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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tfwq6pK7J7z7K3sQHCjXyKK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000200175</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180023</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Other Cardiovascular Imaging Techniques</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Current Practices in Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy in Brazil and Adherence to the IAEA Recommendations: Results of a Cross-Sectional Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vitor Braga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wiefels</surname>
            <given-names>Christiane Cigagna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Le&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Setor de Medicina Nuclear</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Setor de Medicina Nuclear - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro (HUAP) - Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Energia Nuclear</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Vitor Braga Rodrigues</bold>, Setor de Medicina Nuclear - HUAP - Rua Marques de Paran&#225;, 303/2&#186; andar - Pr&#233;dio Principal. Postal Code 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>carlosvitorbr@gmail.com</email>, <email>legserv@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rodrigues CVB, Oliveira A, Wiefels CC, Le&#227;o MS, Mesquita CT; Acquisition of data: Rodrigues CVB; Rodrigues CVB, Oliveira A, Wiefels CC, Le&#227;o MS, Mesquita CT; Statistical analysis: Rodrigues CVB, Oliveira A, Mesquita CT; Obtaining financing: Rodrigues CVB; Writing of the manuscript: Rodrigues CVB, Mesquita CT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>175</fpage>
      <lpage>180</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Data on the current situation of nuclear medicine practices in cardiology in Brazil are scarce. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has recommended eight "good practices" to minimize patients' ionizing radiation exposure during myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess the adoption of the eight good practices in MPS in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study with data obtained by use of a questionnaire. All hypothesis tests performed considered a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We observed that 100% of the nuclear medicine services (NMS) assessed do not use thallium-201 as the preferred protocol. Regarding the use of technetium-99m, 57% of the NMS administer activities above the threshold recommended by the IAEA (36 mCi) or achieve an effective dose greater than 15 millisievert (mSv). The abbreviated stress-only myocardial perfusion imaging is not employed by 94% of the NMS; thus, only 19% count on strategies to reduce the radioactive doses. Approximately 52% of the NMS reported always performing dose adjustment for patient's weight, while 35% administer poorly calculated doses in the one-day protocol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>A considerable number of NMS in Brazil have not adopted at least six practices recommended by the IAEA. Despite the difficulties found in nuclear practice in some Brazilian regions, almost all obstacles observed can be overcome with no cost increase, emphasizing the importance of developing strategies for adopting "good practices" when performing MPS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Nuclear Medicine / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Perfusion Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia / diagnostic imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) is a non-invasive, safe technique that uses physical or pharmacological stress to detect the presence of ischemia, assessing its early changes. The complication rate of MPS does not exceed that of exercise testing, whose mortality is estimated at 0.01%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Patients with ischemia evidenced on MPS are at higher risk for adverse outcomes as compared to those with a normal test. That stratification is fundamental, because invasive approaches are only beneficial to patients at increased risk. According to the European guidelines on revascularization, the best-established techniques for diagnosing ischemia are MPS and stress echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Appropriate use of invasive procedures is fundamental, because they have a high cost. The IMPACT Study has shown that most of the cost to manage coronary disease derives from invasive procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy is the nuclear medicine procedure most used in Brazil, accounting for 54% of all scintigraphies performed within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Although widely used, the practices are heterogeneous and can be refined, especially because they employ ionizing radiation, which, by principle of radioprotection, should be used in a justified and optimized way. Santos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> assessing the use of scintigraphy in SUS, have observed a 12% rate of inappropriate use. Those authors have reported that, with appropriate use, there will be an 18.6% reduction in budget costs, in addition to a reduction in unnecessary radiation exposure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Oliveira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> however, assessing the MPS use at another institution, have found a rate of inappropriate tests of only 5.2%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering the heterogeneous use and radiation exposure, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) recommends eight "good practices" to minimize radiation exposure during MPS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The INCAPS Study has assessed the adoption of those practices at 308 nuclear medicine services (NMS) in 65 countries, and only 142 NMS (45%) have shown a satisfactory rate. So far, there are no data on the use of those recommendations in Brazil, which is this study's objective.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional study with online self-administered questionnaire, which was sent to the email address of the technical managers of the NMS in operation in Brazil (403 NMS on the first trimester of 2016, according to data obtained at the site of the Brazilian Committee of Nuclear Energy (CNEN). The inclusion criterion in the study was that the NMS must be authorized by the CNEN to operate. The NMS performing fewer than 20 MPS per month, as well as duplicated responses, were excluded from this study, which resulted in 63 respondents (16% of total).</p>
      <p>The questionnaire was elaborated based on the North American and European guidelines, with questions selected from the following IAEA publications: <italic>Quality Management Audits in Nuclear Medicine Practices</italic> (QUANUM)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and <italic>Nuclear Medicine Database</italic> (NUMDAB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The questionnaire consisted of 49 questions, divided into the following 7 domains: demographic data of the NMS (5 items); technical team (10 items); patient care (4 items); radiopharmacy (8 items); equipment (7 items); test protocol (20 items); and postprocessing and image interpretation (2 items).</p>
      <p>The multidisciplinary team of the NMS was considered to be complete when having at least one professional of each category: nuclear physician, medical physicist, pharmacist, biomedical physician scientist, nurse and technician.</p>
      <p>Quality index (QI) was adopted to measure objectively the quality of the MPS, and comprises the sum of the practices that can be adopted in an NMS. The QI ranges from 0 to 8, a QI &#8805; 6 being considered the desirable level for an NMS to have as suggested by the IAEA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The variables were tested for normality by use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov method, revealing a non-normal distribution. Thus, descriptive analysis was performed by use of medians and interquartile range, and the Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney U tests for independent samples were used. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences<italic>,</italic> version 21, was used for the statistical analysis. All hypothesis tests performed considered a significance level of 5%, that is, the null hypothesis was rejected when p value &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The responding 63 NMS reflect the practice of 972 professionals, who account for an estimate of 13,200 MPS per month.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the histogram of the QI distribution at 63 NMS in Brazil, where the median QI found was 5. The lowest QI was 3, the lowest quartile equivalent to 25% of the QI scores was 4, and the highest quartile was 5. A QI &#8805; 6, which is the desirable index, was only observed in 13 NMS (20.6% of the sample).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of the quality index (0 to 8) of good practices of 63 nuclear cardiology services in Brazil, 2016.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0175-80023-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> discriminates the QI values according to the major characteristics of the NMS, aiming at identifying those associated with the highest QI values. Two variables showed significant association with an elevated QI: 1) the NMS location inside academic institutions as compared to non-academic ones (p = 0.046); and 2) presence in the NMS of a complete multidisciplinary team as compared to absence thereof (p = 0.030).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Quality index according to the demographic, professional and regional characteristics of nuclear medicine services (NMS)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">N</th>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">Median</th>
              <th align="center">Standard deviation</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Brazilian region</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Southeast</td>
              <td align="center">34</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">1.044</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.750<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">South</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">4.76</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">1.200</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">West-Central</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">5.00</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Northeast</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">4.50</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">0.926</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">North</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">4.50</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">0.707</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Type of NMS</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Private</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
              <td align="center">4.91</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">1.076</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                <bold>0.329<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#410;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Public</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">4.50</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">0.756</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>University-affiliated</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">5.57</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">4.77</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">1.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>&gt; 3 nuclear physicians</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">4.76</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">0.85</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                <bold>0.204<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#410;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">5.19</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">1.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Complete multidisciplinary team</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">5.33</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                <bold>0.030<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#410;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">4.75</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">1.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Exclusive NMS</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">4.86</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                <bold>0.956<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#410;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Independent-Samples Kruskal-Wallis test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#410;</label>
            <p>Independent-Samples Mann-Whitney U test</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When assessing the amount of MPS performed monthly and its relation to the desirable QI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), we observed that institutions with QI &#8805; 6 performed a statistically higher number of MPS than those that did not adopt at least six good practices (p = 0.043).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of the mean numbers of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) performed at the 63 nuclear medicine services</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">N</th>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">Median</th>
              <th align="center">Standard deviation</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Number of MPS per month</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 6 Good practices</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">298</td>
              <td align="center">280</td>
              <td align="center">230</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.043<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 6 Good practices</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">186</td>
              <td align="center">120</td>
              <td align="center">304</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney U test</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When assessing the presence of each good practice in the 63 NMS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>), the most frequently adopted by all were as follows: 1) do not use the thallium-stress protocol; 2) do not use the dual-isotope protocol; and consequently 3) do not use increased Tl-201 activities. Conversely, the least frequently adopted good practice was the use of the abbreviated stress-only myocardial perfusion imaging, in only 6% of the NMS.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Frequency (%) of the adoption of each good practice at the nuclear medicine services assessed in Brazil, 2016</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Good practices</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Brazil</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A</td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">(100)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">B</td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">(100)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">C</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">(42.86)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">D</td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">(100)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">(6.35)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">F</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">(19.05)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">G</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">(52.38)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">H</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">(65.08)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>A: Avoid thallium-stress protocol; B: Avoid dual-isotope protocol; C: Avoid high Tc-99m activities; D: Avoid high Tl-201 activities; E: Perform only "Stress-Only"; F: Use strategies focused on dose reduction; G: Patient's weight-based activities; H: Avoid inappropriate activities that can generate the shine-through artifact.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The IAEA has been dedicated to promoting good practices in nuclear cardiology, undertaking the largest research about cardiological tests so far, by use of a cross-sectional study of global comprehensiveness called INCAPS, which evidenced that the adoption of good practices in NMS is highly heterogeneous in the continents. The NMS in Asia and Latin America showed the worst performance, with less than one quarter of the NMS achieving the desirable QI (&#8805; 6 good practices).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Information on the situation of the NMS in Brazil is scarce. After that research, the Brazilian Society of Nuclear Medicine, concerned with qualified practice, was one of the first entities to endorse the adoption of good practices in its guidelines, aimed at the continuous search for a reduction in radiation exposure (optimization).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thallium-201 scintigraphy has unfavorable physical characteristics, such as low counting rate and long physical half-life, which are associated with a higher dose of radiation absorbed, being considered a second option to Tc-99m-sestamibi. The use of Tl-201 is strictly recommended for myocardial viability studies, but with the new devices with highly effective detectors, there is a renewed interest in ultrafast dual-isotope protocols that enable the use of low doses and conveniently allow performing the complete test in less than 30 minutes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In our study, we observed that 100% of the NMS assessed used neither Tl-201 nor dual-isotope as the preferred protocol, which is a good practice also associated with the financial aspect, considering the lower cost of Tc-99m-sestamibi and its easy use, which involves a medication kit. Thus, currently the traditional protocols of one or two days still predominate.</p>
      <p>Conversely, the least frequently adopted good practice by the NMS in our study was the abbreviated stress-only myocardial perfusion imaging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Chang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> have demonstrated that it is safe to use a single stress phase, without rest, in normal tests from the perfusional and contractile function viewpoint, which facilitated the dynamics of the NMS and reduced by 61% the use of radiopharmaceuticals and radiation exposure. Gowd et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> have listed the limitations to its wide adoption, such as non-familiarity with the assessment of a single phase, the need for processing images immediately after their acquisition, and the issues regarding reimbursement of expenses, considering that a significant part of the test is paid with the resting phase. Oliveira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> have been the first to approach the use of that protocol in Brazil, but the experience is still incipient.</p>
      <p>An accurate test requires the use of proper radiation doses, avoiding the "shine-through" phenomenon.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> One third of the NMS assessed still administer doses that can allow the interference of residual radiation with later images in the one-day protocol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In that protocol, respecting the minimum three-hour interval between the phases, a dose three times higher than that of the first phase is required to avoid that artifact, which can lead to a reduction in the ischemic burden or even to false-negative results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Recent studies have shown that protocols with ultra-low doses of sestamibi (5 mCi) during stress can be even more appropriate to prevent that artifact.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The IAEA has suggested the Tc-99m threshold of 36 mCi as the maximum activity to be administered in a single injection;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> however, half of the NMS assessed use activities over that threshold. Such thresholds are usually exceeded when the patient has a high body weight, the best strategy for that patient being to undergo MPS in the two-day protocol, eliminating, thus, the need for tripling the dose, providing lower radiation exposure and higher image quality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The adjustment of the dose for the patient's weight is part of the CNEN norms and should be adopted as a rule.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Nevertheless, almost half of the NMS assessed have not adopted routinely this practice, missing an opportunity for improvement. That adjustment is aimed at using appropriate radiation doses to each patient's weight and attenuation rate, preventing overexposure or insufficient exposure, which leads to a low quality test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, strategies for dose reduction have been considered. There is high-technology hardware, such as CZT cameras,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> which provide high image resolution, and hybrid devices, such as SPECT-CT, which can eliminate the attenuation of soft tissues,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> but they are not widely available. A strategy that can be used without additional costs for those without attenuation correction is the prone position during the acquisition of the stress phase of MPS. Placing the patient in the prone position reduces diaphragmatic attenuation and its interference with the images.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Many NMS have reported using that technique, but that can only be considered a strategy of dose reduction if the single stress phase is a practice adopted by the entire NMS. In prone MPS, the stress phase shows normal perfusion aspect and preserved contractility, but the patient should undergo the second phase anyhow. There was no dose reduction during that process.</p>
      <p>In general, the QI was significantly higher in the academic institutions. In 2010, the MPS performed inside university-affiliated hospitals showed more appropriate and precise indications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The NMS that promote research are constantly searching for knowledge, being updated by recent studies and new international recommendations very fast, being always one step ahead.</p>
      <p>Another important and innovative finding was the significantly higher QI of the institutions that count on a complete multiprofessional team, comprised by nuclear physician, medical physicist, pharmacist, biomedical physician scientist, nurse and technician (at least one of each). Thus, the NMS with professionals of different areas provide better patient care by adding multiple domains of knowledge.</p>
      <p>The present study has some limitations, the most evident being the self-administered questionnaire, which attributes to the respondent the research's degree of reliability. Despite being a random sample, most respondents lived in the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our study assessed the adoption of good practices in nuclear cardiology tests at NMS in Brazil. Although the response rate to the questionnaire was only 16% of the total NMS on operation, not representing a probabilistic sample, this is the largest data collection about nuclear medicine practices in cardiology in Brazil so far. We observed that the adoption rate of good practices, measured by use of the QI, is heterogeneous, showing an opportunity for improvement. One fifth of the participants has achieved excellence, which was more frequent in university-affiliated SNM and in those with a complete multidisciplinary team.</p>
      <p>We found that the adoption of good practices in the nuclear medicine tests in cardiology by the NMS assessed in Brazil is equivalent to that of other countries in Latin America, Asia and even North America, being, however, lower than that observed in other continents.</p>
      <p>There is the opportunity for improvement without cost increase, which requires the adoption of encouraging educational interventions to strengthen cardiology in Brazil.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Carlos Vitor Braga Rodrigues, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense under the protocol number 36682714.5.0000.5243. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Vitor Braga Rodrigues</bold>, Setor de Medicina Nuclear - HUAP - Rua Marques de Paran&#225;, 303/2&#186; andar - Pr&#233;dio Principal. CEP 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>carlosvitorbr@gmail.com</email>, <email>legserv@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Rodrigues CVB, Oliveira A, Wiefels CC, Le&#227;o MS, Mesquita CT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rodrigues CVB; Rodrigues CVB, Oliveira A, Wiefels CC, Le&#227;o MS, Mesquita CT; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rodrigues CVB, Oliveira A, Mesquita CT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Rodrigues CVB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rodrigues CVB, Mesquita CT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A situa&#231;&#227;o atual das pr&#225;ticas da medicina nuclear em cardiologia no Brasil ainda &#233; pouco conhecida. A Ag&#234;ncia Internacional de Energia At&#244;mica (AIEA) recomendou oito "boas pr&#225;ticas" para minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante durante a Cintilografia de Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica (CPM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar a ado&#231;&#227;o das oito boas pr&#225;ticas na CPM no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com dados obtidos atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rio. Todos os testes de hip&#243;teses desenvolvidos consideraram uma signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Observamos que 100% dos Servi&#231;os de Medicina Nuclear (SMN) n&#227;o utilizam T&#225;lio-201 como protocolo preferencial. Sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Tecn&#233;cio-99m, notamos que 57% administram atividades acima do limiar recomendado pela AIEA (36 mCi) ou resultam em uma dose efetiva maior que 15 milisievert (mSv). A fase &#250;nica de estresse n&#227;o &#233; praticada por 94% dos SMN; portanto, somente 19% contam com estrat&#233;gias de redu&#231;&#227;o das doses radioativas. Cerca de 52% dos SMN afirmam que sempre realizam o ajuste da dose por peso e 35% administram doses mal calculadas no protocolo de um dia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Observamos que um n&#250;mero consider&#225;vel de SMN no Brasil ainda n&#227;o seguem seis ou mais das pr&#225;ticas recomendadas pela AIEA. Apesar das dificuldades enfrentadas na pr&#225;tica nuclear em algumas regi&#245;es do Brasil, quase todos os d&#233;ficits observados podem ser resolvidos sem aumento de custos, ressaltando a import&#226;ncia do desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias para ader&#234;ncia &#224;s "boas pr&#225;ticas" na realiza&#231;&#227;o da CPM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Medicina Nuclear / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem de Perfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica / diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CPM) &#233; uma t&#233;cnica n&#227;o invasiva, segura e que utiliza o estresse f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico para detectar a presen&#231;a de isquemia, avaliando precocemente as altera&#231;&#245;es. A taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es de uma CPM n&#227;o excede a do teste ergom&#233;trico, que &#233; estimada em 0,01% de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os pacientes com isquemias evidenciadas pela CPM t&#234;m maior risco de desfechos adversos em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com exame normal. Essa estratifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; fundamental, pois abordagens invasivas somente est&#227;o associadas a benef&#237;cio para pacientes com risco aumentado. As diretrizes europeias sobre revasculariza&#231;&#227;o citam como t&#233;cnicas mais bem estabelecidas para o diagn&#243;stico de isquemia a CPM e o ecocardiograma sob estresse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O uso adequado dos procedimentos invasivos &#233; fundamental, pois esses apresentam alto custo. O Estudo IMPACT demonstrou que a maior parte do custo no manejo da doen&#231;a coronariana prov&#233;m dos procedimentos invasivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A CPM &#233; o procedimento de medicina nuclear mais utilizado no Brasil, correspondendo a 54% de todas as cintilografias realizadas no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Apesar da ampla utiliza&#231;&#227;o, as pr&#225;ticas s&#227;o heterog&#234;neas e podem ser aperfei&#231;oadas, especialmente porque empregam radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante, que, por princ&#237;pios de radioprote&#231;&#227;o, deve ser usada de modo justificado e otimizado. Santos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> avaliaram o uso da cintilografia no SUS e observaram uma taxa de utiliza&#231;&#227;o inapropriada de 12%. Afirmam que, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o apropriada, haver&#225; uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 18,6% nos custos or&#231;ament&#225;rios, al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o desnecess&#225;ria &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Em contrapartida, Oliveira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> avaliando a adequa&#231;&#227;o da CPM em outra institui&#231;&#227;o, encontraram uma taxa de exames inapropriados de apenas 5,2%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Tendo em vista a heterogeneidade do uso e da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, a Ag&#234;ncia Internacional de Energia At&#244;mica (AIEA) recomenda oito "boas pr&#225;ticas" para minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o durante a CPM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> No estudo INCAPS, foi analisada ado&#231;&#227;o dessas pr&#225;ticas em 308 Servi&#231;os de Medicina Nuclear (SMN) em 65 pa&#237;ses, sendo que apenas 142 SMN (45%) apresentavam &#237;ndice satisfat&#243;rio. At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o h&#225; dados demonstrando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessas recomenda&#231;&#245;es no Brasil, que &#233; o objetivo do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foi desenhado um estudo transversal com question&#225;rio online autoadministrado, enviado para endere&#231;o eletr&#244;nico do respons&#225;vel t&#233;cnico dos SMN em funcionamento no pa&#237;s (403 SMN no primeiro trimestre de 2016, segundo dados obtidos no site da Comiss&#227;o Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN). O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o no estudo foi o SMN estar autorizado pela CNEN a operar. Foram exclu&#237;dos todos que realizavam menos de 20 CPM ao m&#234;s e respostas duplicadas, resultando em 63 respondentes (16% do total).</p>
        <p>O question&#225;rio foi elaborado utilizando as diretrizes norte-americana e europeia com perguntas selecionadas das publica&#231;&#245;es da pr&#243;pria AIEA: o <italic>Quality Management Audits in Nuclear Medicine Practices</italic> (QUANUM)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e o <italic>Nuclear Medicine Database</italic> (NUMDAB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O question&#225;rio continha 49 quest&#245;es, divididas em 7 dom&#237;nios: dados demogr&#225;ficos do SMN (5 itens), dados sobre a equipe t&#233;cnica (10 itens), aten&#231;&#227;o ao paciente (4 itens), radiofarm&#225;cia (8 itens), equipamentos (7 itens), protocolo de exames (20 itens) e p&#243;s-processamento e interpreta&#231;&#227;o das imagens (2 itens).</p>
        <p>Foi considerado equipe multidisciplinar completa quando o SMN era composto de ao menos um profissional de cada categoria: m&#233;dico nuclear, f&#237;sico m&#233;dico, farmac&#234;utico, biom&#233;dico, enfermeiro e profissionais de n&#237;vel t&#233;cnico.</p>
        <p>O &#205;ndice de Qualidade (IQ) foi adotado para mensurar de modo objetivo a qualidade no exame de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, que envolve o somat&#243;rio das pr&#225;ticas que podem ser adotadas em um SMN. O IQ varia de 0 at&#233; 8 e foi considerado o valor de IQ &#8805; 6 como o n&#237;vel desejado para um SMN conforme sugest&#227;o da AIEA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis foram testadas para normalidade pelo m&#233;todo de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, revelando uma distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. Portanto, a an&#225;lise descritiva foi realizada atrav&#233;s de medianas e intervalo interquartil e foram utilizados o teste de Kruskal-Wallis de amostras independentes e o teste U de Mann-Whitney de amostras independentes. A an&#225;lise foi realizada no pacote estat&#237;stico <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> vers&#227;o 21. Todos os testes de hip&#243;teses desenvolvidos consideraram uma signific&#226;ncia de 5%, ou seja, a hip&#243;tese nula foi rejeitada quando p-valor foi menor que 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No total de 63 SMN respondentes, est&#225; refletida a pr&#225;tica de 972 profissionais envolvidos que s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por uma estimativa de 13.200 CPM ao m&#234;s.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> apresenta o histograma da distribui&#231;&#227;o do IQ em 63 SMN de todo o Brasil, onde o IQ mediano encontrado foi de 5. O IQ mais baixo foi 3, o quartil inferior que equivale a 25% dos escores de IQ foi igual a 4 e o quartil superior igual a 5. O IQ &#8805; 6, que &#233; o &#237;ndice desej&#225;vel, somente foi observado em 13 SMN (20,6% da amostra).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da pontua&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de qualidade (0 a 8) de boas pr&#225;ticas de 63 servi&#231;os de exame de cardiologia nuclear no Brasil, 2016.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0175-80023-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> discrimina os valores do IQ de acordo com as principais caracter&#237;sticas dos SMN, com o objetivo de identificar aquelas que est&#227;o associadas com os valores mais elevados de IQ. Duas vari&#225;veis apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com IQ mais elevado: 1) O SMN ser localizado em institui&#231;&#245;es acad&#234;micas em compara&#231;&#227;o com as n&#227;o acad&#234;micas, p = 0,046; e 2) Os SMN que apresentaram equipe multidisciplinar completa em compara&#231;&#227;o com os que n&#227;o a apresentavam, p = 0,030.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#205;ndice de qualidade de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, profissionais e regionais dos servi&#231;os de medicina nuclear (SMN)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">N</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">Mediana</th>
                <th align="center">Desvio padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Regi&#227;o do Brasil</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sudeste</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">1,044</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,750<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sul</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">4,76</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">1,200</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Centro-oeste</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">5,00</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nordeste</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">4,50</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0,926</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Norte</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">4,50</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0,707</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tipo do SMN</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Privada</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">4,91</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">1,076</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>0,329<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#410;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P&#250;blica</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">4,50</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,756</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cunho Acad&#234;mico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">5,57</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">4,77</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>&gt; 3 M&#233;dicos nucleares</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">4,76</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>0,204<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#410;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">5,19</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">1,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Equipe multidisciplinar completa</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">5,33</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>0,030<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#410;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">4,75</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">1,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>SMN Exclusivo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">4,86</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>0,956<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#410;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de Kruskal-Wallis de Amostras Independentes;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>&#410;</label>
              <p>Teste U de Mann-Whitney de amostras independentes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ao analisarmos a quantidade de CPM realizadas mensalmente e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o IQ desej&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>), observamos que as institui&#231;&#245;es com IQ &#8805; 6 apresentaram um volume de CPM mensal estatisticamente maior que os SMN que n&#227;o apresentavam ao menos seis boas pr&#225;ticas, p = 0,043.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparativos das m&#233;dias da quantidade de cintilografias de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica realizadas nos 63 servi&#231;os de medicina nuclear</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">N</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">Mediana</th>
                <th align="center">Desvio padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Quantidade de cintilografia por m&#234;s</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 6 Boas Pr&#225;ticas</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">298</td>
                <td align="center">280</td>
                <td align="center">230</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,043<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 6 Boas Pr&#225;ticas</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">186</td>
                <td align="center">120</td>
                <td align="center">304</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste U de Mann-Whitney</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ao analisarmos a presen&#231;a de cada uma das boas pr&#225;ticas nos SMN (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>), podemos observar que as mais adotadas foram: 1) n&#227;o utiliza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo T&#225;lio-estresse; 2) n&#227;o utiliza&#231;&#227;o de protocolo de duplo-is&#243;topo; e consequentemente, 3) n&#227;o utiliza&#231;&#227;o de atividades elevadas de Tl-201; que foram praticadas por todos os 63 SMN da amostra. Em contrapartida, a boa pr&#225;tica menos adotada foi a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da fase &#250;nica de estresse, que foi assinalada em cerca de apenas 6% dos SMN.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncia (%) de ado&#231;&#227;o de cada uma das boas pr&#225;ticas nos servi&#231;os de medicina nuclear no Brasil, 2016</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Boas Pr&#225;ticas</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Brasil</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">(100)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">B</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">(100)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">(42,86)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">D</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">(100)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">(6,35)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">F</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">(19,05)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">(52,38)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">H</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">(65,08)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>A: Evitar protocolo t&#225;lio-estresse; B: Evitar protocolo duplo-is&#243;topo; C: Evitar atividades elevadas de Tc-99m; D: Evitar atividades elevadas de Tl-201; E: Realizar "Stress-Only"; F: Utilizar estrat&#233;gias centradas na redu&#231;&#227;o de doses; G: Atividades baseadas no peso do paciente; H: Evitar atividades inapropriadas que possam gerar artefato "shine-through".</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A AIEA tem se dedicado &#224; promo&#231;&#227;o de boas pr&#225;ticas em cardiologia nuclear e empreendeu o maior levantamento sobre os exames cardiol&#243;gicos at&#233; o momento, atrav&#233;s de um estudo transversal de abrang&#234;ncia global denominado de INCAPS, onde foi observado que a aplica&#231;&#227;o das boas pr&#225;ticas em SMN &#233; bastante heterog&#234;nea entre os continentes. Os SMN na &#193;sia e na Am&#233;rica Latina foram os que apresentaram as piores performances, com menos de um quarto dos SMN atingindo IQ desejado (&#8805; 6 boas pr&#225;ticas).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Pouco se sabe at&#233; o momento sobre a situa&#231;&#227;o dos SMN no Brasil, sendo que a Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Nuclear (SBMN), ap&#243;s este levantamento, preocupada com a pr&#225;tica qualificada, foi uma das primeiras entidades a endossar a ado&#231;&#227;o das boas pr&#225;ticas em suas diretrizes, tendo em vista a busca cont&#237;nua pela redu&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o (otimiza&#231;&#227;o) &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A cintilografia com Tl-201 tem caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas desfavor&#225;veis, como baixa taxa de contagens, meia-vida f&#237;sica elevada e est&#225; associada a maior dose de radia&#231;&#227;o absorvida, sendo considerada como segunda op&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Tc-99m-sestamibi. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Tl-201 segue uma estreita recomenda&#231;&#227;o para estudos de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, por&#233;m com os novos equipamentos com detectores de alta efici&#234;ncia, h&#225; um renovado interesse em protocolos de duplo-is&#243;topo ultrarr&#225;pidos, que permitam utilizar doses baixas e tenham a conveni&#234;ncia da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame completo em menos de 30 minutos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Observamos no nosso estudo que 100% dos SMN avaliados n&#227;o utilizam Tl-201 ou duplo-is&#243;topo como protocolo preferencial, o que traduz uma boa pr&#225;tica que se associa tamb&#233;m com a quest&#227;o financeira, tendo em vista o menor custo do Tc-99m-sestamibi e a facilidade na sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o, que envolve a marca&#231;&#227;o de um kit medicamentoso. Por isso, atualmente os protocolos tradicionais de um ou dois dias ainda s&#227;o predominantes.</p>
        <p>Em contrapartida, a boa pr&#225;tica de menor ado&#231;&#227;o pelos SMN no nosso trabalho foi o uso da fase &#250;nica de estresse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Chang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> em 2010, demonstraram que &#233; segura a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma &#250;nica fase de estresse, sem o repouso, nos exames normais do ponto de vista perfusional e da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til, o que facilita a din&#226;mica do SMN e reduziu em 61% o uso de radiof&#225;rmacos e a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o. Gowd et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> listaram as limita&#231;&#245;es &#224; sua ampla ado&#231;&#227;o, como a n&#227;o familiaridade com a avalia&#231;&#227;o de apenas uma fase, a necessidade de processamento de imagens imediatamente ap&#243;s a sua aquisi&#231;&#227;o e as quest&#245;es referentes ao reembolso, tendo em vista que por&#231;&#227;o significativa do exame &#233; remunerada com a fase de repouso. Oliveira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> foram os primeiros a abordar o uso desse protocolo no Brasil, por&#233;m a experi&#234;ncia ainda &#233; inicial.</p>
        <p>Para um exame acurado &#233; importante o emprego de doses de radia&#231;&#227;o adequadas, evitando o fen&#244;meno de "<italic>shine-through</italic>".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Cerca de um ter&#231;o dos SMN avaliados ainda administram doses que podem permitir a interfer&#234;ncia da radia&#231;&#227;o residual nas imagens posteriores no protocolo de um dia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Nesse, respeitando-se o intervalo m&#237;nimo de tr&#234;s horas entre as fases, h&#225; a necessidade de se utilizar uma dose tr&#234;s vezes maior em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dose da primeira etapa, e para evitar esse artefato, que pode levar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da carga isqu&#234;mica ou at&#233; a falsos-negativos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Estudos recentes t&#234;m apontado que protocolos com doses ultrabaixas de sestamibi (5 mCi) no estresse podem ser ainda mais adequados para evitar esse artefato.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A AIEA sugeriu um limite de 36 mCi de Tc-99m como o m&#225;ximo de atividade a ser administrada em uma &#250;nica inje&#231;&#227;o;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> entretanto, metade dos SMN analisados utiliza atividades acima desse limiar. Esses limites normalmente s&#227;o ultrapassados quando o paciente possui um peso corporal elevado, sendo a melhor estrat&#233;gia para esses pacientes a realiza&#231;&#227;o da CPM no protocolo de dois dias, eliminando assim, a necessidade de triplicar a dose, resultando em menor exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o e maior qualidade de imagem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O ajuste de dose por peso do paciente consta nas normas da CNEN e deve ser adotado como regra.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Mesmo assim, quase metade dos SMN avaliados ainda n&#227;o aderiu de modo rotineiro a essa pr&#225;tica, perdendo uma oportunidade de melhoria. O objetivo desse ajuste &#233; utilizar doses de radia&#231;&#227;o condizentes com o peso e a taxa de atenua&#231;&#227;o corporal envolvida em cada paciente, evitando a superexposi&#231;&#227;o ou uma exposi&#231;&#227;o insuficiente, levando a um exame de baixa qualidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estrat&#233;gias de redu&#231;&#227;o de doses tamb&#233;m foram levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o. Existem <italic>hardwares</italic> de alta tecnologia, como as c&#226;maras de CZT,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> que fornecem alta resolu&#231;&#227;o de imagem e aparelhos h&#237;bridos, como o SPECT-CT, que podem eliminar atenua&#231;&#227;o de partes moles,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> por&#233;m ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o amplamente dispon&#237;veis. Uma estrat&#233;gia que pode ser utilizada sem custos adicionais para os que n&#227;o disp&#245;em de corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o &#233; a posi&#231;&#227;o prona durante a aquisi&#231;&#227;o da fase de estresse da CPM. Com o paciente deitado em dec&#250;bito ventral reduz-se a atenua&#231;&#227;o diafragm&#225;tica e a sua interfer&#234;ncia nas imagens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Muitos SMN afirmam que a utilizam, por&#233;m, s&#243; pode ser considerada estrat&#233;gia de redu&#231;&#227;o de dose, se a fase &#250;nica de estresse for uma pr&#225;tica adotada em conjunto, pelo SMN. Quando o paciente realiza a CPM na posi&#231;&#227;o prona, verifica-se que a fase de estresse possui perfus&#227;o de aspecto normal e contratilidade preservada, devendo-se, mesmo assim, encaminhar o paciente para a segunda etapa. N&#227;o houve nenhuma redu&#231;&#227;o de dose durante esse processo.</p>
        <p>O IQ, de uma forma geral, mostrou-se significativamente maior nas institui&#231;&#245;es de cunho acad&#234;mico. J&#225; foi demonstrado, em 2010, que as CPM dentro de hospitais universit&#225;rios possu&#237;am indica&#231;&#245;es muito mais apropriadas e precisas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Os SMN que promovem pesquisas, passam por uma constante busca por conhecimento, fazendo com que esse tipo de institui&#231;&#227;o esteja sempre a par de estudos recentes e de qualquer nova recomenda&#231;&#227;o internacional de maneira muito r&#225;pida, contribuindo para estar sempre um passo &#224; frente.</p>
        <p>Outro achado consider&#225;vel e at&#233; ent&#227;o n&#227;o mencionado na literatura foi o IQ significativamente mais elevado em institui&#231;&#245;es que possuem equipe multiprofissional completa, desde a equipe m&#233;dica at&#233; a equipe assistencial composta por f&#237;sicos, enfermeiros, farmac&#234;uticos e biom&#233;dicos (pelo menos um de cada especialidade). Dessa forma, o SMN que conta com profissionais de diversas &#225;reas tem uma melhoria do cuidado do paciente atrav&#233;s da soma em m&#250;ltiplos dom&#237;nios do conhecimento.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, onde a mais evidente &#233; que o question&#225;rio foi autoadministrado, o que atribui ao respondente o grau de confiabilidade do levantamento. Apesar de ser uma amostragem aleat&#243;ria, a maior parte dos respondentes estava situada nas regi&#245;es sul e sudeste do pa&#237;s.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo avaliou a ado&#231;&#227;o de boas pr&#225;ticas nos exames de medicina nuclear cardiol&#243;gica em SMN no Brasil. Apesar de a taxa de resposta ao question&#225;rio ter sido de apenas 16% do total de SMN em atividade e n&#227;o representar uma amostragem probabil&#237;stica, &#233; a maior coleta de dados sobre as pr&#225;ticas da medicina nuclear em cardiologia no Brasil at&#233; o momento. Encontramos que a taxa de ado&#231;&#227;o de boas pr&#225;ticas, mensurada atrav&#233;s do IQ, &#233; heterog&#234;nea e revela oportunidades de melhoria. Cerca de um quinto dos participantes j&#225; atingiu a excel&#234;ncia, sendo essa mais frequente em SNM acad&#234;micos e naqueles com equipe multidisciplinar completa.</p>
        <p>Demonstramos que a ado&#231;&#227;o das boas pr&#225;ticas dos exames de medicina nuclear em cardiologia pelos SMN avaliados no Brasil &#233; equivalente &#224; dos demais pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina, &#193;sia e tamb&#233;m da Am&#233;rica do Norte, sendo, por&#233;m, inferior &#224;s taxas observadas no restante dos continentes.</p>
        <p>H&#225; uma oportunidade de melhorias sem aumento de custos. Para tanto, interven&#231;&#245;es educacionais incentivadoras devem ser adotadas para fortalecimento da especialidade em nosso pa&#237;s.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Carlos Vitor Braga Rodrigues pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 36682714.5.0000.5243. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
