<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZkBfG9f8WD6kcPt6fKg8Zqf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000200140</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180021</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Echocardiography - Adults</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Global Longitudinal Strain Accuracy for Cardiotoxicity Prediction in a Cohort of Breast Cancer Patients During Anthracycline and/or Trastuzumab Treatment</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gripp</surname>
            <given-names>Eliza de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Escudini de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feij&#243;</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Iorio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Salles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Silvestre de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
            <state>RJ</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Eliza de Almeida Gripp</bold>, Rua Belis&#225;rio T&#225;vora, 302 / 101 - 2. CEP 22245-070, Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>elizagripp@cardiol.br</email>, <email>elizagripp@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gripp EA, Oliveira GE, Feij&#243; LA, Garcia MI, Xavier SS, Sousa AS; Acquisition of data: Gripp EA, Oliveira GE; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gripp EA, Feij&#243; LA, Garcia MI, Xavier SS, Sousa AS; Statistical analysis: Feij&#243; LA, Garcia MI, Xavier SS, Sousa AS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>140</fpage>
      <lpage>150</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The high cardiotoxicity morbidity and mortality rates associated with the antineoplastic therapy for breast cancer could be reduced with the early use of cardioprotective drugs. However, the low sensitivity of left ventricular ejection fraction limits its use in that preventive strategy. New parameters, such as global longitudinal strain, are being used in the early detection of contractile function changes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess the incidence of cardiotoxicity in patients treated for breast cancer, the independent factors associated with that event, and the ability of strain to identify it early.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective observational study of consecutive outpatients diagnosed with breast cancer, with no previous antineoplastic treatment and no ventricular dysfunction, who underwent anthracycline and/or trastuzumab therapy. The patients were quarterly evaluated on a 6- to 12-month follow-up by an observer blind to therapy. Cox regression was used to evaluate the association of cardiotoxicity with clinical, therapeutic and echocardiographic variables. A ROC curve was built to identify the strain cutoff point on the third month that could predict the ejection fraction reduction on the sixth month. For all tests, the statistical significance level adopted was p &#8804; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of 49 women (mean age, 49.7 &#177; 12.2 years), cardiotoxicity was identified in 5 (10%) on the third (n = 2) and sixth (n = 3) months of follow-up. Strain was independently associated with the event (p = 0.004; HR = 2.77; 95%CI: 1.39-5.54), with a cutoff point for absolute value of -16.6 (AUC = 0.95; 95%CI: 0.87-1.0) or a cutoff point for percentage reduction of 14% (AUC = 0.97; 95%CI: 0.9-1.0).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The 14% reduction in strain (absolute value of -16.6) allowed the early identification of patients who could develop anthracycline and/or trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicity</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Trastuzumab</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicators of Morbidity and Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Advances in the treatment of several tumors, such as the new antineoplastic drugs, have improved the survival of patients with cancer, resulting in more than 12 million survivors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> That, however, has allowed the identification of side effects, such as cardiotoxicity, responsible for an increase in mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In 2016, the European Society of Cardiology has published a position paper recommending the diagnosis of cardiotoxicity be made in the presence of an ejection fraction (EF) reduction &gt;10% for values below normality (53%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Prior to that publication, different definitions of cardiotoxicity were used, hindering the assessment of its real incidence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The most commonly used definition has been elaborated by the committee of cardiac review and assessment of trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity, and consists of a reduction of 5% or more in EF values lower than 55%, accompanied by signs and/or symptoms of heart failure (HF), or a reduction of 10% or more in EF values lower than 55%, without clinical findings of HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cardiotoxicity is a well-established side effect of several antineoplastic drugs, particularly anthracyclines and trastuzumab, used for breast cancer treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The identification of patients at high risk for developing cardiotoxicity would be the ideal strategy to reduce mortality.</p>
      <p>Global longitudinal strain (GLS) is used in clinical practice aimed at the early detection of changes in myocardial contractile function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> However, neither GLS use nor its cutoff point to predict cardiotoxicity have been standardized.</p>
      <p>The American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging have agreed that deformity changes precede ventricular dysfunction. A reduction &gt; 15% in GLS, immediately after or during anthracycline treatment, was the most useful parameter to predict cardiotoxicity, while a reduction &lt; 8% might exclude its diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> However, there is a grey zone between those values.</p>
      <p>This study was aimed at assessing the incidence of breast cancer treatment-induced cardiotoxicity, identifying the independent risk factors associated with that event (drugs, dose, radiotherapy, clinical data and echocardiographic variables), and at identifying the best GLS cutoff point for the early detection of cardiotoxicity, prior to EF reduction.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a prospective and observational study of consecutive patients referred to the Oncology Outpatient Clinic of the Clementino Fraga Filho University-Affiliated Hospital (HUCFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer and indication for potentially cardiotoxic antineoplastic treatment. Data were collected from January 22, 2015, to June 19, 2016, by filling in a form consisting of patient's clinical information, physical exam, echocardiographic data and proposed treatment.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were: age &#8805; 18 years; diagnosis of breast cancer, with neither previous antineoplastic treatment nor radiotherapy; normal EF, according to the last recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (&gt; 54%, by use of the Simpson's method), on the first Doppler echocardiogram before treatment; and antineoplastic treatment planning with anthracyclines and/or trastuzumab.</p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were as follows: impossibility of accurately assessing GLS because of an inappropriate acoustic window; presence of cardiac arrhythmias and/or non-sinus rhythms; use of beta-blockers and/or angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers; and moderate or severe heart valve disease.</p>
      <p>The patients who met the inclusion criteria underwent Doppler echocardiography at baseline, before initiating the anthracycline, and then every 3 months, during a 6- to 12-month follow-up at the HUCFF. All tests were performed by one single professional, who was blind to the treatment instituted. Two distinct protocols of antineoplastic drugs were used:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>FEC (5-fluorouracil 500 mg/m<sup>2</sup>, epirubicin 100 mg/m<sup>2</sup> and cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m<sup>2</sup>) in 3 cycles, every 21 days, followed by docetaxel 100 mg/m<sup>2</sup> in other 3 cycles, every 21 days;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>2. Doxorubicin 60 mg/m<sup>2</sup> and cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup> in 4 cycles, every 21 days, followed by paclitaxel 80 mg/m<sup>2</sup> weekly, for 12 cycles, for both adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatments.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>The patients eligible for trastuzumab should undergo genetic assessment with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) test. Those who had a positive HER2 test result (+++/+++) or undetermined HER2 test result (++/+++), but positive FISH (<italic>Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization</italic>), were assigned to adjuvant treatment. Trastuzumab would be offered for 1 year, with 18 applications at 21-day intervals, with an initial dose of 8 mg/kg, followed by a maintenance dose of 6mg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 19 months (01/22/2015 to 06/19/2016), 58 patients were referred to the Oncology Service of the HUCFF to undergo Doppler echocardiography. Of those 58 patients, 9 were excluded because of inappropriate acoustic window (2 were on beta-blockers), leaving 49 patients as the study population.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Doppler echocardiography</title>
        <p>Doppler echocardiography was performed with the patient at rest in the left lateral position, using the Vivid S6-GE device (GE, Vingmed Ultrassound Horten, Norway), LCD 17" monitor, with image acquisition with a 3S transducer and harmonic imaging. The measurements were reassessed by a second observer, also blind to the treatment instituted and specialized in the method. Interobserver agreement was assessed. All tests were performed with the same device. Sector and depth were adjusted to optimize the image. The measurements and image acquisition followed the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The following echocardiographic variables were assessed: EF, calculated by use of the Simpson's method, considering the normal value of EF &gt; 54% for the female sex, according to the current recommendations;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> diastolic function, evaluated by use of mitral flow with anterograde values of E wave and A wave, tissue Doppler of septal and lateral mitral annulus, measures of S' wave (systolic velocity of the mitral ring) and E/E' ratio; S wave of the right ventricle (cm/s); indexed left atrial volume (mL/m<sup>2</sup>); tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE); and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP).</p>
        <p>In our study, cardiotoxicity was defined, in accordance with the cardiac review committee and expert recommendations on trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity, as a reduction of at least 5% of EF values &lt; 55% in symptomatic patients, or a reduction of at least 10% of EF values &lt; 55% in asymptomatic patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The GLS was acquired by use of Automated Functional Imaging (AFI) of three clips with images of the left ventricle on three apical views, so that all myocardial segments could be well visualized: 4-chamber, 2-chamber and 3-chamber views. The events of aortic valve opening and closure were marked. The images were acquired at a frame rate of 40-90 fps (&gt; 70% of heart rate). Right ventricular (RV) strain was acquired by use of AFI. The acquisition of a clip of apical window projection adapted to RV assessment was necessary to include the entire RV free wall and its tip for further analysis. Three points were marked in the basal segments (inferior septum, tricuspid annulus) and apex. After that marking, the analysis was performed in the same way described for the left ventricle.</p>
        <p>The images were analyzed in the same device and same working station (EchoPAC 13.0, GE Vingmed Ultrassound Horten, Norway).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reproducibility</title>
        <p>The measures of left ventricular (LV) GLS, RV strain and RV free wall strain underwent intra- and interobserver agreement analysis by use of intraclass correlation coefficients. Bland-Altman plots were created to show the results of the interobserver analyses.</p>
        <p>Tests at different follow-up times were randomly drawn, defining a sample of approximately 10% of all calculations of the GLS analyzed during the study. Data were reassessed by the same observer, blind to the treatment instituted and specialized in the method, so that intraobserver agreement could be assessed.</p>
        <p>The interobserver analysis was performed by another professional, also specialized in the method with experience in GLS assessment, the major variable of this study. The second observer used the same clip selected by the first observer, with predefined configurations, such as depth, gain, value of pulse repetition frequency (PRF); however, the new regions of interest for myocardial markers were freely chosen during the reanalysis. If the observer agreed on the region of interest marked, the next step would be the approval of the six segments according to the walls assessed. Upon approval with a command on the working station screen, the values of GLS and segment strains were calculated and demonstrated by use of bull's eye. Therefore, the calculations of the LV GLS, RV strain and RV free wall strain were repeated at the working station by the second observer, who was blind to the time the Doppler echocardiography was performed, the treatment and the patient's outcome.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data were prospectively recorded in the program SPSS 15.0 for Windows, also used for statistical analysis.</p>
        <p>The categorical variables were expressed as frequency, being compared by use of chi-square test. The continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range, according to their distribution, and compared by use of paired Student <italic>t</italic> test or Mann Whitney U test. The baseline values and those at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months from Doppler echocardiography were compared by use of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).</p>
        <p>Cox regression analysis was used to identify independent echocardiographic variables predictive of cardiotoxicity.</p>
        <p>Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were created to define the most accurate cutoff points for the continuous variables independently associated with the event assessed.</p>
        <p>The intra- and interobserver variabilities were analyzed with intraclass correlation coefficients, and Bland-Altman plots were created to show the results of the interobserver analyses.</p>
        <p>For all tests, the statistical significance level adopted was p &#8804; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 58 female patients consecutively referred to the Oncology Outpatient Clinic of the HUCFF, 49 were included in this study. Nine patients were excluded because of their high body mass index (BMI), which generates an inappropriate acoustic window to the LV GLS acquisition and EF calculation with the Simpson's method.</p>
      <p>The mean age of the population studied was 49.7 &#177; 12.2 years, and the follow-up duration, 381 &#177; 29,8 days. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the baseline characteristics of the patients included in this study and of those excluded from it.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics of the population included in the study and excluded from it.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">population included n= 49</th>
              <th align="center">population excluded n = 9</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> ll</sup></td>
              <td align="center">49.7 &#177; 12.2</td>
              <td align="center">51.0 &#177; 12.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> ll</sup></td>
              <td align="center">67.6 &#177; 12.6</td>
              <td align="center">90.5 &#177; 12.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (m)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> ll</sup></td>
              <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.06</td>
              <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.09</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BSA (m<sup>2</sup>)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> ll</sup></td>
              <td align="center">1.65 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> &#167;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">26.1 (23.6 - 30.4)</td>
              <td align="center">37.9 (31.6 - 40.9)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mm Hg)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> ll</sup></td>
              <td align="center">125.1 &#177; 17.4</td>
              <td align="center">132.2 &#177; 12.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mm Hg)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> &#167;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">74.7 &#177; 12.0</td>
              <td align="center">84.4 &#177; 5.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR (bpm)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> ll</sup></td>
              <td align="center">77.2 &#177; 10.1</td>
              <td align="center">83.4 &#177; 13.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EF (Teicholz - %)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> ll</sup></td>
              <td align="center">69.0 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">67.7 &#177; 9.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total AnthracyclineDose (Equivalence) (mg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> &#167;</sup></td>
              <td align="center">600 (534-760)</td>
              <td align="center">600 (507-590)</td>
              <td align="center">0.68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total Traztuzumab Dose (mg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> ll</sup></td>
              <td align="center">6823.3 &#177; 2395.6</td>
              <td align="center">7079 &#177; 2207.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAH <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">16 (32.7)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (44.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Type II DM <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">2 (4.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.71</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEI / ARB <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1 (11.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ASA <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">2 (4.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.71</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HCTZ <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">14 (28.6)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">3 (6.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Right breast CA <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">24 (49.0)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (88.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left breast CA <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">25 (51.0)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (22.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Invasive ductal carcinoma <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">34 (69.4)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (100)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lobular carcinoma <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">7 (14.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Other subtypes <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">8 (16.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pre-chemo surgery <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">20 (40.8)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (33.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Radiotherapy <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">26 (53.1)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (77.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Doxorubicin <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">20 (40.8)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (22.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Epirubicin <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">29 (59.2)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (77.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Trastuzumab <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">8 (16.3)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (22.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Mean (standard deviation);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Median (25<sup>th</sup> - 75<sup>th</sup> Percentile);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>N (%); BSA: Body Surface Area; BMI: Body Mass Index; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; HR: Heart Rate; EF: Ejection Fraction; SAH: Systemic Arterial Hypertension; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; ACEI: Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibitor; ARB - Angiotensin Receptor Blocker; ASA: Acetylsalicylic Acid; HCTZ: Hydrochlorothiazide; CA: Cancer; Chemo: Chemotherapy; + Median (25<sup>th</sup> - 75<sup>th</sup> Percentile); bpm: beats per minute. Categorical variables compared by use of chi-square test <sup>&#8225;</sup>, p value &#8804; 0.05. Continuous variables compared by use of Mann Whitney U test <sup>&#167;</sup> or Student t test <sup>ll</sup>, p value &#8804; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the oncological data, the most common histological type of tumor was invasive ductal carcinoma, observed in 70% of the patients. In 51% of the patients, the tumor was located in the left breast, 40.8% of the patients underwent surgery before chemotherapy, and 53.1%, radiotherapy (all of them after chemotherapy).</p>
      <p>The patients underwent serial Doppler echocardiography, the first test being performed prior to treatment, and the following tests, on the third, sixth, ninth and twelfth months, in accordance to the study protocol. The LV GLS and the EF (Simpson's method) were obtained at all tests of the 49 patients. The mean time between undergoing the first Doppler echocardiography and initiating the antineoplastic treatment was 9 days.</p>
      <p>The population studied and that excluded from the study were compared, and a similarity between the groups was observed.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Intra- and interobserver analysis of global longitudinal strain</title>
        <p>The intraobserver intraclass correlation coefficients for LV GLS, RV strain, and RV free wall strain were 0.97 (95%CI: 0.91-0.99), 0.98 (95%CI: 0.93-0.99) and 0.98 (95%CI: 0.95-0.99), respectively. The interobserver intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.97 (95%CI: 0.92-0.99), 0.97 (95%CI: 0.92-0.99) and 0.98 (95%CI: 0.93-0.99), respectively. The results showed excellent inter- and intraobserver agreements. The excellent result of the interobserver analysis of the LV GLS, RV strain, and RV free wall strain can also be observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1C</xref> (Bland-Altman plots).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Bland-Altman plots showing interobserver analysis of left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV GLS), right ventricular (RV) strain and right ventricular free wall (RVFW) strain in A, B and C, respectively.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0140-80021-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of the population that developed cardiotoxicity</title>
        <p>All patients in our study received anthracyclines, and 80% of them underwent radiotherapy after chemotherapy. During the follow-up, five patients (10%) developed cardiotoxicity, two on the third month and three on the sixth month. Despite the lack of a statistically significant association, the mean age of the patients with cardiotoxicity was higher than that of the 44 patients without it. In addition, 80% of those patients underwent radiotherapy, which is clinically relevant. All patients used anthracyclines. For two patients (40%) who developed cardiotoxicity, trastuzumab was associated to the antineoplastic regimen. The baseline characteristics of the patients who developed cardiotoxicity are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of the patients treated with anthracyclines and trastuzumab - Association with cardiotoxicity.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Cardiotoxicity</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">P</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Yes</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">No</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">n = 5</th>
                <th align="center">n = 44</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                <td align="center">56.4 &#177; 9.50</td>
                <td align="center">48.9 &#177; 12.30</td>
                <td align="center">0.60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight (kg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                <td align="center">65.8 &#177; 10.80</td>
                <td align="center">67.9 &#177; 12.90</td>
                <td align="center">0.78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height (m)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1.58 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">1.57 &#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center">0.80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BSA (m<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1.63 &#177; 0.17</td>
                <td align="center">1.66 &#177; 1.17</td>
                <td align="center">0.80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref> &#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">27.3 (22.9-29.2)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (23.7-30.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SAH<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (31.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">White ethnicity <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">4 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (61.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mixed ethnicity <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (38.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Type II DM <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ASA <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diuretic <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (27.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Statin <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0. 72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP (mm Hg)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref> ll</sup></td>
                <td align="center">128 &#177; 23.9</td>
                <td align="center">124.8 &#177; 16.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP (mm Hg)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref> ll</sup></td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 13.0</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#177; 12.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR (bpm)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref> ll</sup></td>
                <td align="center">78.4 &#177; 8.3</td>
                <td align="center">77.1 &#177; 10.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Invasive ductal carcinoma <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">3 (60%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (71%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lobular carcinoma <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (11.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Other types <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">8 (18.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEC protocol <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">4 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (61.4%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AC protocol <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (38.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Radiotherapy <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">4 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total Trastuzumab Dose (mg/m<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                <td align="center">4257 &#177; 1899</td>
                <td align="center">6692 &#177; 2352</td>
                <td align="center">0.24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total AnthracyclineDose (Equivalent dose mg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref> ll</sup></td>
                <td align="center">480 (402-720)</td>
                <td align="center">600 (525-795)</td>
                <td align="center">0.17</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Mean (standard deviation);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Median (25<sup>th</sup> - 75<sup>th</sup> Percentile);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>N (%); BSA: Body Surface Area; BMI: Body Mass Index; SAH - Systemic Arterial Hypertension; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; ASA: Acetylsalicylic Acid; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; HR: Heart Rate; FEC: 5-Fluorouracil + Epirubicin + Cyclophosphamide; AC: Doxorubicin + Cyclophosphamide. Categorical variables compared by use of chi-square test <sup>&#8225;</sup>, p value &#8804; 0.05. Continuous variables compared by use of Mann Whitney U test <sup>&#167;</sup> or Student t test <sup>ll</sup>, p value &#8804; 0.05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Description of the echocardiographic parameters</title>
        <p>The means of the echocardiographic variables of the patients with and without cardiotoxicity are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. On the third month, the mean LV GLS, as well as its difference regarding the baseline value, were significantly higher in the group with cardiotoxicity. Although the EF value on the third month differed between the groups, its difference from the baseline value did not behave like that. On the sixth month, there was a significant drop in the EF and LV GLS, in addition to changes in the S wave of the left ventricle and E/E'.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic characteristics of the patients treated with anthracyclines and trastuzumab - Association with cardiotoxicity.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">ECHO</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">Variable<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Cardiotoxicity</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">P</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Sim</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">n = 5</th>
                <th align="center">n = 44</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Baseline ECHO</td>
                <td align="center">EF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 4.8</td>
                <td align="center">68.3 &#177; 7.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.120</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GLS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-19.3 &#177; 1.2</td>
                <td align="center">-20.5 &#177; 2.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">E/E'</td>
                <td align="center">8.9 &#177; 2.5</td>
                <td align="center">7.9 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.450</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">LV S (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">7.8 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">8.3 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.380</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RV S (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">12.6 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">12.9 &#177; 2.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.760</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="7">ECHO 3 months</td>
                <td align="center">EF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">57.6 &#177; 12.3</td>
                <td align="center">67.2 &#177; 6.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EF Dif. 3 months (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6.4 &#177; 16.2</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 7.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.190</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GLS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-15.2 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">-19.6 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GLS Dif. 3 months (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4.1 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.8 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">E/E'</td>
                <td align="center">7.1 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">8.6 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.230</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">LV S (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">8 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">8.5 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.600</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RV S (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">12.6 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td align="center">12.9 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.800</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="7">ECHO 6 months</td>
                <td align="center">EF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center">67.4 &#177; 6.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">EF Dif. 6 months (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 5.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 9.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GLS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-15.6 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center">-19.4 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">GLS Dif. 6 months (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">1 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">E/E'</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">8.2 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">LV S (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">7.8 &#177; 1.4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">RV S (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">13 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0.200</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Means &#177; SD; ECHO: Echocardiography; EF: Ejection Fraction (Simpson's); EF Dif.: Ejection Fraction Difference; GLS Dif.: Global Longitudinal Strain Difference; E/E': Ratio between E and E' wave values on Doppler echocardiography; LV S: S wave of the left ventricle; RV S: S wave of the right ventricle. The echocardiographic variables were compared by using paired Student t test, p value &#8804; 0.05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the five cases of cardiotoxicity.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Description of the cases with cardiotoxicity.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Cases</th>
                <th align="left" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">EF</th>
                <th align="left" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">LV GLS </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Baseline</th>
                <th align="left">3 Months</th>
                <th align="left">6 Months</th>
                <th align="left">Baseline</th>
                <th align="left">3 Months (% &#8710;GLS)</th>
                <th align="left">6 Months</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="left">66%</td>
                <td align="left">52%</td>
                <td align="left">58%</td>
                <td align="left">-19.4%</td>
                <td align="left">-12.9% (33.50)</td>
                <td align="left">-17.0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="left">65%</td>
                <td align="left">69%</td>
                <td align="left">50%</td>
                <td align="left">-18.7%</td>
                <td align="left">-16.0% (14.40)</td>
                <td align="left">-14.3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="left">56%</td>
                <td align="left">69%</td>
                <td align="left">49%</td>
                <td align="left">-19.2%</td>
                <td align="left">-16.5% (14.10)</td>
                <td align="left">-15.5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="left">64%</td>
                <td align="left">58%</td>
                <td align="left">45%</td>
                <td align="left">-21.2%</td>
                <td align="left">-17.4% (17.90)</td>
                <td align="left">-15.0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5</td>
                <td align="left">69%</td>
                <td align="left">40%</td>
                <td align="left">53%</td>
                <td align="left">-18.0%</td>
                <td align="left">-13.3% (26.10)</td>
                <td align="left">-16.4%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>EF: Ejection Fraction (Simpson's method); GLS: Global Longitudinal Strain; % &#8710;GLS: Percentage Variation of Global Longitudinal Strain.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>When assessing the percentage reduction in the LV GLS, from baseline to the third month, between patients with and without cardiotoxicity, a clear difference is observed between the two groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>). That same behavior was not observed when assessing the percentage reduction in the EF in the same period, confirming that EF is not as sensitive as GLS to diagnose cardiotoxicity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Boxplot illustrating the difference between the groups with and without cardiotoxicity. A, percentage reduction in left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) variation; and B, percentage reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) variation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0140-80021-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The RV strain and RV free wall strain were acquired by using the same software developed for the analysis of the left ventricle, and showed mild non-significant changes on the third and sixth months, with subsequent normalization. However, TAPSE and tissue Doppler of the tricuspid annulus, measures related to the right ventricle, did not change during the follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Predictors of cardiotoxicity</title>
        <p>Aiming at assessing the association of each echocardiographic variable with cardiotoxicity (outcome), Cox regression analysis was performed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cox Regression Models.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">B</th>
                <th align="center">SE</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">HR</th>
                <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cox regression model (Univariate)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diastolic function</td>
                <td align="center">0.551</td>
                <td align="center">0.221</td>
                <td align="center">0.013</td>
                <td align="center">1.735</td>
                <td align="center">1.126-2.675</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left Atrial Volume (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">- 0.354</td>
                <td align="center">0.154</td>
                <td align="center">0.022</td>
                <td align="center">0.702</td>
                <td align="center">0.519-0.950</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">- 0.117</td>
                <td align="center">0.046</td>
                <td align="center">0.011</td>
                <td align="center">0.889</td>
                <td align="center">0.813-0.973</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GLS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.020</td>
                <td align="center">0.353</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
                <td align="center">2.773</td>
                <td align="center">1.389-5.536</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cox regression model (Multivariate - A)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left Atrial Volume (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">- 0.218</td>
                <td align="center">0.249</td>
                <td align="center">0.382</td>
                <td align="center">0.804</td>
                <td align="center">0.494-1.311</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.108</td>
                <td align="center">0.084</td>
                <td align="center">0.198</td>
                <td align="center">1.115</td>
                <td align="center">0.945-1.314</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GLS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.41</td>
                <td align="center">0.686</td>
                <td align="center">0.040</td>
                <td align="center">4.097</td>
                <td align="center">1.068-15.716</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cox regression model (Multivariate - B)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.143</td>
                <td align="center">0.103</td>
                <td align="center">0.163</td>
                <td align="center">1.154</td>
                <td align="center">0.944-1.412</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GLS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.975</td>
                <td align="center">0.952</td>
                <td align="center">0.038</td>
                <td align="center">7.207</td>
                <td align="center">1.115-46.573</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diastolic function</td>
                <td align="center">- 0.153</td>
                <td align="center">0.345</td>
                <td align="center">0.658</td>
                <td align="center">0.858</td>
                <td align="center">0.436-1.688</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>B: Coefficient; SE: Standard Error; HR: Hazard Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval; LVEF: Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction; GLS: Global Longitudinal Strain.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The variables with p &#8804;0.05 on Cox regression univariate analysis went to multivariate analysis of independent predictors of cardiotoxicity: EF (Simpson's method), LV GLS on the third month, left atrial volume, and diastolic function. Two models were created, separating the information of left atrial volume and diastolic function, because both variables express similar information, and can be interpreted in the concept of collinearity. Only LV GLS on the third month remained an independent predictor of cardiotoxicity, maintaining a statistically significant association in the multivariate models, even when the variables selected on univariate regression were tested two by two.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>ROC curves to predict cardiotoxicity by use of LV GLS</title>
        <p>To define the most accurate cutoff point of the absolute LV GLS value on the third month to predict cardiotoxicity on the sixth month, a ROC curve was built (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3A</xref>). The LV GLS value of -16.6 showed sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 95% to predict cardiotoxicity on the sixth month. Similarly, a second ROC curve was built to define the most accurate cutoff point of the percentage reduction of the LV GLS capable of predicting cardiotoxicity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3B</xref>). The LV GLS value of -14% showed sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 99% for that diagnosis. The accuracy of the percentage drop of 14% of the GLS (strain of the third month in regard to that of baseline) was assessed by use of its sensitivity and specificity (100% and 93%, respectively).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curves to assess the cutoff point of the absolute value of left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) (A), and the cutoff point of the percentage reduction in left ventricular GLS (B) as predictors of cardiotoxicity.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0140-80021-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The results of the present study showed that the LV GLS was an excellent predictor of cardiotoxicity in our population, with high efficacy for its early diagnosis.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Profile of morbidity of the population studied</title>
        <p>Our population was considered to have a low morbidity profile. The incidence of the risk factors that could be related to cardiotoxicity was very low, and no statistically significant association could be demonstrated. That profile differs from that of other studies, which had cases of smoking, previous use of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, in addition to a higher frequency of systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The low morbidity profile can be associated with the lower incidence of cardiotoxicity observed in our population. Patients with the highest BMI were excluded from our study, because they could be considered at higher risk for cardiotoxicity, limiting the incidence rate of that event.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definition of cardiotoxicity</title>
        <p>The definition of cardiotoxicity is fundamental, because it is not uniform in different studies, hindering the assessment of the real incidence of the event. The cardiotoxicity incidence in a systematic review published in 2014 ranged from 13% to 32%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Studies published by Sawaya et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and Baratta et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> have found an incidence of 20%, using the same criterion of the trastuzumab committee. Our study found a cardiotoxicity incidence of 10%, lower than that reported by those studies. That could be explained by the low morbidity profile of our population, composed only by patients with breast cancer, with similar treatment protocols. In the study by Baratta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> if the cardiotoxicity incidence would be calculated only among patients with breast cancer, a 12% rate would be found, similar to that of our population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of the population that developed cardiotoxicity</title>
        <p>In our study, cardiotoxicity showed no statistically significant risk association with the clinical and anthropometric variables, histological type of tumor and treatment instituted. However, some variables evidenced clinically relevant information. The first was age, which was higher in the group that developed cardiotoxicity (mean of 56 years <italic>versus</italic> 49 years, in the group without cardiotoxicity), and could lead to a higher risk of events according to the literature. Another interesting variable, the total dose of anthracyclines and trastuzumab administered, which was lower in the group with cardiotoxicity, might be justified by the suspension or dose reduction of the antineoplastic drug by the oncology team in face of the drop in EF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Choosing the best time for doppler echocardiography</title>
        <p>There is no consensus between the European and American Societies of Cardiology about the time during the treatment in which the echocardiographies should be performed. In our population, two patients had cardiotoxicity on the third month. Analyzing retrospectively, if the Doppler echocardiography would be performed after each anthracycline cycle, the drop in LV GLS might have occurred before the reduction in EF on the third month. Therefore, Doppler echocardiography would ideally be performed after the end of each anthracycline cycle.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Marker of cardiotoxicity: 2D strain</title>
        <p>Ejection fraction is not considered a good predictor of cardiotoxicity, because it does not detect early myocardial contractile function changes. Recent studies have demonstrated that strain changes precede EF changes in patients undergoing antineoplastic treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> However, no consensus has been reached regarding the specific cutoff point of that variable that should be used as a predictor of cardiotoxicity.</p>
        <p>The results of our study confirm LV GLS as an excellent independent predictor of cardiotoxicity, which can be assessed by use of the data from Cox regression (p = 0.004, HR = 2.77; 95%CI: 1.39-5.54). None of the patients assessed showed the LV GLS drop after the EF drop. The LV GLS change occurred from the third month onward, while EF (Simpson's method) changed only on the sixth month.</p>
        <p>There is no consensus in the literature regarding the LV GLS value that can predict cardiotoxicity. Some articles have mentioned that, using the Speckle Tracking technique, a 10% to 15% reduction could predict that outcome. The last European recommendation from 2016 states that a reduction &gt; 15% could predict cardiotoxicity, while a reduction &lt; 8% could exclude its diagnosis. However, there is a grey zone between those values.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Because of data inconsistency, our study aimed at finding the best cutoff point of the absolute value and percentage reduction of LV GLS to predict cardiotoxicity. The five events that occurred in our study enabled the construction of ROC curves to assess the diagnosis of cardiotoxicity on the sixth month. The need to define the ideal cutoff point of the GLS drop percentage capable of preventing cardiotoxicity has also been approached by some authors in recent years. According to Sawaya et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> a 10% GLS drop on the third month of assessment could predict ventricular dysfunction occurring on the sixth month, with sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 79% and negative predictive value of 93%. The sample calculation of that study was based on the hypothesis that a 14% GLS drop could predict cardiotoxicity, exactly the same value found in our study.</p>
        <p>It is worth noting that all prognostic models, in addition to predictive accuracy, should have the variables easily obtained. Doppler echocardiography is widely available and easily accessible, involves no radiation, being performed at the bedside. Its use in the follow-up of patients with breast cancer is a criterion of quality in healthcare services, mainly when using GLS, capable of predicting cardiotoxicity in those patients. However, it should be performed by echocardiography professionals trained in the method, with excellent image acquisition, to minimize the intra- and interobserver variabilities, using the same device and software, creating an individualized set for image acquisition and subsequent assessment. In our study, those values were found using the GE software. The different brands of devices have different normality range values. An agreement regarding those values has not been achieved between the manufacturers. Most studies and guidelines use a percentage variation of strain to define the presence of cardiotoxicity. Using the patient's baseline measures as control, and guaranteeing that all measures are taken with the same equipment and technique, the variations seem more reliable.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The sequential echocardiographies were performed by the same examiner. Although the examiner was blind to the treatment instituted, an influence of the previous assessment on the subsequent tests could exist. However, the interobserver analysis showed an excellent correlation between data, and the second observer was blind not only to treatment, but also to the echocardiography times and previous results. Thus, although an assessment bias might have existed, it would not be strong enough to alter the results found.</p>
        <p>The strain calculation requires an appropriate acoustic window. The patients excluded were those with the highest BMI, who would be at higher risk for cardiotoxicity according to the literature. In addition, in patients undergoing left breast surgery before the antineoplastic treatment, the presence of the expander or the surgical wound itself could interfere with the analysis. Limitations regarding the method also apply, and could be related to the test being performed by an untrained professional, or might be related to the devices available, taking into account that the strain values vary according to the brand of the device used.</p>
        <p>Our study showed a low incidence of cardiotoxicity, which could limit the multivariate analysis. Currently, the literature is reviewing the assumption that a robust multivariate analysis should involve at least ten outcomes for each variable analyzed. There are three well-known simulation studies that assess that criterion for regression models, and they do not agree. Currently, in addition to the number of events per variable, the regression model depends on several other factors, such as the association of variables and outcomes, and some statistical studies report on the use of a smaller number of outcomes for each variable analyzed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The incidence of cardiotoxicity associated with the antineoplastic treatment for breast cancer was 10% in our institution.</p>
      <p>Our population with a low cardiovascular morbidity profile showed no association between cardiotoxicity and the risk factors classically described, such as clinical and anthropometric variables and treatment.</p>
      <p>A significant LV GLS drop was observed from the third month onward, characterizing that variable as an independent predictor of cardiotoxicity, with a cutoff point of an absolute LV GLS value of -16.6% or a percentage LV GLS variation of -14%.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Eliza de Almeida Gripp, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho - UFRJ under the protocol number 926775. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>The authors thank all the staff of the Oncology Service of the Clementino Fraga Filho University-affiliated Hospital for making this study possible.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cancer survivors-United States, 2007. MMWR. 2011;60(9):269-72. PMID: 21389929.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cancer survivors-United States, 2007</article-title>
          <source>MMWR</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>269</fpage>
          <lpage>272</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21389929</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Schimmel KJ, Richel DJ, Van Den Brink RB, Guchelaar HJ. Cardiotoxicity of cytotoxic drugs. Cancer Treat Rev. 2004;30(2):181-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2003.07.003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schimmel</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Richel</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>Van Den Brink RB.Guchelaar HJ</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiotoxicity of cytotoxic drugs</article-title>
          <source>Cancer Treat Rev</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>181</fpage>
          <lpage>191</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ctrv.2003.07.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Yeh ET, Bickford CL. Cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy: incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(24):2231-47. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.050.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yeh</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bickford</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy: incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2231</fpage>
          <lpage>2247</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.050</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Zamorano JL, Lancellotti P, Rodriguez Mu&#241;oz D, Aboyans V, Asteggiano R, Galderisi M, et al; Authors/Task Force Members; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). 2016. ESC Position Paper on cancer treatments and cardiovascular toxicity developed under the auspices of the ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(36):2768-801. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw211.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zamorano</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lancellotti</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodriguez Mu&#241;oz</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aboyans</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asteggiano</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galderisi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Authors/Task Force MembersESC Committee for Practice Guidelines</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ESC Position Paper on cancer treatments and cardiovascular toxicity developed under the auspices of the ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>36</issue>
          <fpage>2768</fpage>
          <lpage>2801</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehw211</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Seidman A, Hudis C, Pierri MC, Shak S, Paton V, Ashby M, et al. Cardiac dysfunction in the trastuzumab clinical trials experience. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(5):1215-1221. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2002.20.5.1215.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Seidman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hudis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pierri</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shak</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paton</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ashby</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac dysfunction in the trastuzumab clinical trials experience</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Oncol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1215</fpage>
          <lpage>1221</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1200/JCO.2002.20.5.1215</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Florescu M, Magda LS, Enescu OA, Jinga D, Vinereanu D. Early detection of doxorubicin- induced cardiotoxicity in patients with breast cancer. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2014;27(1):83-92. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.10.008.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Florescu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magda</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Enescu</surname>
              <given-names>OA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jinga</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vinereanu</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early detection of doxorubicin- induced cardiotoxicity in patients with breast cancer</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>83</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2013.10.008</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Drazner MH, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;128(16):e240-327. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829e8776</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yancy</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jessup</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bozkurt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Butler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casey</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drazner</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>128</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>e240</fpage>
          <lpage>e327</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829e8776</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Martin M, Esteva FJ, Alba E, Khandheria B, P&#233;rez-Isla L, Garc&#237;a-S&#225;enz JA. Minimizing cardiotoxicity while optimizing treatment efficacy with trastuzumab: Review and expert recommendations. Oncologist. 2009;14(1):1-11. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0137.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Esteva</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alba</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khandheria</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>P&#233;rez-Isla</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garc&#237;a-S&#225;enz</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Minimizing cardiotoxicity while optimizing treatment efficacy with trastuzumab: Review and expert recommendations</article-title>
          <source>Oncologist</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0137</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Billingham ME, Mason JW, Bristow MR, Daniels JR. Anthracycline cardiomyopathy monitored by morphologic changes. Cancer Treat Rep. 1978;62(6):865-72. PMID: 667860.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Billingham</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mason</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bristow</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daniels</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anthracycline cardiomyopathy monitored by morphologic changes</article-title>
          <source>Cancer Treat Rep</source>
          <year>1978</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>865</fpage>
          <lpage>872</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">667860</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Force T. Introduction to cardiotoxicity review series. Circ Res. 2010;106(1):19-20. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.210724.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Force</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Introduction to cardiotoxicity review series</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>19</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.210724</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Tan T, Bouras S, Sawaya H, Sebag IA, Cohen V, Picard MH, et al. Time trends of left ventricular ejection fraction and myocardial deformation indices in a cohort of women with breast cancer treated with anthracyclines, taxanes, and trastuzumab. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(5):509-14. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2015.02.001.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bouras</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sawaya</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sebag</surname>
              <given-names>IA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Picard</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Time trends of left ventricular ejection fraction and myocardial deformation indices in a cohort of women with breast cancer treated with anthracyclines, taxanes, and trastuzumab</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>509</fpage>
          <lpage>514</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2015.02.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Plana JC, Galderisi M, Barac A, Ewer MS, Ky B, Scherrer-Crosbie M, et al. Expert Consensus for multimodality imaging evaluation of adult patients during and after cancer therapy: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2014;27(9):911-39. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.07.012.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Plana</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galderisi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barac</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ewer</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ky</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scherrer-Crosbie</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Expert Consensus for multimodality imaging evaluation of adult patients during and after cancer therapy: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>911</fpage>
          <lpage>939</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2014.07.012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015;28(1):1-39.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badano</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mor-Avi</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afilalo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ernande</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Negishi K, Negishi T, Hare JL, Haluska BA, Plana JC, Marwick TH, et al. Independent and incremental value of deformation indices for prediction of trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26(5):493-8. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.02.008.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Negishi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Negishi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hare</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haluska</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plana</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marwick</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Independent and incremental value of deformation indices for prediction of trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>493</fpage>
          <lpage>498</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2013.02.008</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Thavendiranathan P, Poulin F, Lim KD, Plana JC, Woo A, Amarwick TH. Use of myocardial strain imaging by echocardiography for the early detection of cardiotoxicity in patients during and after cancer chemotherapy- A Systematic Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt A):2751-68. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.073.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thavendiranathan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poulin</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lim</surname>
              <given-names>KD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plana</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amarwick</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of myocardial strain imaging by echocardiography for the early detection of cardiotoxicity in patients during and after cancer chemotherapy- A Systematic Review</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt A</issue-part>
          <fpage>2751</fpage>
          <lpage>2768</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.073</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Sawaya H, Sebag I, Plana JC, Januzzi JL, Ky B, Cohen V, et al. Early detection and prediction of cardiotoxicity in chemotherapy-treated patients. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(9):1375-80. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.01.006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sawaya</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sebag</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plana</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ky</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early detection and prediction of cardiotoxicity in chemotherapy-treated patients</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1375</fpage>
          <lpage>1380</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.01.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Baratta S, Damiano MA, Marchese ML, Trucco JI, Rizzo M, Bernok F, et al. Serum markers, conventional Doppler echocardiography and two-dimensional systolic strain in the diagnosis of chemotherapy-Induced myocardial toxicity. Rev Argent Cardiol. 2013;81:139-46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7775.rac.v81.i2.2497.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baratta</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damiano</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marchese</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trucco</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rizzo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernok</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serum markers, conventional Doppler echocardiography and two-dimensional systolic strain in the diagnosis of chemotherapy-Induced myocardial toxicity</article-title>
          <source>Rev Argent Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <fpage>139</fpage>
          <lpage>146</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">http://dx.doi.org/10.7775.rac.v81.i2.2497</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Matos E, Jug B, Blagus R, Zakotnik B. A prospective cohort study on cardiotoxicity of adjuvant trastuzumab therapy in breast cancer patients. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;107(1):40-7. doi: 10.5935/abc.20160084.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Matos</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jug</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blagus</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zakotnik</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A prospective cohort study on cardiotoxicity of adjuvant trastuzumab therapy in breast cancer patients</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>40</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160084</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Tan TC, Bouras S, Sawaya H, Sebag IA, Cohen V, Picard MH, et al. Time trends of left ventricular ejection fraction and myocardial deformation indices in a cohort of women with breast cancer treated with anthracyclines, taxanes, and trastuzumab. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(5):509-14. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2015.02.001.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bouras</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sawaya</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sebag</surname>
              <given-names>IA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Picard</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Time trends of left ventricular ejection fraction and myocardial deformation indices in a cohort of women with breast cancer treated with anthracyclines, taxanes, and trastuzumab</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>509</fpage>
          <lpage>514</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2015.02.001</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Charbonnel C, Convers-Domart R, Rigaudeau S, Taksin AL, Baron N, Lambert J, et al. Assessment of global longitudinal strain at low- dose anthracycline-based chemotherapy, for the prediction of subsequent cardiotoxicity. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18(4):392-401. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jew223.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Charbonnel</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Convers-Domart</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rigaudeau</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taksin</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baron</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lambert</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of global longitudinal strain at low- dose anthracycline-based chemotherapy, for the prediction of subsequent cardiotoxicity</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>392</fpage>
          <lpage>401</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jew223</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Almeida AL, Silva VA, de Souza Filho AT, Rios VG, Lopes JR, de Afonseca SO, et al. Subclinical ventricular dysfunction detected by speckle tracking two years after use of anthracycline. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;104(4):274-83. doi: 10.5935/abc.20140209.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <name>
              <surname>de Souza</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rios</surname>
              <given-names>VG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Afonseca</surname>
              <given-names>SO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Subclinical ventricular dysfunction detected by speckle tracking two years after use of anthracycline</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>274</fpage>
          <lpage>283</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140209</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Thavendiranathan P, Grant AD, Negishi T, Plana JC, Popovic ZB, Marwick TH. Reproducibility of echocardiographic techniques for sequential assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(1):77-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.09.035.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thavendiranathan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grant</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Negishi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plana</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Popovic</surname>
              <given-names>ZB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marwick</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reproducibility of echocardiographic techniques for sequential assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>77</fpage>
          <lpage>84</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2012.09.035</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Van Smeden M, De Groot JA, Moons KG, Collins GS, Altman DG, Eijkemans MJ, et al. No rationale for 1 variable per 10 events criterion for binary logistic regression analysis. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2016;16(1):163. doi: 10.1186/s12874-016-0267-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Van Smeden</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Groot</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moons</surname>
              <given-names>KG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eijkemans</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>No rationale for 1 variable per 10 events criterion for binary logistic regression analysis</article-title>
          <source>BMC Med Res Methodol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>163</fpage>
          <lpage>163</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12874-016-0267-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Courvoisier DS, Combescure C, Agoritsas T, Gayet-Ageron A, Perneger TV. Performance of logistic regression modeling: beyond the number of events per variable, the role of data structure. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(9):993-1000. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.11.012.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Courvoisier</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Combescure</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agoritsas</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gayet-Ageron</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perneger</surname>
              <given-names>TV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Performance of logistic regression modeling: beyond the number of events per variable, the role of data structure</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>993</fpage>
          <lpage>1000</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.11.012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Ecocardiografia &#8211; Adultos</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acur&#225;cia do Strain Longitudinal Global na Predi&#231;&#227;o de Cardiotoxicidade em uma Coorte de Pacientes com C&#226;ncer de Mama em Tratamento com Antrac&#237;clicos e/ou Trastuzumab</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gripp</surname>
            <given-names>Eliza de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Escudini de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feij&#243;</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Iorio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Salles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Silvestre de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eliza de Almeida Gripp</bold>, Rua Belis&#225;rio T&#225;vora, 302 / 101 - 2. CEP 22245-070, Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>elizagripp@cardiol.br</email>, <email>elizagripp@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gripp EA, Oliveira GE, Feij&#243; LA, Garcia MI, Xavier SS, Sousa AS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Gripp EA, Oliveira GE; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gripp EA, Feij&#243; LA, Garcia MI, Xavier SS, Sousa AS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Feij&#243; LA, Garcia MI, Xavier SS, Sousa AS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A elevada morbimortalidade da cardiotoxicidade associada &#224; terapia antineopl&#225;sica para o c&#226;ncer de mama poderia ser reduzida com uso precoce de drogas cardioprotetoras. No entanto, a baixa sensibilidade da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o limita sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o nessa estrat&#233;gia preventiva. Novos par&#226;metros, como o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global, est&#227;o sendo utilizados na detec&#231;&#227;o precoce das altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a incid&#234;ncia de cardiotoxicidade entre pacientes tratados para c&#226;ncer de mama, os fatores independentes associados a esse evento e a capacidade do <italic>strain</italic> em identific&#225;-la precocemente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo prospectivo observacional de pacientes ambulatoriais consecutivos com diagn&#243;stico de c&#226;ncer de mama, sem tratamento antineopl&#225;sico pr&#233;vio, sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, submetidos ao uso de antrac&#237;clicos e/ou trastuzumab, avaliados trimestralmente de forma cega em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia, seguidos por 6 a 12 meses. Regress&#227;o de Cox foi utilizada para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, terap&#234;uticas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas com cardiotoxicidade. Curva ROC foi constru&#237;da para identificar o ponto de corte do <italic>strain</italic> capaz de prever redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Para todos os testes, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definido com p &#8804; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dentre 49 mulheres com idade m&#233;dia de 49,7 &#177; 12,2 anos, identificamos 5 casos de cardiotoxicidade (10%), aos 3 (n = 2) e 6 (n = 3) meses de seguimento<italic>. Strain</italic> foi associado de forma independente ao evento (p = 0,004; HR = 2,77; IC95%: 1,39-5,54), tendo como ponto de corte o valor absoluto de -16,6 (ASC = 0,95; IC95%: 0,87-1,0) ou redu&#231;&#227;o de 14% (ASC = 0,97; IC95%: 0,9-1,0).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o de 14% do <italic>strain</italic> (ou valor absoluto de -16,6) foi capaz de identificar precocemente pacientes que podem evoluir com cardiotoxicidade associada ao antrac&#237;clico e/ou trastuzumab.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiotoxicidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Trastuzumab, Indicadores de Morbimortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O progresso no tratamento de in&#250;meros tumores, incluindo a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de novos antineopl&#225;sicos, permitiu a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade associada ao c&#226;ncer, com mais de 12 milh&#245;es de sobreviventes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Entretanto, o aumento da sobrevida permitiu identificar efeitos colaterais, entre eles a cardiotoxicidade, respons&#225;vel pelo aumento da mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia em 2016 recomenda como diagn&#243;stico: redu&#231;&#227;o &gt; 10% na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE), para valores abaixo da normalidade (53%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Anterior a essa publica&#231;&#227;o, diferentes defini&#231;&#245;es foram usadas para cardiotoxicidade, gerando dificuldades na avalia&#231;&#227;o da real incid&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A defini&#231;&#227;o mais comumente utilizada foi descrita pelo comit&#234; de revis&#227;o card&#237;aca e de avalia&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade associada ao trastuzumab, sendo caracterizada pela redu&#231;&#227;o de 5% ou mais para valores abaixo de 55% de FE, acompanhado de sinais e/ou sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) ou redu&#231;&#227;o de 10% ou mais para valores abaixo de 55% de FE, sem cl&#237;nica de IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A cardiotoxicidade &#233; um efeito colateral bem estabelecido de v&#225;rios antineopl&#225;sicos, particularmente antrac&#237;clicos e trastuzumab, usados no tratamento de c&#226;ncer de mama.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com alto risco de desenvolver a cardiotoxicidade seria a estrat&#233;gia ideal para redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade.</p>
        <p>O <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SLG) est&#225; sendo utilizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica com o intuito de detectar precocemente as altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til mioc&#225;rdica;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> no entanto, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o de seu uso e o ponto de corte como preditor de cardiotoxicidade.</p>
        <p>O consenso realizado entre a Sociedade Americana e a Europeia demonstrou que as altera&#231;&#245;es de deformidade precedem a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Redu&#231;&#227;o &gt; 15% do SLG, imediatamente ap&#243;s ou durante o tratamento com antrac&#237;clicos, foi o par&#226;metro mais &#250;til em predizer cardiotoxicidade, enquanto uma redu&#231;&#227;o menor que 8% provavelmente excluiria seu diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Entretanto, existe uma zona cinzenta entre esses valores.</p>
        <p>Os objetivos de nosso estudo foram avaliar a incid&#234;ncia de cardiotoxicidade associada ao tratamento antineopl&#225;sico para o c&#226;ncer de mama, identificar os fatores de risco independentes associados com esse evento (medicamentos, dose, radioterapia, dados cl&#237;nicos e vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas) e identificar o melhor ponto de corte do valor do SLG para a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce, anterior &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da FE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo prospectivo e observacional de pacientes ambulatoriais consecutivos, encaminhados ao ambulat&#243;rio de Oncologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de c&#226;ncer de mama e indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento antineopl&#225;sico potencialmente cardiot&#243;xico. A coleta de dados foi realizada no per&#237;odo de 22/01/2015 a 19/06/2016, mediante preenchimento de uma ficha onde constavam informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas do paciente, exame f&#237;sico, dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e o tratamento proposto.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade &#8805; 18 anos; diagn&#243;stico de c&#226;ncer de mama, sem tratamento com antineopl&#225;sicos e/ou radioterapia pr&#233;vios; FE normal, de acordo com as &#250;ltimas recomenda&#231;&#245;es das sociedades americana e europeia de ecocardiografia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (acima de 54% pelo Simpson), no primeiro ecodopplercardiograma antes do tratamento; e planejamento de tratamento antineopl&#225;sico com antrac&#237;clicos e/ou trastuzumab.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: impossibilidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa do SLG devido &#224; janela ac&#250;stica inadequada; presen&#231;a de arritmias card&#237;acas e/ou ritmos n&#227;o sinusais; uso de b-bloqueadores e/ou inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina e/ou bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina; e patologias valvares com gradua&#231;&#227;o maior que leve.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes que contemplaram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram encaminhados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecodopplercardiograma basal (antes do in&#237;cio do antrac&#237;clico) e a cada 3 meses, com seguimento de 6 a 12 meses no HUCFF. Todos os exames foram realizados por um &#250;nico ecocardiografista, cego para o tratamento institu&#237;do. Dois protocolos distintos de antineopl&#225;sicos foram utilizados:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>FEC (5-fluoracil 500 mg/m<sup>2</sup>, epirrubicina 100 mg/m<sup>2</sup> e ciclofosfamida 500 mg/m<sup>2</sup> em 3 ciclos, a cada 21 dias, seguido de docetaxel 100 mg/m<sup>2</sup> em outros 3 ciclos, a cada 21 dias;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Doxorrubicina 60 mg/m<sup>2</sup> e ciclofosfamida 600 mg/m<sup>2</sup> a cada 21 dias, em quatro aplica&#231;&#245;es, seguido de paclitaxel 80 mg/m<sup>2</sup> semanal por 12 ciclos, tanto para tratamento adjuvante como neoadjuvante.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>As pacientes eleg&#237;veis para trastuzumab deveriam ter a avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica com pesquisa do receptor 2 do fator de crescimento epid&#233;rmico humano (HER2). Naquelas com HER2 positivo (+++/+++) ou ainda HER2 duvidoso (++/+++), mas FISH (<italic>Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization</italic>) positivo, era indicado tratamento adjuvante. O trastuzumab era oferecido por 1 ano, compreendendo 18 aplica&#231;&#245;es com intervalo de 21 dias, com dose de ataque correspondendo a 8 mg/kg, seguida de manuten&#231;&#227;o 6mg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de 19 meses (22/01/2015 a 19/06/2016), 58 pacientes foram encaminhadas pelo Servi&#231;o de Oncologia do HUCFF para realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecodopplercardiograma. Dessas, 9 foram exclu&#237;das devido &#224; janela ac&#250;stica inadequada e, dentre essas, 2 estavam em uso de b-bloqueador, restando 49 pacientes que constitu&#237;ram a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecodopplercardiograma</title>
          <p>O ecodopplercadiograma foi realizado na posi&#231;&#227;o lateral esquerda, em repouso e no aparelho Vivid S6-GE (GE, Vingmed Ultrassound Horten, Noruega), monitor LCD 17", com aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens pelo transdutor 3S, com harm&#244;nica, sendo as medidas reavaliadas por um segundo observador, tamb&#233;m cego e com <italic>expertise</italic> no m&#233;todo, seguindo-se de testes de concord&#226;ncia interobservador. Todos os exames foram realizados em um &#250;nico aparelho. O setor e profundidade foram ajustados para otimizar a imagem. As medidas e aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens seguiram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia e da Associa&#231;&#227;o Europeia de Imagem Cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
          <p>As seguintes medidas foram realizadas: FE foi calculada usando o m&#233;todo de Simpson e considerado valor normal &gt; 54% (sexo feminino), de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi avaliada pelo fluxo mitral com os valores anter&#243;grados da onda E e onda A, o Doppler tecidual do anel septal e lateral, medidas da onda S' (velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel mitral) e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/E'. Al&#233;m disso, foram avaliados onda S do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD - cm/s), volume atrial esquerdo indexado (ml/m<sup>2</sup>), excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tricusp&#237;deo (TAPSE) e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP).</p>
          <p>A cardiotoxicidade foi definida como a redu&#231;&#227;o de 5% ou mais para valores abaixo de 55% de FE em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos ou a redu&#231;&#227;o de 10% ou mais para valores abaixo de 55% de FE para pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o descrita pelo comit&#234; de revis&#227;o card&#237;aca e de avalia&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade associada ao trastuzumab.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O SLG foi adquirido atrav&#233;s do <italic>Automated Functional Imaging</italic> (AFI) de 3 clipes com imagens do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) em 3 cortes apicais, de forma que todos os segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos estivessem bem visualizados: 4 c&#226;maras, 2 c&#226;maras e 3 c&#226;maras. Foi realizada a marca&#231;&#227;o dos eventos de abertura e fechamento da valva a&#243;rtica. As imagens foram adquiridas com <italic>frame rate</italic> de 40-90 fps (&gt; 70% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca). O <italic>strain</italic> do VD foi realizado atrav&#233;s do AFI. Foi necess&#225;ria a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de um clipe de proje&#231;&#227;o da janela apical adaptada para o estudo do VD de forma a incluir toda a parede livre do VD e sua ponta para posterior an&#225;lise. Foi realizada a marca&#231;&#227;o de 3 pontos nos segmentos basais (septo inferior, anel tricusp&#237;deo) e &#225;pice. Ap&#243;s essa marca&#231;&#227;o, a an&#225;lise foi realizada de modo id&#234;ntico ao descrito para o VE.</p>
          <p>As imagens foram analisadas no pr&#243;prio aparelho e na esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho (EchoPAC 13.0, GE Vingmed Ultrassound Horten, Noruega).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reprodutibilidade</title>
          <p>As medidas do SLG do VE e do <italic>strain</italic> do VD e da parede livre do VD foram submetidas &#224; an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia intra e interobservador, utilizando-se os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse. Gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman foram criados para demonstrar os resultados das an&#225;lises interobservador.</p>
          <p>Foi realizado um sorteio aleat&#243;rio incluindo exames em v&#225;rios tempos de seguimento, definindo uma amostra de aproximadamente 10% de todos os c&#225;lculos de SLG analisados ao longo do estudo. Os dados foram reavaliados pelo mesmo observador, cego para o tratamento institu&#237;do e com <italic>expertise</italic> no m&#233;todo, de modo a permitir a an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia intraobservador.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise interobservador foi realizada por outro ecocardiografista, tamb&#233;m com <italic>expertise</italic> e grande experi&#234;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o do SLG, a principal vari&#225;vel do estudo. Ele utilizou o mesmo clipe selecionado pela primeira observadora, com configura&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-definidas, como profundidade, ganho, valor da frequ&#234;ncia de repeti&#231;&#227;o de pulsos (PRF); no entanto, as novas regi&#245;es de interesse para demarca&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio s&#227;o executadas livremente no momento da rean&#225;lise. Caso o observador concorde com a regi&#227;o de interesse assinalada, o pr&#243;ximo passo &#233; a aprova&#231;&#227;o dos seis segmentos de acordo com as paredes avaliadas. Realizada a aprova&#231;&#227;o por um comando na tela da esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho, os valores do SLG e segmentar ser&#227;o calculados e demonstrados atrav&#233;s do <italic>bull's eye</italic>. Os c&#225;lculos de SLG do VE e <italic>strain</italic> do VD e da parede livre do VD foram assim repetidos na esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho pelo segundo observador desconhecendo o momento de realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecodopplercardiograma, o tratamento e a evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram registrados de forma prospectiva no programa <italic>SPSS</italic> 15.0 <italic>for Windows</italic>, tamb&#233;m utilizado para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas pela sua frequ&#234;ncia e comparadas atrav&#233;s do teste do qui-quadrado. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas atrav&#233;s da m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o ou por mediana e intervalo interquartil, conforme sua distribui&#231;&#227;o, sendo comparadas atrav&#233;s do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado ou U de Mann Whitney. Os valores basais, aos 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses do ecodopplercardiograma foram comparados atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia ANOVA (<italic>one way</italic>).</p>
          <p>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox foi realizada para identificar vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas preditoras independentes de cardiotoxicidade.</p>
          <p>Curvas ROC foram criadas para definir os pontos de corte de melhor acur&#225;cia para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas associadas de forma independente com o evento avaliado.</p>
          <p>As an&#225;lises de variabilidade intra e interobservador foram avaliadas pelos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse, sendo ainda constru&#237;dos gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman para os dados de an&#225;lise interobservador.</p>
          <p>Para todos os testes, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definido com p &#8804; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram encaminhadas 58 pacientes do sexo feminino provenientes do Servi&#231;o de Oncologia do HUCFF, das quais, 49 foram inclu&#237;das no estudo. O fator de exclus&#227;o de 9 pacientes foi o biotipo, com maior &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), gerando janela ac&#250;stica inadequada para realiza&#231;&#227;o do SLG do VE e da FE pelo Simpson.</p>
        <p>A idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi de 49,7 &#177; 12,2 anos, com tempo de seguimento de 381 &#177; 29,8 dias. As caracter&#237;sticas basais das pacientes inclu&#237;das no estudo e daquelas exclu&#237;das dele est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o inclu&#237;da e exclu&#237;da no estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">popula&#231;&#227;o inclu&#237;da n = 49</th>
                <th align="center">popula&#231;&#227;o exclu&#237;da n = 9</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                <td align="center">49,7 &#177; 12,2</td>
                <td align="center">51,0 &#177; 12,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                <td align="center">67,6 &#177; 12,6</td>
                <td align="center">90,5 &#177; 12,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura (m)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ASC (m<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,65 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref> &#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26,1 (23,6 - 30,4)</td>
                <td align="center">37,9 (31,6 - 40,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                <td align="center">125,1 &#177; 17,4</td>
                <td align="center">132,2 &#177; 12,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref><sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">74,7 &#177; 12,0</td>
                <td align="center">84,4 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (bpm)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                <td align="center">77,2 &#177; 10,1</td>
                <td align="center">83,4 &#177; 13,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FE (Teicholz - %)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                <td align="center">69,0 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">67,7 &#177; 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dose Total Antrac&#237;clico(Equival&#234;ncia) (mg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref> &#167;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">600 (534-760)</td>
                <td align="center">600 (507-590)</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dose Total Traztuzumab (mg/m<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                <td align="center">6823,3 &#177; 2395,6</td>
                <td align="center">7079 &#177; 2207,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">16 (32,7)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (44,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM tipo II<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloq.<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA / BRA<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (11,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AAS<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HCTZ<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">14 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CA mama direita<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">24 (49,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (88,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CA mama esquerda<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">25 (51,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carcinoma ductal infiltrante<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">34 (69,4)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carcinoma lobular<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">7 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outros subtipos<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">8 (16,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia pr&#233;-QT<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">20 (40,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (33,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Radioterapia<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">26 (53,1)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (77,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doxorrubicina<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">20 (40,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Epirrubicina<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">29 (59,2)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (77,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Trastuzumab<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">8 (16,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>M&#233;dia (desvio-padr&#227;o);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Mediana (Percentil 25-75);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>N (%); ASC: &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes mellitus; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; HCTZ: hidroclorotiazida; CA: c&#226;ncer; QT: quimioterapia; + Mediana (Percentil 25-75); kg: quilograma; m: metros; m<sup>2</sup>: metro quadrado; mmHg: mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio; bpm: batimentos por minuto. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas comparadas por teste do qui-quadrado <sup>&#8225;</sup>, com valor de p &#8804; 0,05. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas por teste U de Mann Whitney <sup>&#167;</sup> ou Teste t de Student <sup>ll</sup>, com valor de p &#8804; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto aos dados oncol&#243;gicos, o tipo histol&#243;gico mais comum foi o carcinoma ductal infiltrante, observado em 70% dos casos. O tumor se localizava na mama esquerda em 51% das pacientes, sendo 40,8% submetidas &#224; cirurgia pr&#233;-quimioterapia e 53,1% &#224; radioterapia (todas ap&#243;s quimioterapia).</p>
        <p>As pacientes foram submetidas &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecodopplercardiogramas seriados, sendo o primeiro antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento, e os seguintes no 3&#176;, 6&#176;, 9&#176; e 12&#176; meses, conforme o protocolo do estudo. Obrigatoriamente, o SLG do VE e a FE pelo Simpson foram obtidos em todos os exames das 49 pacientes. O tempo m&#233;dio da realiza&#231;&#227;o entre o primeiro exame e o in&#237;cio do tratamento antineopl&#225;sico foi de 9 dias.</p>
        <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise comparativa entre a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e aquela exclu&#237;da do estudo, sendo observada semelhan&#231;a entre os grupos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise intra e interobservador do strain longitudinal global</title>
          <p>Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse intraobservador para SLG de VE e strain do VD e da parede livre do VD foram 0,97 (IC95%: 0,91 a 0,99), 0,98 (IC95%: 0,93 a 0,99) e 0,98 (IC95%: 0,95 a 0,99). Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse interobservador foram 0,97 (IC95%: 0,92 a 0,99), 0,97 (IC95%: 0,92 a 0,99) e 0,98 (IC95%: 0,93 a 0,99), respectivamente. Os resultados demonstraram uma excelente concord&#226;ncia inter e intraobservador. A an&#225;lise interobservador de SLG do VE e <italic>strain</italic> do VD e da parede livre do VD tamb&#233;m podem ser avaliadas atrav&#233;s das <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 1A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">1B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">1C</xref> (Gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman) com excelente resultado.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman demonstrando an&#225;lise interobservador do strain longitudinal global (SLG) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, strain do ventr&#237;culo direito e da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito (PLVD) em A, B e C, respectivamente.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0140-80021-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o que evoluiu com cardiotoxicidade</title>
          <p>Todas as pacientes de nosso estudo receberam antrac&#237;clico; 80% dessas pacientes fizeram radioterapia ap&#243;s a quimioterapia. Durante o seguimento, 10% das pacientes desenvolveram cardiotoxicidade (n = 5), sendo duas no 3&#186; m&#234;s e tr&#234;s no 6&#186; m&#234;s. Embora n&#227;o tenha sido encontrada uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa, pode-se observar que a m&#233;dia de idade das pacientes com cardiotoxicidade foi maior quando comparada &#224; das 44 pacientes que n&#227;o a desenvolveram. Al&#233;m disso, 80% dessas pacientes foram submetidas &#224; radioterapia, o que sem d&#250;vida alguma representa relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. Todas as pacientes fizeram uso de antrac&#237;clicos. Em duas pacientes (40%) que evolu&#237;ram com cardiotoxicidade, o trastuzumab foi associado ao esquema antineopl&#225;sico. As caracter&#237;sticas basais das pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com cardiotoxicidade est&#227;o reportadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes tratados com antrac&#237;clicos e trastuzumab - Associa&#231;&#227;o com cardiotoxicidade</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Cardiotoxicidade</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Sim</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">n = 5</th>
                  <th align="center">n = 44</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">56,4 &#177; 9,50</td>
                  <td align="center">48,9 &#177; 12,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso (kg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">65,8 &#177; 10,80</td>
                  <td align="center">67,9 &#177; 12,90</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altura (m)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,58 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">1,57 &#177; 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ASC (m<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,63 &#177; 0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">1,66 &#177; 1,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref> &#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">27,3 (22,9-29,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (23,7-30,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HAS<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (31,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ra&#231;a Branca<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (61,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ra&#231;a Parda<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (38,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DM tipo II<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AAS<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;tico<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (27,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estatina<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0, 72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref> ll</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">128 &#177; 23,9</td>
                  <td align="center">124,8 &#177; 16,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref> ll</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 13,0</td>
                  <td align="center">75 &#177; 12,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC (bpm)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref> ll</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">78,4 &#177; 8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">77,1 &#177; 10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Carcinoma ductal infiltrante<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (71%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Carcinoma lobular<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros tipos<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (18,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Esquema FEC<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (61,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Esquema AC<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (38,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Radioterapia<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dose total trastuzumab (mg/m<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref><sup>ll</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4257 &#177; 1899</td>
                  <td align="center">6692 &#177; 2352</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dose total antrac&#237;clico (dose equivalente mg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref> ll</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">480 (402-720)</td>
                  <td align="center">600 (525-795)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>M&#233;dia (desvio-padr&#227;o)</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Mediana (Percentil 25-75)</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>N (%); ASC: &#225;rea da superf&#237;cie corporal; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes mellitus; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEC: 5-Fluoracil + Epirrubicina + Ciclofosfamida; AC: Doxorrubicina + Ciclofosfamida. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas por teste do qui-quadrado<sup>&#8225;</sup>, com valor de p &#8804;0,05. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas por teste U de Mann Whitney <sup>&#167;</sup> ou Teste t de Student <sup>ll</sup>, com valor de p &#8804; 0,05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          <p>As m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas das pacientes com e sem cardiotoxicidade est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>. No 3&#176; m&#234;s, a m&#233;dia do SLG do VE, assim como a sua diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal foram significativamente maiores no grupo com cardiotoxicidade. Apesar de a FE do 3&#186; m&#234;s ser diferente entre os grupos, sua diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal n&#227;o apresentou esse comportamento. No 6&#186; m&#234;s, ocorre queda significativa da FE e SLG do VE, al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#245;es de onda S do VE e E/E'.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes tratados com antrac&#237;clicos e traztuzumab - Associa&#231;&#227;o com cardiotoxicidade</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">ECO</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Cardiotoxicidade</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Sim</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">n = 5</th>
                  <th align="center">n = 44</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="5">ECO Basal</td>
                  <td align="center">FE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 &#177; 4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">68,3 &#177; 7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">SLG (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-19,3 &#177; 1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">-20,5 &#177; 2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,100</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">E/E'</td>
                  <td align="center">8,9 &#177; 2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">7,9 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,450</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">S VE (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,8 &#177; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">8,3 &#177; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,380</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">S VD (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,6 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">12,9 &#177; 2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,760</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="7">ECO 3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">FE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,6 &#177; 12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">67,2 &#177; 6,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dif. FE 3 meses (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4 &#177; 16,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,190</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">SLG (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-15,2 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">-19,6 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dif SLG 3 meses (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">E/E'</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,230</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">S VE (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">8,5 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,600</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">S VD (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,6 &#177; 2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">12,9 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,800</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="7">ECO 6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">FE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">67,4 &#177; 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dif FE 6 meses (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 &#177; 5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">SLG (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-15,6 &#177; 1,1</td>
                  <td align="center">-19,4 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dif SLG 6 meses (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">1 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">E/E'</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">S VE (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">7,8 &#177; 1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">S VD (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">13 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,200</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>m&#233;dias &#177; DP; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo Simpson; Dif. FE: diferen&#231;a da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; Dif. SLG: Diferen&#231;a do Strain Longitudinal Global; E/E': Rela&#231;&#227;o entre valores das ondas E e E' do ecodopplercardiograma; S VE: Onda S do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; S VD: Onda S do Ventr&#237;culo Direito.</p>
                <p>As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram comparadas por teste t de Student pareado, com valor de p &#8804; 0,05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref> descreve os cinco casos de cardiotoxicidade.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos casos de cardiotoxicidade</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Casos</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">FE</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">SLG do VE</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Basal</th>
                  <th align="center">3 Meses</th>
                  <th align="center">6 Meses</th>
                  <th align="center">Basal</th>
                  <th align="center">3 Meses (% &#8710;SLG)</th>
                  <th align="center">6 Meses</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1</td>
                  <td align="center">66%</td>
                  <td align="center">52%</td>
                  <td align="center">58%</td>
                  <td align="center">-19,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">-12,9% (33,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">-17,0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2</td>
                  <td align="center">65%</td>
                  <td align="center">69%</td>
                  <td align="center">50%</td>
                  <td align="center">-18,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">-16.0% (14,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">-14,3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3</td>
                  <td align="center">56%</td>
                  <td align="center">69%</td>
                  <td align="center">49%</td>
                  <td align="center">-19,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">-16,5% (14,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">-15,5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4</td>
                  <td align="center">64%</td>
                  <td align="center">58%</td>
                  <td align="center">45%</td>
                  <td align="center">-21,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">-17,4% (17,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">-15,0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">5</td>
                  <td align="center">69%</td>
                  <td align="center">40%</td>
                  <td align="center">53%</td>
                  <td align="center">-18,0%</td>
                  <td align="center">-13,3% (26,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">-16,4%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <p>FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo Simpson; SLG: Strain Longitudinal Global; % &#8710;SLG: varia&#231;&#227;o do percentual do Strain Longitudinal Global.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Quando avaliada a redu&#231;&#227;o percentual do SLG do VE, do basal em rela&#231;&#227;o ao 3&#186; m&#234;s entre pacientes com e sem cardiotoxicidade, percebemos uma n&#237;tida diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2A</xref>. O mesmo comportamento n&#227;o ocorreu quando avaliamos a redu&#231;&#227;o percentual da FE no mesmo per&#237;odo, confirmando que essa &#250;ltima vari&#225;vel n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o sens&#237;vel quanto o SLG no diagn&#243;stico de cardiotoxicidade conforme <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2B</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Boxplot ilustrando a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos com e sem cardiotoxicidade. Em A) redu&#231;&#227;o percentual da varia&#231;&#227;o do strain longitudinal global (SLG) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; e, em B) redu&#231;&#227;o percentual da varia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0140-80021-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Os <italic>strains</italic> da parede livre do VD e do VD foram adquiridos utilizando-se o mesmo <italic>software</italic> desenvolvido para an&#225;lise do VE, e demostraram discretas altera&#231;&#245;es no 3&#176; e 6&#176; meses, n&#227;o significativas e com subsequente normaliza&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, TAPSE e <italic>Doppler</italic> tecidual do anel tricusp&#237;deo, medidas relacionadas ao VD, n&#227;o se alteraram durante o seguimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Preditores de cardiotoxicidade</title>
          <p>Com o objetivo de avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de cada vari&#225;vel ecocardiogr&#225;fica com o desfecho de cardiotoxicidade, foi realizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelos de Regress&#227;o de Cox</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">B</th>
                  <th align="center">SE</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                  <th align="center">HR</th>
                  <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox (Univariada)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">0,551</td>
                  <td align="center">0,221</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                  <td align="center">1,735</td>
                  <td align="center">1,126-2,675</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume de &#193;trio Esquerdo (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">- 0,354</td>
                  <td align="center">0,154</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                  <td align="center">0,702</td>
                  <td align="center">0,519-0,950</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">- 0,117</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                  <td align="center">0,889</td>
                  <td align="center">0,813-0,973</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SLG (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,020</td>
                  <td align="center">0,353</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">2,773</td>
                  <td align="center">1,389-5,536</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox (Multivariada - A)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume de &#193;trio Esquerdo (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">- 0,218</td>
                  <td align="center">0,249</td>
                  <td align="center">0,382</td>
                  <td align="center">0,804</td>
                  <td align="center">0,494-1,311</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,108</td>
                  <td align="center">0,084</td>
                  <td align="center">0,198</td>
                  <td align="center">1,115</td>
                  <td align="center">0,945-1,314</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SLG (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,686</td>
                  <td align="center">0,040</td>
                  <td align="center">4,097</td>
                  <td align="center">1,068-15,716</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox (Multivariada - B)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,143</td>
                  <td align="center">0,103</td>
                  <td align="center">0,163</td>
                  <td align="center">1,154</td>
                  <td align="center">0,944-1,412</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SLG (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,975</td>
                  <td align="center">0,952</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                  <td align="center">7,207</td>
                  <td align="center">1,115-46,573</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">- 0,153</td>
                  <td align="center">0,345</td>
                  <td align="center">0,658</td>
                  <td align="center">0,858</td>
                  <td align="center">0,436-1,688</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <p>B: coeficiente; SE: erro padr&#227;o; HR: Hazard Ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SLG: Strain Longitudinal Global.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis que tiveram p &#8804; 0,05 na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox univariada foram para a an&#225;lise multivariada de preditores independentes de cardiotoxicidade: FE pelo Simpson, o SLG do VE do 3&#176; m&#234;s, volume de &#225;trio esquerdo e an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Dois modelos foram idealizados, separando as informa&#231;&#245;es de volume atrial esquerdo e fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, pois as duas vari&#225;veis expressam informa&#231;&#227;o similar, podendo ser interpretadas no conceito de colinearidade. Somente SLG do VE no 3 m&#234;s permaneceu como preditor independente de cardiotoxicidade, mantendo uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa nos modelos multivariados, mesmo quando as vari&#225;veis selecionadas na regress&#227;o univariada foram testadas duas a duas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Curvas ROC para predi&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade pelo SLG do VE</title>
          <p>Para defini&#231;&#227;o do ponto de corte do valor absoluto do SLG do VE no 3&#186; m&#234;s com a melhor acur&#225;cia para prever cardiotoxicidade no 6&#186; m&#234;s, foi constru&#237;da uma curva ROC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3A</xref>). O valor do SLG do VE de -16,6 apresentou sensibilidade de 80% e especificidade de 95% para prever a cardiotoxicidade no 6&#186; m&#234;s. De forma similar, uma segunda curva ROC foi constru&#237;da para definir o ponto de corte de maior acur&#225;cia para redu&#231;&#227;o percentual do SLG do VE capaz de prever cardiotoxicidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3B</xref>). O valor de -14% apresentou sensibilidade de 80% e especificidade de 99% para esse diagn&#243;stico. A acur&#225;cia da queda percentual de 14% do SLG (<italic>strain</italic> do 3&#176; m&#234;s em rela&#231;&#227;o ao basal) foi avaliada atrav&#233;s de sua sensibilidade e sua especificidade, com valores de 100% e 93%, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas ROC da avalia&#231;&#227;o do ponto de corte do valor absoluto do strain longitudinal global (SLG) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (em A) e do ponto de corte da redu&#231;&#227;o percentual do SLG do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (em B) como preditores de cardiotoxicidade.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0140-80021-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados do presente estudo demonstram que o SLG do VE &#233; um excelente preditor de cardiotoxicidade em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, com elevada efic&#225;cia para seu diagn&#243;stico precoce.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Perfil de morbidade da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          <p>O perfil de morbidade de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foi considerado baixo. A incid&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco que poderiam estar relacionados com o desfecho cardiotoxicidade foi muito pequena, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel demonstrar associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa. Esse perfil difere de outros estudos, onde h&#225; casos de tabagismo, uso pr&#233;vio de quimioter&#225;picos, relato de radioterapia, al&#233;m de maior frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o art&#233;ria sist&#234;mica e diabetes mellitus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O perfil de baixa morbidade pode ser associado com menor incid&#234;ncia de cardiotoxicidade avaliada em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Os maiores IMC foram exclu&#237;dos do nosso estudo, que poderiam ser considerados pacientes com maior risco de cardiotoxicidade, limitando a taxa de incid&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade</title>
          <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade &#233; uma quest&#227;o fundamental a ser mencionada, pois n&#227;o h&#225; uma uniformidade nos estudos, dificultando a avalia&#231;&#227;o da real incid&#234;ncia do evento. A incid&#234;ncia de cardiotoxicidade em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica publicada em 2014 variou entre 13% e 32%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Estudos publicados por Sawaya et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e Baratta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> encontraram uma incid&#234;ncia em torno de 20%, utilizando o mesmo crit&#233;rio do comit&#234; do trastuzumab. Em nosso estudo, a incid&#234;ncia encontrada foi de 10%, inferior &#224; descrita nos trabalhos acima. Isso poderia ser explicado pelo baixo perfil de morbidade de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o e composta apenas por pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama, com protocolos semelhantes de tratamento. No trabalho do Baratta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> se calcularmos a incid&#234;ncia de cardiotoxicidade apenas entre pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama, encontramos uma taxa de 12%, semelhante &#224; observada em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o que evoluiu com cardiotoxicidade</title>
          <p>Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o de risco estatisticamente significativa entre vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e antropom&#233;tricas, tipo histol&#243;gico do tumor e tratamento institu&#237;do com presen&#231;a de cardiotoxicidade. Entretanto, algumas vari&#225;veis apresentavam informa&#231;&#245;es com relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. A primeira a ser mencionada foi a idade, que era maior no grupo que desenvolveu cardiotoxicidade (m&#233;dia de 56 anos <italic>versus</italic> 49 anos, no grupo sem cardiotoxicidade), o que poderia levar a um risco maior de evento segundo os dados da literatura. Outra vari&#225;vel interessante, as doses totais de antrac&#237;clico e trastuzumab, que foram menores no grupo com cardiotoxicidade, justificadas provavelmente pela suspens&#227;o ou redu&#231;&#227;o da dose da medica&#231;&#227;o pelo servi&#231;o de oncologia mediante a informa&#231;&#227;o de queda da FE.</p>
          <p>Escolha do melhor per&#237;odo para realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecodopplercardiograma</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; consenso entre as Sociedades Europeia e Americana de Cardiologia sobre os per&#237;odos ao longo do tratamento em que se deveriam realizar os acompanhamentos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, dois casos de cardiotoxicidade ocorreram no 3&#186; m&#234;s. Analisando retrospectivamente, se tiv&#233;ssemos realizado o ecodopplercardiograma ap&#243;s cada ciclo de antrac&#237;clico, provavelmente a queda do SLG do VE seria anterior &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da FE no 3&#186; m&#234;s. Mediante essas informa&#231;&#245;es, talvez o ideal fosse realizar o ecodopplercardiograma ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino de cada ciclo do antrac&#237;clico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Marcador de cardiotoxicidade: strain 2D</title>
          <p>A FE n&#227;o &#233; considerada um bom preditor de cardiotoxicidade, dado que n&#227;o detecta altera&#231;&#245;es precoces da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio. Estudos recentes demostraram que as altera&#231;&#245;es do <italic>strain</italic> precedem as mudan&#231;as na FE neste grupo de pacientes submetidos ao tratamento antineopl&#225;sico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Contudo, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso at&#233; o momento em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ponto de corte espec&#237;fico dessa vari&#225;vel que deve ser utilizada como preditor de cardiotoxicidade.</p>
          <p>Os resultados do nosso estudo confirmam o SLG do VE como um excelente preditor independente de cardiotoxicidade, o que pode ser avaliado pelos dados da regress&#227;o de Cox (p = 0,004, HR = 2,77; IC95%: 1,39-5,54). Em nenhum caso avaliado, a queda do SLG do VE ocorreu ap&#243;s a queda da FE. A altera&#231;&#227;o do SLG do VE ocorreu a partir do 3&#176; m&#234;s, enquanto a FE pelo Simpson se alterou apenas no 6&#176; m&#234;s.</p>
          <p>Na literatura n&#227;o h&#225; um consenso em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor do SLG do VE capaz de prever cardiotoxicidade. Os artigos mencionam que a redu&#231;&#227;o entre 10% e 15% utilizando a t&#233;cnica do <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> poderia predizer esse desfecho. A &#250;ltima recomenda&#231;&#227;o europeia de 2016 cita que uma redu&#231;&#227;o maior que 15% poderia prever cardiotoxicidade, enquanto que uma redu&#231;&#227;o menor que 8% poderia excluir o diagn&#243;stico. Entretanto, ainda assim, h&#225; uma zona cinzenta entre esses valores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Devido &#224; inconsist&#234;ncia dos dados, nosso estudo se prop&#244;s a encontrar o melhor ponto de corte do valor absoluto e redu&#231;&#227;o percentual do SLG do VE para predi&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade. Com os cinco eventos descritos, foi poss&#237;vel construir curvas ROC para avaliar o diagn&#243;stico de cardiotoxicidade no 6&#186; m&#234;s. A necessidade de se definir o ponto de corte ideal do percentual de queda do SLG capaz de prever a cardiotoxicidade foi tamb&#233;m abordada por alguns autores nos &#250;ltimos anos. Segundo a descri&#231;&#227;o de Sawaya et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> uma queda de 10% nessa vari&#225;vel no 3&#176; m&#234;s de avalia&#231;&#227;o era capaz de prever a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ocorrida no 6&#176; m&#234;s, com sensibilidade de 78%, especificidade de 79% e valor preditivo negativo de 93%. O c&#225;lculo amostral desse estudo era baseado na hip&#243;tese de que uma queda de 14% do SLG seria capaz de prever a cardiotoxicidade, exatamente o mesmo valor encontrado em nossa an&#225;lise.</p>
          <p>Em todo modelo progn&#243;stico &#233; fundamental, al&#233;m da acur&#225;cia preditiva, que as vari&#225;veis sejam facilmente obtidas. O ecodopplercardiograma &#233; um m&#233;todo amplamente dispon&#237;vel, de f&#225;cil acesso, sem radia&#231;&#227;o e realizado &#224; beira do leito. Sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o para acompanhamento dos pacientes com c&#226;ncer de mama &#233; um crit&#233;rio de qualidade de atendimento nos servi&#231;os, principalmente ao se utilizar o SLG, capaz de prever cardiotoxicidade nesses pacientes. Entretanto, essa t&#233;cnica deve ser realizada por ecocardiografistas com <italic>expertise</italic> no m&#233;todo, com a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem de excelente qualidade, para minimizar a variabilidade intra e interobservador, utilizando o mesmo aparelho e <italic>software</italic>, criando um <italic>presset</italic> individualizado para aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens e subsequente aferi&#231;&#227;o. Em nosso caso, esses valores foram encontrados utilizando o <italic>software</italic> da GE. As diferentes marcas de aparelhos apresentam diferentes valores de normalidade. Ainda n&#227;o h&#225; uma conformidade nesse valor entre as empresas. A maioria dos estudos mencionados na literatura e as diretrizes utilizam a varia&#231;&#227;o percentual do <italic>strain</italic> para definir a presen&#231;a de cardiotoxicidade. Ao se utilizar a medida de base do paciente como sendo seu pr&#243;prio controle, assegurando-se o pressuposto de medidas em um mesmo equipamento e t&#233;cnica, as varia&#231;&#245;es parecem ser mais fidedignas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Os exames sequenciais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados pelo mesmo examinador. Apesar de estar cega para o tratamento institu&#237;do, poderia haver uma influ&#234;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via em exames subsequentes. No entanto, a an&#225;lise interobservador demonstrou uma excelente correla&#231;&#227;o entre os dados, estando o segundo observador cego n&#227;o s&#243; para o tratamento, mas tamb&#233;m para o momento de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame e o resultado de avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias. Dessa forma, ainda que seja poss&#237;vel um vi&#233;s de aferi&#231;&#227;o, esse n&#227;o teria for&#231;a aparente para alterar os resultados encontrados.</p>
          <p>Para o c&#225;lculo do <italic>strain</italic>, &#233; fundamental uma janela ac&#250;stica adequada. Os pacientes exclu&#237;dos foram aqueles com maior IMC, que seriam pacientes com maior risco de cardiotoxicidade de acordo com dados da literatura. Al&#233;m disso, em pacientes que realizem a cirurgia de mama esquerda anteriormente ao tratamento antineopl&#225;sico, a presen&#231;a do expansor ou a pr&#243;pria cicatriz cir&#250;rgica poderia interferir nessa an&#225;lise. A limita&#231;&#227;o associada ao m&#233;todo tamb&#233;m pode ser descrita se o exame for realizado por profissionais sem <italic>expertise</italic> nessa aferi&#231;&#227;o, ou pode estar relacionada aos aparelhos dispon&#237;veis, conhecendo-se que os valores do <italic>strain</italic> variam de acordo com a marca do aparelho utilizado.</p>
          <p>O nosso estudo mostrou uma baixa incid&#234;ncia de cardiotoxicidade e isso poderia ser um limitador da an&#225;lise multivariada. Atualmente, na literatura est&#225; sendo revista a assertiva que a an&#225;lise multivariada considerada robusta envolve pelo menos dez desfechos por cada vari&#225;vel analisada. Existem tr&#234;s estudos de simula&#231;&#227;o bem conhecidos que examinam esse crit&#233;rio para modelos de regress&#227;o e s&#227;o altamente discordantes. Atualmente observa-se que o modelo de regress&#227;o depende de v&#225;rios fatores, al&#233;m do n&#250;mero de eventos por vari&#225;vel, como a associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis, desfechos, e alguns estudos em estat&#237;stica comentam sobre o uso de um menor n&#250;mero de desfechos para cada vari&#225;vel analisada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de cardiotoxicidade associada ao uso de antineopl&#225;sicos no tratamento do c&#226;ncer de mama foi de 10% em nosso centro.</p>
        <p>Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o com baixo perfil de morbidade cardiovascular n&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre cardiotoxicidade e os fatores de risco classicamente descritos, como vari&#225;veis clinicas e antropom&#233;tricas e tratamento.</p>
        <p>Foi observada queda significativa do <italic>S</italic>LG do VE a partir do 3&#176; m&#234;s, caracterizando essa vari&#225;vel como preditora independente de cardiotoxicidade, tendo como ponto de corte de detec&#231;&#227;o o valor absoluto de -16,6% ou varia&#231;&#227;o percentual de -14%.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Eliza de Almeida Gripp pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho - UFRJ sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 926775. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Os autores gostariam de agradecer a todo o Servi&#231;o de Oncologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho por tornar esse trabalho poss&#237;vel.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
