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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XS36ZjHNwqjs7zxM48cPNLf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000200151</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005002101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uninterrupted Use of Oral Anticoagulants for the Ablation of Atrial Flutter: A Single Center Cohort of 154 Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Kreling</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Dytz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ley</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Lessa Gaudie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Catarine Benta Lopes dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Toffani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kruse</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Lapa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Glotz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - IC/FUC, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria</bold>, Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. Postal Code 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>pesquisa.leiria@gmail.com</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Leiria TLL; Acquisition of data: Medeiros AK, Almeida ED, Ley ALG, Santos CBL; Statistical analysis: Medeiros AK, Ley ALG; Writing of the manuscript: Leiria TLL, Almeida ED, Sant'Anna RT, Pires LM, Lima GG; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sant'Anna RT, Kruse ML, Pires LM, Lima GG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>151</fpage>
      <lpage>156</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The uninterrupted use of oral anticoagulation (OAC) with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) for electrophysiology procedures has been more and more recommended. The clinical practice in our service recommends the continuous use of these drugs for atrial flutter ablation. There is little evidence as to the uninterrupted use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in this scenario.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare the rates of complications related with the uninterrupted use of different types of oral anticoagulants in patients referred to atrial flutter (AFL) ablation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Historical, single-center cohort of ablation procedures by AFL conducted from November 2012 to April 2016. The primary outcome was the occurrence of hemorrhagic or embolic complication during the procedure. The secondary outcome was the occurrence of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in follow-up. The statistical significance level was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There were 288 ablations per AFL; 154 were carried out with the uninterrupted use of OAC (57.8% with VKA and 42.2% with NOAC). Mean age was 57 &#177; 13 years. The rate of hemorrhagic complication during the procedure was 3% in each group (p = NS). The rate of stroke/TIA was, respectively, of 56/1,000 people-year in the VKA group against zero/1,000 people-year in the NOAC group (p = 0.02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In our population there were no hemorrhagic complications regarding the procedure of OAC use uninterruptedly, including NOACs. There was higher occurrence of stroke/TIA in the follow-up of the group of patients undergoing VKAs; however, this difference may not only be a result of the type of OAC used.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Vitamin K</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Flutter</kwd>
        <kwd>Thromboembolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The guidelines of the oral anticoagulant therapy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> recommend the suspension of these medications and the performance of heparin bridging, at the conduction of a wide range of invasive Cardiology procedures. Recently, the new classes of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs: rivaroxaban, apixaban, dabigatran and edoxaban) has proven to be effective to prevent the thromboembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The catheter ablation for AFL is a highly successful procedure in the reversion for the sinus rhythm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> These cases require at least four weeks of anticoagulation before the procedure, as well as in electrical cardioversions, for the prevention of strokes or thromboembolic phenomena that can occur after the reversion of AFL to the sinus rhythm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Studies show that the use of NOACs seems to be safe in the prevention of these thromboembolic phenomena, for the reversion to the sinus rhythm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>After the ablation, the use of anticoagulant is recommended for all patients for at least one month after the reversion to the sinus rhythm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The uninterrupted use of oral anticoagulant for AF procedures has proven to be safe<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> ,and our institution adopts such a recommendation also for patients with AFL. Therefore, in this scenario, there are few studies carried out in Brazil.</p>
      <p>The main objective of this study was to demonstrate the safety of the uninterrupted use of anticoagulation during flutter ablation, comparing the patients using NOACs with the vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). More specifically, we assessed the rate of hemorrhagic complications, as well as the occurrence of thromboembolic events throughout follow-up.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Our study is a historical cohort that includes the procedures of ablation for AFL carried out in our Electrophysiology service (Instituto de Cardiologia Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul). Of the 5,506 procedures conducted between November 2012 and April 2016, 288 (5.2%) corresponded to ablation for AFL. Data collection counted on the present description of the electrophysiological reports and with information obtained in an electronic and physical chart. The patients who discontinued the follow-up at the hospital outpatient clinic were selected for a telephone interview, and their consent was registered by the listener.</p>
      <p>AFL was defined as a macro-reentrant atrial arrhythmia, electrocardiographically characterized by the presence of F-waves with constant morphology, and atrial frequency higher than 250 bpm. AFL typical was considered when the electrocardiogram (ECG) showed negative F-waves in derivations DII, DIII and VF, and positive in V1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The parameters of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left atrial (LA) diameter were collected by the most recent echocardiogram found in the records, that had been conducted before ablation, which includes both transesophageal (TEE) and transthoracic (TTE) examinations. The ejection fraction was calculated using the methods of Teichholz or Simpson, according to the presence of segmental dysfunction. The atrial diameters were assessed using the M mode.</p>
      <p>The charts were revised aiming at recording the clinical information that was necessary for points in the score of CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age, diabetes, stroke, vascular disease, and female gender): sex, age, diagnosis of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), diabetes mellitus (DM), congestive heart failure (CHF) or LVEF &lt; 50%, peripheral vascular disease, myocardial infarction or aortic atherosclerosis and history of stroke or TIA. The referred diagnoses were defined according to previous publications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Data of anticoagulation were registered before the ablation.</p>
      <p>The patients who were receiving the same medication in the four weeks prior to the procedure were considered as undergoing uninterrupted use: VKAs (warfarin and phenprocoumon), with international normalized ratio (INR) between 2 and 3.5, and NOACs (dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban). All patients received the dosage of NOAC on the day before the procedure, in the morning or in the afternoon, at the assistant physician&#8217;s choice and according to the posology of the NOAC used (once or twice a day). None of the cases was performed with an interval higher than 24 hours after the administration of the daily use NOACs, or 12 hours after the ones with double dosage. The dose on the day of the ablation was instituted four hours after the removal of the introductory sheaths. The patients on VKA received the dose of the medication four hours after the removal of the introducers.</p>
      <p>The patients were followed-up at the outpatient clinic, and the first appointment was conducted from one to three months after ablation, through a clinical visit and 12-lead ECG. During the follow-up of these patients, we also included the data referring to emergency care or hospitalizations that took place in our institution.</p>
      <p>The patients who discontinued the follow-up at the outpatient clinic were selected for a telephone interview to clarify the following:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>If they continued to use the anticoagulant;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>If they presented an episode of stroke or TIA;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>If they had any late complications related with the procedure.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>The Research Ethics Committee of our hospital approved the study protocol and we obtained a consent from all listeners for the performance of the interview. The study&#8217;s protocol n. is UP 5252/16.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcomes</title>
        <p>We defined the following as main outcomes: the occurrence of hemorrhagic complication during the procedure; some examples are cardiac tamponade, bleeding that requires transfusion, bleeding with reduction of ten percentage points in the hematocrit, local vascular complication requiring intervention (major hemorrhagic events), and clinically uncomplicated hematomas (minor hemorrhagic event); adverse heart events were considered as a compound of all mortality causes, stroke, TIA, during follow-up.</p>
        <p>One specialist of each field validated each outcome.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>All patients with AFL submitted to a second procedure were excluded, as well as those with history of previous ablation at another service, those with left AFL and those who did not undergo the uninterrupted use of OAC in the peri-procedural period. The patients using low-molecular-weight heparin (full anticoagulant dose or unfractionated heparin in continuous intravenous infusion, even if anticoagulated) were not included in this study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The data were stored and analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard-deviation, and compared by the Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples. The categorical variables were expressed in percentage and compared using the &#967;<sup>2</sup> test. The variables were considered normal according to the observation of the central tendency measurements, kurtosis and asymmetry in the frequency histograms. The incidence density was calculated using the people-time interval for the occurrence of thromboembolic phenomena in the post-ablation follow-up. This measure was carried out combining the number of people and the contribution of time during the study, and it was used as a denominator in the incidence rates. It was defined as the sum of individual units of time to which the people in the population studied were exposed, or at risk for the outcome of interest. The statistical significance level adopted was 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In the study period, there were 288 ablations per AFL. Of these, 154 were conducted with the uninterrupted use of oral anticoagulants, and these cases were included in the study. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> demonstrates the organization chart of inclusion of cases in the study. The mean age was 57.3 &#177; 13.1, and most were male (70%). The mean CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc was 2.1 &#177; 1.5 points, and 63% had a score higher than or equal to 2. Of the ablations, 98% were carried out with an 8 mm catheter - only 2% were conducted with an irrigated catheter.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Study flowchart. CTI: cavotricuspid isthmus dependent flutter; OAC: oral anticoagulation; NOAC: non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants; VKA: vitamin K anticoagulant antagonists.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0151-80001-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The VKAs were used uninterruptedly in 57.8% of the cases, and NOACs, in 42.2% of the participants. The mean INR was 2.54 &#177; 0.54 in the VKA group on the day of the ablation. The patients using NOAC were the majority at a sinus rhythm on the day of the ablation. These patients had smaller left atriums. Besides, they also used more antiarrhythmic drugs, less beta-blockers and statins, with lower prevalence of previous heart surgery when compared to patients using VKA. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the clinical characteristics of the patients stratified by type of anticoagulant used. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> exemplifies the frequency of use of different types of NOACs and VKAs used in the study.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Difference between the populations that received vitamin-K antagonists and the ones who received non-vitamin K antagonists uninterruptedly for atrial flutter ablation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Factor</th>
              <th align="center">NOAC (n = 65)</th>
              <th align="center">VKA (n = 89)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous history of AF</td>
              <td align="center">23 (35.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (31.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">58.1 &#177; 11.7</td>
              <td align="center">56.8 &#177; 14.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender (male)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (69.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">63 (70.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sinus basal rhythm</td>
              <td align="center">33 (50.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (31.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">59.6 &#177; 12.3</td>
              <td align="center">58.0 &#177; 16.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.57</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">44.3 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">47.7 &#177; 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc &#8805; 2</td>
              <td align="center">64.6%</td>
              <td align="center">61.8%</td>
              <td align="center">0.852</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- SAH</td>
              <td align="center">59.4%</td>
              <td align="center">73.0%</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- DM</td>
              <td align="center">20.6%</td>
              <td align="center">20.2%</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">9.5%</td>
              <td align="center">3.4%</td>
              <td align="center">0.113</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blockers</td>
              <td align="center">55.4%</td>
              <td align="center">79.8%</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calcium channel blockers</td>
              <td align="center">10.8%</td>
              <td align="center">13.5%</td>
              <td align="center">0.79</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEi/ARB</td>
              <td align="center">44.6%</td>
              <td align="center">55.1%</td>
              <td align="center">0.26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
              <td align="center">29.2%</td>
              <td align="center">41.6%</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Digoxin</td>
              <td align="center">12.9%</td>
              <td align="center">14.9%</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statins</td>
              <td align="center">27.7%</td>
              <td align="center">44.9%</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ASA</td>
              <td align="center">15.4%</td>
              <td align="center">28.1%</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Antiarrhythmic drugs</td>
              <td align="center">55.4%</td>
              <td align="center">33.7%</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous heart surgery</td>
              <td align="center">7.7%</td>
              <td align="center">38.6%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">- Valvar</td>
              <td align="center">0.0%</td>
              <td align="center">22.7%</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic cardiopathy</td>
              <td align="center">10.8%</td>
              <td align="center">19.3%</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Congenit cardiopathy</td>
              <td align="center">9.2%</td>
              <td align="center">9.1%</td>
              <td align="center">0.79</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Myocardiopathy</td>
              <td align="center">10.8%</td>
              <td align="center">19.3%</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COPD</td>
              <td align="center">3.0%</td>
              <td align="center">7.9%</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>NOAC: non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants; VKA: vitamin K anticoagulant antagonists; AF: atrial fibrilation; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LA: left atrium; CHA2DS2VASc: risk for stroke (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age, diabetes, stroke, vascular disease, and female gender); SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabete mellitus; ACEi/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors / angiotensin receptor blocker; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The p value expresses the difference of the Student's t test for the continuous variables and the &#967;<sup>2</sup> in the categorical variables. The statistical significance level adopted was 5%.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Type of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and vitamin K anticoagulant antagonists used uninterruptedly for the atrial flutter ablation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">NOAC (n = 65)%</th>
              <th align="center">VKA (n = 89)%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rivaroxaban (41) 63.0%</td>
              <td align="center">Warfarin (77) 86.5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dabigatran (14) 21.6%</td>
              <td align="center">Phenprocoumon (12) 13.5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Apixaban (10) 15.4 %</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>NOAC: non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants; VKA: vitamin K antagonist.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The rates of hemorrhagic complication related with the procedure was 3% in each group (p = 0.97). There were no cases of cardiac tamponade or major hemorrhagic complication in the patients of the study. The main complications related with the procedure were inguinal hematomas. The rate of stroke / TIA was 57/1,000 people-year in the VKA group against zero/1,000 people-year in the NOAC group (p = 0.02).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Our study shows the safety of the use of oral anticoagulants (VKAs or NOACs) in the periprocedural period of the radiofrequency ablation of typical AFL. The use of periprocedural anticoagulation is based on the frequent finding of atrial thrombi or of spontaneous echo contrast in the transesophageal echocardiogram.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The studies about the oral anticoagulation in these patients, however, are scarce, and there are no clear recommendations in the guidelines about the handling of periprocedural anticoagulation for the ablation of AFL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A retrospective study with 254 patients, comparing periprocedural warfarin and dabigatran of ablation of AFL and AF, demonstrated similar results to that of our cohort, with low rates of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications. However, the authors do not show the number of patients with AFL included in the study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A second retrospective study with 60 patients who used dabigatran or rivaroxaban in the periprocedural period of AFL ablation demonstrated low incidence of hemorrhagic complications, with 4 minor bleedings (3 of the 23 patients using dabigatran 150 mg b.i.d, and 1 of the patients using rivaroxaban 20 mg), and no major bleeding.</p>
      <p>A second retrospective study with 60 patients who used dabigatran or rivaroxaban in the periprocedural period of AFL ablation demonstrated low incidence of hemorrhagic complications, with 4 minor bleedings (3 of the 23 patients using dabigatran 150 mg b.i.d. and 1 of the 11 patients using rivaroxaban 20 mg), and no major bleeding. A patient using dabigatran 110 mg b.i.d. presented with ischemic stroke 27h after the procedure, in the uninterrupted use of anticoagulant, with preprocedural transesophageal echocardiogram that did not show atrial thrombi. This study, however, collected data only until the hospital discharge of the patients; therefore, the security data of the use of these medications may be underestimated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A third retrospective study of NOACs in this scenario compared patients using apixaban (n = 105), paired with others that used phenprocoumon (n = 210) until hospital discharge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Only the patients submitted to ablation of left atrial arrhythmia were included, unlike our cohort, which only included cases of typical flutter. All patients were using oral anticoagulation for at least four weeks, and the use of anticoagulation was uninterrupted, with use of endovenous heparin during the procedure. There were no thromboembolic events; minor bleedings occurred in 10.5% of the patients using apixaban, and in 12.3% of those using phenprocoumon (p = 0.61). Our cohort demonstrated fewer hemorrhagic complications, however, no procedure carried out approached the left atrium.</p>
      <p>Proving the variability in the handling of periprocedural anticoagulation of AFL ablation, a study conducted in Europe and in Canada showed that 6% of the centers do not use routine anticoagulation in typical AFL ablation, and that only 31% of the centers performed preprocedural anticoagulation for a minimum period of 4 weeks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Regarding the use of NOACs, only 35% of the centers perform the procedure with the uninterrupted use of medication, and those who suspended the medication demonstrate great variation in the period of the suspension.</p>
      <p>The increasing use of NOACs since 2010, as demonstrated by the study GARFIELD-AF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> points to the need of data collection regarding the use of these classes of drugs in the most varied scenarios. The scenario of AFL ablation, however, requires prospective studies that are able to unify the conducts of the electrophysiology centers. Our study points to the security of these drugs and paves the way for the clinical trials to be conducted.</p>
      <p>One point to be emphasized in our study was the almost exclusive use of the 8 mm ablation catheter, which may not reflect the reality of other services. There is a sensation that, in the region of the cavotricuspid isthmus, whose thickness ranges between 0.5 and 5 mm,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> the application of high energy (70 W) may lead to an increasing risk of perforation. However, the studies that assessed the use of 8 mm catheters, in comparison to irrigated ones, in the ablation of isthmus-dependent AFL, demonstrated there were no significant differences in the occurrence of vaporization lesions (&#8220;pop&#8221;) or cardiac perforation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The occurrence of carbonization at the end of the catheter, however, seems to be higher than in the irrigated catheter,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> but this fact was not measured in our study.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>As limitations of our study, we mentioned that part of data collection was conducted retrospectively, through the analysis of medical records, which could lead to bias in the confirmation of the outcomes. However, our center presents a routine of peri and post-procedural care, which contemplates the collected variables, which mitigates the potential bias. Also, the number of patients analyzed may not have been sufficient to detect a statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the lower incidence outcomes. Another important aspect is that, even though the incidence density for ischemic events was higher in our study in the VKA group, this does not mean that one strategy is superior to another in the post-ablation period. As demonstrated, the patients using VKA have different characteristics than those using NOAC. The comparison between two distinct groups of patients is a significant limitation of this study. Besides the bias caused by the retrospective design, the VKA group presents almost 23% of the etiology patients (against none in the NOAC group). The valvar patients clearly presented with higher thromboembolic risk. Also, since this is an observational design, strategies for the strict control of therapeutic-target achieving (TTA) time were not conducted, and studies carried out in our service demonstrated mean TTA of about 50% in our population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This historical cohort points to the safety in the conduction of radiofrequency ablation of typical AFL procedures with the uninterrupted use of oral anticoagulants, regardless of the class of this group of medication.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia under the protocol number UP 5252/16. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso Ininterrupto de Anticoagulantes Orais na Abla&#231;&#227;o de Flutter Atrial Istmo-Cavotricusp&#237;deo Dependente: Coorte Unic&#234;ntrica de 154 Pacientes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
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            <given-names>Catarine Benta Lopes dos</given-names>
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            <given-names>Marcelo Lapa</given-names>
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        </contrib>
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            <given-names>Leonardo Martins</given-names>
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        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - IC/FUC, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria</bold>, Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. CEP 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>pesquisa.leiria@gmail.com</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Leiria TLL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Medeiros AK, Almeida ED, Ley ALG, Santos CBL; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Medeiros AK, Ley ALG; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Leiria TLL, Almeida ED, Sant'Anna RT, Pires LM, Lima GG; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sant'Anna RT, Kruse ML, Pires LM, Lima GG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O uso ininterrupto de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral (ACO) com antagonistas da vitamina K (AVKs) para procedimentos de eletrofisiologia est&#225; sendo cada vez mais recomendado. A pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em nosso servi&#231;o &#233; de uso continuado dessas drogas para abla&#231;&#227;o de flutter atrial. Existem poucas evid&#234;ncias quanto ao uso ininterrupto dos anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o antagonistas da vitamina K (NOACs) nesse cen&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Comparar as taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao uso ininterrupto de diferentes tipos de anticoagulantes orais em pacientes referidos para abla&#231;&#227;o por flutter atrial (FLA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Coorte hist&#243;rica e unic&#234;ntrica dos procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o por FLA realizados no per&#237;odo de novembro de 2012 a abril de 2016. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi o de ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica ou emb&#243;lica durante o procedimento. O desfecho secund&#225;rio foi o de ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) ou acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT) no acompanhamento. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;das 288 abla&#231;&#245;es por FLA; 154 foram feitas com uso ininterrupto de ACO (57,8% com AVK e 42,2% com NOAC). A idade m&#233;dia foi de 57 &#177; 13 anos. A taxa de complica&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica durante o procedimento foi de 3% em cada grupo (p = NS). A taxa de AVC/AIT foi, respectivamente, de 56/1.000-pessoas-ano no grupo AVK contra zero/1.000-pessoas-ano no grupo NOAC (p = 0,02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ocorreram complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas relacionadas ao procedimento com uso de ACO de forma ininterrupta, incluindo NOACs. Houve maior ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC/AIT no seguimento no grupo de pacientes em uso de AVK, contudo essa diferen&#231;a pode n&#227;o ser decorrente apenas do tipo de ACO em uso.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Vitamina K</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Flutter Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Tromboembolismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As diretrizes de terapia com anticoagulante oral<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> recomendam a suspens&#227;o dessas medica&#231;&#245;es e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ponte com heparina, quando da realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma vasta gama de procedimentos invasivos em Cardiologia. Recentemente, as novas classes de anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o antagonistas da vitamina K (NOACs: rivaroxabana, apixabana, dabigatrana e edoxabana) se mostraram eficazes na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos em paciente portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e flutter atrial (FLA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FLA &#233; um procedimento com alta taxa de sucesso na revers&#227;o para o ritmo sinusal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Nesses casos s&#227;o necess&#225;rias, pelo menos, quatro semanas de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o antes do procedimento, assim como nas cardiovers&#245;es el&#233;tricas, para preven&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) ou fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos que podem ocorrer ap&#243;s a revers&#227;o do FLA para ritmo sinusal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Estudos demonstram que o uso dos NOACs parece ser seguro na preven&#231;&#227;o desses fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos para a revers&#227;o para ritmo sinusal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, o uso de anticoagulante &#233; recomendado para todos os pacientes por, no m&#237;nimo, um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a revers&#227;o para ritmo sinusal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O uso ininterrupto de anticoagulante oral para procedimentos de FA tem se mostrado seguro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e nossa institui&#231;&#227;o adota essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m para os pacientes com FLA. Nesse cen&#225;rio, no entanto, h&#225; poucos estudos desenvolvidos no Brasil.</p>
        <p>O objetivo central do estudo foi demonstrar a seguran&#231;a do uso ininterrupto de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o durante abla&#231;&#227;o de flutter comparando os pacientes em uso de NOACs com os antagonistas da vitamina K (AVKs). Mais especificamente, avaliamos a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, bem como a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos no decorrer do seguimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo trata-se de uma coorte hist&#243;rica que inclui os procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o por FLA realizados em nosso servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia (Instituto de Cardiologia Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul). De 5.506 procedimentos realizados entre os meses de novembro de 2012 e abril de 2016, 288 (5,2%) corresponderam a abla&#231;&#245;es por FLA. A coleta de dados contou com a descri&#231;&#227;o presente nos laudos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos e com informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas em prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico e f&#237;sico dispon&#237;vel. Os pacientes que descontinuaram o acompanhamento no ambulat&#243;rio do hospital foram selecionados para uma entrevista por telefone, com o consentimento registrado pelo ouvinte.</p>
        <p>FLA foi definido como arritmia atrial macroreentrante, caracterizada eletrocardiograficamente pela presen&#231;a de ondas F com morfologia constante, com frequ&#234;ncia atrial superior a 250 bpm. Considerou-se como FLA t&#237;pico o eletrocardiograma (ECG) com presen&#231;a de ondas F negativas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es DII, DIII e a VF, e positivas em V1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e de di&#226;metro de &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) foram coletados pelo mais recente ecocardiograma encontrado nos registros e que fora realizado anteriormente &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o, o que inclui tanto exames transesof&#225;gicos (ETE) como transtor&#225;cicos (ETT). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi calculada utilizando os m&#233;todos de Teichholz ou Simpson, de acordo com a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o segmentar. Os di&#226;metros do &#225;trio foram avaliados utilizando o modo M.</p>
        <p>Os prontu&#225;rios foram revisados com o intuito de registrar as informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas necess&#225;rias para pontua&#231;&#227;o no escore de CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc (<italic>congestive heart failure, hypertension, age, diabetes, stroke, vascular disease, and female gender</italic>): sexo, idade, diagn&#243;sticos de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC) ou FEVE &lt; 50%, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou aterosclerose a&#243;rtica e hist&#243;rico de AVE ou acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT). Os referidos diagn&#243;sticos foram definidos de acordo com publica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Foram registrados dados de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o previamente &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Foram considerados como uso ininterrupto de anticoagulantes os pacientes que estavam recebendo as seguintes medica&#231;&#245;es nas quatro semanas anteriores ao procedimento: AVKs (varfarina e femprocumona), com <italic>international normalized ratio</italic> (INR) entre 2 e 3,5, e NOACs (dabigatrana, rivaroxabana e apixabana). Todos os pacientes receberam a dose do NOAC no dia anterior ao procedimento, per&#237;odo da manh&#227; ou da tarde, a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico assistente e de acordo com a posologia do NOAC em uso (uma ou duas vezes ao dia). Nenhum dos casos foi feito com intervalo superior a 24h da administra&#231;&#227;o dos NOACs de uso di&#225;rio e de 12h dos de tomada dupla. A dose no dia da abla&#231;&#227;o era institu&#237;da quatro horas ap&#243;s a retirada das bainhas introdutoras. Os pacientes em uso de AVK receberam a dose da medica&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m quatro horas ap&#243;s a retirada dos introdutores.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram acompanhados em &#226;mbito ambulatorial, sendo a primeira consulta realizada entre um a tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, por meio de visita cl&#237;nica e ECG de 12 (ECG). Durante o seguimento desses pacientes, tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;mos os dados referentes a atendimentos de emerg&#234;ncia ou de interna&#231;&#227;o realizados em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes que descontinuaram o acompanhamento no ambulat&#243;rio foram selecionados para uma entrevista por telefone para esclarecer:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>se continuaram em uso do anticoagulante;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>se apresentaram epis&#243;dio de AVC ou AIT;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>se tiveram alguma complica&#231;&#227;o tardia relacionada ao procedimento.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP) do nosso hospital aprovou o protocolo do estudo e obtivemos consentimento de todos os ouvintes para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da entrevista. O estudo tem registro no CEP sob o n&#250;mero UP 5252/16.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos</title>
          <p>Definimos como principais desfechos: a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica durante o procedimento; entre essas inclu&#237;mos tamponamento card&#237;aco, sangramento com necessidade de transfus&#227;o, sangramento com queda de dez pontos no hemat&#243;crito, complica&#231;&#227;o vascular local com necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o (eventos hemorr&#225;gicos maiores) e hematoma clinicamente n&#227;o complicado (evento hemorr&#225;gico menor); eventos card&#237;acos adversos foram considerados como um composto de todas as causas de mortalidade, AVC, AIT durante o acompanhamento.</p>
          <p>Um especialista em cada campo validou cada desfecho.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos todos os pacientes com FLA submetidos a um segundo procedimento, aqueles com hist&#243;ria de abla&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via em outro servi&#231;o bem como os FLA esquerdos e aqueles que n&#227;o fizeram uso ininterrupto de ACO no per&#237;odo periprocedimento. Os pacientes em uso de heparina de baixo peso molecular em dose anticoagulante plena ou heparina n&#227;o fracionada em infus&#227;o intravenosa cont&#237;nua, embora anticoagulados, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram armazenados e analisados pelo <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em porcentagens e comparadas por meio do teste do &#967;<sup>2</sup>. As vari&#225;veis foram consideradas normais de acordo com a observa&#231;&#227;o das medidas de tend&#234;ncia central, curtose e assimetria nos histogramas de frequ&#234;ncia. A densidade de incid&#234;ncia foi calculada utilizando a taxa de pessoas-tempo para a ocorr&#234;ncia de fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos no seguimento p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o. Essa medida foi realizada combinando o n&#250;mero de pessoas e a contribui&#231;&#227;o do tempo durante o estudo, ent&#227;o utilizada como denominador nas taxas de incid&#234;ncia. Ela foi definida como a soma de unidades de tempo individuais &#224;s quais as pessoas na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foram expostas ou em risco para o desfecho de interesse. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No per&#237;odo do estudo foram realizadas 288 abla&#231;&#245;es por FLA. Dessas, 154 foram realizadas com uso ininterrupto de anticoagulantes orais, sendo esses os casos inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> demonstra o organograma de inclus&#227;o dos casos no estudo. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 57,3 &#177; 13,1 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (70%). O CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc m&#233;dio foi de 2,1 &#177; 1,5 pontos, sendo que 63% possu&#237;am um escore maior ou igual a 2. Das abla&#231;&#245;es, 98% foram realizadas com cateter de ponta 8 mm - apenas 2% foram realizadas com cateter irrigado.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma do estudo. ICT: flutter dependente istmo-cavotricusp&#237;deo; ACO: anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral; NOAC: anticoagulantes n&#227;o antagonistas da vitamina K;</title>
              <p>AVK: anticoagulantes antagonistas da vitamina K.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0151-80001-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>AVKs foram utilizados de forma ininterrupta em 57,8% dos casos e NOACs, em 42,2% dos participantes. O INR m&#233;dio foi de 2,54 &#177; 0,54 no grupo AVK no dia da abla&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes em uso de NOAC estavam em maior n&#250;mero em ritmo sinusal no dia da abla&#231;&#227;o. Esses pacientes possu&#237;am &#225;trios esquerdos de menor dimens&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, eles tamb&#233;m faziam mais uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas, menor uso de betabloqueadores e estatinas, tendo menor preval&#234;ncia de cir&#250;rgica card&#237;aca pr&#233;via quando comparados com os pacientes em uso de AVK. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> demonstra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes estratificados pelo tipo de anticoagulante em uso. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> exemplifica a frequ&#234;ncia de uso dos diferentes tipos de NOACs e AVKs utilizados no estudo.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;a entre as popula&#231;&#245;es que receberam antagonistas da vitamina K e as que receberam anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o antagonistas da vitamina K de forma ininterrupta para abla&#231;&#227;o de flutter atrial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Fator</th>
                <th align="center">NOAC (n = 65)</th>
                <th align="center">AVK (n = 89)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de FA</td>
                <td align="center">23 (35,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (31,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">58,1 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">56,8 &#177; 14,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero (masculino)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (69,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (70,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ritmo basal sinusal</td>
                <td align="center">33 (50,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (31,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">59,6 &#177; 12,3</td>
                <td align="center">58,0 &#177; 16,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">44,3 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">47,7 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc &#8805; 2</td>
                <td align="center">64,6%</td>
                <td align="center">61,8%</td>
                <td align="center">0,852</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- HAS</td>
                <td align="center">59,4%</td>
                <td align="center">73,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- DM</td>
                <td align="center">20,6%</td>
                <td align="center">20,2%</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- AVC</td>
                <td align="center">9,5%</td>
                <td align="center">3,4%</td>
                <td align="center">0,113</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-bloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">55,4%</td>
                <td align="center">79,8%</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueadores do canal de c&#225;lcio</td>
                <td align="center">10,8%</td>
                <td align="center">13,5%</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">iECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">44,6%</td>
                <td align="center">55,1%</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">29,2%</td>
                <td align="center">41,6%</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digoxina</td>
                <td align="center">12,9%</td>
                <td align="center">14,9%</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">27,7%</td>
                <td align="center">44,9%</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AAS</td>
                <td align="center">15,4%</td>
                <td align="center">28,1%</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antiarr&#237;tmicos</td>
                <td align="center">55,4%</td>
                <td align="center">33,7%</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">7,7%</td>
                <td align="center">38,6%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">- Valvar</td>
                <td align="center">0,0%</td>
                <td align="center">22,7%</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">10,8%</td>
                <td align="center">19,3%</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiopatia cong&#234;nita</td>
                <td align="center">9,2%</td>
                <td align="center">9,1%</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Miocardiopatia</td>
                <td align="center">10,8%</td>
                <td align="center">19,3%</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">3,0%</td>
                <td align="center">7,9%</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>NOAC: anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o antagonistas da vitamina K; AVK: anticoagulantes antagonistas da vitamina K; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; CHA2DS2VASc: acr&#244;mio do escore de risco para AVC (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age, diabetes, stroke, vascular disease, and female gender); HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabete mellitus; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; iECA/BRA: inibidores da enzima conversora do angiotensinog&#234;nio/bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica. Valor do p expressa a diferen&#231;a do teste t de Student para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e do teste do &#967;<sup>2</sup> nas vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tipo de anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o antagonistas da vitamina K e antagonistas da vitamina K utilizados de forma ininterrupta para abla&#231;&#227;o de flutter atrial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">NOAC (n = 65)%</th>
                <th align="center">AVK (n = 89)%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rivaroxabana (41) 63,0%</td>
                <td align="center">Warfarina (77) 86,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dabigatrana (14) 21,6%</td>
                <td align="center">Femprocumona (12) 13,5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apixabana (10) 15,4 %</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>NOAC: anticoagulante oral n&#227;o vitamina K dependente; AVK: antagonista da vitamina K.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A taxa de complica&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica relacionada ao procedimento foi de 3% em cada grupo (p = 0,97). N&#227;o houve nenhum caso de tamponamento card&#237;aco ou complica&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica maior nos pacientes do estudo. As principais complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento foram hematomas em regi&#227;o inguinal. A taxa de AVC/AIT foi de 57/1.000-pessoas-ano no grupo AVK contra zero/1.000-pessoas-ano no grupo NOAC (p = 0,02).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo demonstra a seguran&#231;a do uso de anticoagulantes orais (AVKs ou NOACs) no per&#237;odo periprocedimento da abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia de FLA t&#237;pico. O uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o periprocedimento baseia-se no achado frequente de trombos atriais ou de contraste ecog&#234;nico espont&#226;neo no ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Os estudos a respeito da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral nesses pacientes, no entanto, s&#227;o escassos, e n&#227;o h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#245;es claras nas diretrizes a respeito do manejo da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o periprocedimento para abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um estudo retrospectivo de 254 pacientes, comparando varfarina e dabigatrana periprocedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA e FA, demonstrou resultados semelhantes aos de nossa coorte, com baixas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas e hemorr&#225;gicas. No entanto, os autores n&#227;o explicitam o n&#250;mero de pacientes com FLA inclu&#237;dos no estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um segundo estudo retrospectivo com 60 pacientes que utilizaram dabigatrana ou rivaroxabana no per&#237;odo periprocedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA demonstrou baixa incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, com 4 sangramentos menores (3 dos 23 pacientes em uso de dabigatrana 150 mg b.i.d. e 1 dos 11 pacientes em uso de rivaroxabana 20 mg) e nenhum sangramento maior. Um paciente em uso de dabigatrana 110 mg b.i.d. apresentou AVC isqu&#234;mico 27h ap&#243;s o procedimento, em uso ininterrupto do anticoagulante e com ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico pr&#233;-procedimento que n&#227;o havia evidenciado trombos atriais. Esse estudo, no entanto, coletou dados somente at&#233; a alta hospitalar dos pacientes, portanto os dados de seguran&#231;a do uso dessas medica&#231;&#245;es podem estar subestimados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um terceiro estudo retrospectivo de NOACs nesse cen&#225;rio comparou pacientes em uso de apixabana (n = 105) pareados com outros que utilizaram femprocumona (n = 210) at&#233; a alta hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Foram inclu&#237;dos somente pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de arritmias atriais esquerdas, diferentemente de nossa coorte, que incluiu somente casos de flutter t&#237;pico. Todos os pacientes estavam em uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral por, pelo menos, quatro semanas e o emprego da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o foi ininterrupto, com uso de heparina endovenosa durante o procedimento. N&#227;o houve eventos tromboemb&#243;licos; sangramentos menores ocorreram em 10,5% dos pacientes em uso de apixabana e em 12,3% daqueles em uso de femprocumona (p = 0,61). Nossa coorte demonstrou menos complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, no entanto nenhum procedimento realizado abordou o &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
        <p>Atestando a variabilidade do manejo da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o periprocedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA, uma pesquisa conduzida na Europa e no Canad&#225; demonstrou que 6% dos centros n&#227;o utilizam anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de rotina em abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA t&#237;pico, e que somente 31% dos centros realizam anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-procedimento por um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 4 semanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de NOACs, apenas 35% dos centros realizam o procedimento com uso ininterrupto da medica&#231;&#227;o, e aqueles que suspendem a medica&#231;&#227;o demonstram grande varia&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo de suspens&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O uso crescente de NOACs desde 2010, conforme demonstrado pelo estudo GARFIELD-AF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> aponta para a necessidade de coleta de dados a respeito do uso dessas classes de medicamentos nos mais variados cen&#225;rios. O cen&#225;rio da abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA, no entanto, carece de estudos prospectivos capazes de uniformizar as condutas dos centros de eletrofisologia. Nosso estudo aponta para a seguran&#231;a desses medicamentos e pavimenta o caminho para que ensaios cl&#237;nicos sejam realizados.</p>
        <p>Um ponto que deve ser salientado em nosso estudo foi o uso quase que exclusivo de cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o de ponta larga (8 mm), o que talvez n&#227;o reflita a realidade de outros servi&#231;os. Existe um sentimento de que na regi&#227;o do istmo-cavotricusp&#237;deo, que possui espessura variando entre 0,5 e 5 mm,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> a aplica&#231;&#227;o de alta energia (70 W) possa acarretar um risco aumentado de perfura&#231;&#227;o. Contudo, os estudos que avaliaram o uso de cateteres com ponta 8 mm, comparativamente aos irrigados, na abla&#231;&#227;o de FLA istmo-dependente demonstraram n&#227;o haver uma diferen&#231;a significativa na ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#245;es por vaporiza&#231;&#227;o (&#8220;pop&#8221;) ou perfura&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A ocorr&#234;ncia de carboniza&#231;&#227;o na ponta do cateter, por sua vez, parece ser mais alta do que o irrigado,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> por&#233;m esse fato n&#227;o foi mensurado em nosso estudo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Como limita&#231;&#245;es de nosso estudo, citamos que uma parte da coleta de dados foi realizada de forma retrospectiva, por meio da an&#225;lise de prontu&#225;rios, o que poderia levar a um vi&#233;s de aferi&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos. No entanto, nosso centro apresenta uma rotina de cuidados peri e p&#243;s-procedimento que contempla as vari&#225;veis coletadas, o que mitiga o vi&#233;s potencial. Ainda, o n&#250;mero de pacientes estudados pode n&#227;o ter sido suficiente para detectar diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o a desfechos de menor incid&#234;ncia. Outro ponto importante &#233; que, embora a densidade de incid&#234;ncia para eventos isqu&#234;micos tenha sido maior em nosso estudo no grupo AVK, isso n&#227;o significa uma superioridade de uma estrat&#233;gia sobre a outra no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o. Conforme demonstrado, os pacientes em uso de AVK possuem caracter&#237;sticas diferentes daqueles que usaram NOAC. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre dois grupos absolutamente distintos de pacientes &#233; uma significativa limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo. Al&#233;m do vi&#233;s causado pelo desenho retrospectivo, o grupo AVK apresenta quase 23% dos pacientes de etiologia (contra nenhum do grupo NOAC). Os pacientes valvares claramente apresentam maior risco tromboemb&#243;lico. Ainda, como se trata de um desenho observacional, estrat&#233;gias para controle rigoroso do tempo no alvo terap&#234;utico (TTR) n&#227;o foram realizadas e estudos desenvolvidos em nosso servi&#231;o demonstram um TTR m&#233;dio em torno de 50% em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Esta coorte hist&#243;rica aponta para a seguran&#231;a na realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia de FLA t&#237;pico com uso ininterrupto de anticoagulantes orais, independentemente da classe desse grupo de medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo UP 5252/16. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
