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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">gRLwk5F5m3xJtP5YKQrZ7Hg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000200166</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005002102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Autonomic and Vascular Control in Prehypertensive Subjects with a Family History of Arterial Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#225;ria Ferraz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borsato</surname>
            <given-names>Diana de Medeiros Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Isabelle Magalh&#227;es Guedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Toschi-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Edgar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Godoy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laterza</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus Camaroti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF) Juiz de Fora, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#225;ria Ferraz Amaral,</bold> Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Faculdade de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Desportos. Campus Universit&#225;rio, S/N. CEP 36036-900, Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>josaria_ferraz@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Amaral JF, Borsato DMA, Freitas IMG, Toschi-Dias E, Martinez DG, Laterza MC; Acquisition of data: Amaral JF, Borsato DMA, Laterza MC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Amaral JF, Borsato DMA, Freitas IMG, Toschi-Dias E, Laterza MC; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Amaral JF, Laterza MC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>166</fpage>
      <lpage>174</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Individuals with a family history of systemic arterial hypertension (FHSAH) and / or prehypertension have a higher risk of developing this pathology.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the autonomic and vascular functions of prehypertensive patients with FHSAH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Twenty-five young volunteers with FHSAH, 14 normotensive and 11 prehypertensive subjects were submitted to vascular function evaluation by forearm vascular conductance(VC) during resting and reactive hyperemia (Hokanson&#174;) and cardiac and peripheral autonomic modulation, quantified, respectively, by spectral analysis of heart rate (ECG) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (FinometerPRO&#174;). The transfer function analysis was used to measure the gain and response time of baroreflex. The statistical significance adopted was p &#8804; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Pre-hypertensive individuals, in relation to normotensive individuals, have higher VC both at rest (3.48 &#177; 1.26 vs. 2.67 &#177; 0.72 units, p = 0.05) and peak reactive hyperemia (25, 02 &#177; 8.18 vs. 18.66 &#177; 6.07 units, p = 0.04). The indices of cardiac autonomic modulation were similar between the groups. However, in the peripheral autonomic modulation, greater variability was observed in prehypertensive patients compared to normotensive individuals (9.4 [4.9-12.7] vs. 18.3 [14.8-26.7] mmHg<sup>2</sup>; p &lt; 0.01) and higher spectral components of very low (6.9 [2.0-11.1] vs. 13.5 [10.7-22.4] mmHg<sup>2</sup>, p = 0.01) and low frequencies (1.7 [1.0-3.0] vs. 3.0 [2.0-4.0] mmHg<sup>2</sup>, p = 0.04) of SBP. Additionally, we observed a lower gain of baroreflex control in prehypertensive patients compared to normotensive patients (12.16 &#177; 4.18 vs. 18.23 &#177; 7.11 ms/mmHg, p = 0.03), but similar delay time (-1.55 &#177; 0.66 vs. -1.58 &#177; 0.72 s, p = 0.90).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Prehypertensive patients with FHSAH have autonomic dysfunction and increased vascular conductance when compared to normotensive patients with the same risk factor.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension / genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium, Vascular / physiopathology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Primary prevention has been recommended for individuals at increased risk for developing systemic arterial hypertension (SAH). Among them, individuals with a family history of SAH (FHSAH)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and / or prehypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> stand out.</p>
      <p>The reason for the increased susceptibility of hypertensive offspring to developing hypertension is not completely elucidated. However, studies indicate that autonomic abnormalities, such as increased sympathetic modulation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> reduction of heart rate variability<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and reduction of baroreflex sensitivity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> are among the changes that may contribute to the onset of hypertension in normotensive children of hypertensive individuals. In addition, vascular abnormalities have also been considered as potential candidates for the onset of hypertension in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In prehypertensive patients, similar to those with FHSAH, dysfunctions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and autonomic and vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> have also been pointed out as the main etiological factors of pressure elevation.</p>
      <p>Although prehypertension has a strong genetic predisposition,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for pressure elevation in individuals with both risk factors, namely prehypertension and FHSAH, are not yet known. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the autonomic and vascular functions of prehypertensive individuals with FHSAH.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample</title>
        <p>From the sample calculation performed based on the difference in sympathetic cardiac modulation of 0.31 ms<sup>2</sup> between the means of the normotensive and prehypertensive groups,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> standard deviation of 0.21 ms<sup>2</sup>, alpha errors of 5% and beta of 20%, 7 individuals in each group would be needed. The sample consisted of 25 volunteers, subdivided according to blood pressure levels in the normotensive groups (SBP &lt; 121 mmHg and / or DBP &lt; 80 mmHg; n = 14) and prehypertensive (SBP between 121 and 139 mmHg and/or DBP between 80 and 89 mmHg, n = 11).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> All volunteers had FHSAH defined as father, mother, or both with a diagnosis of SAH, which was evaluated by means of a questionnaire.</p>
        <p>Inclusion criteria adopted were age between 18 and 40 years, SBP lower than 140 mmHg, DBP lower than 90 mmHg and not involved in systematized physical exercises for at least six months prior to the research. In addition, only volunteers who had blood test results within 30 days prior to the start of the study in their medical records were included. Individuals with cardiometabolic diseases, smoking or drug treatment that could interfere with the cardiovascular system were not included.</p>
        <p>This study was approved in the Committee of Ethics in Human Research of the HU / UFJF under the opinion n&#186; 720/370. All volunteers signed the Free and Informed Consent Form.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measures and procedures</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Anthropometry</title>
          <p>For body mass and height measurements, we used, respectively, a scale with a precision of 0.1 kg and a stadiometer with a precision of 0.5 cm coupled to it (L&#237;der&#174;). The body mass index was calculated by dividing the body mass by the squared height (kg / m<sup>2</sup>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Waist circumference was measured using an inextensible metric tape (Cescorf&#174;), with an accuracy of 0.1 cm. All of these variables were measured according to the criteria established by the American College of Sports Medicine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate</title>
          <p>With the volunteer at rest and in supine position, blood pressure (BP), heart rate and respiratory rate were monitored simultaneously for 15 minutes. Beat-to-beat BP was monitored by digital infrared photoplethysmography (FinometerPRO&#174;) on the volunteer's dominant arm. Cardiac and respiratory rates were recorded continuously (Biopac&#174;) using electrocardiogram in lead II and thoracic piezoelectric tape, respectively.</p>
          <p>All acquired signals were reconstructed, digitized and recorded in a microcomputer with a sampling frequency of 1 kHz and 16-bit resolution for further analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Forearm muscle blood flow and vascular conductance during rest and reactive hyperemia</title>
          <p>Forearm muscle blood flow was evaluated using venous occlusion plethysmography (Hokanson&#174; Plethysmograph). The volunteer was placed in dorsal decubitus position and the non-dominant forearm was raised above the level of the heart to ensure adequate venous drainage.</p>
          <p>A silicon tube filled with mercury, connected to the low-pressure transducer and the plethysmograph, was placed around the volunteer's forearm, five centimeters away from the humeral-radial joint. One cuff was placed around the wrist and another at the top of the volunteer's arm. The wrist cuff was inflated at supra-systolic pressure level (200 mmHg) one minute before the measurements started and was kept inflated throughout the procedure. At 15-second intervals, the cuff placed on the arm was inflated at supra venous pressure (60 mmHg) for seven to eight seconds, then was deflated rapidly and maintained for the same period. This procedure totaled four cycles per minute.</p>
          <p>The increase in tension in the silicone tube reflected the increase in forearm volume and, consequently, in an indirect way, increased forearm muscle blood flow, reported in ml/min/100 ml. The signal of the forearm muscle blood flow wave was acquired in real time in a computer through the <italic>Non Invasive Vascular Program 3</italic>.</p>
          <p>The evaluation of peripheral vascular conductance was performed by dividing the peripheral vascular blood flow by the mean BP (mmHg), multiplied by 100 and expressed in "units".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
          <p>After measuring the forearm blood flow at rest for three minutes, the occlusion cuff positioned on the arm was inflated to 200 mmHg for five minutes. One minute before its deflation, the cuff placed on the wrist was also inflated to 200 mmHg remaining thus until the measurement was completed. After five minutes of occlusion, the arm cuff was rapidly deflated to induce reactive hyperemia and blood flow was recorded for the next three minutes, maintaining the cycle protocol, inflating to 60 mmHg for 10 seconds followed by 10 seconds of deflation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> It was considered peak flow, the value of the first wave flow after the onset of reactive hyperemia.</p>
          <p>During the evaluation of the blood flow of the forearm at rest and the protocol of reactive hyperemia, BP was measured beat-to-beat (FinometerPRO&#174;). Additionally, during the rest period, cardiac output, left ventricular contractility (dP/dT maximum) and total peripheral resistance were also measured by the same equipment. In order to calculate the cardiac index, the cardiac output was corrected by the body surface area.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac and peripheral autonomic modulation</title>
          <p>The variabilities of the iRR, SBP and respiratory activity were evaluated in the frequency domain by autorregressive spectral analysis.</p>
          <p>In stationary segments of 250 to 300 points, the time series of the iRR, respiration and SBP were decomposed into their frequency components by the autoregressive method using the Levinson-Durbin feature and the Akaike criterion for the choice of model order.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> This procedure allowed the automatic quantification of the central frequency and power of each relevant component of the spectrum. The spectral components of the frequency band between 0 and 0.04 Hz were considered very low frequency (VLF), the frequency band between 0.04 and 0.15 Hz was considered low frequency (LF) and the frequency band between 0.15 and 0.40 Hz, synchronized with respiration, considered high frequency (HF). Due to the short registration period, the VLF component of iRR variability does not present well-established physiological explanation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> While the VLF of SBP variability seems to be related to myogenic vascular function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The LF component of iRR variability reflects, predominantly, cardiac sympathetic modulation and the HF component, synchronized with respiration, cardiac parasympathetic modulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In the variability of SBP, the LF component quantifies the vasomotor sympathetic modulation, whereas the HF reflects the mechanical effect of respiration in the heart and vessels and does not represent an autonomic index.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
          <p>The spectral power of each component of the variability of iRR and SBP was calculated in absolute terms and in normalized units.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The ratio between the LF and HF components of the iRR was calculated to quantify the cardiac sympathovagal balance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Arterial baroreflex control</title>
          <p>The gain and the time delay of response of the baroreflex control of the heart rate were measured by the analysis of the transfer function analysis using the bivariate autoregressive identification procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> This procedure allowed the quantification of coherence, phase shift and gain among the time series of the iRR (output signal) and the SBP (input signal) as described by Freitas et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
          <p>In this study, the gain was calculated whenever the coherence between the signals was greater than 0.5 and the phase shift negative in the LF band, which indicates that the changes in the SBP preceded the changes in the iRR. In addition, it should be noted that the coherence, phase shift, gain and time delay of baroreflex control of heart rate were quantified at the central frequency corresponding to the maximum coherence within the LF band.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental protocol</title>
          <p>The evaluations were performed at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (HU-CAS), always in the morning. The volunteers were instructed not to ingest alcohol and / or caffeine and not to undertake vigorous physical activities within 24 hours prior to the evaluations as well as not eating fatty foods on the day of data collection.</p>
          <p>The volunteers responded to the anamnesis that included the clinical data of the patients and their parents and were submitted to anthropometric evaluation. After the volunteers remained in the supine position for 10 minutes, simultaneous recording of heart rate, respiratory rate and BP was started for 15 minutes at rest. Then, the muscular blood flow of the forearm was measured during three minutes of rest and three minutes of reactive hyperemia.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation of the mean or as median and interquartile range. To verify the normality of the distribution of all variables analyzed, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used. In addition, the assumption of homogeneity of variance was also verified by the L&#232;vene test. The distribution of the sexes between the groups was presented in absolute and percentage values. Fisher's exact test was used to verify the possible difference between the proportions of the sexes and of volunteers with both hypertensive parents in the groups.</p>
        <p>The possible differences related to the demographic, clinical and autonomic characteristics of the groups were verified through the unpaired <italic>Student t</italic> test for the data that presented normal distribution and Mann-Whitney U for the variables that violated this assumption. Two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures was used to test for possible differences between groups in vascular conductance during resting and reactive hyperemia. The main and interaction effects were analyzed with Bonferroni confidence interval adjustment.</p>
        <p>All statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS&#174; software version 20. The statistical significance was p &#8804; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 25 volunteers analyzed, one normotensive volunteer did not meet the acceptability criteria for the analysis of the cardiac and peripheral autonomic modulation, and one normotensive volunteer and two prehypertensive patients did not attend to the analysis of arterial baroreflex function.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the demographic and clinical characteristics of the groups evaluated. In addition to laboratory tests for glycemia, total cholesterol and triglycerides (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>), 13 normotensive volunteers and nine prehypertensive subjects measured serum creatinine levels (0.85 &#177; 0.21 and 0.94 &#177; 0.21 mg/dL, respectively), p = 0.350), and nine normotensive and seven prehypertensive patients measured serum uric acid levels (4.09 &#177; 1.55 and 4.84 &#177; 1.12 mg/dl, respectively, p = 296). No differences were observed between groups in any of the laboratory variables analyzed. Analysis of vascular function, measured by forearm vascular conductance during resting and reactive hyperemia, is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. Vascular conductance increased during hyperemia in both the normotensive (p &lt; 0.01) and prehypertensive (p &lt; 0.01). In addition, although the prehypertensive group presented greater forearm vascular conductance both at rest (p = 0.05) and at the peak of reactive hyperemia (p = 0.04), this difference between groups tends to be more pronounced during the reactive hyperemia maneuver (interaction effect: p = 0.05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Normotensive (n = 14)</th>
              <th align="center">Prehypertensive (n = 11)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (35,7)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (54,5)</td>
              <td align="center">0,43<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Children of both hypertensive parents n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (28,6)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (45,5)</td>
              <td align="center">0,43<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">30 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center">29 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">0,57<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">24 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">25 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">0,28<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">79 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">82 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">0,51<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glycemia (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">83 [80-93]</td>
              <td align="center">89 [83-93]</td>
              <td align="center">0,23<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total Cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">177,9 &#177; 39,6</td>
              <td align="center">187,3 &#177; 29,7</td>
              <td align="center">0,53<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">91,5 [57,9-131]</td>
              <td align="center">103,5 [63-148]</td>
              <td align="center">0,60<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">116 [105-119]</td>
              <td align="center">128 [124-132]</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">67 [60-71]</td>
              <td align="center">75 [71-75]</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac index (L/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">3,3 &#177; 0,3</td>
              <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 0,6</td>
              <td align="center">0,05<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total peripheral resistance (mmHg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">15,0 [13,8-16,0]</td>
              <td align="center">13,8 [12,4-15,7]</td>
              <td align="center">0,15<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac contractility index (mmHg/s)</td>
              <td align="center">1113 &#177; 195</td>
              <td align="center">1340 &#177; 167</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart rate (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">67 [ 63-69]</td>
              <td align="center">63 [ 62-76]</td>
              <td align="center">0,70<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">c</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Respiratory rate (ipm)</td>
              <td align="center">17 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">17 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">1,00<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Data presented as mean &#177; standard deviation of mean or median [interquartile range]; absolute value and percentage for males;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>Fisher's exact test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>Unpaired Student t test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>c</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney U-test; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vascular function. Data represented as mean &#177; standard deviation; ANOVA of two factors for repeated measures: *: significant differences in relation to rest; &#7547;: significant differences in relation to the normotensive group.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0166-80006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Indices of cardiac autonomic modulation were similar between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). However, in the peripheral autonomic modulation, greater variability (VarianceSBP) and higher VLFSBP and LFSBP spectral components were observed in prehypertensive patients compared to normotensive patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Additionally, we observed a lower gain of baroreflex control in prehypertensive patients (LFSBP-iRR gain), but similar LFSBP-iRR delay time between groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cardiac and peripheral autonomic modulation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Normotensive (n = 13)</th>
              <th align="center">Prehypertensive (n = 11)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Cardiac Modulation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Variance<sub>IRR</sub> (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">2050 [985-3264]</td>
              <td align="center">1718 [1067-3806]</td>
              <td align="center">0,50<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VLF<sub>iRR</sub> (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">905 &#177; 699</td>
              <td align="center">1178 &#177; 625</td>
              <td align="center">0,33<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF<sub>iRR</sub> (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">565 [277-1067]</td>
              <td align="center">413 [263-1360]</td>
              <td align="center">0,98<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF<sub>iRR</sub> (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">481 [212-897]</td>
              <td align="center">340 [195-606]</td>
              <td align="center">0,54<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF<sub>iRR</sub> (un)</td>
              <td align="center">51 &#177; 19</td>
              <td align="center">57 &#177; 17</td>
              <td align="center">0,46<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HFi<sub>RR</sub> (un)</td>
              <td align="center">49 &#177; 19</td>
              <td align="center">43 &#177; 17</td>
              <td align="center">0,46<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF/HF</td>
              <td align="center">0,90 [0,58-1,87]</td>
              <td align="center">1,52 [0,98-1,91]</td>
              <td align="center">0,50<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Peripheral modulation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Variance <sub>SBP</sub> (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">9,4 [ 4,9-12,7]</td>
              <td align="center">18,3 [ 14,8-26,7]</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VLF<sub>SBP</sub> (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">6,9 [2,0-11,1]</td>
              <td align="center">13,5 [10,7-22,4]</td>
              <td align="center">0,01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF<sub>SBP</sub> (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1,7 [1,0-3,0]</td>
              <td align="center">3,0 [2,0-4,0]</td>
              <td align="center">0,04<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF<sub>SBP</sub> (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">2,0 [1,0-2,0]</td>
              <td align="center">1,0[1,0-2,5]</td>
              <td align="center">0,77<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Breathing</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF (un)</td>
              <td align="center">0 [ 0-6]</td>
              <td align="center">0 [ 0-12]</td>
              <td align="center">0,92<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF (un)</td>
              <td align="center">100 [94-100]</td>
              <td align="center">100 [88-100]</td>
              <td align="center">0,92<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>Data presented as mean &#177; standard deviation of mean or median [interquartile range];</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>unpaired Student t test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney U-test; iRR: RR interval; SBP: systolic blood pressure; VLF : very low frequency; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; un: standard units.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>LF SBP-iRR gain and LF SBP-iRR delay time; Data represented in Box plot (minimum value, first quartile, median, third quartile and maximum value); iRR: RR interval; SBP: systolic blood pressure; LF: low frequency; Unpaired Student t test: *: significant difference in relation to the normotensive group (p = 0.03).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0166-80006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the central frequency, phase shift and coherence of the LF component of the SBP-iRR relationship, as well as the central frequency and coherence of the LF and HF components of the relationship between respiratory activity and the iRR.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Arterial baroreflex function</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Normotensive (n = 13)</th>
              <th align="center">Prehypertensive (n = 9)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>SBP-iRR</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF Central frequency (Hz)</td>
              <td align="center">0,10 &#177; 0,02</td>
              <td align="center">0,10 &#177; 0,01</td>
              <td align="center">0,58<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF Phase shift (rad)</td>
              <td align="center">-0,96 &#177; 0,33</td>
              <td align="center">- 0,94 &#177; 0,31</td>
              <td align="center">0,90<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF Coherence</td>
              <td align="center">0,85 &#177; 0,08</td>
              <td align="center">0,79 &#177;0,14</td>
              <td align="center">0,15<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Resp-iRR</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF Central frequency (Hz)</td>
              <td align="center">0,14 [0,10-0,15]</td>
              <td align="center">0,10 [0,07-0,12]</td>
              <td align="center">0,08<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF Coherence</td>
              <td align="center">0,47 &#177; 0,19</td>
              <td align="center">0,42 &#177; 0,16</td>
              <td align="center">0,56<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">a</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Central frequency HF (Hz)</td>
              <td align="center">0,29 [0,28-0,30]</td>
              <td align="center">0,32 [0,27-0,33]</td>
              <td align="center">0,42<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF Coherence</td>
              <td align="center">0,96 [0,91-0,98]</td>
              <td align="center">0,93 [0,92-0,95]</td>
              <td align="center">0,22<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">b</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <p>Data presented as mean &#177; standard deviation of mean or median [interquartile range];</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>unpaired Student t test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney U-test; iRR-RR interval; SBP: systolic blood pressure; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The main finding of this study is that peripheral autonomic dysfunction precedes the possible vascular dysfunction in prehypertensive individuals with FHSAH.</p>
      <p>As expected, the prehypertensive group had higher SBP and DBP. Since blood pressure values are determined by cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance, in this study, increased cardiac output by increasing systolic volume, possibly modulated by increased cardiac contractility, appears to be related to blood pressure elevation, since both heart rate and peripheral vascular resistance were similar between the groups. Similar results were obtained by Davis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> who also observed elevation of cardiac index and cardiac contractility, but similar peripheral resistance, in young prehypertensive individuals when compared to normotensive ones. Thus, although the typical hemodynamic finding of hypertension is elevation of peripheral resistance, elevation of cardiac output appears to be responsible for pressure elevation in the early stages of disease development.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, studies have shown impairment in the vascular function of prehypertensive patients such as reduction of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, assessed by the infusion of acetylcholine,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> reduction of the plasma concentration of vasodilatory substances, such as nitric oxide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and elevation of vasoconstrictors such as endothelin-1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> However, in this study, we observed greater forearm vascular conductance in both the rest and the peak of reactive hyperemia in the prehypertensive patients when compared to the normotensive ones. Other studies, also using the venous occlusion plethysmography technique, obtained controversial results regarding the vascular function of prehypertensive patients. For example, Schwartz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> evaluated the resting forearm vascular conductance of normotensive and prehypertensive young men and did not observe differences between groups. Beck et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> evaluated youngsters of both sexes and observed lower vascular conductance in prehypertensive patients in relation to the normotensive ones.</p>
      <p>Already during the maneuver of reactive hyperemia, Beck et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and Beck et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> in contrast to the results of this study, observed a lower peak flow in prehypertensive patients using, respectively, venous occlusion plethysmography and high-resolution ultrasound. The differences between the results of this study and the others may be related to the characteristics of the population studied, such as the presence of FHSAH in both groups, since individuals with this risk factor have demonstrated vascular dysfunction in several studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In addition to FHSAH, pre-hypertensive volunteers in this study had higher cardiac and contractility rates, which may have triggered a local vasodilatory homeostatic response in an attempt to alleviate pressure elevation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> although this mechanism failed systematically in view of the fact that no difference was observed between groups in peripheral vascular resistance. No studies were found that investigated the association between cardiac and contractility indices and vascular conductance in prehypertensive patients. In hypertensive patients with hyperkinetic circulation, characterized by elevation of cardiac index and mean arterial pressure, Stevo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> observed greater forearm muscle blood flow compared to normotensive individuals. However, in this study the calculation of vascular conductance was not performed. Thus, future studies should investigate the association between these variables in pre-hypertensive individuals with a family history of arterial hypertension.</p>
      <p>According to Davis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> BP elevation in prehypertension results from hereditary disorders that present a set of genetic determinants and pathogenic traits that act on hemodynamic and autonomic events in series and trigger the SAH. In this scenario, autonomic alterations appear to be the first changes observed in prehypertensive patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> However, although changes in the spectral indices of cardiac autonomic modulation in prehypertensive patients have been demonstrated in other studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> in this one, they were not observed. Lin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> who also observed LF and HF components in normalized units, as well as the LF/HF ratio of heart rate variability, similar among normotensive and prehypertensive youngsters, reported results similar to ours. A possible explanation for these contradictory results is the population studied. In this study, we evaluated normotensive and pre-hypertensive individuals with FHSAH, while the other studies did not control the distribution of this risk factor in the analyzed groups. Thus, since alterations in cardiac autonomic modulation have been demonstrated in normotensive individuals with hypertensive father and / or mother,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> further studies are needed to elucidate these alterations in individuals who have both risk factors, prehypertension and FHSAH.</p>
      <p>Regarding the autonomic peripheral modulation, in this study we verified dysfunctions in this system in the prehypertensive individuals. We observed a higher LF component of SBP variability in prehypertensive patients compared to normotensive patients, which shows a greater performance of vascular tone sympathetic modulation as well as myogenic vascular function in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Similar results were reported by Hering et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and Seravalle et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> who evaluated individuals with normal-high pressure and also observed greater peripheral sympathetic modulation, assessed by the microneurography technique, in these individuals when compared to normotensive individuals.</p>
      <p>The variability of SBP, as well as elevation of pressure levels, has been recognized as an important risk factor for target organ damage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> In this study, pre-hypertensive individuals presented greater variance of SBP in relation to normotensive individuals, corroborating the results of Duprez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> However, these authors did not report the FHSAH of study participants.</p>
      <p>BP fluctuations are triggered by multiple systems including the renin-angiotensin system, baroreflex, myogenic vascular response, and release of nitric oxide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Thus, the elevations of the LF and VLF components observed in this study may be related to the increase in SBP variability through changes in myogenic vascular function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The HF component, which appears to be related to endothelial nitric oxide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>, was similar between the groups and did not appear to be involved in increased pressure variability.</p>
      <p>In addition, this study demonstrated a reduction in the baroreflex control of heart rate in prehypertensive individuals when compared to normotensive individuals, a factor that may also be related to the increased pressure variability and peripheral sympathetic modulation observed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> The results of this study corroborate the findings of previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> that also observed reduction of baroreflex sensitivity in prehypertensive patients. However, this is the first to demonstrate autonomic changes in prehypertensive patients with FHSAH in relation to normotensive individuals with the same risk factor.</p>
      <p>In addition to sensitivity, the response time of the baroreflex can also determine the efficiency of this reflex.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> In this study, we verified the baroreflex response time preserved in prehypertensive patients. This characteristic of the baroreflex is mainly affected by changes in cardiac parasympathetic nervous modulation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> a change that was not observed in the prehypertensive patients evaluated in this study. Therefore, it is possible that the response time of the baroreflex could be affected later in the course of pressure rise and development of hypertension and that in the prehypertension phase only the reduction of the gain contributes to the reduction of the efficiency of this reflex. In addition, the fact that the volunteers in this study have FHSAH may be related to the observed results. No studies were found to investigate this time delay of the baroreflex effector response in prehypertensive individuals, as well as in children with hypertensive parents, which made difficult to compare our results.</p>
      <p>This study demonstrated that prehypertensive youngsters with FHSAH present autonomic dysfunction and vascular function similar to normotensive with the same risk factor. Thus, the results of this study emphasize the importance of preventive intervention with measures aimed at attenuating this dysfunction and, consequently, acting on the prevention of hypertension in this population. In this sense, physical exercise has been considered effective since it acts in a beneficial way in multiple physiological systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> In addition, the benefits of regular aerobic physical exercise in the attenuation of autonomic dysfunction have already been demonstrated both in prehypertensive patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> and in the descendants of hypertensive parents,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> which leads us to believe that individuals with both risk factors may also benefit from the effects of this practice.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The diagnosis of SAH of the parents of the volunteers of this study was self-reported. Although self-report has been used in many studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> future research should include detailed medical evaluation of the parents. The presence of renal diseases was not an exclusion criterion in this study, since all the necessary tests to exclude safely this characteristic were not performed. In spite of this, all the volunteers declared that they did not have a diagnosis of renal diseases and those who did the creatinine and uric acid tests presented normal values for these variables. Additionally, the women in this study were not evaluated during the same period of the menstrual cycle, a fact that may also be a limitation of this work. However, Jarvis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> and Carter et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> observed no influence of the ovarian cycle phase on sympathetic modulation, heart rate and BP during rest in young women. Despite the limitations pointed out, the great strength of this study is the fact that we evaluated young adults, without medication and with similar glycemic and lipid profile.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>We conclude that prehypertensive patients with FHSAH have autonomic dysfunction, characterized by increased peripheral sympathetic modulation and reduced baroreflex control of heart rate, and increased vascular conductance when compared to normotensive patients with the same risk factor.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Jos&#225;ria Ferraz Amaral, from Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora under the protocol number 720/370. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Controle Auton&#244;mico e Vascular em Pr&#233;-Hipertensos com Hist&#243;rico Familiar de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#225;ria Ferraz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borsato</surname>
            <given-names>Diana de Medeiros Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Isabelle Magalh&#227;es Guedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Toschi-Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Edgar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Godoy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laterza</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus Camaroti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#225;ria Ferraz Amaral,</bold> Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Faculdade de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Desportos. Campus Universit&#225;rio, S/N. CEP 36036-900, Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>josaria_ferraz@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Amaral JF, Borsato DMA, Freitas IMG, Toschi-Dias E, Martinez DG, Laterza MC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Amaral JF, Borsato DMA, Laterza MC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Amaral JF, Borsato DMA, Freitas IMG, Toschi-Dias E, Laterza MC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Amaral JF, Laterza MC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HFHAS) e/ou pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o apresentam maior risco de desenvolver essa patologia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar as fun&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;mica e vascular de pr&#233;-hipertensos com HFHAS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Vinte e cinco volunt&#225;rios jovens com HFHAS, sendo 14 normotensos e 11 pr&#233;-hipertensos foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular, por meio da condut&#226;ncia vascular do antebra&#231;o (CV) durante repouso e hiperemia reativa (Hokanson<sup>&#174;</sup>), e da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca e perif&#233;rica, quantificada, respectivamente, por meio da an&#225;lise espectral da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (ECG) e da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) (FinometerPRO<sup>&#174;</sup>). A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o de transfer&#234;ncia foi utilizada para mensurar o ganho e o tempo de resposta do barorreflexo. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotada foi p &#8804; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Pr&#233;-hipertensos, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos normotensos, tem maior CV tanto em repouso (3,48 &#177; 1,26 <italic>vs</italic>. 2,67 &#177; 0,72 unidades; p = 0,05) quanto no pico hiperemia reativa (25,02 &#177; 8,18 <italic>vs</italic>. 18,66 &#177; 6,07 unidades; p = 0,04). Os &#237;ndices da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Entretanto, na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica perif&#233;rica, foi observado, nos pr&#233;-hipertensos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos normotensos, maior variabilidade (9,4 [4,9-12,7] <italic>vs</italic>. 18,3 [14,8-26,7] mmHg<sup>2</sup>; p &lt; 0,01) e maiores componentes espectrais de muito baixa (6,9 [2,0-11,1] <italic>vs</italic>. 13,5 [10,7-22,4] mmHg<sup>2</sup>; p = 0,01) e baixa frequ&#234;ncias (1,7 [1,0-3,0] <italic>vs</italic>. 3,0 [2,0-4,0] mmHg<sup>2</sup>; p = 0,04) da PAS. Adicionalmente, observamos menor ganho do controle barorreflexo nos pr&#233;-hipertensos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos normotensos (12,16 &#177; 4,18 vs. 18,23 &#177; 7,11 ms/mmHg; p = 0,03), por&#233;m, tempo de retardo semelhante (-1,55 &#177; 0,66 vs. -1,58 &#177; 0.72 s; p = 0,90).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Pr&#233;-hipertensos com HFHAS tem disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e condut&#226;ncia vascular aumentada quando comparados a normotensos com o mesmo fator de risco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o / gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Auton&#244;mico</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio Vascular / fisiopatologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria tem sido recomendada para os indiv&#237;duos com risco aumentado para desenvolver hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS). Dentre eles se destacam aqueles indiv&#237;duos que tem hist&#243;rico familiar de HAS (HFHAS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e/ou pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A raz&#227;o para a maior suscetibilidade dos descendentes de hipertensos para desenvolver HAS n&#227;o est&#225; completamente elucidada. Entretanto, estudos apontam que anormalidades auton&#244;micas, tais como o aumento da modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> a redu&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade barorreflexa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> est&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es que podem contribuir para o desencadeamento da HAS em normotensos filhos de hipertensos. Adicionalmente, anormalidades vasculares tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido consideradas candidatas potenciais para o surgimento da HAS nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em pr&#233;-hipertensos, de modo semelhante aos indiv&#237;duos com HFHAS, as disfun&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;mica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e vascular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido apontadas como os principais fatores etiol&#243;gicos da eleva&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica.</p>
        <p>Embora a pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o tenha uma forte predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos respons&#225;veis pela eleva&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica em indiv&#237;duos com ambos os fatores de risco, ou seja, pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e HFHAS, ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidos. Sendo assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as fun&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;mica e vascular de indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos com HFHAS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>A partir do c&#225;lculo amostral realizado com base na diferen&#231;a da modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca de 0,31 ms<sup>2</sup> entre as m&#233;dias dos grupos normotenso e pr&#233;-hipertenso,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> desvio-padr&#227;o de 0,21 ms<sup>2</sup>, erros alfa de 5% e beta de 20%, seriam necess&#225;rios 7 indiv&#237;duos em cada grupo. A amostra foi constitu&#237;da por 25 volunt&#225;rios, subdivididos de acordo aos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos nos grupos normotenso (PAS &lt; 121 mmHg e/ou PAD &lt; 80 mmHg; n = 14) e pr&#233;-hipertenso (PAS entre 121 e 139 mmHg e/ou PAD entre 80 e 89 mmHg; n = 11).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Todos os volunt&#225;rios tinham HFHAS definido como pai, m&#227;e ou ambos com diagn&#243;stico de HAS, o qual foi avaliado por meio de question&#225;rio.</p>
          <p>Como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram adotados idade entre 18 e 40 anos, PAS menor que 140 mmHg, PAD menor que 90 mmHg e n&#227;o estar envolvido em exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos sistematizados h&#225;, no m&#237;nimo, seis meses pr&#233;vios &#224; pesquisa. Al&#233;m disso, foram inclu&#237;dos apenas os volunt&#225;rios que possu&#237;am resultados de exames laboratoriais de sangue em seu prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico realizados, no m&#225;ximo, 30 dias antes do in&#237;cio da pesquisa. Indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;as cardiometab&#243;licas, tabagistas ou em tratamento com drogas que pudessem interferir no sistema cardiovascular n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos.</p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado no Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Humana do HU/UFJF sob o parecer n&#186; 720/370. Todos os volunt&#225;rios assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas e procedimentos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Antropometria</title>
            <p>Para as medidas de massa corporal e estatura foram utilizados, respectivamente, balan&#231;a com precis&#227;o de 0,1 kg e estadi&#244;metro escalonado com precis&#227;o de 0,5 cm acoplado &#224; mesma (L&#237;der<sup>&#174;</sup>). O &#237;ndice de massa corporal foi calculado dividindo-se a massa corporal pela estatura ao quadrado (kg/m<sup>2</sup>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foi mensurada utilizando-se uma fita m&#233;trica inextens&#237;vel (Cescorf<sup>&#174;</sup>), com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm. Todas essas vari&#225;veis acima foram aferidas segundo os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelo American College of Sports Medicine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria</title>
            <p>Com o volunt&#225;rio em posi&#231;&#227;o supina e em repouso, foram monitorados simultaneamente a press&#227;o arterial (PA), a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria durante 15 minutos. A PA batimento a batimento foi monitorada por fotopletismografia infravermelha digital (FinometerPRO<sup>&#174;</sup>) no bra&#231;o dominante do volunt&#225;rio. As frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;aca e respirat&#243;ria foram registradas continuamente (Biopac<sup>&#174;</sup>) utilizando eletrocardiograma na deriva&#231;&#227;o II e cinta piezoel&#233;trica tor&#225;cica, respectivamente.</p>
            <p>Todos os sinais aquisitados foram reconstru&#237;dos, digitalizados e gravados em microcomputador com frequ&#234;ncia de amostragem de 1 kHz e resolu&#231;&#227;o de 16 bits para posterior realiza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular do antebra&#231;o e condut&#226;ncia vascular durante repouso e hiperemia reativa</title>
            <p>O fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular do antebra&#231;o foi avaliado utilizando pletismografia de oclus&#227;o venosa (Pletism&#243;grafo Hokanson<sup>&#174;</sup>). O volunt&#225;rio foi posicionado em dec&#250;bito dorsal e o antebra&#231;o n&#227;o dominante foi elevado acima do n&#237;vel do cora&#231;&#227;o para garantir adequada drenagem venosa.</p>
            <p>Um tubo sil&#225;stico preenchido com merc&#250;rio, conectado ao transdutor de baixa press&#227;o e ao pletism&#243;grafo, foi colocado ao redor do antebra&#231;o do volunt&#225;rio, a cinco cent&#237;metros de dist&#226;ncia da articula&#231;&#227;o &#250;mero-radial. Um manguito foi posicionado ao redor do punho e outro na parte superior do bra&#231;o do volunt&#225;rio. O manguito posicionado no punho foi insuflado a n&#237;vel press&#243;rico supra sist&#243;lico (200 mmHg) um minuto antes do in&#237;cio das medidas e foi mantido insuflado durante todo o procedimento. Em intervalos de 15 segundos, o manguito posicionado no bra&#231;o foi insuflado a n&#237;vel press&#243;rico supra venoso (60 mmHg) pelo per&#237;odo de sete a oito segundos, em seguida foi desinsuflado rapidamente e mantido pelo mesmo per&#237;odo. Esse procedimento totalizou quatro ciclos por minuto.</p>
            <p>O aumento da tens&#227;o no tubo sil&#225;stico refletiu o aumento de volume do antebra&#231;o e, consequentemente, de forma indireta, o aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular do antebra&#231;o, reportado em ml/min/100 ml. O sinal da onda de fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular do antebra&#231;o foi adquirido em tempo real, em um computador, por meio do programa <italic>Non Invasive Vascular Program 3</italic>.</p>
            <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da condut&#226;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica foi realizada por meio da divis&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo vascular perif&#233;rico pela PA m&#233;dia (mmHg), multiplicada por 100 e expressa em &#8220;unidades&#8221;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Ap&#243;s a medida do fluxo sangu&#237;neo do antebra&#231;o no repouso durante tr&#234;s minutos, o manguito de oclus&#227;o posicionado no bra&#231;o foi insuflado a 200 mmHg por cinco minutos. Um minuto antes da defla&#231;&#227;o do mesmo, o manguito posicionado no punho foi insuflado tamb&#233;m a 200 mmHg permanecendo assim at&#233; a conclus&#227;o da mensura&#231;&#227;o. Finalizados os cinco minutos de oclus&#227;o, o manguito do bra&#231;o foi rapidamente desinsuflado para induzir a hiperemia reativa e o fluxo sangu&#237;neo foi registrado durante os tr&#234;s minutos seguintes, mantendo o protocolo de ciclos, inflando-se a 60 mmHg durante 10 segundos seguido de 10 segundos de defla&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Foi considerado fluxo pico, o valor do fluxo da primeira onda ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da hiperemia reativa.</p>
            <p>Durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo do antebra&#231;o no repouso e do protocolo de hiperemia reativa, a PA foi mensurada batimento a batimento (FinometerPRO<sup>&#174;</sup>). Adicionalmente, durante o per&#237;odo de repouso, o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, a contratilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (dP/dT m&#225;xima) e a resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica total tamb&#233;m foram mensuradas pelo mesmo equipamento. Para o c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco foi corrigido pela &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca e perif&#233;rica</title>
            <p>As variabilidades do iRR, da PAS e da atividade respirat&#243;ria foram avaliadas no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia por meio da an&#225;lise espectral autorregressiva.</p>
            <p>Em segmentos estacion&#225;rios de 250 a 300 pontos, as s&#233;ries temporais do iRR, da respira&#231;&#227;o e da PAS foram decompostas em seus componentes de frequ&#234;ncia pelo m&#233;todo autorregressivo, utilizando o recurso de Levinson-Durbin e o crit&#233;rio de Akaike para a escolha da ordem do modelo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Esse procedimento permitiu a quantifica&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica da frequ&#234;ncia central e da pot&#234;ncia de cada componente relevante do espectro. Os componentes espectrais da banda de frequ&#234;ncia entre 0 e 0.04 Hz foram considerados muito baixa frequ&#234;ncia (MBF), a banda de frequ&#234;ncia entre 0.04 e 0.15 Hz foi considerada baixa frequ&#234;ncia (BF) e a banda de frequ&#234;ncia entre 0.15 e 0.40 Hz, sincronizada com a respira&#231;&#227;o, considerada alta frequ&#234;ncia (AF). Devido ao curto per&#237;odo de registro, o componente MBF da variabilidade do iRR n&#227;o apresenta explica&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica bem estabelecida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> enquanto a MBF da variabilidade da PAS parece estar relacionada &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o vascular miog&#234;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> J&#225; o componente BF da variabilidade do iRR reflete, predominantemente, a modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca e o componente AF, sincronizado com a respira&#231;&#227;o, a modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Na variabilidade da PAS, o componente BF quantifica a modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica vasomotora, enquanto o AF reflete o efeito mec&#226;nico da respira&#231;&#227;o no cora&#231;&#227;o e nos vasos e n&#227;o representa um &#237;ndice auton&#244;mico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
						</p>
            <p>A pot&#234;ncia espectral de cada componente da variabilidade do iRR e da PAS foi calculada em termos absoluto e em unidades normalizadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A raz&#227;o entre os componentes BF e AF do iRR foi calculada para quantificar o balan&#231;o simpato-vagal card&#237;aco.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Controle barorreflexo arterial</title>
            <p>O ganho e o tempo de retardo de resposta do controle barorreflexo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram mensurados por meio da an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o de transfer&#234;ncia, utilizando o procedimento de identifica&#231;&#227;o autorregressiva bivariada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Esse procedimento permitiu a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da coer&#234;ncia, do desvio de fase e do ganho entre as s&#233;ries temporais do iRR (sinal de sa&#237;da) e da PAS (sinal de entrada) conforme descrito por Freitas et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Neste estudo, o ganho foi calculado sempre que a coer&#234;ncia entre os sinais foi maior que 0.5 e o desvio de fase negativo na banda BF, o que indica que as altera&#231;&#245;es na PAS precediam as mudan&#231;as no iRR. Al&#233;m disso, vale ressaltar que a coer&#234;ncia, o desvio de fase, o ganho e o tempo de retardo do controle barorreflexo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram quantificados na frequ&#234;ncia central correspondente &#224; m&#225;xima coer&#234;ncia dentro da banda BF.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Protocolo experimental</title>
            <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas no Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (HU-CAS), sempre no per&#237;odo da manh&#227;. Os volunt&#225;rios foram instru&#237;dos a n&#227;o ingerir &#225;lcool e/ou cafe&#237;na e a n&#227;o realizar atividades f&#237;sicas vigorosas nas 24 horas antecedentes &#224;s avalia&#231;&#245;es, bem como a n&#227;o ingerir alimentos gordurosos no dia da coleta de dados.</p>
            <p>Os volunt&#225;rios responderam &#224; anamnese que contemplou os dados cl&#237;nicos dos mesmos e de seus pais e foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica. Ap&#243;s os volunt&#225;rios permanecerem 10 minutos em repouso em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, foi iniciado o registro simult&#226;neo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, da frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e da PA por 15 minutos em repouso. Em seguida, o fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular do antebra&#231;o foi mensurado durante tr&#234;s minutos de repouso e tr&#234;s minutos de hiperemia reativa.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia ou como mediana e intervalo interquartil. Para verificar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o de todas as vari&#225;veis analisadas, utilizou-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m foi verificado o pressuposto de homogeneidade de vari&#226;ncia pelo teste de L&#232;vene. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos sexos entre os grupos foi apresentada em valores absolutos e percentuais. O teste exato de Fisher foi empregado para verificar a poss&#237;vel diferen&#231;a entre as propor&#231;&#245;es dos sexos e de volunt&#225;rios com ambos os pais hipertensos nos grupos.</p>
          <p>As poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as relacionadas &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e auton&#244;micas dos grupos foram verificadas por meio do Teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado para os dados que apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e U de Mann-Whitney para as vari&#225;veis que violaram esse pressuposto. A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de dois fatores para medidas repetidas foi utilizada para testar as poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre os grupos na condut&#226;ncia vascular durante repouso e hiperemia reativa. Os efeitos principais e os de intera&#231;&#227;o foram analisados com ajuste do intervalo de confian&#231;a por Bonferroni.</p>
          <p>Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas pelo software SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> vers&#227;o 20. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotada foi p &#8804; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 25 volunt&#225;rios analisados, um volunt&#225;rio normotenso n&#227;o atendeu aos crit&#233;rios de aceitabilidade das an&#225;lises da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca e perif&#233;rica e, um volunt&#225;rio normotenso e dois pr&#233;-hipertensos n&#227;o atenderam a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o barorreflexa arterial.</p>
        <p>A tabela 1 apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos grupos avaliados. Al&#233;m dos exames laboratoriais de glicemia, colesterol total e triglic&#233;rides (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>), 13 volunt&#225;rios normotensos e nove pr&#233;-hipertensos dosaram os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina (0,85 &#177; 0,21 e 0,94 &#177; 0,21 mg/dl, respectivamente; p = 0,350) e nove normotensos e sete pr&#233;-hipertensos dosaram os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de &#225;cido &#250;rico (4,09 &#177; 1,55 e 4,84 &#177; 1,12 mg/dl, respectivamente; p = 296). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em nenhuma das vari&#225;veis laboratoriais analisadas. A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular, mensurada por meio da condut&#226;ncia vascular do antebra&#231;o durante repouso e hiperemia reativa est&#225; representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 1</xref>. A condut&#226;ncia vascular aumentou durante a hiperemia tanto no grupo normotenso (p &lt; 0,01) quanto no pr&#233;-hipertenso (p &lt; 0,01). Al&#233;m disso, apesar de o grupo pr&#233;-hipertenso ter apresentado maior condut&#226;ncia vascular do antebra&#231;o tanto no repouso (p = 0,05) quanto no pico de hiperemia reativa (p = 0,04), essa diferen&#231;a entre os grupos tende a ser mais pronunciada durante a manobra de hiperemia reativa (efeito intera&#231;&#227;o: p = 0,05).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Normotenso (n = 14)</th>
                <th align="center">Pr&#233;-hipertenso (n = 11)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (35,7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (54,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,43<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Filhos de ambos os pais hipertensos n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (45,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,43<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">30 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">0,57<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0,28<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">79 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">82 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0,51<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">83 [80-93]</td>
                <td align="center">89 [83-93]</td>
                <td align="center">0,23<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">c</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">177,9 &#177; 39,6</td>
                <td align="center">187,3 &#177; 29,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,53<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">91,5 [57,9-131]</td>
                <td align="center">103,5 [63-148]</td>
                <td align="center">0,60<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">c</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">116 [105-119]</td>
                <td align="center">128 [124-132]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">c</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">67 [60-71]</td>
                <td align="center">75 [71-75]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">c</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice card&#237;aco (L/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">3,3 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,05<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica total (mmHg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">15,0 [13,8-16,0]</td>
                <td align="center">13,8 [12,4-15,7]</td>
                <td align="center">0,15<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">c</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de contratilidade card&#237;aca (mmHg/s)</td>
                <td align="center">1113 &#177; 195</td>
                <td align="center">1340 &#177; 167</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">67 [ 63-69]</td>
                <td align="center">63 [ 62-76]</td>
                <td align="center">0,70<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">c</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (ipm)</td>
                <td align="center">17 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">17 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">1,00<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia ou mediana [intervalo interquartil]; valor absoluto e percentual para sexo masculino;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Teste exato de Fisher;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>Teste U de Mann-Whitney; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o vascular. Dados representados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; ANOVA de dois fatores para medidas repetidas: *: diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao repouso; &#7547;: diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo normotenso.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0166-80006-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os &#237;ndices da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca foram semelhantes entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>). Entretanto, na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica perif&#233;rica, foi observada maior variabilidade (Vari&#226;ncia<sub>PAS</sub>) e maiores componentes espectrais MBF<sub>PAS</sub> e BF<sub>PAS</sub> nos pr&#233;-hipertensos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos normotensos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>). Adicionalmente, observamos menor ganho do controle barorreflexo nos pr&#233;-hipertensos (Ganho BF<sub>PAS-iRR</sub>), por&#233;m, tempo de retardo BF<sub>PAS-iRR</sub> semelhante entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca e perif&#233;rica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Normotenso (n = 13)</th>
                <th align="center">Pr&#233;-hipertenso (n = 11)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Modula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vari&#226;ncia<sub>IRR</sub> (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">2050 [985-3264]</td>
                <td align="center">1718 [1067-3806]</td>
                <td align="center">0,50<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MBF<sub>iRR</sub> (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">905 &#177; 699</td>
                <td align="center">1178 &#177; 625</td>
                <td align="center">0,33<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BF<sub>iRR</sub> (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">565 [277-1067]</td>
                <td align="center">413 [263-1360]</td>
                <td align="center">0,98<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF<sub>iRR</sub> (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">481 [212-897]</td>
                <td align="center">340 [195-606]</td>
                <td align="center">0,54<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BF<sub>iRR</sub> (un)</td>
                <td align="center">51 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">0,46<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AFi<sub>RR</sub> (un)</td>
                <td align="center">49 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">43 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">0,46<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BF/AF</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 [0,58-1,87]</td>
                <td align="center">1,52 [0,98-1,91]</td>
                <td align="center">0,50<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Modula&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vari&#226;ncia<sub>PAS</sub> (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">9,4 [ 4,9-12,7]</td>
                <td align="center">18,3 [ 14,8-26,7]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MBF<sub>PAS</sub> (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">6,9 [2,0-11,1]</td>
                <td align="center">13,5 [10,7-22,4]</td>
                <td align="center">0,01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BF<sub>PAS</sub> (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 [1,0-3,0]</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 [2,0-4,0]</td>
                <td align="center">0,04<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF<sub>PAS</sub> (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 [1,0-2,0]</td>
                <td align="center">1,0[1,0-2,5]</td>
                <td align="center">0,77<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Respira&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BF (un)</td>
                <td align="center">0 [ 0-6]</td>
                <td align="center">0 [ 0-12]</td>
                <td align="center">0,92<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF (un)</td>
                <td align="center">100 [94-100]</td>
                <td align="center">100 [88-100]</td>
                <td align="center">0,92<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia ou mediana [intervalo interquartil];</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Teste U de Mann-Whitney; iRR: intervalo RR; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; MBF: muito baixa frequ&#234;ncia; BF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; AF: alta frequ&#234;ncia; um: unidades normalizadas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ganho BF PAS-iRR e Tempo de retardo BF PAS-iRR; Dados representados em Box plot (valor m&#237;nimo, primeiro quartil, mediana, terceiro quartil e valor m&#225;ximo); iRR: intervalo RR; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; BF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado: *: diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo normotenso (p = 0,03).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0166-80006-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 3</xref> apresenta a frequ&#234;ncia central, o desvio de fase e a coer&#234;ncia do componente BF da rela&#231;&#227;o PAS-iRR, bem como a frequ&#234;ncia central e a coer&#234;ncia dos componentes BF e AF da rela&#231;&#227;o entre a atividade respirat&#243;ria e o iRR.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o barorreflexa arterial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Normotenso (n = 13)</th>
                <th align="center">Pr&#233;-hipertenso (n = 9)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PAS-iRR</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia central BF (Hz)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,10 &#177; 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,58<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desvio de fase BF (rad)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,96 &#177; 0,33</td>
                <td align="center">- 0,94 &#177; 0,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,90<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coer&#234;ncia BF</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 &#177;0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,15<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Resp-iRR</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia central BF (Hz)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14 [0,10-0,15]</td>
                <td align="center">0,10 [0,07-0,12]</td>
                <td align="center">0,08<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coer&#234;ncia BF</td>
                <td align="center">0,47 &#177; 0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,42 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,56<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">a</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia central AF (Hz)</td>
                <td align="center">0,29 [0,28-0,30]</td>
                <td align="center">0,32 [0,27-0,33]</td>
                <td align="center">0,42<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coer&#234;ncia AF</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 [0,91-0,98]</td>
                <td align="center">0,93 [0,92-0,95]</td>
                <td align="center">0,22<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">b</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <p>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia ou mediana [intervalo interquartil];</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Teste U de Mann-Whitney; iRR: intervalo RR; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; BF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; AF: alta frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal achado deste estudo &#233; que a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica perif&#233;rica precede a poss&#237;vel disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular em indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos com HFHAS.</p>
        <p>Conforme esperado, o grupo pr&#233;-hipertenso apresentou maior PAS e PAD. Tendo em vista que os valores press&#243;ricos s&#227;o determinados pelo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e pela resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, neste estudo, o aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco por meio do aumento do volume sist&#243;lico, possivelmente, modulado por maior contratilidade card&#237;aca, parece estar relacionado &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica, uma vez que tanto a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca quanto a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos por Davis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> os quais tamb&#233;m observaram eleva&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco e da contratilidade card&#237;aca, por&#233;m resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica semelhante, em indiv&#237;duos jovens pr&#233;-hipertensos quando comparados aos normotensos. Assim, embora o achado hemodin&#226;mico t&#237;pico da hipertens&#227;o seja a eleva&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica, a eleva&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco parece ser a respons&#225;vel pela eleva&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica nas fases iniciais do desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, estudos t&#234;m demonstrado preju&#237;zos na fun&#231;&#227;o vascular de pr&#233;-hipertensos tais como redu&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio, avaliada por meio da infus&#227;o de acetilcolina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> redu&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de subst&#226;ncias vasodilatadoras, como o &#243;xido n&#237;trico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e eleva&#231;&#227;o de vasoconstritores como a endotelina-1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Entretanto, neste estudo, observamos maior condut&#226;ncia vascular do antebra&#231;o tanto no repouso quanto no pico de hiperemia reativa nos pr&#233;-hipertensos quando comparados aos normotensos. Outros estudos, tamb&#233;m utilizando a t&#233;cnica de pletismografia de oclus&#227;o venosa, obtiveram resultados controversos no que diz respeito &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o vascular de pr&#233;-hipertensos. Por exemplo, Schwartz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> avaliaram a condut&#226;ncia vascular do antebra&#231;o em repouso de homens jovens normotensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos e n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos. J&#225; Beck et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> avaliaram jovens de ambos os sexos e observaram menor condut&#226;ncia vascular nos pr&#233;-hipertensos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos normotensos.</p>
        <p>J&#225; durante a manobra de hiperemia reativa, Beck et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e Beck et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> em contraposi&#231;&#227;o aos resultados deste estudo, observaram menor fluxo pico nos pr&#233;-hipertensos utilizando, respectivamente, as t&#233;cnicas de pletismografia de oclus&#227;o venosa e ultrassom de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o. As diverg&#234;ncias entre os resultados deste estudo e os demais podem estar relacionadas &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada como, por exemplo, a presen&#231;a do HFHAS em ambos os grupos, uma vez que indiv&#237;duos com esse fator de risco t&#234;m demonstrado disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular em v&#225;rios estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Al&#233;m do HFHAS, os volunt&#225;rios pr&#233;-hipertensos deste estudo apresentam maiores &#237;ndices card&#237;aco e de contratilidade, o qual pode ter desencadeado uma resposta homeost&#225;tica vasodilatadora local na tentativa de atenuar a eleva&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> embora esse mecanismo tenha se mostrado falho sistemicamente tendo em vista que n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre os grupos na resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica. N&#227;o foram encontrados estudos que investigaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os &#237;ndices card&#237;aco e de contratilidade e a condut&#226;ncia vascular em pr&#233;-hipertensos. Em hipertensos com circula&#231;&#227;o hipercin&#233;tica, caracterizada por eleva&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco e da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, Stevo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> observaram, maior fluxo sangu&#237;neo muscular do antebra&#231;o quando comparados aos normotensos. Entretanto, nesse estudo o c&#225;lculo da condut&#226;ncia vascular n&#227;o foi realizado. Assim, futuros estudos devem investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as referidas vari&#225;veis em pr&#233;-hipertensos com hist&#243;rico familiar de hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
        <p>Segundo Davis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> a eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA na pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o resulta de dist&#250;rbios heredit&#225;rios que apresentam um conjunto de determinantes gen&#233;ticos e tra&#231;os patog&#234;nicos que atuam em eventos hemodin&#226;micos e auton&#244;micos em s&#233;rie e desencadeiam a HAS. Nesse cen&#225;rio, as altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas parecem ser as primeiras altera&#231;&#245;es observadas nos pr&#233;-hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Entretanto, embora altera&#231;&#245;es nos &#237;ndices espectrais da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca em pr&#233;-hipertensos tenham sido demonstradas em outros estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> neste elas n&#227;o foram observadas. Resultados semelhantes aos nossos foram reportados por Lin et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> os quais tamb&#233;m observaram componentes BF e AF em unidades normalizadas, assim como a raz&#227;o BF/AF da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, semelhantes entre jovens normotensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para esses resultados contradit&#243;rios &#233; a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Neste estudo avaliamos indiv&#237;duos normotensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos com HFHAS, enquanto que os outros trabalhos n&#227;o controlaram a distribui&#231;&#227;o desse fator de risco nos grupos analisados. Assim, tendo em vista que altera&#231;&#245;es na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca t&#234;m sido demonstrada em indiv&#237;duos normotensos filhos de pai e/ou m&#227;e hipertensos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para elucidar as referidas altera&#231;&#245;es em indiv&#237;duos que tem ambos os fatores de risco, pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e HFHAS.</p>
        <p>J&#225; no que diz respeito &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica perif&#233;rica, neste estudo verificamos disfun&#231;&#245;es nesse sistema nos indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos. Observamos maior componente BF da variabilidade da PAS nos pr&#233;-hipertensos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos normotensos, o que demonstra maior atua&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica do t&#244;nus vascular, bem como da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular miog&#234;nica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Resultados semelhantes foram reportados por Hering et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e Seravalle et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> os quais avaliaram indiv&#237;duos com press&#227;o normal-alta e tamb&#233;m observaram maior modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica perif&#233;rica, avaliada por meio da t&#233;cnica de microneurografia, nesses indiv&#237;duos quando comparada aos normotensos.</p>
        <p>A variabilidade da PAS batimento a batimento, assim como a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, tem sido reconhecida como importante fator de risco para danos em &#243;rg&#227;os alvo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Neste estudo, os indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos apresentaram maior vari&#226;ncia da PAS em rela&#231;&#227;o aos normotensos corroborando os resultados de Duprez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Entretanto, esses autores n&#227;o reportaram o HFHAS dos participantes do estudo.</p>
        <p>As flutua&#231;&#245;es na PA s&#227;o desencadeadas por m&#250;ltiplos sistemas que incluem o sistema renina-angiotensina, o barorreflexo, a resposta vascular miog&#234;nica e a libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Sendo assim, as eleva&#231;&#245;es dos componentes BF e MBF, observadas neste estudo, podem estar relacionadas ao aumento da variabilidade da PAS via altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o vascular miog&#234;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> J&#225; o componente AF, que parece ser relacionado ao &#243;xido n&#237;trico endotelial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> foi semelhante entre os grupos e n&#227;o parece estar envolvido no aumento da variabilidade press&#243;rica.</p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, este estudo demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o no ganho do controle barorreflexo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos quando comparados aos normotensos, fator que tamb&#233;m pode estar relacionado ao aumento da variabilidade press&#243;rica e da modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica perif&#233;rica observados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Os resultados deste estudo corroboram os achados de trabalhos pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> que tamb&#233;m observaram redu&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade barorreflexa em pr&#233;-hipertensos. Entretanto, este &#233; o primeiro a demonstrar altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas em pr&#233;-hipertensos com HFHAS em rela&#231;&#227;o a normotensos com o mesmo fator de risco.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da sensibilidade, o tempo de resposta do barorreflexo tamb&#233;m pode determinar a efici&#234;ncia desse reflexo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Neste estudo, verificamos tempo de resposta do barorreflexo preservado nos pr&#233;-hipertensos. Essa caracter&#237;stica do controle barorrreflexo &#233; afetada, principalmente, por mudan&#231;as na modula&#231;&#227;o nervosa parassimp&#225;tica card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> altera&#231;&#227;o essa que n&#227;o foi observada nos pr&#233;-hipertensos avaliados neste estudo. Sendo assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o tempo de resposta do barorreflexo seja afetado mais tardiamente no curso da eleva&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica e desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o e que na fase de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o apenas a redu&#231;&#227;o do ganho contribua para a redu&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia desse reflexo. Al&#233;m disso, o fato de os volunt&#225;rios deste estudo possu&#237;rem HFHAS podem estar relacionados aos resultados observados. N&#227;o foram encontrados estudos com o prop&#243;sito de investigar esse tempo de atraso da resposta efetora do barorreflexo em pr&#233;-hipertensos, bem como em filhos de pais hipertensos, o que dificultou a compara&#231;&#227;o dos nossos resultados.</p>
        <p>Este estudo demonstrou que jovens pr&#233;-hipertensos com HFHAS apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e fun&#231;&#227;o vascular semelhante a normotensos com o mesmo fator de risco. Assim, os resultados deste estudo ressaltam a import&#226;ncia de interven&#231;&#227;o de car&#225;ter preventivo com medidas que visem atenuar essa disfun&#231;&#227;o e, consequentemente, atuar na preven&#231;&#227;o da HAS nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Nesse sentido, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico tem sido considerado efetivo uma vez que o mesmo atua de forma ben&#233;fica em m&#250;ltiplos sistemas fisiol&#243;gicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Al&#233;m disso, os benef&#237;cios da pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos aer&#243;bios na atenua&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica j&#225; foram demonstrados tanto em pr&#233;-hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> quanto em descendentes de pais hipertensos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> o que nos leva a acreditar que indiv&#237;duos com ambos os fatores de risco tamb&#233;m poder&#227;o se beneficiar dos efeitos dessa pr&#225;tica.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>O diagn&#243;stico de HAS dos pais dos volunt&#225;rios deste estudo foi autorreportado. Apesar do autorrelato ter sido utilizado em muitos estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> futuras pesquisas devem incluir avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica detalhada dos pais. A presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as renais n&#227;o foi crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o deste estudo, uma vez que n&#227;o foram realizados todos os exames necess&#225;rios para excluir com seguran&#231;a essa caracter&#237;stica. Apesar disso, todos os volunt&#225;rios declararam n&#227;o possuir diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as renais e os que fizeram os exames de creatinina e &#225;cido &#250;rico apresentaram valores de normalidade para essas vari&#225;veis. Adicionalmente, as mulheres deste estudo n&#227;o foram avaliadas no mesmo per&#237;odo do ciclo menstrual, fato que tamb&#233;m pode se configurar uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho. No entanto, Jarvis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> e Carter et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> n&#227;o observaram influ&#234;ncia da fase do ciclo ovariano sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e PA durante repouso em mulheres jovens. Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es apontadas, ressalta-se que a grande for&#231;a deste estudo est&#225; no fato de termos avaliado adultos jovens, sem uso de medica&#231;&#245;es e com perfil glic&#234;mico e lip&#237;dico semelhantes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Conclui-se que jovens pr&#233;-hipertensos com HFHAS tem disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, caracterizada por aumento da modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica perif&#233;rica e redu&#231;&#227;o no ganho do controle barorreflexo da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e condut&#226;ncia vascular aumentada quando comparados a normotensos com o mesmo fator de risco.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Jos&#225;ria Ferraz Amaral pela Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 720/370. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
