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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nqZ6vnxC6wmRpqfsMwKNJ7c</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000200157</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180020</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Hypertension</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correlation between Very Short and Short-Term Blood Pressure Variability in Diabetic-Hypertensive and Healthy Subjects</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casali</surname>
            <given-names>Karina R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schaan</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montano</surname>
            <given-names>Nicola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Massierer</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>M.F.</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tel&#243;</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ledur</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reinheimer</surname>
            <given-names>Marilia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sbruzzi</surname>
            <given-names>Graciele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gus</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Milan</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">L. Sacco Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Milan</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="IT">Italy</country>
        <institution content-type="original">L. Sacco Hospital - University of Milan, Milan - It&#225;lia;</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universit&#224; degli Studi di Milano</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gabriela Tel&#243;</bold>, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 - 2&#176; andar sala 218. Postal Code 90035-003, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>gabitelo@hcpa.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Casali KR, Schaan B, Montano N, Massierer D, Neto FMF, Tel&#243; G, Ledur PS, Reinheimer M, Sbruzzi G, Gus M; Acquisition of data: Casali KR, Schaan B, Montano N, Massierer D, Tel&#243; G, Ledur PS, Reinheimer M, Sbruzzi G, Gus M; Statistical analysis: Casali KR, Tel&#243; G, Gus M; Obtaining financing: Schaan B, Gus M; Writing of the manuscript: Casali KR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Schaan B, Montano N, Massierer D, Neto FMF, Tel&#243; G, Ledur PS, Reinheimer M, Sbruzzi G, Gus M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>157</fpage>
      <lpage>165</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Blood pressure (BP) variability can be evaluated by 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (24h-ABPM), but its concordance with results from finger BP measurement (FBPM) has not been established yet.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to compare parameters of short-term (24h-ABPM) with very short-term BP variability (FBPM) in healthy (C) and diabetic-hypertensive (DH) subjects.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study with 51 DH subjects and 12 C subjects who underwent 24h-ABPM [extracting time-rate, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV)] and short-term beat-to-beat recording at rest and after standing-up maneuvers [FBPM, extracting BP and heart rate (HR) variability parameters in the frequency domain, autoregressive spectral analysis]. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to correlate BP and HR variability parameters obtained from both FBPM and 24h-ABPM (divided into daytime, nighttime, and total). Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There was a circadian variation of BP levels in C and DH groups; systolic BP and time-rate were higher in DH subjects in all periods evaluated. In C subjects, high positive correlations were shown between time-rate index (24h-ABPM) and LF component of short-term variability (FBPM, total, R = 0.591, p = 0.043); standard deviation (24h-ABPM) with LF component BPV (FBPM, total, R = 0.608, p = 0.036), coefficient of variation (24h-ABPM) with total BPV (FBPM, daytime, -0.585, p = 0.046) and alpha index (FBPM, daytime, -0.592, p = 0.043), time rate (24h-ABPM) and delta LF/HF (FBPM, total, R = 0.636, p = 0.026; daytime R = 0,857, p &lt; 0.001). Records obtained from DH showed weak positive correlations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p> Indices obtained from 24h-ABPM (total, daytime) reflect BP and HR variability evaluated by FBPM in healthy individuals. This does not apply for DH subjects.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Blood pressure (BP) variability results from the interplay between external environmental stimuli, vascular system, and biological autonomic regulation of circulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Abnormalities in BP variability, evaluated by continuous intra-arterial ambulatory BP monitoring, are associated with poor outcomes in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Noninvasive methods such as finger BP measurement (FBPM) are good alternatives to invasive BP monitoring, as they are accurate non-invasive estimates of beat-to-beat radial BP, providing data that can estimate very short-term BP variability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In addition, beat-to-beat records allow the extraction of information regarding heart rate (HR) variability that is directly related to cardiac autonomic control impairment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and associated with poor outcomes in both general<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and diabetic populations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> However, due to practical and economic reasons, this method cannot be routinely used in the evaluation of outpatients.</p>
      <p>The development of noninvasive 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (24h-ABPM), with multiple readings throughout day and night, has made short-term BP variability estimate through several indices possible.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> However, there are major differences between BP variability obtained from beat-to-beat records and that obtained by 24h-ABPM. Besides the duration of the series-very short- (FBPM) or short-term (24h-ABPM)-, BP series obtained by FBPM allows studying beat-to-beat variability, while 24h-ABPM series are sampled every 10-15 minutes within 24 hours.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> While non-invasive beat-to-beat methods allow detecting fast oscillations resulting from inter-beat variations, it is inefficient to access very slow waves in short series; 24h-ABPM, in turn, detects slow variations only.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> As both methods provide information about BP signals originating from the same cardiovascular system, a correlation between oscillatory components of overlapping bands obtained from FBPM and 24h-ABPM is expected; however, studies on the association between BP variability evaluated by 24h-ABPM indices and target organ damage have shown contradictory results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our report was aimed to compare three different parameters of short-term BP variability in 24h-ABPM, with very short-term BP variability measured by indices obtained from the FBPM in healthy subjects and in a population at high cardiovascular risk comprised of diabetic hypertensive subjects.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and population</title>
        <p>This cross-sectional study was conducted at the outpatient clinic of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil), a tertiary teaching hospital, and Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, from January 2009 to December 2012. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of both Institutions (n&#186; 0469.0.001.000-08 and 4313/09, respectively), which is accredited by the Office of Human Research Protections as an Institutional Review Board, in agreement with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. After protocol approval, all subjects signed a written informed consent for participation. Adult patients of both genders, aged 18-65 years, and with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus were invited to participate (DH group). Control group (C) consisted of healthy subjects, that is, without diagnosis or medication for hypertension and diabetes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical evaluation</title>
        <p>Patients underwent demographic and clinical baseline data collection. Diabetes mellitus was defined by two fasting plasma glucose &#8805; 126 mg/dl or use of antidiabetic agents or personal history of diabetes. Blood pressure was measured with an office aneroid sphygmomanometer and the mean values were estimated after an two measures on average. The cuff size was selected according to arm circumference. Hypertension was defined by mean blood pressure &#8805; 140/90 mmHg or use of antihypertensive medication. After baseline data collection, subjects were randomly assigned to evaluations, being first submitted to 24h-ABPM or to FBPM. The interval between the two examinations was of no more than 15 days. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Short-term blood pressure variability evaluation (24h-ABPM)</title>
        <p>All individuals were submitted to a 24h-ABPM in a usual working day, using a monitor (Spacelabs 90207, Spacelabs, Redmond, WA). Measurements were obtained every 15 minutes from 7 a.m. to 11 p.m., and every 20 minutes from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. to complete 24 hours of the period studied. Cuff size was selected according to subjects' arm circumference.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Based on the results of 24h-ABPM, the mean 24-hour systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were calculated for each patient. Three different parameters of SBP variability were calculated: 1) time-rate index (rate of change in SBP over time in mmHg/min, defined as the first derivative values of SBP by time); 2) coefficient of variation of systolic BP within 24 hours (SD/mean pressure x 100%); and 3) mean of standard deviation of 24-hour systolic BP. The time-rate index allows the calculation of angular coefficients' sum and aims to measure how fast or slow and in which direction SBP values change. The measure was calculated using the following formula, where r is the rate of BP variability over time (considering the differences between BP measurements at each time interval) and N is the number of recordings:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <disp-formula id="e1">
            <mml:math id="e01">
              <mml:semantics>
                <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                  <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">R</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mfenced close="|" open="|">
                    <mml:mover>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">r</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo accent="true">&#175;</mml:mo>
                    </mml:mover>
                  </mml:mfenced>
                  <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:msubsup>
                        <mml:mo>&#8721;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">i</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">N</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:msubsup>
                      <mml:mfenced close="|" open="|">
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">ri</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mfenced>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">N</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                </mml:mstyle>
              </mml:semantics>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
        </p>
        <p>In addition, considering circadian variations of BP and possible differences between daytime and nighttime 24h-ABPM parameters, data were divided into daytime and nighttime according to patients' reports and were also analyzed separately, considering both periods. Circadian behavior differences were calculated by subtracting nighttime from daytime values for each parameter.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Very short-term blood pressure variability evaluation (FBPM)</title>
        <p>Blood pressure was recorded continuously, on a beat-to-beat basis, using the FINAPRES system (Ohmeda 2300, Monitoring Systems, Englewood, CO, USA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In this method, the pressure wave can be continuously monitored by a sensor placed on the patient's non-dominant middle finger, detecting small oscillations only. The experimental protocol had measurements at two different stages: ten minutes at rest in a sitting position and ten minutes after standing-up maneuver (sympathetic activation).</p>
        <p>The BP signal was digitized by the CODAS system (Computer Operated Data Acquisition Software; DATAQ, Instruments, AKRON, OH, USA), sampling at 1 kHz and analyzed for each condition. Pulse interval (PI) tachogram and systolic arterial (SA) systogram series were constructed through the algorithm of Windaq/DATAQ, which identifies systolic peaks from BP waves. Systogram and tachogram series were analyzed by spectral analysis (frequency domain analysis) using an autoregressive model, applied to stationary intervals, which were selected in each segment condition. The stationarity of each time series was tested as previously reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Short-term BP and HR variabilities were evaluated based on systogram and tachogram analyses, respectively.</p>
        <p>In humans, the frequency domain analysis considers three distinct bands: high frequency (HF), which includes the interval between 0.15 and 0.4 Hz; low frequency (LF) between 0.04 and 0.15 Hz; and very low frequency (VLF), lower than 0.04 Hz.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The same analysis was applied to tachogram series. Among parameters obtained by frequency domain analysis, LF and HF components are distinguished by physiological significance. They are mainly related to sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac modulations, respectively; the relation between them-LF/HF index-is related to sympathetic-vagal balance;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and the absolute powers of LF and VLF components are predominantly related to vascular sympathetic modulation and to renin-angiotensin system modulation on SBP, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The alpha index was obtained from the square root of the ratio between the LF component of tachogram and systogram when coherence, assessed by cross-spectral analysis, exceeded 0.5 in these bands<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> and expressed spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity. All series were analyzed by a trained researcher who was also blinded to conditions and subjects.</p>
        <p>Delta indices were calculated for HR variability (HRV), LF/HF index and LF component of BPV, using variable values before (rest) and after standing-up maneuver (sympathetic activation, SA) for normalization, as follows:</p>
        <p>
          <disp-formula id="e2">
            <mml:math id="e02">
              <mml:semantics>
                <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                  <mml:mi>Delta</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>SA</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>REST</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>REST</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                </mml:mstyle>
              </mml:semantics>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
        </p>
        <p>These indices had been previously proposed in order to quantify autonomic responses to standing-up maneuver.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biochemical measurements</title>
        <p>Venous blood samples for biochemical measurements were drawn after 12-hour fasting. Plasma glucose was determined by the glucose oxidase method, serum creatinine by Jaff&#233;'s reaction, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by ion-exchange HPLC (Merck-Hitachi L-9100 HbA<sub>1c</sub> analyzer; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Serum cholesterol and triglycerides were measured by enzymatic-colorimetric methods (Merck Diagnostica, Darmstadt, Germany; Boehringer Mannheim, Buenos Aires, Argentina), and HDL cholesterol by a homogeneous direct method (autoanalyzer, ADVIA 1650). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was calculated using Friedewald's formula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analyses</title>
        <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or medians and interquartile intervals, according to normality plots with tests and percentages. Pearson's chi-square, unpaired Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney rank sum test, two-way repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman repeated measures analysis of variance on rank, <italic>post hoc</italic> Student-Newman-Keuls were used when variables were compared between groups, as indicated. The correlation between the different indices obtained by 24h-ABPM and by FBPM were analyzed by the Spearman's correlation coefficient. Correlations were considered for discussion only if they were statistically significant and represented large-effect sizes, as defined by a correlation coefficient of 0.50 or higher.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical software package version 17.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Twelve healthy subjects (C) and 73 diabetic-hypertensive patients (DH) were selected; all C and 51 DH had complete data from 24h-ABPM and FBPM. Controls were 51.7 &#177; 8.1 years old and 50% were men; DH were 57.3 &#177; 8.1 years-old, 12% were men, 54.9% had their office BP well-controlled (&lt; 130/80 mmHg) and 35.8% had good metabolic control (HbA1c &lt; 7.0%). Clinical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristics of controls (C) and diabetic-hypertensive (DH) subjects.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Controls (n = 12)</th>
              <th align="center">Diabetic-hypertensive (n = 51)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">51.6 &#177; 4.4</td>
              <td align="center">57.3 &#177; 8.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">6 (50.0)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (20.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.065</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">23.5 &#177; 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">30.5 &#177; 4.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Office SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">116.0 &#177; 8.2</td>
              <td align="center">139.2 &#177; 17.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Office DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">77.0 &#177; 5.0</td>
              <td align="center">80.9 &#177; 11.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.086</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Duration of diabetes (years)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">6.9 (3.0-10.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">156.5 &#177; 55.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HbA1c (%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">8.2 &#177; 2.0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">181. 2 &#177; 32.6</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">42.6 &#177; 13.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">180.5 (132.8 - 248.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.82 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Microalbuminuria (&gt; 17 &#181;g/min)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">14 (27.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body mass index, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin, HDL: high-density lipoprotein; FBPM: Short-Term Blood Pressure. Continuous variables are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and interquartile range (p25-p75) and percentiles. Categorical variables are expressed as number (%). Comparisons were tested by Pearson's &#967;2 test and Student's t test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Short-term BP variability (24h-ABPM) results are displayed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. There were differences among the indices obtained from total, daytime, and nighttime periods for both C and DH groups, confirming the expected circadian variations and justifying the division into periods. Comparisons between C and DH groups are represented by the bar graph, which shows that higher SBP and time-rate obtained from SBP in DH group for all periods evaluated. The mean of the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation of 24-hour SBP were different between C and DH in daytime only. Circadian behavior differences, calculated by subtracting nighttime from daytime values, show a lower reduction of mean SBP at night in DH patients as compared to controls. The differences obtained for the coefficient of variation and mean of standard deviation of 24-hour systolic BP were positive in DH, negative in C, and different between groups.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Short-term BP variability (24h-ABPM). Data are shown as mean &#177; SD. SBP, systolic blood pressure. Analysis using 24-hour records (total) and divided into daytime and nighttime periods. Graph shows a comparison between controls (C, green bars) and diabetic-hypertensive (DH, blue bars) groups, also including circadian behaviour differences, calculated by subtracting nighttime from daytime values (Difference, last bars of each graphic). * p &lt; 0.05 vs. C, Student's t-test. Table reports all values, compared by Friedman repeated measures analysis of variance on rank, post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls. &#134; p &lt; 0.05 vs. total period; # p &lt; 0.05 vs. daytime period.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0157-80020-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Very short-term BP variability and HR variability (FBPM) results obtained by spectral analysis are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. As expected, BP was higher in DH <italic>vs.</italic> C at rest and after standing-up maneuver. Heart rate variability, LF component of HRV, and alpha index were lower in DH <italic>vs.</italic> C. The standing-up maneuver, applied to induce sympathetic activation, resulted in differences for all HR variability components, showing the expected response to this maneuver in both groups. However, BP variability did not change after the maneuver in DH subjects, and the alpha index (spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity) was lower at rest and after the maneuver in this group when compared to controls.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Very short-term blood pressure variability and heart rate variability (FBPM) at rest and after standing-up maneuver.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">C (n = 12)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">DH (n = 51)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">P</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">At rest</th>
              <th align="center">Standing up</th>
              <th align="center">At rest</th>
              <th align="center">Standing up</th>
              <th align="center">Group</th>
              <th align="center">Condition</th>
              <th align="center">Interaction</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">114.6 &#177; 23.6</td>
              <td align="center">112.6 &#177; 18.2</td>
              <td align="center">129.4 &#177; 17.7</td>
              <td align="center">123.8 &#177; 21.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.019</td>
              <td align="center">0.494</td>
              <td align="center">0.147</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Very short-term BPV (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">21.57 &#177; 12.20</td>
              <td align="center">37.17 &#177; 16.12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">25.27 &#177; 20.08</td>
              <td align="center">25.23 &#177; 23.04</td>
              <td align="center">0.504</td>
              <td align="center">0.058</td>
              <td align="center">0.047</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF component of BPV (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1.80 &#177; 1.13</td>
              <td align="center">13.84 &#177; 11.93</td>
              <td align="center">4.59 &#177; 6.02</td>
              <td align="center">9.26 &#177; 10.61</td>
              <td align="center">0.879</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.060</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF component of BPV (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1.40 &#177; 1.57</td>
              <td align="center">3.73 &#177; 3.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">3.44 &#177; 3.46<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2.25 &#177; 1.64<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.538</td>
              <td align="center">0.323</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean HR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">66.2 &#177; 9.3</td>
              <td align="center">77.8 &#177; 8.7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">70.8 &#177; 11.9</td>
              <td align="center">77.2 &#177; 13.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.419</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HRV (s<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">1.47 &#177; 1.71</td>
              <td align="center">1.07 &#177; 0.78</td>
              <td align="center">0.73 &#177; 0.79</td>
              <td align="center">0.45 &#177; 0.42</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
              <td align="center">0.658</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF component of HRV (nu)</td>
              <td align="center">40.77 &#177; 16.84</td>
              <td align="center">61.48 &#177; 16.90</td>
              <td align="center">31.08 &#177; 21.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">40.69 &#177; 23.62</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.339</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF component of HRV (nu)</td>
              <td align="center">50.65 &#177; 14.79</td>
              <td align="center">30.07 &#177; 15.33</td>
              <td align="center">49.91 &#177; 22.35</td>
              <td align="center">36.19 &#177; 20.48</td>
              <td align="center">0.842</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.464</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF/HF index</td>
              <td align="center">0.99 &#177; 0.76</td>
              <td align="center">3.33 &#177; 3.16</td>
              <td align="center">1.09 &#177; 1.54</td>
              <td align="center">2.69 &#177; 4.13</td>
              <td align="center">0.902</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.744</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alpha index (ms/mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">15.04 &#177; 9.75</td>
              <td align="center">6.43 &#177; 5.24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">8.24 &#177; 7.70<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">4.72 &#177; 3.89<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Data are shown as mean &#177; SD. HR: heart rate, HRV: heart rate variability, BP: blood pressure, BPV: BP variability, LF: low frequency component, HF: high frequency component.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. rest condition;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. C; FBPM: Short-Term Blood Pressure. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Autonomic response to standing-up maneuver assessed by delta indices (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) had a lower response for LF/HF ratio in DH group as compared to C group. Changes in delta HRV and delta_LF/HF variability (BPV) were not different.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Autonomic response to standing-up maneuver as evaluated by delta indices: delta HRV (heart rate variability), delta LF/HF (low frequency/high frequency) and delta of LF of blood pressure variability (LF_BPV), calculated from HR variability, LF/HF index and LF component of BPV, respectively. Box plots (median, 25 and 75% interquartile intervals) showing comparison between controls (C, blue bars) and diabetic-hypertensive (DH, green bars) groups. * p &lt; 0.001 and ** p = 0.009 vs. C, Mann-Whitney rank sum test.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0157-80020-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Correlations between very short- and short-term BP variabilities are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tables 3</xref> (C group) and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref> (DH group). In C group, some correlations were found at rest, and some after the standing-up maneuver. At rest, standard deviation of 24-hour systolic BP (24h-ABPM) was positively correlated with the LF component of BP variability (FBPM) in 24-hour evaluation; the coefficient of variation (24h-ABPM) was negatively correlated with total BP variability and alpha index (FBPM) during daytime. After standing-up maneuver, time-rate (24h-ABPM) was positively correlated with the LF component of BP variability (FBPM, 24 hours, and daytime). Time-rate (24h-ABPM) was correlated with delta_LF/HF (FBPM, 24 hours, and daytime). In DH group, although some correlations were statistically significant, none of them represented large-effect sizes (correlation coefficient of 0.50 or higher). Moderate-effect sizes (correlation coefficient near 0.50) were shown for total BP variability (24h-ABPM), coefficient of variation, and standard deviation (FBPM, 24 hours, and daytime). There was no correlation between short-term (24h-ABPM) and very short-term variability (FBPM) parameters, considering delta indices for DH subjects.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation between very short- (FBPM) and short-term (24h-ABPM) BP variability parameters - Control group.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">24-hour</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Daytime</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Nighttime</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Time-rate</th>
              <th align="center">Coefficient of variation</th>
              <th align="center">Standard deviation</th>
              <th align="center">Time-rate</th>
              <th align="center">Coefficient of variation</th>
              <th align="center">Standard deviation</th>
              <th align="center">Time-rate</th>
              <th align="center">Coefficient of variation</th>
              <th align="center">Standard deviation</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>AT REST</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total BPV R</td>
              <td align="center">0.236</td>
              <td align="center">-0.042</td>
              <td align="center">-0.007</td>
              <td align="center">-0.247</td>
              <td align="center">-0.585</td>
              <td align="center">-0.315</td>
              <td align="center">0.555</td>
              <td align="center">0.210</td>
              <td align="center">0.301</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.461</td>
              <td align="center">0.897</td>
              <td align="center">0.983</td>
              <td align="center">0.439</td>
              <td align="center">0.046</td>
              <td align="center">0.319</td>
              <td align="center">0.061</td>
              <td align="center">0.513</td>
              <td align="center">0.341</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF component BPV R</td>
              <td align="center">0.373</td>
              <td align="center">0.538</td>
              <td align="center">0.608</td>
              <td align="center">0.370</td>
              <td align="center">0.445</td>
              <td align="center">0.559</td>
              <td align="center">0.021</td>
              <td align="center">0.343</td>
              <td align="center">0.438</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.233</td>
              <td align="center">0.071</td>
              <td align="center">0.036</td>
              <td align="center">0.236</td>
              <td align="center">0.147</td>
              <td align="center">0.059</td>
              <td align="center">0.948</td>
              <td align="center">0.276</td>
              <td align="center">0.155</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alpha index R</td>
              <td align="center">-0.127</td>
              <td align="center">-0.357</td>
              <td align="center">-0.322</td>
              <td align="center">-0.483</td>
              <td align="center">-0.592</td>
              <td align="center">-0.524</td>
              <td align="center">0.290</td>
              <td align="center">-0.056</td>
              <td align="center">0.063</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.695</td>
              <td align="center">0.255</td>
              <td align="center">0.308</td>
              <td align="center">0.111</td>
              <td align="center">0.043</td>
              <td align="center">0.080</td>
              <td align="center">0.361</td>
              <td align="center">0.863</td>
              <td align="center">0.846</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>AFTER SYMPATHETIC ACTIVATION (Standing&#8209;up maneuver)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total BPV R</td>
              <td align="center">0.418</td>
              <td align="center">0.350</td>
              <td align="center">0.427</td>
              <td align="center">0.138</td>
              <td align="center">-0.172</td>
              <td align="center">0.084</td>
              <td align="center">0.180</td>
              <td align="center">0.392</td>
              <td align="center">0.424</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.176</td>
              <td align="center">0.265</td>
              <td align="center">0.167</td>
              <td align="center">0.670</td>
              <td align="center">0.594</td>
              <td align="center">0.795</td>
              <td align="center">0.575</td>
              <td align="center">0.208</td>
              <td align="center">0.170</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF component BPV R</td>
              <td align="center">0.591</td>
              <td align="center">0.322</td>
              <td align="center">0.385</td>
              <td align="center">0.649</td>
              <td align="center">0.329</td>
              <td align="center">0.413</td>
              <td align="center">-0.074</td>
              <td align="center">0.315</td>
              <td align="center">0.263</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.043</td>
              <td align="center">0.308</td>
              <td align="center">0.217</td>
              <td align="center">0.022</td>
              <td align="center">0.296</td>
              <td align="center">0.183</td>
              <td align="center">0.819</td>
              <td align="center">0.319</td>
              <td align="center">0.409</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alpha index R</td>
              <td align="center">-0.116</td>
              <td align="center">-0.392</td>
              <td align="center">-0.322</td>
              <td align="center">-0.346</td>
              <td align="center">-0.312</td>
              <td align="center">-0.322</td>
              <td align="center">0.191</td>
              <td align="center">-0.503</td>
              <td align="center">-0.270</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.720</td>
              <td align="center">0.208</td>
              <td align="center">0.308</td>
              <td align="center">0.271</td>
              <td align="center">0.324</td>
              <td align="center">0.308</td>
              <td align="center">0.552</td>
              <td align="center">0.095</td>
              <td align="center">0.397</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>DELTA INDEXES (AT REST/AFTER SYMPATHETIC ACTIVATION)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Delta_HRV R</td>
              <td align="center">-0.056</td>
              <td align="center">-0.070</td>
              <td align="center">-0.105</td>
              <td align="center">0.353</td>
              <td align="center">0.081</td>
              <td align="center">-0.042</td>
              <td align="center">-0.541</td>
              <td align="center">-0.168</td>
              <td align="center">-0.340</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.862</td>
              <td align="center">0.829</td>
              <td align="center">0.746</td>
              <td align="center">0.261</td>
              <td align="center">0.803</td>
              <td align="center">0.897</td>
              <td align="center">0.070</td>
              <td align="center">0.602</td>
              <td align="center">0.280</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Delta_LF/HF R</td>
              <td align="center">0.636</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.217</td>
              <td align="center">0.857</td>
              <td align="center">0.385</td>
              <td align="center">0.392</td>
              <td align="center">-0.233</td>
              <td align="center">-0.126</td>
              <td align="center">0.088</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.026</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.499</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.216</td>
              <td align="center">0.208</td>
              <td align="center">0.466</td>
              <td align="center">0.697</td>
              <td align="center">0.787</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Delta LF_BPV R</td>
              <td align="center">0.299</td>
              <td align="center">-0.091</td>
              <td align="center">-0.077</td>
              <td align="center">0.282</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
              <td align="center">-0.035</td>
              <td align="center">-0.170</td>
              <td align="center">-0.035</td>
              <td align="center">-0.217</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.346</td>
              <td align="center">0.779</td>
              <td align="center">0.812</td>
              <td align="center">0.374</td>
              <td align="center">0.974</td>
              <td align="center">0.914</td>
              <td align="center">0.598</td>
              <td align="center">0.914</td>
              <td align="center">0.498</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>BPV: blood pressure variability, LF: low frequency, LF&#173;_BPV: LF component of BPV; FBPM: Short-Term Blood Pressure. Statistic correlation expressed as correlation coefficient (R) and significance (P), obtained by Spearman's test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation between very short- (FBPM) and short-term (24h-ABPM) BP variability parameters - DH group.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">24-hour</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Daytime</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Nighttime</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Time-rate</th>
              <th align="center">Coefficient of variation</th>
              <th align="center">Standard deviation</th>
              <th align="center">Time-rate</th>
              <th align="center">Coefficient of variation</th>
              <th align="center">Standard deviation</th>
              <th align="center">Time-rate</th>
              <th align="center">Coefficient of variation</th>
              <th align="center">Standard deviation</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>AT REST</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total BPV R</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.280</td>
              <td align="center">0.240</td>
              <td align="center">0.210</td>
              <td align="center">0.261</td>
              <td align="center">0.286</td>
              <td align="center">-0.036</td>
              <td align="center">0.026</td>
              <td align="center">0.103</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.486</td>
              <td align="center">0.046</td>
              <td align="center">0.090</td>
              <td align="center">0.152</td>
              <td align="center">0.064</td>
              <td align="center">0.042</td>
              <td align="center">0.807</td>
              <td align="center">0.857</td>
              <td align="center">0.471</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF component BPV R</td>
              <td align="center">0.330</td>
              <td align="center">0.356</td>
              <td align="center">0.347</td>
              <td align="center">0.332</td>
              <td align="center">0.185</td>
              <td align="center">0.259</td>
              <td align="center">0.234</td>
              <td align="center">0.278</td>
              <td align="center">0.337</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.022</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
              <td align="center">0.021</td>
              <td align="center">0.194</td>
              <td align="center">0.066</td>
              <td align="center">0.110</td>
              <td align="center">0.048</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alpha index R</td>
              <td align="center">-0.371</td>
              <td align="center">-0.250</td>
              <td align="center">-0.264</td>
              <td align="center">-0.420</td>
              <td align="center">-0.171</td>
              <td align="center">-0.222</td>
              <td align="center">-0.158</td>
              <td align="center">-0.151</td>
              <td align="center">-0.220</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
              <td align="center">0.076</td>
              <td align="center">0.062</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">0.229</td>
              <td align="center">0.117</td>
              <td align="center">0.283</td>
              <td align="center">0.289</td>
              <td align="center">0.122</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>AFTER SYMPATHETIC ACTIVATION (Standing&#8209;up maneuver)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total BPV R</td>
              <td align="center">0.192</td>
              <td align="center">0.403</td>
              <td align="center">0.413</td>
              <td align="center">0.269</td>
              <td align="center">0.447</td>
              <td align="center">0.486</td>
              <td align="center">0.033</td>
              <td align="center">0.029</td>
              <td align="center">0.176</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.191</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">0.065</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.826</td>
              <td align="center">0.841</td>
              <td align="center">0.218</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF component BPV R</td>
              <td align="center">0.140</td>
              <td align="center">0.274</td>
              <td align="center">0.283</td>
              <td align="center">0.156</td>
              <td align="center">0.166</td>
              <td align="center">0.245</td>
              <td align="center">0.042</td>
              <td align="center">0.090</td>
              <td align="center">0.134</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.341</td>
              <td align="center">0.052</td>
              <td align="center">0.044</td>
              <td align="center">0.290</td>
              <td align="center">0.244</td>
              <td align="center">0.083</td>
              <td align="center">0.777</td>
              <td align="center">0.532</td>
              <td align="center">0.349</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alpha index R</td>
              <td align="center">-0.359</td>
              <td align="center">-0.206</td>
              <td align="center">-0.263</td>
              <td align="center">-0.405</td>
              <td align="center">-0.098</td>
              <td align="center">-0.192</td>
              <td align="center">-0.172</td>
              <td align="center">-0.306</td>
              <td align="center">-0.336</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
              <td align="center">0.146</td>
              <td align="center">0.063</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">0.493</td>
              <td align="center">0.177</td>
              <td align="center">0.243</td>
              <td align="center">0.029</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>DELTA INDEXES (AT REST/AFTER SYMPATHETIC ACTIVATION)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Delta_HRV R</td>
              <td align="center">0.054</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
              <td align="center">-0.011</td>
              <td align="center">-0.003</td>
              <td align="center">-0.045</td>
              <td align="center">-0.058</td>
              <td align="center">0.055</td>
              <td align="center">0.106</td>
              <td align="center">0.059</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.714</td>
              <td align="center">0.901</td>
              <td align="center">0.938</td>
              <td align="center">0.985</td>
              <td align="center">0.754</td>
              <td align="center">0.688</td>
              <td align="center">0.711</td>
              <td align="center">0.460</td>
              <td align="center">0.679</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Delta_LF/HF R</td>
              <td align="center">-0.015</td>
              <td align="center">-0.152</td>
              <td align="center">-0.099</td>
              <td align="center">-0.037</td>
              <td align="center">-0.215</td>
              <td align="center">-0.190</td>
              <td align="center">0.088</td>
              <td align="center">0.097</td>
              <td align="center">0.083</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.922</td>
              <td align="center">0.291</td>
              <td align="center">0.492</td>
              <td align="center">0.807</td>
              <td align="center">0.134</td>
              <td align="center">0.186</td>
              <td align="center">0.557</td>
              <td align="center">0.501</td>
              <td align="center">0.568</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Delta LF_BPV R</td>
              <td align="center">-0.162</td>
              <td align="center">-0.105</td>
              <td align="center">-0.077</td>
              <td align="center">-0.210</td>
              <td align="center">-0.093</td>
              <td align="center">-0.070</td>
              <td align="center">-0.069</td>
              <td align="center">-0.070</td>
              <td align="center">-0.097</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(P)</td>
              <td align="center">0.271</td>
              <td align="center">0.464</td>
              <td align="center">0.590</td>
              <td align="center">0.152</td>
              <td align="center">0.515</td>
              <td align="center">0.623</td>
              <td align="center">0.643</td>
              <td align="center">0.623</td>
              <td align="center">0.500</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>BPV: blood pressure variability, LF: low frequency, LF_BPV: LF component of BPV; DH: Diabetic-Hypertensive. Statistic correlation expressed as correlation coefficient (R) and significance (P), obtained by Spearman's test</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>BP and HR variabilities were assessed in healthy and diabetic-hypertensive individuals by two well-known methods-24h-ABPM and FBPM-, seeking potential concordance between results of each method, which was indeed observed. Correlations between indices of BP variability (time rate with LF component BPV, standard deviation with LF component BPV, and coefficient of variation with total BPV and alpha index) and indices of HR variability (time rate with delta_LF/HF) were high and significant in controls. On the other hand, few moderate correlations were observed in diabetic-hypertensive patients only after sympathetic activation.</p>
      <p>As expected, there were differences between 24h-ABPM indices obtained in total, daytime, and nighttime periods because of the well-known circadian variations of BP levels<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> which occurred in both healthy and diabetic-hypertensive subjects. This leads us to conclude that data were adequately collected. Moreover, periods division showed differences between groups only when data collection included the day period, in accordance with previous reports.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Additionally, indices obtained from FBPM had lower HRV, LF component of HRV, and alpha index (at rest and after standing-up maneuver) in DH <italic>vs.</italic> C group. This finding suggests the presence of autonomic neuropathy in the diabetic population, as expected and previously demonstrated by evaluating similar indices.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In controls, correlations between very short- and short-term BP variability were present with FBPM data at rest and after the standing-up maneuver, but only when daytime data were included. This probably occurs because both methods are evaluating BP signals in similar situations, as 24h-ABPM provides data obtained mostly during routine activities in standing-up position (mean duration of nighttime period ~6.9h). The most significant correlations were those between time-rate index (24h-ABPM) and LF component of BP variability and delta_LF/HF (FBPM); also between the coefficient of variation (24h-ABPM) and between total BPV and the alpha index in all periods that included daytime data. The time-rate index obtained by 24h-ABPM (24-hour or daytime period) in healthy individuals is expected to reflect what the reference standard (FBPM) would show, considering LF component of BP variability and delta_LF/HF.</p>
      <p>The weak correlations observed between 24h-ABPM and FBPM indices in the diabetic-hypertensive group depict a very different pattern, which is certainly related to their disease. Moreover, there was no correlation between short-term variability parameters and delta indices. These correlations are weak even though four times more patients were evaluated, which would show significant correlations if they in fact existed. We cannot exclude that one or both methods employed may provide false results for this specific population once FBPM, for example, depends on attaining good BP signals, and quality of such information was not good because of vascular disorders common to this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Therefore, we do not recommend 24h-ABPM to estimate very short-term BP variability parameters based on short-term variability indices for diabetic-hypertensive individuals.</p>
      <p>Currently, the evaluation of BP variability across the several indices that can be obtained from 24h-ABPM or home blood pressure monitoring is not recommended by guidelines,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> for predicting cardiovascular risk, or as additional goal for antihypertensive therapy, because literature has no consensus on these issues.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> It is possible that evidence available is not strong enough to support this use because the tools used are not so reliable. We suggest that equations derived from the 24h-ABPM measurement for non-diabetic subjects would be useful for risk prediction, but not for diabetic-hypertensive patients. It is unknown, though, whether this pattern occurs in hypertensive-only populations. The use of BP variability reduction as a new target to explore in further intervention trials related to hypertension should only be considered after this information is validated.</p>
      <p>Considering the high prevalence of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> and characteristic changes of this complication detected in the diabetic-hypertensive group (circadian behavior differences, lower spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, HR variability and lower responses to stand-up in the LF/HF ratio vs. controls), we attributed to this complication some of the differences observed in other indices between groups. The standing-up maneuver is usually applied to induce sympathetic activation in very short-term BP variability evaluation, and in fact it induced the expected cardiac autonomic response for many indices in controls, but not for most of them in diabetic-hypertensive individuals.</p>
      <p>Taking clinical characteristics of diabetic-hypertensive subjects into account and bearing in mind that the sample studied was obtained from a tertiary center, many patients were not adequately monitored (BP and metabolic control), indicating a high-risk group. Perhaps in this high-risk population, variability found in 24h-ABPM or other home BP evaluation methods may not successfully qualify higher cardiovascular risk beyond absolute systolic or diastolic BP, as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Also, the age differences found could, at least partially, overestimate the differences between groups, and therefore configure a limitation of this study.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In summary, short-term BP variability measured by time-rate index, standard deviation or coefficient of variation in 24h-ABPM are correlated with LF component BPV and delta_LF/HF obtained from FBPM in nondiabetic individuals. Such findings should be evaluated in further cohort studies adequately designed for this purpose, also seeking relations with hard outcomes. This correlation was not well established in diabetic-hypertensive subjects. Some indices obtained from FBPM for diabetic subjects are promising tools for the diagnosis of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Considering a standard reference for the diagnosis of autonomic neuropathy, these indices and cutoff values should be evaluated in further studies adequately designed for this purpose.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq and FIPE (Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (RS) and Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia under the protocol number 0469.0.001.000-08 and 4313/09. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a Variabilidade da Press&#227;o Arterial de Muito Curto Prazo e Curto Prazo em Indiv&#237;duos Diab&#233;ticos-Hipertensos e Saud&#225;veis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casali</surname>
            <given-names>Karina R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schaan</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montano</surname>
            <given-names>Nicola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Massierer</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>M.F.</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tel&#243;</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ledur</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reinheimer</surname>
            <given-names>Marilia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sbruzzi</surname>
            <given-names>Graciele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gus</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">L. Sacco Hospital - University of Milan, Milan - It&#225;lia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gabriela Tel&#243;</bold>, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400 - 2&#176; andar sala 218. CEP 90035-003, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>gabitelo@hcpa.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Casali KR, Schaan B, Montano N, Massierer D, Neto FMF, Tel&#243; G, Ledur PS, Reinheimer M, Sbruzzi G, Gus M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Casali KR, Schaan B, Montano N, Massierer D, Tel&#243; G, Ledur PS, Reinheimer M, Sbruzzi G, Gus M; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Casali KR, Neto FMF, Tel&#243; G, Gus M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Schaan B, Gus M; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Casali KR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Schaan B, Montano N, Massierer D, Neto FMF, Tel&#243; G, Ledur PS, Reinheimer M, Sbruzzi G, Gus M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial (PA) pode ser avaliada por meio da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da PA em 24 horas (MAPA-24h), mas sua concord&#226;ncia com os resultados da medi&#231;&#227;o da PA digital (MPAD) ainda n&#227;o foi estabelecida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os par&#226;metros da variabilidade a curto prazo (MAPA-24h) com a variabilidade da PA a muito curto prazo (MPAD) em sujeitos saud&#225;veis (C) e diab&#233;ticos-hipertensos (DH).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com 51 sujeitos DH e 12 sujeitos C que se submeteram a MAPA-24h [extraindo <italic>time rate</italic>, desvio padr&#227;o (SD) e coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o (CV)] e registro batimento-a-batimento em repouso e ap&#243;s manobra de manobra de ortostatismo ativo [MPAD, extraindo par&#226;metros de variabilidade da PA e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia, an&#225;lise espectral por modelagem autoregressiva]. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de postos de Spearman foi utilizado para correlacionar os par&#226;metros de variabilidade de PA e FC obtidos tanto da MPAD quanto da MAPA-24h (dividida em dia, noite e total). A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Houve uma varia&#231;&#227;o circadiana dos n&#237;veis de PA nos grupos C e DH; A PA sist&#243;lica e a taxa de tempo foram maiores em indiv&#237;duos DH em todos os per&#237;odos avaliados. Em indiv&#237;duos C, foram apresentadas altas correla&#231;&#245;es positivas entre o &#237;ndice de taxa de tempo (MAPA-24h) e o componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF, do ingl&#234;s <italic>low frequency</italic>) da variabilidade de curto prazo (MPAD, total, R = 0,591, p = 0,043); desvio padr&#227;o (MAPA-24h) com o componente de LF VPA (MPAD, total, R = 0,608, p = 0,036), coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o (24h-ABPM) com VPA total (MPAD, dia, -0,585, p = 0,046) e &#237;ndice alfa (MPAD, dia, -0,592, p = 0,043), taxa de tempo (MAPA-24h) e delta LF/HF (MPAD, total, R = 0,636, p = 0,026; dia R = 0,857, p &lt; 0,001). Os registros obtidos dos pacientes DH apresentaram correla&#231;&#245;es positivas fracas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Os &#237;ndices obtidos a partir da MAPA-24h (total, durante o dia) refletem a variabilidade da PA e da FC avaliada pela MPAD em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, o que n&#227;o se aplica a indiv&#237;duos DH.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial (PA) resulta da intera&#231;&#227;o entre os est&#237;mulos ambientais externos, o sistema vascular e a autorregula&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica da circula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> As anormalidades na variabilidade da PA, avaliadas pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial cont&#237;nua intra-arterial da PA, est&#227;o associadas a resultados desfavor&#225;veis em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> M&#233;todos n&#227;o-invasivos, como a medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o digital (MPAD), s&#227;o boas alternativas &#224; monitoriza&#231;&#227;o invasiva da PA, uma vez que s&#227;o estimativas n&#227;o-invasivas precisas da PA radial cont&#237;nua entre cada batimento, fornecendo dados que podem estimar a variabilidade da PA a muito curto prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Al&#233;m disso, os registros entre cada batimento permitem a extra&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) que est&#225; diretamente relacionada ao comprometimento do controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e associada a resultados desfavor&#225;veis tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o geral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> quanto na diab&#233;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No entanto, devido a raz&#245;es pr&#225;ticas e econ&#244;micas, esse m&#233;todo n&#227;o pode ser rotineiramente utilizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes ambulatoriais.</p>
        <p>O desenvolvimento de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da PA n&#227;o invasiva de 24 horas (MAPA-24h), com leituras m&#250;ltiplas ao longo do dia e da noite, possibilitou a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estimativas de curto prazo da variabilidade da PA por meio de diversos &#237;ndices poss&#237;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Entretanto, existem diferen&#231;as importantes entre a variabilidade da PA obtida a partir de registros realizados entre cada batimento e os obtidos por MAPA-24h. Al&#233;m da dura&#231;&#227;o da s&#233;rie - a muito curto prazo (MPAD) ou a curto prazo (MAPA-24h) -, s&#233;ries de PA obtidas pela MPAD permitem estudar a variabilidade entre cada batimento, enquanto as s&#233;ries MAPA-24h s&#227;o amostradas a cada 10-15 minutos dentro de 24 horas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Embora os m&#233;todos n&#227;o-invasivos de aferi&#231;&#227;o a cada batimento permitam detectar oscila&#231;&#245;es r&#225;pidas resultantes de varia&#231;&#245;es entre as batimentos, n&#227;o apresentam efici&#234;ncia para acessar ondas muito lentas em s&#233;ries curtas. O m&#233;todo MAPA-24h, por sua vez, s&#243; detecta varia&#231;&#245;es lentas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Como ambos os m&#233;todos fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es sobre sinais de PA provenientes do mesmo sistema cardiovascular, espera-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre componentes oscilat&#243;rios de bandas sobrepostas obtidas a partir da MPAD e da MAPA-24h. No entanto, estudos sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a variabilidade da PA avaliada por &#237;ndices MAPA-24h e danos nos &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo mostraram resultados contradit&#243;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nosso artigo teve como objetivo comparar tr&#234;s par&#226;metros diferentes da variabilidade da PA a curto prazo na MAPA-24h, com variabilidade da PA a muito curto prazo medida por &#237;ndices obtidos da MPAD em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com alto risco cardiovascular, composta por indiv&#237;duos DH.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Este estudo transversal foi realizado no ambulat&#243;rio do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (RS), um hospital terci&#225;rio de ensino, e no Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2012. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica de ambas as Institui&#231;&#245;es (n<sup>(os)</sup> 0469.0.001.000-08 e 4313/09, respectivamente), que s&#227;o credenciadas pelo Escrit&#243;rio de Prote&#231;&#227;o &#224; Pesquisa Humana como um Conselho de Revis&#227;o Institucional, de acordo com os princ&#237;pios delineados na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Ap&#243;s a aprova&#231;&#227;o do protocolo, todos os sujeitos assinaram um termo de consentimento informado para a participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo. Pacientes adultos de ambos os sexos entre 18 e 65 anos com hipertens&#227;o e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 foram convidados a participar do estudo (grupo DH). O grupo controle (C) consistiu de sujeitos h&#237;gidos, ou seja, sem diagn&#243;stico ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o para hipertens&#227;o e diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; coleta de dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos de base. O diabetes mellitus foi definido por dois resultados de glicose plasm&#225;tica em jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dl ou pelo uso de agentes antidiab&#233;ticos ou hist&#243;rico pessoal de diabetes. A press&#227;o arterial foi medida com um esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide no ambulat&#243;rio e os valores m&#233;dios foram estimados ap&#243;s a m&#233;dia de duas medidas. O tamanho do manguito foi selecionado de acordo com a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. A hipertens&#227;o foi definida por press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia &#8805; 140/90 mmHg ou pelo uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. Ap&#243;s a coleta de dados de linha de base, os sujeitos foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente para avalia&#231;&#245;es, sendo submetidos pela primeira vez &#224; MAPA-24h ou &#224; MPAD. O intervalo entre os dois exames n&#227;o era superior a 15 dias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial a curto prazo (MAPA-24h)</title>
          <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a uma MAPA-24h em um dia &#250;til normal, com o uso de um monitor Spacelabs 90207 (Spacelabs, Redmond, WA). As medi&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas a cada 15 minutos das 7 da manh&#227; &#224;s 11 da noite, e a cada 20 minutos a partir das 11 da noite &#224;s 7 da manh&#227; para completar as 24 horas do per&#237;odo estipulado para o estudo. O tamanho do manguito foi selecionado de acordo com a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o dos sujeitos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Com base nos resultados da MAPA-24h, as press&#245;es sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) m&#233;dias durante as 24 horas foram calculadas para cada paciente. Foram considerados tr&#234;s par&#226;metros diferentes da variabilidade da PAS: 1) &#237;ndice de taxa de tempo (taxa de varia&#231;&#227;o da PAS ao passar do tempo em mmHg/min, definida como os primeiros valores derivativos da PAS divididos pelo tempo); 2) coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o da PAS em 24 horas (DP/press&#227;o m&#233;dia x 100%); e 3) desvio padr&#227;o m&#233;dio da PAS de 24 horas. O &#237;ndice de taxa de tempo permite o c&#225;lculo da soma dos coeficientes angulares e visa medir o qu&#227;o r&#225;pido ou lento e em que dire&#231;&#227;o os valores da PAS mudam. A medida foi calculada por meio da seguinte f&#243;rmula, onde R &#233; a taxa de variabilidade da PA ao longo do tempo (considerando as diferen&#231;as entre as medidas de PA em cada intervalo de tempo) e N &#233; o n&#250;mero de registros:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <disp-formula id="e3">
              <mml:math id="e03">
                <mml:semantics>
                  <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                    <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">R</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mfenced close="|" open="|">
                      <mml:mover>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">r</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo accent="true">&#175;</mml:mo>
                      </mml:mover>
                    </mml:mfenced>
                    <mml:mfrac>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:msubsup>
                          <mml:mo>&#8721;</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">i</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                          </mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">N</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                            <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                          </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:msubsup>
                        <mml:mfenced close="|" open="|">
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">ri</mml:mi>
                        </mml:mfenced>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="italic">N</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mfrac>
                  </mml:mstyle>
                </mml:semantics>
              </mml:math>
            </disp-formula>
          </p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, considerando as varia&#231;&#245;es circadianas da PA e poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre os par&#226;metros das MAPA-24h diurnas e noturnas, os dados foram divididos em dia e noite de acordo com os relat&#243;rios dos pacientes e foram analisados separadamente, considerando ambos os per&#237;odos. As diferen&#231;as de comportamento circadiano foram calculadas subtraindo-se os valores do per&#237;odo noturno dos valores diurnos para cada par&#226;metro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial de muito curto prazo (MPAD)</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi gravada de forma cont&#237;nua entre cada batimento, com base no sistema FINAPRES (Ohmeda 2300, Monitoring Systems, Englewood, CO, EUA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Neste m&#233;todo, a onda de press&#227;o pode ser monitorada continuamente por um sensor colocado no dedo m&#233;dio n&#227;o dominante do paciente, detectando pequenas oscila&#231;&#245;es apenas. O protocolo experimental teve medidas em dois est&#225;gios diferentes: dez minutos em repouso em uma posi&#231;&#227;o sentada e dez minutos ap&#243;s a manobra de ortostatismo ativo (ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica).</p>
          <p>O sinal da PA foi digitalizado pelo sistema CODAS (Computer Operated Data Acquisition Software; DATAQ, Instruments, AKRON, OH, USA), com amostragem de 1 kHz e analisado para cada condi&#231;&#227;o. Os tacogramas de intervalos de pulsos (IP) e as s&#233;ries de sistogramas arteriais sist&#243;licos (AS) foram constru&#237;dos por meio do algoritmo de Windaq/DATAQ, que identifica os picos sist&#243;licos a partir das ondas da PA. As s&#233;ries de sistogramas e tacogramas foram analisadas por an&#225;lise espectral (an&#225;lise de dom&#237;nio de frequ&#234;ncia) com o uso de um modelo autorregressivo aplicado a intervalos estacion&#225;rios, que foram selecionados em cada condi&#231;&#227;o de segmento. A estacionariedade de cada s&#233;rie de tempo foi testada como relatado anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> As varia&#231;&#245;es de PA e FC a curto prazo foram avaliadas com base em an&#225;lises de sistogramas e tacogramas, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>Em humanos, a an&#225;lise de dom&#237;nio de frequ&#234;ncia considera tr&#234;s bandas distintas: alta frequ&#234;ncia (<italic>high frequency</italic> - HF), que inclui o intervalo entre 0,15 Hz e 0,4 Hz; baixa frequ&#234;ncia (<italic>low frequency</italic> - LF) entre 0,04 Hz e 0,15 Hz; e muito baixa frequ&#234;ncia (<italic>very low frequency</italic> - VLF), inferior a 0,04 Hz.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A mesma an&#225;lise foi aplicada &#224;s s&#233;ries de tacograma. Entre os par&#226;metros obtidos por an&#225;lise de dom&#237;nio de frequ&#234;ncia, os componentes de LF e HF s&#227;o distinguidos por signific&#226;ncia fisiol&#243;gica. Eles est&#227;o principalmente relacionados a modula&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas simp&#225;ticas e parassimp&#225;ticas, respectivamente; a rela&#231;&#227;o entre eles - &#237;ndice LF/HF - est&#225; relacionada ao equil&#237;brio simp&#225;tico-vagal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> E os poderes absolutos dos componentes LF e VLF est&#227;o predominantemente relacionados &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica vascular e &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina na PAS, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O &#237;ndice alfa foi obtido a partir da raiz quadrada da raz&#227;o entre os componentes LF do tacograma e do sistograma quando a coer&#234;ncia - avaliada por correla&#231;&#227;o espectral - foi maior que 0,5 entre as bandas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> e expressou sensibilidade barorreflexa espont&#226;nea. Todas as s&#233;ries foram analisadas por um pesquisador treinado que tamb&#233;m estava cego &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es e aos sujeitos.</p>
          <p>Os &#237;ndices Delta foram calculados para a variabilidade de FC (VFC), &#237;ndice de LF/HF e componente LF da VPA, com o uso de valores vari&#225;veis antes (repouso) e ap&#243;s a manobra de ortostatismo ativo (ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, AS) para a normaliza&#231;&#227;o, da seguinte forma:</p>
          <p>
            <disp-formula id="e4">
              <mml:math id="e04">
                <mml:semantics>
                  <mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt">
                    <mml:mi>Delta</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mfrac>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi>AS</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>REPOUSO</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>REPOUSO</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mfrac>
                  </mml:mstyle>
                </mml:semantics>
              </mml:math>
            </disp-formula>
          </p>
          <p>Esses &#237;ndices foram previamente propostos para quantificar as respostas auton&#244;micas &#224; manobra de suspens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas</title>
          <p>As amostras de sangue venoso para medi&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas foram coletadas ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum. A glicose plasm&#225;tica foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo da glicose oxidase, a creatinina s&#233;rica pela rea&#231;&#227;o de Jaff&#233; e a hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) por HPLC de permuta i&#243;nica (analisador Merck-Hitachi L-9100 HbA1c, Merck, Darmstadt, Alemanha). O colesterol s&#233;rico e os triglicer&#237;deos foram medidos por m&#233;todos enzim&#225;ticos colorim&#233;tricos (Merck Diagnostica, Darmstadt, Alemanha, Boehringer Mannheim, Buenos Aires, Argentina) e colesterol HDL por meio de um m&#233;todo direto homog&#234;neo (autoanalizador, ADVIA 1650). O colesterol de lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade (LDL) foi calculado por meio da f&#243;rmula de Friedewald.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou medianas e intervalos interquartis, de acordo com gr&#225;ficos de normalidade com testes e porcentagens. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis entre os grupos foram utilizados os testes chi-quadrado de Pearson, <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado, soma de pontos Mann-Whitney, ANOVA de duas vias com medidas repetidas ou an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para medidas repetidas de Friedman e Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc, conforme indicado. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre os diferentes &#237;ndices obtidos por MAPA-24h e MPAD foi analisada pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. As correla&#231;&#245;es eram consideradas apenas para discuss&#227;o se fossem estatisticamente significativas e representassem tamanhos de grande efeito, conforme definido por um coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,50 ou superior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o pacote de software estat&#237;stico SPSS vers&#227;o 17.0 para Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Doze indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (C) e 73 pacientes DH foram selecionados. Todos os C e 51 DH tinham dados completos de MAPA-24h e MPAD. Os controles eram compostos por indiv&#237;duos de 51,7 &#177; 8,1 anos com 50% de homens. O grupo DH apresentava 57,3 &#177; 8,1 anos e era formado por 12% de homens. Nesse grupo, 54,9% tinham a PA no consult&#243;rio bem controlada (&lt; 130/80 mmHg) e 35,8% tinham bom controle metab&#243;lico (HbA1c &lt; 7,0%). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de sujeitos controles (C) e diab&#233;ticos-hipertensos (DH)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Controles (n = 12)</th>
                <th align="center">Diab&#233;ticos-hipertensos (n = 51)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">51,6 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">57,3 &#177; 8,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">6 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (20,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">23,5 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">30,5 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS no consult&#243;rio (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">116,0 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">139,2 &#177; 17,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD no consult&#243;rio (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">77,0 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">80,9 &#177; 11,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,086</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da diabetes (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">6,9 (3,0-10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia de jejum (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">156,5 &#177; 55,1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HbA1c (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">181. 2 &#177; 32,6</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">42,6 &#177; 13,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">180,5 (132,8 - 248,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatina (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Microalbuminuria (&gt; 17 &#181;g/min)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">14 (27,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; FBPM: Short-Term Blood Pressure. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou intervalo mediano e interquartil (p25-p75) e percentis. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o expressas como n&#250;mero (%). As compara&#231;&#245;es foram testadas pelo teste chi-quadrado de Pearson e pelo teste t de Student.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os resultados da variabilidade da PA a curto prazo (MAPA-24h) s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>. Houve diferen&#231;as entre os &#237;ndices obtidos a partir dos per&#237;odos total, diurno e noturno para grupos C e DH, confirmando as varia&#231;&#245;es circadianas esperadas e justificando a divis&#227;o em per&#237;odos. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos C e DH s&#227;o representadas pelo gr&#225;fico de barras, que mostra PAS e taxa de tempo mais alta obtida das aferi&#231;&#245;es feitas no grupo DH para todos os per&#237;odos avaliados. A m&#233;dia do desvio padr&#227;o e o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o da PAS de 24 horas foram diferentes entre C e DH apenas durante o dia. As diferen&#231;as de comportamento circadiano, calculadas pela subtra&#231;&#227;o dos valores noturnos dos valores diurnos, mostram uma redu&#231;&#227;o menor da PAS m&#233;dia na noite em pacientes DH, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles. As diferen&#231;as obtidas para o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o e a m&#233;dia do desvio padr&#227;o da PAS de 24 horas foram positivas no grupo DH, negativas no grupo C e diferentes entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Variabilidade a curto prazo da PA (MAPA-24h). Os dados s&#227;o exibidos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. An&#225;lise usando registros de 24 horas (total) divididos em per&#237;odos diurnos e noturnos. O gr&#225;fico mostra uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos de controles (C, barras verdes) e diab&#233;ticos-hipertensos (DH, barras azuis), incluindo tamb&#233;m diferen&#231;as de comportamento circadiano calculadas pela subtra&#231;&#227;o de valores noturnos de valores diurnos (Diferen&#231;a representada pelas &#250;ltimas barras de cada gr&#225;fico). *p &lt; 0,05 vs. C, teste t de Student. A tabela mostra todos os valores comparados pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia em classifica&#231;&#227;o de Friedman para medidas repetidas, Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc. &#134; p &lt; 0,05 vs. per&#237;odo total; # p &lt; 0,05 vs. per&#237;odo diurno.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0157-80020-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os resultados da variabilidade da PA a curto prazo e da variabilidade da FC (MPAD) obtidos por an&#225;lise espectral s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>. Como esperado, a PA foi maior em pacientes DH do que no grupo C em repouso e ap&#243;s a manobra de ortostatismo ativo. A variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o componente LF da VFC e o &#237;ndice alfa foram menores em pacientes DH do que no grupo C. A manobra de ortostatismo ativo, aplicada para induzir a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, resultou em diferen&#231;as para todos os componentes da variabilidade de FC, mostrando a resposta esperada a essa manobra em ambos grupos. No entanto, a variabilidade da PA n&#227;o mudou ap&#243;s a manobra em indiv&#237;duos DH e o &#237;ndice alfa (sensibilidade barorreflexa espont&#226;nea) foi menor em repouso e ap&#243;s a manobra nesse grupo quando comparado aos controles.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial a muito curto prazo e variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (MPAD) em repouso e ap&#243;s manobra de bipedista&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">C (n = 12)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">DH (n = 51)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Em repouso</th>
                <th align="center">Em p&#233;</th>
                <th align="center">Em repouso</th>
                <th align="center">Em p&#233;</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo</th>
                <th align="center">Condi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Intera&#231;&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA m&#233;dia (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">114,6 &#177; 23,6</td>
                <td align="center">112,6 &#177; 18,2</td>
                <td align="center">129,4 &#177; 17,7</td>
                <td align="center">123,8 &#177; 21,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
                <td align="center">0,494</td>
                <td align="center">0,147</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VPA a muito curto prazo (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">21,57 &#177; 12,20</td>
                <td align="center">37,17 &#177; 16,12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">25,27 &#177; 20,08</td>
                <td align="center">25,23 &#177; 23,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,504</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
                <td align="center">0,047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Componente de LF da VPA (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,80 &#177; 1,13</td>
                <td align="center">13,84 &#177; 11,93</td>
                <td align="center">4,59 &#177; 6,02</td>
                <td align="center">9,26 &#177; 10,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,879</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Componente de HF da VPA (mmHg<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 &#177; 1,57</td>
                <td align="center">3,73 &#177; 3,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3,44 &#177; 3,46<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2,25 &#177; 1,64<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,538</td>
                <td align="center">0,323</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC m&#233;dia (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">66,2 &#177; 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">77,8 &#177; 8,7<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">70,8 &#177; 11,9</td>
                <td align="center">77,2 &#177; 13,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,419</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VFC (s<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,47 &#177; 1,71</td>
                <td align="center">1,07 &#177; 0,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 &#177; 0,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,45 &#177; 0,42</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">0,658</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Componente de LF da VFC (nu)</td>
                <td align="center">40,77 &#177; 16,84</td>
                <td align="center">61,48 &#177; 16,90</td>
                <td align="center">31,08 &#177; 21,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">40,69 &#177; 23,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,339</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Componente de AF da VFC (nu)</td>
                <td align="center">50,65 &#177; 14,79</td>
                <td align="center">30,07 &#177; 15,33</td>
                <td align="center">49,91 &#177; 22,35</td>
                <td align="center">36,19 &#177; 20,48</td>
                <td align="center">0,842</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,464</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice LF/HF</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 &#177; 0,76</td>
                <td align="center">3,33 &#177; 3,16</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 &#177; 1,54</td>
                <td align="center">2,69 &#177; 4,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,902</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,744</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice alfa (ms/mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">15,04 &#177; 9,75</td>
                <td align="center">6,43 &#177; 5,24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8,24 &#177; 7,70<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">#</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4,72 &#177; 3,89<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Dados exibidos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; VFC: variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PA: press&#227;o arterial; VPA: Variabilidade da PA; LF: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. condi&#231;&#227;o de repouso;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. C; FBPM: Short-Term Blood Pressure. ANOVA de duas vias com medidas repetidas. Post hoc Student-Newman-Keuls.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A resposta auton&#244;mica &#224; manobra de ortostatismo ativo avaliada pelos &#237;ndices delta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>) teve uma resposta menor para a rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF no grupo DH em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C. As mudan&#231;as na variabilidade do Delta VFC e delta LF/HF (VPA) n&#227;o foram diferentes.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resposta auton&#244;mica &#224; manobra de manobra de ortostatismo ativo, conforme avaliado por &#237;ndices delta: Delta VFC (variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), delta LF/HF (baixa frequ&#234;ncia/alta frequ&#234;ncia) e delta de LF da variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial (LF_VPA), calculado a partir da variabilidade da FC, &#237;ndice de LF/HF e componente de LF da VPA, respectivamente. Diagramas de caixa (mediana, 25% e 75% de intervalos interquartis) mostrando compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos controles (C, barras verdes) e hipertensos-diab&#233;ticos (DH, barras azuis). * p &lt; 0,001 e ** p = 0,009 vs. C, teste U de Mann-Whitney.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0157-80020-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As correla&#231;&#245;es entre as variabilidades de PA de muito curto e curto prazo s&#227;o mostradas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabelas 3</xref> (grupo C) e 4 (grupo DH). No grupo C, algumas correla&#231;&#245;es foram encontradas para a aferi&#231;&#227;o em repouso, e algumas ap&#243;s a manobra de ortostatismo ativo. Em repouso, o desvio padr&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica de 24 horas (MAPA-24h) foi positivamente correlacionado com o componente LF da variabilidade da PA (MPAD) na avalia&#231;&#227;o de 24 horas; o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o (MAPA-24h) foi correlacionado negativamente com a variabilidade da PA total e o &#237;ndice alfa (MPAD) durante o dia. Ap&#243;s a manobra de ortostatismo ativo, a taxa de tempo (MAPA-24h) foi positivamente correlacionada com o componente LF da variabilidade da PA (MPAD, 24 horas e dia). A taxa de tempo (MAPA-24h) foi correlacionada com o delta_LF/HF (MPAD, 24 horas e dia). No grupo DH, embora algumas correla&#231;&#245;es tenham sido estatisticamente significativas, nenhuma delas apresentou tamanho de efeito significante (coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de 0,50 ou superior). Os tamanhos de efeito m&#233;dios (coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;ximo a 0,50) foram mostrados para a variabilidade da PA total (MAPA-24h), coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o e desvio padr&#227;o (MPAD, 24 horas e dia). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros de variabilidade de muito curto prazo (MAPA-24h) e de curto prazo (MPAD), considerando-se &#237;ndices delta para sujeitos DH.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre par&#226;metros de variabilidade da PA a muito curto prazo (MPAD) e curto prazo (MAPA-24h) - Grupo controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">24 horas</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Dia</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Noite</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Taxa de tempo</th>
                <th align="center">Coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Desvio padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Taxa de tempo</th>
                <th align="center">Coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Desvio padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Taxa de tempo</th>
                <th align="center">Coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Desvio padr&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>EM REPOUSO</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VPA Total R</td>
                <td align="center">0,236</td>
                <td align="center">-0,042</td>
                <td align="center">-0,007</td>
                <td align="center">-0,247</td>
                <td align="center">-0,585</td>
                <td align="center">-0,315</td>
                <td align="center">0,555</td>
                <td align="center">0,210</td>
                <td align="center">0,301</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(P)</td>
                <td align="center">0,461</td>
                <td align="center">0,897</td>
                <td align="center">0,983</td>
                <td align="center">0,439</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
                <td align="center">0,319</td>
                <td align="center">0,061</td>
                <td align="center">0,513</td>
                <td align="center">0,341</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Componente de LF da VPA R</td>
                <td align="center">0,373</td>
                <td align="center">0,538</td>
                <td align="center">0,608</td>
                <td align="center">0,370</td>
                <td align="center">0,445</td>
                <td align="center">0,559</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
                <td align="center">0,343</td>
                <td align="center">0,438</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(P)</td>
                <td align="center">0,233</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
                <td align="center">0,036</td>
                <td align="center">0,236</td>
                <td align="center">0,147</td>
                <td align="center">0,059</td>
                <td align="center">0,948</td>
                <td align="center">0,276</td>
                <td align="center">0,155</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice alfa R</td>
                <td align="center">-0,127</td>
                <td align="center">-0,357</td>
                <td align="center">-0,322</td>
                <td align="center">-0,483</td>
                <td align="center">-0,592</td>
                <td align="center">-0,524</td>
                <td align="center">0,290</td>
                <td align="center">-0,056</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(P)</td>
                <td align="center">0,695</td>
                <td align="center">0,255</td>
                <td align="center">0,308</td>
                <td align="center">0,111</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
                <td align="center">0,361</td>
                <td align="center">0,863</td>
                <td align="center">0,846</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>AP&#211;S ATIVA&#199;&#195;O SIMP&#193;TICA (Manobra de manobra de ortostatismo ativo)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VPA Total R</td>
                <td align="center">0,418</td>
                <td align="center">0,350</td>
                <td align="center">0,427</td>
                <td align="center">0,138</td>
                <td align="center">-0,172</td>
                <td align="center">0,084</td>
                <td align="center">0,180</td>
                <td align="center">0,392</td>
                <td align="center">0,424</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(P)</td>
                <td align="center">0,176</td>
                <td align="center">0,265</td>
                <td align="center">0,167</td>
                <td align="center">0,670</td>
                <td align="center">0,594</td>
                <td align="center">0,795</td>
                <td align="center">0,575</td>
                <td align="center">0,208</td>
                <td align="center">0,170</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Componente de LF da VPA R</td>
                <td align="center">0,591</td>
                <td align="center">0,322</td>
                <td align="center">0,385</td>
                <td align="center">0,649</td>
                <td align="center">0,329</td>
                <td align="center">0,413</td>
                <td align="center">-0,074</td>
                <td align="center">0,315</td>
                <td align="center">0,263</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(P)</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
                <td align="center">0,308</td>
                <td align="center">0,217</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
                <td align="center">0,296</td>
                <td align="center">0,183</td>
                <td align="center">0,819</td>
                <td align="center">0,319</td>
                <td align="center">0,409</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice alfa R</td>
                <td align="center">-0,116</td>
                <td align="center">-0,392</td>
                <td align="center">-0,322</td>
                <td align="center">-0,346</td>
                <td align="center">-0,312</td>
                <td align="center">-0,322</td>
                <td align="center">0,191</td>
                <td align="center">-0,503</td>
                <td align="center">-0,270</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(P)</td>
                <td align="center">0,720</td>
                <td align="center">0,208</td>
                <td align="center">0,308</td>
                <td align="center">0,271</td>
                <td align="center">0,324</td>
                <td align="center">0,308</td>
                <td align="center">0,552</td>
                <td align="center">0,095</td>
                <td align="center">0,397</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>&#205;NDICES DELTA (EM REPOUSO/AP&#211;S ATVIA&#199;&#195;O SIMP&#193;TICA)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Delta_VFC R</td>
                <td align="center">-0,056</td>
                <td align="center">-0,070</td>
                <td align="center">-0,105</td>
                <td align="center">0,353</td>
                <td align="center">0,081</td>
                <td align="center">-0,042</td>
                <td align="center">-0,541</td>
                <td align="center">-0,168</td>
                <td align="center">-0,340</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(P)</td>
                <td align="center">0,862</td>
                <td align="center">0,829</td>
                <td align="center">0,746</td>
                <td align="center">0,261</td>
                <td align="center">0,803</td>
                <td align="center">0,897</td>
                <td align="center">0,070</td>
                <td align="center">0,602</td>
                <td align="center">0,280</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Delta_LF/HF R</td>
                <td align="center">0,636</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,217</td>
                <td align="center">0,857</td>
                <td align="center">0,385</td>
                <td align="center">0,392</td>
                <td align="center">-0,233</td>
                <td align="center">-0,126</td>
                <td align="center">0,088</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(P)</td>
                <td align="center">0,026</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,499</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,216</td>
                <td align="center">0,208</td>
                <td align="center">0,466</td>
                <td align="center">0,697</td>
                <td align="center">0,787</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Delta LF_VPA R</td>
                <td align="center">0,299</td>
                <td align="center">-0,091</td>
                <td align="center">-0,077</td>
                <td align="center">0,282</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
                <td align="center">-0,035</td>
                <td align="center">-0,170</td>
                <td align="center">-0,035</td>
                <td align="center">-0,217</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(P)</td>
                <td align="center">0,346</td>
                <td align="center">0,779</td>
                <td align="center">0,812</td>
                <td align="center">0,374</td>
                <td align="center">0,974</td>
                <td align="center">0,914</td>
                <td align="center">0,598</td>
                <td align="center">0,914</td>
                <td align="center">0,498</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>VPA: variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial; LF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; LF_VPA: Componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia da VPA; FBPM: Short-Term Blood Pressure. Correla&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica expressa como coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (R) e signific&#226;ncia (P), obtida pela correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>As variabilidades de PA e FC foram avaliadas em indiv&#237;duos DH e saud&#225;veis por dois m&#233;todos bem conhecidos - MAPA-24h e MPAD. O presente estudo buscou poss&#237;veis concord&#226;ncias entre os resultados de cada m&#233;todo, o que de fato foi observado. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre &#237;ndices de variabilidade da PA (taxa de tempo com o componente LF da VPA, desvio padr&#227;o com componente LF da VPA e coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o com VPA total e &#237;ndice alfa) e &#237;ndices de variabilidade de FC (taxa de tempo com delta_LF/HF) foram altas e significativas no grupo controle. Por outro lado, pequenas correla&#231;&#245;es moderadas foram observadas em pacientes DH somente ap&#243;s a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica.</p>
        <p>Como esperado, houve diferen&#231;as entre os &#237;ndices MAPA-24h obtidos nos per&#237;odos total, diurno e noturno devido &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es circadianas bem conhecidas dos n&#237;veis de PA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> que ocorreram em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e DH. Isso nos leva a concluir que os dados foram adequadamente coletados. Al&#233;m disso, a divis&#227;o de per&#237;odos mostrou diferen&#231;as entre os grupos apenas quando a coleta de dados incluiu o per&#237;odo do dia, de acordo com relatos anteriores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, os &#237;ndices obtidos a partir da MPAD apresentaram menores VFC, componente LF da VFC e &#237;ndice alfa (em repouso e ap&#243;s a manobra de ortostatismo ativo) no grupo DH comparado ao grupo C. Esse achado sugere a presen&#231;a de neuropatia auton&#244;mica na popula&#231;&#227;o diab&#233;tica, conforme esperado e previamente demonstrado pela avalia&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ndices similares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nos controles, as correla&#231;&#245;es entre a variabilidade da PA de muito curto e curto prazo estavam presentes com dados de MPAD em repouso e ap&#243;s a manobra de ortostatismo ativo, mas somente quando os dados diurnos foram inclu&#237;dos. Isso provavelmente ocorre porque ambos os m&#233;todos avaliam sinais de PA em situa&#231;&#245;es semelhantes, pois a MAPA de 24 horas fornece dados obtidos principalmente durante atividades de rotina com indiv&#237;duos em p&#233; (dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do per&#237;odo noturno ~6,9h). As correla&#231;&#245;es mais significativas foram as entre o &#237;ndice de taxa de tempo (MAPA-24h) e o componente LF da variabilidade da PA e delta_LF/HF (MPAD). Tamb&#233;m encontramos correla&#231;&#245;es significantes com o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o (MAPA-24h) e entre o VPA total e o &#237;ndice alfa em todos os per&#237;odos que inclu&#237;ram dados diurnos. Espera-se que o &#237;ndice de taxa de tempo obtido por MAPA-24h (per&#237;odo de 24 horas ou dia) em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis reflita o que o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia (MPAD) mostraria, considerando o componente LF da variabilidade da PA e delta_LF/HF.</p>
        <p>As fracas correla&#231;&#245;es observadas entre os &#237;ndices MAPA-24h e MPAD no grupo DH representam um padr&#227;o muito diferente, que certamente est&#225; relacionado &#224; doen&#231;a. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros de variabilidade de curto prazo e os &#237;ndices delta. Essas correla&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o fracas, embora um n&#250;mero quatro vezes maior de pacientes tenha sido avaliado, o que mostraria correla&#231;&#245;es significativas se de fato existissem. N&#227;o podemos excluir que um ou ambos os m&#233;todos empregados possam fornecer resultados falsos para esta popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica, uma vez que a MPAD, por exemplo, depende da obten&#231;&#227;o de bons sinais de PA e a qualidade dessa informa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o era boa por causa de dist&#250;rbios vasculares comuns a essa popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Portanto, n&#227;o recomendamos a MAPA-24h para estimar par&#226;metros de variabilidade da PA de muito curto prazo com base em &#237;ndices de variabilidade de curto prazo para indiv&#237;duos DH.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da PA para os v&#225;rios &#237;ndices que podem ser obtidos a partir da MAPA-24h ou da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o dom&#233;stica da press&#227;o arterial n&#227;o &#233; recomendada por diretrizes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> para a previs&#227;o de risco cardiovascular ou como objetivo adicional para a terapia anti-hipertensiva, j&#225; que a literatura n&#227;o apresenta um consenso sobre estas quest&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> &#201; poss&#237;vel que a evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel n&#227;o seja suficientemente forte para suportar esse uso porque as ferramentas utilizadas n&#227;o s&#227;o t&#227;o confi&#225;veis. Sugerimos que as equa&#231;&#245;es derivadas da medi&#231;&#227;o MAPA-24h para indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos seriam &#250;teis para a predi&#231;&#227;o de risco, mas n&#227;o para pacientes DH. Desconhece-se, no entanto, se este padr&#227;o tamb&#233;m ocorre em popula&#231;&#245;es formadas apenas por pessoas com hipertens&#227;o. O uso da redu&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da PA como novo alvo a ser explorado em novos ensaios de interven&#231;&#227;o relacionados &#224; hipertens&#227;o s&#243; deve ser considerado ap&#243;s a valida&#231;&#227;o dessa informa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Considerando a alta preval&#234;ncia de neuropatia auton&#244;mica no diabetes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> e as altera&#231;&#245;es t&#237;picas dessa complica&#231;&#227;o detectadas no grupo DH (diferen&#231;as de comportamento circadiano, sensibilidade barorreflexa espont&#226;nea mais baixa, variabilidade de FC e menores respostas &#224; manobra de levantar-se da rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles), esta complica&#231;&#227;o foi atribu&#237;da a algumas das diferen&#231;as observadas em outros &#237;ndices entre os grupos. A manobra de ortostatismo ativo &#233; geralmente aplicada para induzir a ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica na avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade da PA a muito curto prazo e, de fato, induziu a resposta auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca esperada para muitos &#237;ndices nos controles, mas n&#227;o para a maioria deles em indiv&#237;duos DH.</p>
        <p>Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos sujeitos DH e tendo em mente que a amostra estudada foi obtida a partir de um centro terci&#225;rio, muitos pacientes n&#227;o estavam adequadamente controlados (PA e controle metab&#243;lico), indicando um grupo de alto risco. Talvez nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco, a variabilidade encontrada na MAPA-24h ou outros m&#233;todos dom&#233;sticos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA possam n&#227;o se associar com maior risco cardiovascular al&#233;m dos valores absolutos de PA sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Al&#233;m disso, as diferen&#231;as de idade encontradas poderiam, pelo menos parcialmente, superestimar as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos e, portanto, configurar uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em resumo, a variabilidade da PA a curto prazo, medida pelo &#237;ndice de taxa de tempo, desvio padr&#227;o ou coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o na MAPA-24h, est&#225; correlacionada com o componente LF da VPA e delta_LF/HF obtido da MPAD em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos. Tais achados devem ser avaliados em outros estudos de coorte adequadamente projetados para esse fim, buscando tamb&#233;m rela&#231;&#245;es com desfechos duros. Esta correla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi bem estabelecida em indiv&#237;duos DH. Alguns &#237;ndices obtidos a partir da MPAD em sujeitos diab&#233;ticos s&#227;o ferramentas promissoras para o diagn&#243;stico de neuropatia auton&#244;mica diab&#233;tica. Considerando uma refer&#234;ncia padr&#227;o para o diagn&#243;stico de neuropatia auton&#244;mica, esses &#237;ndices e valores de corte devem ser avaliados em estudos adicionais adequadamente projetados para esse prop&#243;sito.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq e FIPE (Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (RS) e Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 0469.0.001.000-08 e 4313/09, respectivamente. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
