoc&#237;tica ou Basiliximab desde 2000. A terapia imunossupressora profil&#225;tica a longo prazo, foi baseada em inibidores da calcineurina (principalmente ciclosporina), azatioprina e corticosteroides orais de longo prazo de 1986 a 2000; e inibidores da calcineurina (ciclosporina ou tacrolimus), micofenolato de mofetil e corticosteroides orais desde 2000. O Everolimus n&#227;o foi rotineiramente utilizado na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Devemos destacar que nenhum dos pacientes do grupo CMPP recebeu Bromocriptina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas e an&#225;lise</title>
          <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, a menos que seja especificado de outra forma. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram realizadas utilizando o teste t de Student ou o teste U de Mann Whitney conforme apropriado. O teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher foram usados para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas conforme apropriado. A dura&#231;&#227;o do seguimento foi calculada usando o m&#233;todo Kaplan Meier. A sobreviv&#234;ncia foi definida como estando viva na data-limite para o nosso estudo sem a necessidade de um retransplante. As curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia de Kaplan-Meier foram constru&#237;das para os dois grupos e comparadas usando o teste de log rank. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o uso do software SPSS 18.0 (Chicago, Illinois).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-transplante</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-transplante est&#227;o resumidas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">2</xref>. Pacientes no grupo controle foram transplantados por: dilatados idiop&#225;ticos (n = 10, 36%), isqu&#234;micos (n = 8, 28,5%), cong&#234;nitos (n = 1, 3,5%). (n = 2, 7,1%), valvulares (n = 2, 7,1%) e cardiomiopatias (n = 3, 10,7%) ou miocardite (n = 2, 7,1%) induzidas por antraciclinas. Houve significativamente mais pacientes que necessitaram de inotr&#243;picos no grupo CMPP (n = 9, 64% em pacientes com CMPP versus n = 8, 28% nos controles, p = 0,03). As pacientes que necessitaram de suporte hemodin&#226;mico foram indiscriminadamente aquelas recentemente diagnosticados com CMPP e prontamente apresentando choque cardiog&#234;nico (n = 4/9), mas tamb&#233;m aquelas com CMPP conhecida h&#225; muito tempo e gradualmente avan&#231;ando para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em est&#225;gio final (n = 5/9). Por outro lado, no grupo de controle, as pacientes que necessitaram de suporte inotr&#243;pico eram mais frequentemente aquelas que foram recentemente (&lt; 1 ano) diagnosticadas com IC.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos pacientes CMPP</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Pacientes CMPP</th>
                  <th align="center">Tempo desde o diagn&#243;stico at&#233; o TC</th>
                  <th align="center">Tempo na lista de espera</th>
                  <th align="center">Idade no TC (anos)</th>
                  <th align="center">FEVE (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Inotr&#243;picos</th>
                  <th align="center">BIA</th>
                  <th align="center">ECMO (P + C)</th>
                  <th align="center">VAD</th>
                  <th align="center">Pareados</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1</td>
                  <td align="center">19 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">1 m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">S</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2</td>
                  <td align="center">2 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">18 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3</td>
                  <td align="center">8 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 1 m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">S</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4</td>
                  <td align="center">10 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">1 m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">5</td>
                  <td align="center">5 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 1 m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">S</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">S</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">6</td>
                  <td align="center">3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 1 m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">7</td>
                  <td align="center">13 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 1 m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">S</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">8</td>
                  <td align="center">1 m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 1 m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">S</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">9</td>
                  <td align="center">4 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">1 m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">S</td>
                  <td align="center">S</td>
                  <td align="center">S</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">10</td>
                  <td align="center">4 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">9 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">S</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">S</td>
                  <td align="center">S</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">11</td>
                  <td align="center">15 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">2 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">12</td>
                  <td align="center">1 ano</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 1 m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">13</td>
                  <td align="center">9 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 1 m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">S</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">14</td>
                  <td align="center">1 ano</td>
                  <td align="center">2 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">S</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                  <td align="center">N</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>FEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; BIA: bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o; ECMO (P + C): Oxigena&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea por membrana (perif&#233;rica + central); VAD: Dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular; S: Sim; N: N&#227;o; NA: N&#227;o aplic&#225;vel; ano: ano; m: m&#234;s.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-transplante no grupo CMPP e indiv&#237;duos controle</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo CMPP (n = 14)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo Controle grupo (n = 28)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade no transplante, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">36,7 &#177; 6,5</td>
                  <td align="center">38,4 &#177; 8,5</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gravidez anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">100% (n = 14)</td>
                  <td align="center">50% (n = 14)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">21% (n = 3)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.8% (n = 12)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">7% (n = 1)</td>
                  <td align="center">7% (n = 2)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Betabloqueadores</td>
                  <td align="center">50% (n = 7)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,8% (n = 12)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inibidores de ECA</td>
                  <td align="center">50% (n = 7)</td>
                  <td align="center">75% (n = 21)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo na lista de espera, meses</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">3,8 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">24 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inotr&#243;picos</td>
                  <td align="center">64% (n = 9)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,57% (n = 8)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BIA</td>
                  <td align="center">7% (n = 1)</td>
                  <td align="center">7% (n = 2)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ECMO</td>
                  <td align="center">14% (n = 2)</td>
                  <td align="center">25% (n = 7)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VAD</td>
                  <td align="center">14% (n = 2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7% (n = 2)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,4</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>CMPP: cardiomiopatia periparto; FEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; BIA: bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o; ECMO (P + C): oxigena&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea por membrana (perif&#233;rica + central); VAD: dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular. (Compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram realizadas utilizando o teste t de Student ou o teste U de Mann Whitney conforme apropriado).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>N&#227;o encontramos nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa a considerar a descend&#234;ncia africana; o tempo passado na lista de espera do transplante; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita; e gravidade da IC no momento do diagn&#243;stico. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no tratamento da IC, particularmente em termos de inibidores de ECA ou administra&#231;&#227;o de beta-bloqueadores e taxas de implanta&#231;&#227;o de desfibrilador cardioversor interno (DCI) da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) / desfibrilador interno (DI).</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico (SCM), n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa. No grupo CMPP, um paciente teve a instala&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o (BIA), dois tiveram oxigena&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica extracorp&#243;rea por membrana (ECMO), um teve um dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular de longo prazo e um teve implanta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial total CardioWest. No grupo de controle, dois pacientes foram submetidos a BIA, sete tiveram ECMO perif&#233;ricas ou centrais e dois DAVs de longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do enxerto e tratamentos imunossupressores</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas do enxerto foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da isquemia foi de 159 &#177; 12 minutos no grupo CMPP versus 178 &#177; 13 minutos no grupo controle. A m&#233;dia de idade do dador foi de 45 anos para receptores de CMPP e 46 anos para controles. N&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a significativa em termos de incompatibilidade de g&#234;nero. Quando as pacientes foram pareadas por per&#237;odo de transplante, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na terapia imunossupressora.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultado dos pacientes</title>
          <p>Durante um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 7,7 anos, 16 pacientes morreram, 3 (21,5%) no grupo CMPP e 13 (46,5%) no grupo controle. A mortalidade foi significativamente menor no grupo CMPP (p = 0,03, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). As causas da morte s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>. As principais causas de mortalidade de um ano ap&#243;s TC foram rejei&#231;&#227;o, complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas e infec&#231;&#245;es; principais causas de mortalidade a longo prazo (&gt; 1 ano) ap&#243;s TC foram rejei&#231;&#227;o, VAC e infec&#231;&#245;es. As taxas de rejei&#231;&#227;o precoce e tardia foram semelhantes nos dois grupos (p = 0,5 e 0,6, respectivamente). As pacientes com CMPP apresentaram incid&#234;ncia semelhante de infec&#231;&#245;es, incluindo infec&#231;&#245;es por citomegalov&#237;rus (CMV) em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o de controle (p = 0,07). Duas pacientes do grupo controle morreram no primeiro ano ap&#243;s transplante por choque s&#233;ptico e nenhum no grupo CMPP. Mais uma paciente no grupo de controle morreu por choque s&#233;ptico al&#233;m do transplante ap&#243;s 1 ano e nenhum no grupo CMPP. As pacientes com CMPP tiveram um risco semelhante de VAC em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (p = 0,4). O estudo patol&#243;gico de cora&#231;&#245;es explantados n&#227;o revelou nenhuma les&#227;o espec&#237;fica.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao transplante e causas da morte</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao transplante</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo CMPP (n=14)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo Controle (n=28)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Rejei&#231;&#227;o:</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rejei&#231;&#245;es tratadas &lt; 1 ano p&#243;s transplante</td>
                  <td align="center">50% (n = 7)</td>
                  <td align="center">50% (n = 14)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rejei&#231;&#245;es tratadas &gt; transplante p&#243;s-1 ano</td>
                  <td align="center">71% (n = 10)</td>
                  <td align="center">50% (n = 14)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">35,7% (n = 5)</td>
                  <td align="center">64,3% (n = 18)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VAC</td>
                  <td align="center">50% (n = 7)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,7% (n = 10)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Morte: mortalidade precoce por todas as causas (&lt; 1 ano)</td>
                  <td align="center">7% (n = 1)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,4% (n = 6)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="6">p = 0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rejei&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 0</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 0</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VAC</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 0</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 1</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 0</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Morte: mortalidade tardia por todas as causas (&gt; 1 ano)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,4% (n = 3)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,4% (n = 13)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="8">p = 0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rejei&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 1</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 0</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VAC</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 1</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 1</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 0</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Neoplasia</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 0</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Desconhecidas</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 1</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>VAC: vasculopatia de aloenxerto card&#237;aco (as compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram realizadas usando o teste t de Student ou o teste U de Mann Whitney conforme apropriado).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>sobreviv&#234;ncia a longo prazo ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco, grupo CMPP (CMPP (+)) e pacientes controle (CMPP (-)). CMPP: cardiomiopatia periparto.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0181-80014-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo retrospectivo de centro &#250;nico, avaliamos os resultados p&#243;s-transplante em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes transplantados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave no cen&#225;rio de cardiomiopatia periparto. O acompanhamento m&#233;dio foi de 7,7 anos. Demonstramos em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o que a mortalidade p&#243;s-transplante &#233; significativamente menor em pacientes transplantadas por CMPP. As pacientes transplantadas por CMPP n&#227;o mostraram uma taxa significativamente maior de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao transplante em compara&#231;&#227;o com os indiv&#237;duos de controle correspondentes para idade e per&#237;odo de transplante.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-transplante</title>
          <p>Na configura&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-transplante, utilizamos significativamente mais inotr&#243;picos no momento da TC em pacientes com CMPP em compara&#231;&#227;o com os indiv&#237;duos controle. A necessidade frequente de suporte cardiovascular m&#233;dico intensivo em pacientes com CMPP que aguardam transplante card&#237;aco tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada por outros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> &#201; importante destacar que altera&#231;&#245;es celulares potencialmente delet&#233;rias relacionadas &#224; Dobutamina foram recentemente apontadas em pacientes com CMPP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e orienta&#231;&#245;es recentes recomendam um uso cauteloso de inotr&#243;picos para pacientes CMPP criticamente doentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Os dados relacionados &#224; SCM no tratamento de pacientes com CMPP s&#227;o escassos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Parece, no entanto, que a SCM &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o para pacientes que se deterioram apesar da terapia m&#225;xima, em uma estrat&#233;gia de ponte para transplante ou para recupera&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> N&#227;o h&#225; d&#250;vida de que uma grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o no estabelecimento de SCM de longo prazo em pacientes com CMPP se relaciona com um risco possivelmente maior de complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas em uma condi&#231;&#227;o protromb&#243;tica, como o per&#237;odo periparto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O tratamento m&#233;dico da IC pode ser considerado n&#227;o &#243;timo em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, particularmente entre pacientes com CMPP, pois apenas metade recebeu betabloqueadores e inibidores da ECA. Para destacar, as pacientes subtratadas eram, em ambos os grupos, aquelas que necessitavam de suporte circulat&#243;rio inotr&#243;pico e mec&#226;nico.</p>
          <p>Sete por cento (7%) das pacientes tinham implanta&#231;&#227;o de TRC/DCI. Dados recentes sugerem que TRC &#233; crucial no tratamento de pacientes com CMPP com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica persistente. De fato, foi demonstrada uma recupera&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e significativa do VE sob TRC em pacientes com CMPP com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica severa apesar da terapia m&#233;dica ideal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados dos pacientes ap&#243;s transplante card&#237;aco</title>
          <p>Avaliamos os resultados p&#243;s-transplante em pacientes transplantadas por CMPP. Mais uma vez, demonstramos uma mortalidade por todas as causas p&#243;s-transplante significativamente menor em pacientes transplantadas por CMPP, com uma taxa similar de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao transplante em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos controle. Os dados sobre os resultados a longo prazo ap&#243;s TC para CMPP s&#227;o contradit&#243;rios, relatando resultados favor&#225;veis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> ou maiores taxas de rejei&#231;&#227;o e resultados mais pobres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A pr&#225;tica atual &#233;, no entanto, favor&#225;vel ao TC para CMPP. Como n&#243;s fizemos, uma pesquisa de longo prazo sobre uma pequena coorte de pacientes transplantadas por CMPP mostrou resultados favor&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo &#233; o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes, que n&#227;o permite conclus&#245;es definitivas. N&#243;s arbitrariamente julgamos a rejei&#231;&#227;o de maneira bin&#225;ria (presente: sim ou n&#227;o), o que pode ser considerado como simplista e de valor limitado.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Avaliamos os resultados p&#243;s-transplante a longo prazo na presen&#231;a da CMPP. Na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, demonstramos uma mortalidade p&#243;s-transplante de longo prazo significativamente menor em pacientes transplantadas por CMPP, com uma taxa similar de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao transplante em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos controle. Mostramos que o transplante de cora&#231;&#227;o para pacientes com CMPP que n&#227;o recuperaram significativamente sob tratamento m&#233;dico m&#225;ximo permanece apropriado. O impacto global do transplante de cora&#231;&#227;o para CMPP ainda n&#227;o foi determinado em uma escala maior em uma popula&#231;&#227;o bem caracterizada.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
