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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">L4PzwKGnb6xhdqYmmPnnzQn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000200132</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180018</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Echocardiography - Adults</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An Alternative Method to Calculate Simplified Projected Aortic Valve Area at Normal Flow Rate</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Joana Sofia Silva Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>N&#225;dia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pego</surname>
            <given-names>Mariano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Hospitalar</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Coimbra</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra, Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Joana Sofia Silva Moura Ferreira</bold>, Rua do Padr&#227;o, 479. Vila Maior, Coimbra. E-mail: <email>joanasofia.moura@gmail.com</email>, <email>joanasofia_moura@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Ferreira JSSM, Moreira N, Ferreira R, Martins R; Acquisition of data: Ferreira JSSM, Moreira N, Mendes S; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ferreira JSSM, Moreira N, Ferreira R, Martins R, Ferreira MJ; Statistical analysis: Ferreira JSSM, Ferreira R; Writing of the manuscript: Ferreira JSSM, Moreira N, Ferreira R, Mendes S, Martins R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ferreira JSSM, Moreira N, Ferreira R, Mendes S, Martins R, Ferreira MJ, Pego M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>132</fpage>
      <lpage>139</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Simplified projected aortic valve area (EOA<sub>proj</sub>) is a valuable echocardiographic parameter in the evaluation of low flow low gradient aortic stenosis (LFLG AS). Its widespread use in clinical practice is hampered by the laborious process of flow rate (Q) calculation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetive:</title>
          <p>This study proposes a less burdensome, alternative method of Q calculation to be incorporated in the original formula of EOA<sub>proj</sub> and measures the agreement between the new proposed method of EOA<sub>proj</sub> calculation and the original one.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective observational single-institution study that included all consecutive patients with classic LFLG AS that showed a Q variation with dobutamine infusion &#8805; |15|% by both calculation methods.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Twenty-two consecutive patients with classical LFLG AS who underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography were included. Nine patients showed a Q variation with dobutamine infusion calculated by both classical and alternative methods &#8805; |15|% and were selected for further statistical analysis. Using the Bland-Altman method to assess agreement we found a systematic bias of 0,037 cm<sup>2</sup> (95% CI 0,004 - 0,066), meaning that on average the new method overestimates the EOA<sub>proj</sub> in 0,037 cm<sup>2</sup> compared to the original method. The 95% limits of agreement are narrow (from -0,04 cm<sup>2</sup> to 0,12 cm<sup>2</sup>), meaning that for 95% of individuals, EOA<sub>proj</sub> calculated by the new method would be between 0,04 cm<sup>2</sup> less to 0,12 cm<sup>2</sup> more than the EOA<sub>proj</sub> calculated by the original equation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The bias and 95% limits of agreement of the new method are narrow and not clinically relevant, supporting the potential interchangeability of the two methods of EOA<sub>proj</sub> calculation. As the new method requires less additional measurements, it would be easier to implement in clinical practice, promoting an increase in the use of EOA<sub>proj</sub>.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis / diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis / diagnostic imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valves / physiopathology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Classical low-flow, low-gradient (LFLG) aortic stenosis (AS) is characterized by the combination of a calcified aortic valve with an effective orifice area (EOA) compatible with severe stenosis, a low transvalvular velocity or pressure gradient suggestive of moderate stenosis and a low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) may aid in the distinction between patients with true severe AS and those with pseudo-severe AS by promoting a potential increase in flow. Hence, traditional hemodynamic indices of stenosis severity could be evaluated at normal flow rates and easily interpreted.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The main limitation of this exam is the unpredictability of flow augmentation, leading to ambiguous changes of mean pressure gradient and EOA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Projected aortic valve area at normal transvalvular flow rate (250 mL/min) - EOA<sub>proj</sub> - is an echocardiographic parameter that was developed in order to overcome this limitation. It consists of the effective orifice aortic area that would have occurred at a standardized flow rate of 250 mL/min, enabling the comparison of AS severity between patients with different flow rate profiles with dobutamine infusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The determination of this new parameter requires the calculation of at least the basal and peak flow rate in each patient. The original formula of EOA<sub>proj</sub> published by Blais <italic>et al</italic>. proposed the calculation of flow rate as the quotient between stroke volume and the ejection time (ET), which requires 3 different measurements: 1) left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) diameter; 2) LVOT velocity-time integral and 3) ET measured at the aortic velocity spectrum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Flow rate can also be determined by the product of LVOT area and LVOT mean velocity, which requires only 2 measurements: 1) LVOT diameter and 2) LVOT mean velocity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> This alternative method to calculate flow rate is less cumbersome and less susceptible to inter-observer and intra-observer variability as it requires less measurements.</p>
      <p>The aim of the present study is to measure the agreement between two methods of calculation of simplified EOA<sub>proj</sub> using two different approaches of flow rate determination in patients with classical LFLG AS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Retrospective observational single-institution study that included all consecutive patients with LFLG AS with depressed LVEF (definition in accordance with the 2014 AHA/ACC Guidelines for the Management of Valvular Heart Disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>) referred for DSE evaluation between September/2011 and November/2015.</p>
      <p>Patients admitted to the study had to fulfill all the following criteria: 1) age &#8805; 18 years old; 2) EOA &#8804; 1.0 cm<sup>2</sup> or EOA indexed to body surface area &#8804; 0.6 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> and maximal transaortic velocity (Vmax) &lt; 4 m/s or mean transaortic gradient (Gmean) &lt; 40 mmHg and 3) LVEF &lt; 50%. Patients with more than mild aortic regurgitation or more than mild mitral regurgitation or stenosis were excluded.</p>
      <p>After completing DSE, patients were classified into groups in terms of severity of the stenosis in agreement with the 2014 AHA/ACC Guidelines for the Management of Valvular Heart Disease:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Patients with true severe LFLG AS: EOA &#8804; 1.0 cm<sup>2</sup> with Vmax &#8805; 4 m/s at any flow rate</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#8226; Patients who did not fulfill the criteria for true severe LFLG AS having: a) EOA &#8804; 1.0 cm<sup>2</sup> with Vmax &lt; 4m/s (persistent area - gradient mismatch), b) EOA &gt; 1.0 cm<sup>2</sup> with Vmax &#8805; 4 m/s or c) EOA &gt; 1.0 cm<sup>2</sup> with Vmax &lt; 4 m/s (pseudo-severe AS)</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic assessment</title>
        <p>Echocardiographic examination was performed using commercially available equipment (Vivid - 7; General Electric Vingmed, Milwaukee, WI) with a 3.5-MHz transducer.</p>
        <p>After the acquisition of the baseline study, a low dose dobutamine infusion protocol was begun at 5 ug/Kg body weight per minute, titrated upward in stages of 5 ug/Kg per minute every 5 minutes up to a maximal dose of 20 ug/Kg per minute. Systemic blood pressure and the 12-lead electrocardiogram were monitored throughout the test. Continuous wave Doppler of the aortic valve velocity spectrum and pulsed-wave Doppler of the LVOT velocity spectrum were recorded at baseline and in the last 2 minutes of each stage of the protocol. LVOT diameter was measured in the basal parasternal long axis view and was assumed to have remained constant during the test protocol.</p>
        <p>Raw data was stored digitally and analysis was performed off-line by a single independent operator, using the EchoPac Clinical Workstation Software (General Electric, Vingmed, Milwaukee, WI). For each Doppler measurement, three cycles were averaged, avoiding post-extrasystolic beats. Transaortic gradients were calculated using the simplified Bernoulli equation (<italic>&#8710;</italic>P = 4&#957;<sup>2</sup>, where <italic>&#916;P</italic> is in mmHg and <italic>v</italic> is the aortic velocity in m/s). EOA of the aortic valve was calculated from the continuity equation - EOA = CSA<sub>LVOT</sub> &#215; (LVOT<sub>VTI</sub> &#247; Ao<sub>VTI</sub>) -, where <italic>EOA</italic> is in cm<sup>2</sup>, <italic>LVOT<sub>VTI</sub></italic> is the subaortic velocity -time integral and <italic>Ao<sub>VTI</sub></italic> is the aortic velocity-time integral both in cm. <italic>CSA<sub>LVOT</sub></italic> is the cross sectional area (in cm<sup>2</sup>) of the LVOT calculated from the LVOT diameter measured in the parasternal long axis view (d in cm) assuming a circular geometry - <italic>CSA<sub>LVOT</sub> = &#960; x (d/2)(</italic><sup>2</sup>. Left ventricular end diastolic and end systolic volumes (LVEDV and LVESV, respectively) and LVEF were assessed by standard 4 chamber and 2 chamber views using the biplane Simpson method. Stroke volume (SV) was calculated from the following equation: = LVOT<sub>VTI</sub> &#215; CSA<sub>LVOT</sub>, where <italic>SV</italic> is in mL/beat, <italic>LVOT<sub>VTI</sub></italic> is in cm and <italic>CSA<sub>LVOT</sub></italic> is in cm<sup>2</sup>. Flow rate (Q) was calculated using 2 different methods:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>a classical method using the formula <inline-formula><mml:math id="e01"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:msub><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mi>classic</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1000</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>LVOT</mml:mi><mml:mi>VTI</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>CSA</mml:mi><mml:mi>LVOT</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi>TE</mml:mi></mml:mfrac></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>, where <italic>Q<sub>classic</sub></italic> is in mL/sec, <italic>LVOT<sub>VTI</sub></italic> is in cm, <italic>CSA<sub>LVOT</sub></italic> is in cm<sup>2</sup>and <italic>ET</italic> is the ejection time in ms measured in the continuous wave Doppler of the aortic valve velocity spectrum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>an alternative method using the formula Q<sub>alternative</sub> = CSA<sub>LVOT</sub> &#215; Vmean<sub>LVOT</sub> &#215; 100, where <italic>Q<sub>alternative</sub></italic> is in mL/sec, <italic>CSA<sub>LVOT</sub></italic> is in cm<sup>2</sup> and <italic>Vmean<sub>LVOT</sub></italic> is the mean velocity of blood in the LVOT during the ejection period in m/sec and is measured in the pulsed-wave Doppler of the LVOT velocity spectrum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Patients with flow rate variation with dobutamine infusion &#8805; |15|% in both classical and alternative methods were selected and simplified aortic valve area at 250 mL/s flow rate (EOA<sub>proj</sub>) was calculated according to the formula published by Blais et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>: <inline-formula><mml:math id="e02"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:msub><mml:mi>EOA</mml:mi><mml:mi>proj</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>EOA</mml:mi><mml:mi>basal</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#916;</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>EOA</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#916;</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mn>250</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mi>basal</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>, where <italic>EOA<sub>proj</sub></italic> is in cm<sup>2</sup>, <italic>Q</italic> is the mean transvalvular flow rate, <italic>EOA<sub>basal</sub></italic> and <italic>Q<sub>basal</sub></italic> are the EOA and Q at rest and <italic>&#916;EOA</italic> and <italic>&#916;Q</italic> are the absolute variation in EOA and Q with dobutamine infusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> As we used two different methods to calculate flow rate we obtained two sets of values of simplified EOA<sub>proj</sub> in each eligible patient: 1) a classical simplified EOA<sub>proj</sub> using the classical method of flow rate calculation and 2) an alternative simplified EOA<sub>proj</sub> using the alternative method of flow rate calculation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical variables are described by frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
        <p>A scatter plot and a linear regression model were constructed to assess the strength of linear relation between the classic and the alternative methods of calculation of EOA<sub>proj</sub> and to quantify the proportion of variance that the two methods have in common. Finally, in order to evaluate the agreement between the two methods (i.e., how much the new method is likely to differ from the old), we built a Bland-Altman plot - a plot of the paired differences between the two methods against their mean. Normal distribution of the paired differences was verified by the use of Shapiro-Wilk normality test. The bias was computed as the mean of the differences of the two methods. A one sample <italic>t</italic> test was conducted against the null hypothesis of no bias to evaluate the statistical significance of the calculated bias. Ninety-five percent-limits of agreement were computed as the mean bias plus or minus 1.96 time its standard deviation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Two-tailed p values &lt; 0,05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        <p>IBM SPSS Statistics version 23 (IBM, Vienna, Austria) and GraphPad Prism version 7.0 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla California, USA) were used for statistical analysis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
        <p>Between September/2011 and November/2015, 22 patients [15 (68%) men, mean age 72 &#177; 9 years] with classical LFLG AS underwent a low dose dobutamine stress echocardiography in order to evaluate the true severity of the AS. No major adverse events were reported. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the baseline clinical and echocardiographic features of these patients as well as the hemodynamic evolution with dobutamine infusion. 8 (36%) patients reached the AHA/ACC criteria for true severe aortic stenosis, 11(50%) patients maintained the valve area - gradient discordance present at baseline and 3 (14%) patients showed a progression of hemodynamic indices suggestive of pseudo severe aortic stenosis. No patient ended up the stress exam with inversion of the area - gradient mismatch (ie, aortic valve area &gt; 1,0 cm<sup>2</sup> and Vmax &#8805; 4 m/s).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of the low-flow low-gradient aortic stenosis patients at baseline and at 20 ug/Kg/min Dobutamine infusion</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Low Flow Low Gradient Aortic Stenosis (n = 22)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Demographics and Physical Examination</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age, yr</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">72 &#177; 8.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">15 (68)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight, Kg</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">71 &#177; 12.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height, cm</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">163 &#177; 8.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body surface area, m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1.76 &#177; 0.183</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Hemodynamic Indices</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Basal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Peak Dobutamine</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart rate, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 8.9</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 18,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">115 &#177; 20.7</td>
                <td align="center">139 &#177; 31,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diastolic Blood Pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 12.1</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 18,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classic Q, mL/s</td>
                <td align="center">202 &#177; 63.3</td>
                <td align="center">236 &#177; 56,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alternative Q, mL/s</td>
                <td align="center">169 &#177; 51.2</td>
                <td align="center">223 &#177; 53,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SV, mL</td>
                <td align="center">54 &#177; 16.0</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 14,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SVI, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">30 &#177; 8.4</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 8,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEDV, mL</td>
                <td align="center">145 &#177; 56.9</td>
                <td align="center">136 &#177; 41,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVESV, mL</td>
                <td align="center">97 &#177; 42.9</td>
                <td align="center">79 &#177; 38,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF, %</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 9.8</td>
                <td align="center">43 &#177; 15,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Indices of Aortic Stenosis Severity</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Basal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Peak Dobutamine</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">V<sub>max</sub>, m/s</td>
                <td align="center">3.2 &#177; 0.50</td>
                <td align="center">3,9 &#177; 0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G<sub>mean</sub>, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 7.3</td>
                <td align="center">37 &#177; 12,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VTI Ratio</td>
                <td align="center">0.22 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">0,25 &#177; 0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EOA, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.43 &#177; 0.091</td>
                <td align="center">0,49 &#177; 0,116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EOAi, cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.44 (0.35 - 0.50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46 (0,43 - 0,54)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Classification of Aortic Stenosis in Terms of Severity</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">True Severe Low Flow Low Gradient AS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">8 (36)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pseudo-Severe Low Flow Low Gradient AS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">3 (14)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Persistent Area-Gradient Mismatch Low Flow Low Gradient AS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">11 (50)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Simplified Aortic Valve Area at flow rate 250 mL/min</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classic EOA<sub>proj</sub>, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0.93 &#177; 0.220 (n = 14)<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alternative EOA<sub>proj</sub>, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0.98 &#177; 0.238 (n = 14)<sup>**</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation or number (%) of patients, as appropriate. Classic Q: flow rate calculated by the classic formula; Alternative Q: flow rate calculated by the alternative formula; SV: stroke volume; SVI: stroke volume index; LVEDV: left ventricular end diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end systolic volume; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; V<sub>max</sub>: maximum velocity of aortic Doppler spectrum; G<sub>mean</sub>: transaortic mean pressure gradient; VTI Ratio: velocity time integral ratio; EOA: effective orifice aortic valve area; EOA<sub>i</sub>: indexed effective orifice aortic valve area; Classic EOA<sub>proj</sub>: simplified projected aortic valve area calculated using the classic flow rate formula; Alternative EOA<sub>proj</sub>: simplified projected aortic valve area calculated using the alternative flow rate formula; AS: aortic stenosis.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Only 14 patients had a flow rate variation with dobutamine infusion estimated with the classical formula &#8805; |15| %, enabling the calculation of the classic EOA<sub>proj</sub>.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Only 14 patients had a flow rate variation with dobutamine infusion estimated with the alternative formula &#8805; |15| %, enabling the calculation of the alternative EOA<sub>proj</sub>.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Flow rate at baseline and at peak dobutamine infusion was calculated using both the classic <inline-formula><mml:math id="e03"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mi>classic</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1000</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>LVOT</mml:mi><mml:mi>VTI</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>CSA</mml:mi><mml:mi>LVOT</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi>ET</mml:mi></mml:mfrac></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula> and the alternative equations (Q<sub>alternative</sub> = CSA<sub>LVOT</sub> &#215; Vmean<sub>LVOT</sub> &#215; 100) in all patients. Only 9 (41%) patients achieved a flow rate variation with dobutamine infusion assessed by both methods &#8805; |15|%, enabling the simultaneous determination of the simplified projected aortic valve area at normal flow rate by the classic and the alternative formulas. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the baseline and peak dobutamine echocardiographic characteristics of this subset group of patients.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical and Echocardiographic Characteristics of the Low Flow Low Gradient Aortic Stenosis Patients with Flow Variation calculated by both methods &#8805; |15| % with Dobutamine Infusion</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Low Flow Low Gradient Aortic Stenosis with Classic and Alternative &#916;Q &#8805; |15|% (n = 9)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Demographics and Physical Examination</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age, yr</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">73 &#177; 7,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">6 (67)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight, Kg</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">67 &#177; 13,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height, cm</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">162 &#177; 5,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body surface area, m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1,70 &#177; 0,164</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Hemodynamic Indices</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Basal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Peak Dobutamine</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart rate, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#177; 19,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">113 &#177; 23,9</td>
                <td align="center">134 &#177; 35,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diastolic Blood Pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 12,6</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 14,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classic Q, mL/s</td>
                <td align="center">174 &#177; 45,3</td>
                <td align="center">155 &#177; 42,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alternative Q, mL/s</td>
                <td align="center">254 &#177; 55,5</td>
                <td align="center">242 &#177; 56,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SV, mL</td>
                <td align="center">47 &#177; 13,9</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 15,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SVI, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 6,9</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 8,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEDV, mL</td>
                <td align="center">155 &#177; 74,9</td>
                <td align="center">129 &#177; 46,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVESV, mL</td>
                <td align="center">107 &#177; 47,2</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 25,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF, %</td>
                <td align="center">30 &#177; 9,5</td>
                <td align="center">42 &#177; 13,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Indices of Aortic Stenosis Severity</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
								</td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Basal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Peak Dobutamine</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">V<sub>max</sub>, m/s</td>
                <td align="center">3,2 &#177; 0,47</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 &#177; 0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G<sub>mean</sub>, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">39 &#177; 13,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VTI Ratio</td>
                <td align="center">0,20 &#177; 0,056</td>
                <td align="center">0,27 &#177; 0,066</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EOA, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,68 &#177; 0,185</td>
                <td align="center">0,94 &#177; 0,238</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EOAi, cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,40 &#177; 0,093</td>
                <td align="center">0,55 &#177; 0,126</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Classification of Aortic Stenosis in Terms of Severity</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">True Severe Low Flow Low Gradient AS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">4 (44)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pseudo-Severe Low Flow Low Gradient AS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (22)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Persistent Area-Gradient Mismatch Low Flow Low Gradient AS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">3 (33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Simplified Aortic Valve Area at flow rate 250 mL/min</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classic EOA<sub>proj</sub>, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,94 &#177; 0,246</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alternative EOA<sub>proj</sub>, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,98 &#177; 0,248</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation or number (%) of patients, as appropriate. &#916;Q: variation of flow rate from the baseline with dobutamine infusion, presented as fractional change (%); Classic Q: flow rate calculated by the classic formula; Alternative Q: flow rate calculated by the alternative formula; SV: stroke volume; SVI: stroke volume index; LVEDV: left ventricular end diastolic volume; LVESV: left ventricular end systolic volume; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; V<sub>max</sub>: maximum velocity of aortic Doppler spectrum; G<sub>mean</sub>- transaortic mean pressure gradient; VTI Ratio: velocity time integral ratio; EOA: effective orifice aortic valve area; EOAi: indexed effective orifice aortic valve area; Classic EOA<sub>proj</sub>: simplified projected aortic valve area calculated using the classic flow rate formula; Alternative EOA<sub>proj</sub>: simplified projected aortic valve area calculated using the alternative flow rate formula; AS: aortic stenosis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A scatter plot showing the classic simplified projected aortic valve area values against the respective alternative simplified projected aortic valve area values was built (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). As suggested by the scatter plot, a strong linear association between the two methods of calculation was found - <italic>r</italic> (7) = 0,99, p &lt; 0,001.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Scatter plot showing the classic simplified projected aortic valve area values against the alternative simplified projected aortic valve area values with a superimposed regression line (solid line) with 95% confidence bands (dashed lines).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0132-80018-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Simple regression was conducted to find the best line that predicts the simplified projected aortic valve area calculated by the alternative method from the simplified projected aortic valve area calculated by the classic method. The results were statistically significant, F (1,7) = 245,5, p &lt; 0,0001. The identified equation to understand this relationship was: alternative EOA<sub>proj</sub> = 1.00 (95% CI 0.85 - 1.15) x Classic EOA<sub>proj</sub> + 0,036 (95% CI -0.111 - 0.182). The adjusted <italic>R</italic><sup>2</sup> was 0.97, meaning that 97% of the variance of the alternative EOA<sub>proj</sub> can be explained by classic EOA<sub>proj</sub>.</p>
        <p>A Bland-Altman analysis was performed to assess agreement between the two methods of EOA<sub>proj</sub> calculation. In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> the Y axis shows the differences between the two paired EOA<sub>proj</sub> measurements (alternative method - classic method) and the X axis represents the average of these measurements <inline-formula><mml:math id="e04"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Alternative</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>method</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>Classic</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>method</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mfrac></mml:mfenced></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>. Normal distribution of the differences between paired measurements was verified by use of the Shapiro-Wilk test for normal distribution (test statistics = 0,854, df = 9, p = 0,082). There is no trend in increases in the variability of the differences in relation to their mean. The calculated bias (the average of the paired differences) is 0.037 cm<sup>2</sup> (95% CI 0.004 - 0.066), meaning that on average EOA<sub>proj</sub> calculated by the alternative method measures 0.037 cm<sup>2</sup> more than EOA<sub>proj</sub> calculated by the classic method. This bias is statistically significant (<italic>t</italic> = 2.619, <italic>df</italic> = 8, p = 0.031). The calculated 95% limits of agreement between the two methods are -0,04 and 0,12, which means that for 95% of the individuals, the EOA<sub>proj</sub> calculated by the alternative method would be between 0,04 cm<sup>2</sup> less and 0,12 cm<sup>2</sup> more than the EOA<sub>proj</sub> calculated by the classic method.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Bland-Altman plot, in which the difference of the two paired EOA<sub>proj</sub> measurements is plotted against their mean. The solid line parallel to the x axis represents the bias and the dashed lines parallel to the x axis represent the limits of agreement.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0132-80018-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The EOA<sub>proj</sub> is defined as the EOA of the aortic valve that would have occurred at a hypothetical standardized flow rate of 250 mL/s. This new echocardiographic index was developed in order to overcome the variable and unpredictable effect of dobutamine in flow rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In fact, patients with classic LFLG AS undergoing DSE have a wide variable response in terms of flow rate progression, which may be due to multiple factors including the variable presence of myocardial contractile reserve, the unpredictable chronotropic response to dobutamine and the potential development of left ventricle dyssynchrony with dobutamine infusion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Such variability in flow rate response may impose an insurmountable obstacle in the interpretation of ambiguous changes in mean pressure gradient and EOA. By normalizing the EOA at a hypothetical flow rate of 250 mL/s, the EOA<sub>proj</sub> enables direct comparison of AS severity in patients with classic LFLG AS that present different flow rate profiles with dobutamine infusion. In addition to make the interpretation of DSE results easier, this new parameter has also been shown to be related to actual AS severity (calcification at surgery) and to have an important value in mortality prediction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In order to calculate the EOA<sub>proj</sub>, EOA is plotted against the mean transvalvular flow rate at different stages of DSE. The slope of this curve - called compliance - is then used to predict EOA at 250 mL/min.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A simplified version of the original formula substitutes the curve slope for an easier to calculate quotient <inline-formula><mml:math id="e05"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Peak</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>EOA</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>Rest</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>EOA</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Peak</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>Rest</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>. Thus, the simplified version of the EOA<sub>proj</sub> formula can be expressed as <inline-formula><mml:math id="e06"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:msub><mml:mi>EOA</mml:mi><mml:mi>proj</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>EOA</mml:mi><mml:mi>basal</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Peak</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>EOA</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>Rest</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>EOA</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Peak</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>Rest</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mn>250</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mi>rest</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Both the original and simplified version of the EOA<sub>proj</sub> formulae recommend the calculation of flow rate as the quotient between stroke volume and ET which requires 3 different measurements: 1) LVOT diameter (LVOT<sub>D</sub>); 2) LVOT velocity-time integral (LVOT<sub>VTI</sub>) and 3) ET measured at the aortic velocity spectrum. Both LVOT<sub>D</sub> and LVOT<sub>VTI</sub> are measures routinely done in DSE protocols performed for classic LFLG AS evaluation as they are needed to calculate EOA of the aortic valve by the continuity equation. However, the need for ET measured at the aortic velocity spectrum adds the requirement for an extra measurement in the usual protocol of DSE. Furthermore, this flow rate formula involves measurements acquired in different places and, inevitably, in different time points, encompassing an intrinsic bias.</p>
      <p>Flow rate can also be determined by the product of left ventricular outflow tract area and left ventricular outflow tract mean velocity, which requires only 2 measurements: 1) LVOT<sub>D</sub> and 2) mean velocity of blood at LVOT during the ejection period (LVOT<sub>Vmean</sub>). LVOT<sub>Vmean</sub> is given automatically in most echocardiography software when assessing LVOT<sub>VTI</sub> (a fundamental step in EOA calculation by the continuity equation). This alternative formula is less cumbersome to calculate as it does not need an additional measurement in the aortic velocity spectrum. Also, as it only requires 2 different measurements, it is less prone to increased inter-observer and intra-observer variability.</p>
      <p>This study aimed to assess how much the EOA<sub>proj</sub> calculated using an alternative method to estimate flow rate differs from the EOA<sub>proj</sub> calculated by the standard formula. The Bland-Altman method was used to assess agreement between the two methods. As previously published, Pearson correlation and linear regression analysis can be misleading in terms of assessing agreement between two measurement methods, as data which seem to be in poor agreement (for instance, a change in scale of measurement) can be highly correlated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Bland-Altman method assesses how well the methods agree on average (by estimating the mean of the differences for individuals - the systematic bias) and how well the measurements agree for individuals (by examining the variability of the differences and the calculation of the limits of agreement which quantify the range of values that can be expected to cover agreement for most of the subjects).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Using the Bland-Altman method, we found a systematic bias of 0.037 cm<sup>2</sup> (95% CI 0.004 - 0.066), meaning that on average the alternative method overestimates the EOA<sub>proj</sub> in 0,037 cm<sup>2</sup> compared to the classic method. Despite being statistically significant, this bias is not clinically significant as it is less than 0.1 cm<sup>2</sup>. Also, the 95% limits of agreement are quite narrow (from -0,04 cm<sup>2</sup> to 0,12 cm<sup>2)</sup>, meaning that for 95% of individuals, EOA<sub>proj</sub> calculated by the alternative method would be between 0,04 cm<sup>2</sup> less to 0,12 cm<sup>2</sup> more than the EOA<sub>proj</sub> calculated by the classic equation. Such narrow range is the largest likely differences between the two methods, and do not compromise the clinical agreement between the two methods. Therefore, it is reasonable to acknowledge the potential interchangeability of the two methods of EOA<sub>proj</sub> calculation in clinical practice.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study presented a new method to calculate the simplified EOA of the aortic valve at normal flow rate using a less cumbersome equation to estimate flow rate and tested the agreement of this new method with the previous reported by Blais et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The bias and 95% limits of agreement of the new method are narrow and not clinically relevant, supporting the potential interchangeable use of both methods in clinical practice. As the new method requires less additional measurements, it would be easier to implement it in clinical practice, promoting an increase in the use of EOA<sub>proj</sub> - a valuable echocardiographic parameter in the evaluation of LFLG AS.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This is a small retrospective single-institution study that is inherently underpowered to assess small differences in echocardiographic variables between groups. A higher number of patients is needed to investigate potential discrepancies in the performance of both EOA<sub>proj</sub> calculation methods in different subsets of LFLG AS patients. Therefore, the results presented here must be interpreted with caution.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra under the protocol number CE-016/2017. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Ecocardiografia &#8211; Adultos</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Um M&#233;todo Alternativo para o C&#225;lculo da &#193;rea Valvular A&#243;rtica Projetada Simplificada em Uma Taxa de Fluxo Normal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Joana Sofia Silva Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>N&#225;dia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pego</surname>
            <given-names>Mariano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra, Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Joana Sofia Silva Moura Ferreira</bold>, Rua do Padr&#227;o, 479. Vila Maior, Coimbra. E-mail: <email>joanasofia.moura@gmail.com</email>, <email>joanasofia_moura@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Ferreira JSSM, Moreira N, Ferreira R, Martins R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ferreira JSSM, Moreira N, Mendes S; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:Ferreira JSSM, Moreira N, Ferreira R, Martins R, Ferreira MJ; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Ferreira JSSM, Ferreira R; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:Ferreira JSSM, Moreira N, Ferreira R, Mendes S, Martins R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ferreira JSSM, Moreira N, Ferreira R, Mendes S, Martins R, Ferreira MJ, Pego M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A &#225;rea valvular a&#243;rtica projetada simplificada (AEO<sub>proj</sub>) &#233; um par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico valioso na avalia&#231;&#227;o da estenose a&#243;rtica de baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente (EA BFBG). Sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; limitada pelo trabalhoso processo de c&#225;lculo da taxa de fluxo (Q).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo prop&#245;e um m&#233;todo alternativo, menos complexo, para o c&#225;lculo da Q para ser incorporado na f&#243;rmula original da AEO<sub>proj</sub>, e mede a concord&#226;ncia entre o novo m&#233;todo proposto para o c&#225;lculo da AEO<sub>proj</sub> em compara&#231;&#227;o ao m&#233;todo original.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo, observacional, unic&#234;ntrico que incluiu todos os pacientes com AE BFBG cl&#225;ssica com varia&#231;&#227;o da Q com infus&#227;o de dobutamina &#8805; |15|% por ambos os m&#233;todos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 22 pacientes consecutivos com AE BFBG cl&#225;ssico, que se submeteram &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse com dobutamina. Nove pacientes apresentaram uma varia&#231;&#227;o da Q com infus&#227;o de dobutamina calculada tanto pelo m&#233;todo cl&#225;ssico como pelo m&#233;todo alternativo &#8805; |15|%, e foram selecionados para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Utilizando m&#233;todo Bland-Altman para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia, encontramos um vi&#233;s sistem&#225;tico de 0,037 cm<sup>2</sup> (IC 95% 0,004 - 0,066), o que significa que, em m&#233;dia, o novo m&#233;todo superestima a AEO<sub>proj</sub> em 0m037 cm<sup>2</sup> em compara&#231;&#227;o ao m&#233;todo original. Os limites de concord&#226;ncia de 95% s&#227;o estreitos (de -0,04 cm<sup>2</sup> a 0,12 cm<sup>2)</sup>, o que significa que para 95% dos indiv&#237;dios, a AEO<sub>proj</sub> calculada pelo novo m&#233;todo estaria entre 0,04 cm<sup>2</sup> menos a 0,12 cm<sup>2</sup> mais que a AEO<sub>proj</sub> calculada pela equa&#231;&#227;o original.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O vi&#233;s e os limites de 95% de concord&#226;ncia do novo m&#233;todo s&#227;o estreitos e n&#227;o s&#227;o clinicamente relevantes, o que corrobora a intercambialidade dos dois m&#233;todos de c&#225;lculo da AEO<sub>proj</sub>. Uma vez que o novo m&#233;todo requer menos medidas, seria mais f&#225;cil de ser implementado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, promovendo um aumento na utiliza&#231;&#227;o da AEO<sub>proj</sub>.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica / diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica / diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse</kwd>
        <kwd>Valvas Card&#237;acas / fisiopatologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cl&#225;ssica estenose a&#243;rtica (EA) de baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente (BFBG) &#233; caracterizada pela combina&#231;&#227;o de uma v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica calcificada com uma &#225;rea efetiva do orif&#237;cio (AEO) compat&#237;vel com estenose grave, uma baixa velocidade transvalvar ou gradiente de press&#227;o sugestivo de estenose moderada, e uma baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A ecocardiografia sob estresse com dobutamina (EED) pode auxiliar na diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes com EA grave e aqueles com EA pseudo-grave, ao promover um aumento potencial no fluxo. Assim, &#237;ndices hemodin&#226;micos tradicionais da gravidade da estenose poderiam ser avaliados a taxas normais do fluxo e facilmente interpretados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A principal limita&#231;&#227;o desse exame &#233; a imprevisibilidade do aumento do fluxo, levando a mudan&#231;as amb&#237;guas do gradiente de press&#227;o m&#233;dio e da AEO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A &#225;rea valvular a&#243;rtica projetada a uma taxa de fluxo transvalvar normal (250 mL/min) - AEO<sub>proj</sub> - &#233; um par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico desenvolvido para contornar essa limita&#231;&#227;o. Consiste na AEO a&#243;rtico que ocorreria a uma taxa de fluxo padronizado de 250mL/min, permitindo a compara&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da EA entre pacientes com diferentes perfis de taxas de fluxo com infus&#227;o de dobutamina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A determina&#231;&#227;o deste novo par&#226;metro requer o c&#225;lculo, pelo menos, da taxa de fluxo basal e taxa de fluxo m&#225;ximo em cada paciente. A f&#243;rmula original da AEO<sub>proj</sub> publicada por Blais et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> prop&#244;s o c&#225;lculo da taxa de fluxo como o quociente entre o volume e o tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o (TE), que requer 3 diferentes medidas: 1) di&#226;metro da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (LVOT, <italic>left ventricular outflow tract</italic>); 2) integral tempo-velocidade da LVOT e 3) TE medido em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; velocidade a&#243;rtica. A taxa de fluxo tamb&#233;m pode ser determinada pelo produto da &#225;rea da LVOT e velocidade m&#233;dia LVOT, o qual requer apenas 2 medidas: 1) di&#226;metro LVOT e 2) velocidade m&#233;dia LVOT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Esse m&#233;todo alternativo para calcular a taxa de fluxo &#233; menos complexo e menos suscept&#237;vel &#224; variabilidade entre observadores e intraobservador, uma vez que requer menos medidas.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; medir a concord&#226;ncia entre dois m&#233;todos para calcular a AEO<sub>proj</sub> simplificada, usando duas diferentes abordagens para determinar a taxa de fluxo em pacientes com EA BFBG cl&#225;ssica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo unic&#234;ntrico, observacional, retrospectivo que incluiu todos os pacientes consecutivos com EA BFBG com FEVE deprimida (definida de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da AHA/ACC 2014 para o manejo de doen&#231;as das valvas card&#237;acas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> encaminhados para EED entre setembro de 2011 a novembro de 2015.</p>
        <p>Pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo preencheram os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: 1) idade &#8805; 18 anos; 2) AEO &#8804; 1,0 cm<sup>2</sup> ou AEO indexada &#224; &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal &#8804; 0,6 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> e velocidade transa&#243;rtica m&#225;xima (Vmax) &lt; 4 m/s ou gradiente transa&#243;rtico m&#233;dio (Gm&#233;dio) &lt; 40 mmHg e 3) FEVE &lt; 50%. Pacientes com quadro mais grave que regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica moderada ou regurgita&#231;&#227;o ou estenose mitral moderada foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o do EED, os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos segundo gravidade da estenose, segundo recomenda&#231;&#245;es do AHA/ACC para manejo de doen&#231;as das valvas card&#237;acas de 2014:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Pacientes com EA BFBG grave: AEO &#8804; 1,0 cm<sup>2</sup> com Vmax &#8805; 4 m/s em qualquer taxa de fluxo.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Pacientes que n&#227;o preencheram todos os crit&#233;rios de EA BFBG grave, apresentando: a) AEO &#8804; 1,0 cm<sup>2</sup> com Vmax &lt; 4m/s (discord&#226;ncia persistente entre &#225;rea e gradiente), b) AEO &gt; 1,0 cm<sup>2</sup> com Vmax &#8805; 4 m/s, ou c) AEO &gt; 1,0 cm<sup>2</sup> com Vmax &lt; 4 m/s (AE pseudo-grave)</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>O exame de ecocardiografia foi realizado utilizando-se um equipamento dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (Vivid - 7; General Electric Vingmed, Milwaukee, WI), com transdutor 3,5MHz.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a aquisi&#231;&#227;o do estudo de base, iniciou-se um protocolo de infus&#227;o de dobutamina em baixas doses, 5 ug/Kg de peso corporal por minuto, aumentadas em 5 ug/Kg por minuto a cada 5 minutos at&#233; atingir a dose m&#225;xima de 20 ug/Kg por minuto. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e o eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foram monitorados ao longo do teste. Doppler de onda cont&#237;nua do espectro da velocidade da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica e Doppler pulsado do espectro da velocidade na LVOT foram registrados no basal e nos &#250;ltimos dois minutos de cada est&#225;gio do protocolo. O di&#226;metro da LVOT foi medido no plano do eixo longo paraesternal e se assumiu que esse manteve-se constante durante o protocolo. Os dados foram armazenados digitalmente e analisados <italic>off-line</italic> por um &#250;nico operador independente, utilizando o programa EchoPac Clinical Workstation (General Electric, Vingmed, Milwaukee, WI). Para cada medida de Doppler, obteve-se a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s ciclos, evitando-se os batimentos p&#243;s-extrass&#237;stoles. Os gradientes transa&#243;rticos foram calculados utilizando a equa&#231;&#227;o de Bernoulli simplificada (<italic>&#8710;</italic>P = 4&#957;<sup>2</sup>, onde <italic>&#8710;</italic>P est&#225; em mmHg e <italic>v</italic> &#233; a velocidade a&#243;rtica em m/s). A AEO da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica foi calculada pela equa&#231;&#227;o de continuidade AEE = AST<sub>LVOT</sub> &#215; (LVOT<sub>VTI</sub> &#247; Ao<sub>VTI</sub>) - onde AEO est&#225; em cm<sup>2</sup>, LVOT<italic><sub>VTI</sub></italic> &#233; a integral de tempo-velocidade suba&#243;rtico e AoVTI &#233; a integral de tempo-velocidade a&#243;rtico, ambos em cm. AST<sub>LVOT</sub> &#233; a &#225;rea seccional transversa (em cm<sup>2</sup>) da LVOT calculada a partir do di&#226;metro da LVOT medido no eixo longo paraesternal (d em cm), assumindo-se uma geometria circular - AST<sub>LVOT</sub> = &#960; x (d/2)<sup>2</sup>. O volume sist&#243;lico final (VSF), o volume diast&#243;lico final (VDF), e a FEVE foram avaliados nos planos padr&#245;es 4 c&#226;maras e 2 c&#226;maras, pelo m&#233;todo biplanar de Simpson. O volume sist&#243;lico (VS) foi calculado pela equa&#231;&#227;o: VS = LVOT<sub>VTI</sub> &#215; AST<sub>LVOT</sub>, onde o VS est&#225; em mL/batimento, <italic>LVOT<sub>VTI</sub></italic> est&#225; em cm, e a AST<sub>LVOT</sub> em cm<sup>2</sup>. A taxa de fluxo (Q) foi calculada por dois diferentes m&#233;todos:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Um m&#233;todo cl&#225;ssico, utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula <inline-formula><mml:math id="e07"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:msub><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>cl</mml:mi><mml:mover><mml:mi>assica</mml:mi><mml:mo accent="true">&#180;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1000</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>LVOT</mml:mi><mml:mi>VTI</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>CSA</mml:mi><mml:mi>LVOT</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi>TE</mml:mi></mml:mfrac></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>, onde Q<italic><sub>cl&#225;ssica</sub></italic> est&#225; em mL/seg, LVOT<sub>VTI</sub> est&#225; em cm, AST<sub>LVOT</sub> em cm<sup>2</sup> e <italic>TE</italic> &#233; o tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o em ms medido pelo Doppler de onda cont&#237;nua do espectro de velocidade da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Um m&#233;todo alternativo usando a f&#243;rmula Q<sub>alternativa</sub> = AST<sub>LVOT</sub> &#215; Vm&#233;dia<sub>LVOT</sub> &#215; 100, onde Q<sub>alternativa</sub> est&#225; em mL/s, AST<sub>LVOT</sub> est&#225; em cm<sup>2</sup>, e <italic>Vm&#233;dia<sub>LVOT</sub></italic> &#233; a velocidade m&#233;dia do sangue na LVOT durante o per&#237;odo de eje&#231;&#227;o em m/s, medida no Dopppler pulsado do espectro de velocidade do LVOT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>Pacientes com varia&#231;&#227;o na taxa de fluxo com infus&#227;o de dobutamina &#8805;|15|% em ambos os m&#233;todos (cl&#225;ssico e alternativo) foram selecionados e a &#225;rea da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica simplificada na taxa de fluxo a 250 mL/s (AEO<sub>proj</sub>) foi calculada de acordo com a f&#243;rmula publicada por Blais et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>: <inline-formula><mml:math id="e08"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:msub><mml:mi>AEO</mml:mi><mml:mi>proj</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>AEO</mml:mi><mml:mi>basal</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#916;</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>AEO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#916;</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mn>250</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mi>repouso</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>, onde AEO<sub>proj</sub> est&#225; em cm<sup>2</sup>, <italic>Q</italic> &#233; a taxa de fluxo transvalvular m&#233;dia, AEO<sub>basal</sub> e Q<sub>basal</sub> s&#227;o a AEO e a Q em repouso, e &#916;AEO e &#916;Q s&#227;o a varia&#231;&#227;o absoluta na AEO e Q com a infus&#227;o de dobutamina. Uma vez que usamos dois m&#233;todos diferentes para calcular a taxa de fluxo, obtivemos dois conjuntos de valores da AEO simplificada em cada paciente eleg&#237;vel: 1) uma AEO<sub>proj</sub> simplificada cl&#225;ssica, pelo m&#233;todo cl&#225;ssico de c&#225;lculo da taxa de fluxo, e 2) uma AEO<sub>proj</sub> simplificada alternativa, usando o m&#233;todo alternativo de c&#225;lculo da taxa de fluxo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o descritas em frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagens. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Foram constru&#237;dos um gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o e um modelo de regress&#227;o linear para avaliar a for&#231;a da rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre os m&#233;todos cl&#225;ssico e alternativo de c&#225;lculo da AEO<sub>proj</sub> e para quantificar a propor&#231;&#227;o da vari&#226;ncia que ambos os m&#233;todos t&#234;m em comum. Finalmente, para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre os dois m&#233;todos (i.e., quanto o novo m&#233;todo tende a se diferenciar do antigo), constru&#237;mos um gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman - um gr&#225;fico das diferen&#231;as pareadas entre os dois m&#233;todos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s suas m&#233;dias. A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das diferen&#231;as pareadas foi verificada pelo teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk. O vi&#233;s foi computado como a m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as dos dois m&#233;todos. Um teste <italic>t</italic> com uma amostra foi realizado contra a hip&#243;tese nula de aus&#234;ncia de vi&#233;s para avaliar a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica do vi&#233;s calculado. Limites de 95% de concord&#226;ncia foram registrados como o vi&#233;s m&#233;dio mais ou menos 1,96 vez seu desvio padr&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Valores de p &lt; 0,05 bilateral foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
          <p>Os programas IBM SPSS Statistics vers&#227;o 23 (IBM, Viena, &#193;ustria) e GraphPad Prism vers&#227;o 7.0 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla California, EUA) foram usados para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
          <p>Entre setembro de 2011 e novembro de 2015, 22 pacientes [15 (68%) homens, idade m&#233;dia de 72 &#177; 9 anos] com EA BFBG cl&#225;ssica submeteram-se &#224; EED com baixa dose para avaliar a real gravidade da EA. Nenhum evento adverso importante foi registrado. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas desses pacientes, bem como evolu&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o com dobutamina. Oito (36%) pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios da AHA/ACC para EA grave, 11 (50%) mantiveram discord&#226;ncia entre &#225;rea da v&#225;lvula e gradiente no momento basal, e 3 (14%) apresentaram progress&#227;o dos &#237;ndices hemodin&#226;micos de EA pseudo-grave. Nenhum paciente terminou o exame de estresse com invers&#227;o da discord&#226;ncia entre &#225;rea e gradiente (i.e. &#225;rea valvular a&#243;rtica &gt; 1,0 cm<sup>2</sup> e Vmax &#8805;4 m/s). A taxa de fluxo basal e o pico de infus&#227;o com dobutamina foram calculados pela equa&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica <inline-formula><mml:math id="e09"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:msub><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>cl</mml:mi><mml:mover><mml:mi>assica</mml:mi><mml:mo accent="true">&#180;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1000</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>LVOT</mml:mi><mml:mi>VTI</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>AST</mml:mi><mml:mi>LVOT</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi>TE</mml:mi></mml:mfrac></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula> e pela equa&#231;&#227;o alternativa (Q<sub>alternativa</sub> = AST<sub>LVOT</sub> &#215; Vm&#233;dia<sub>LVOT</sub> &#215; 100)em todos os pacientes. Somente 9 (41%) pacientes atingiram varia&#231;&#227;o na taxa de fluxo com infus&#227;o de dobutamina avaliada por ambos os m&#233;todos &#8805; |15|%, permitindo a determina&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea da AEO<sub>proj</sub> &#224; taxa de fluxo normal por ambas as f&#243;rmulas. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta caracter&#237;sticas basais e ecocardiodgr&#225;ficas do pico de dobutamina desse subgrupo de pacientes.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da estenose a&#243;rtica de baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente no tempo basal e com infus&#227;o de dobutamina a 20 ug/Kg/min</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>Estenose A&#243;rtica de Baixo Fluxo e Baixo Gradiente (n = 22)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e do exame f&#237;sico</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">72 &#177; 8,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">15 (68)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso, Kg</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">71 &#177; 12,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altura, cm</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">163 &#177; 8,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal, m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1,76 &#177; 0,183</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>&#205;ndices hemodin&#226;micos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>Basal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>Pico de Dobutamine</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">66 &#177; 8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">80 &#177; 18,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">115 &#177; 20,7</td>
                  <td align="center">139 &#177; 31,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">62 &#177; 12,1</td>
                  <td align="center">64 &#177; 18,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Q cl&#225;ssico, mL/s</td>
                  <td align="center">202 &#177; 63,3</td>
                  <td align="center">236 &#177; 56,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Q alternativo, mL/s</td>
                  <td align="center">169 &#177; 51,2</td>
                  <td align="center">223 &#177; 53,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VS, mL</td>
                  <td align="center">54 &#177; 16,0</td>
                  <td align="center">62 &#177; 14,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IVS, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">30 &#177; 8,4</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 8,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VDFVE, mL</td>
                  <td align="center">145 &#177; 56,9</td>
                  <td align="center">136 &#177; 41,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VSFVE, mL</td>
                  <td align="center">97 &#177; 42,9</td>
                  <td align="center">79 &#177; 38,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">33 &#177; 9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">43 &#177; 15,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>&#205;ndices de gravidade da estenose a&#243;rtica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>Basal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>Pico de Dobutamina</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">V<sub>max</sub>, m/s</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2 &#177; 0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9 &#177; 0,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">G<sub>me&#233;dio</sub>, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">24 &#177; 7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">37 &#177; 12,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Raz&#227;o IVT</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25 &#177; 0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AEO, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,43 &#177; 0,091</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49 &#177; 0,116</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AEOi, cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,44 (0,35 - 0,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46 (0,43 - 0,54)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da estenose a&#243;rtica em termos de gravidade</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EA de baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente grave, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">8 (36)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EA de baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente pseudo-grave n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">3 (14)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EA de baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente com desarranjo persistente entre &#225;rea e gradiente, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">11 (50)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>&#193;rea valvular a&#243;rtica simplificada &#224; taxa de fluxo de 250 mL/min</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AEO<sub>proj</sub> cl&#225;ssica, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0,93 &#177; 0,220 (n = 14)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AEO<sub>proj</sub> alternativa, cm<sup>2</sup> </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0,98 &#177; 0,238 (n = 14)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n&#250;mero (%) de pacientes, como apropriado. Q cl&#225;ssico: taxa de fluxo calculado pela f&#243;rmula cl&#225;ssica; Q alternativo: taxa de fluxo calculado pela f&#243;rmula alternativa; VS: volume sist&#243;lico; IVS: &#237;ndice do volume sist&#243;lico; VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSFVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; Vmax: velocidade m&#225;xima do espectro Doppler a&#243;rtico; G<sub>m&#233;dio</sub>: gradiente de press&#227;o transa&#243;rtica m&#233;dia; raz&#227;o ITV: raz&#227;o da integral tempo-velocidade; AEO: &#225;rea efetiva do orif&#237;cio; AEO<sub>i</sub>: &#225;rea efetiva do orif&#237;cio a&#243;rtico indexada; AEO<sub>proj</sub> cl&#225;ssica: &#225;rea valvular a&#243;rtica projetada simplificada calculada pela f&#243;rmula da taxa de fluxo cl&#225;ssica; AEO<sub>proj</sub> alternativa: &#225;rea valvular a&#243;rtica projetada simplificada calculada pela f&#243;rmula da taxa de fluxo alternativa; EA: estenose a&#243;rtica.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Somente 14 pacientes tiveram uma varia&#231;&#227;o na taxa de fluxo com infus&#227;o de dobutamina estimada com a f&#243;rmula cl&#225;ssica &#8805; |15| %, permitindo o c&#225;lculo da AEO<sub>proj</sub> cl&#225;ssica.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>Somente 14 pacientes tiveram uma varia&#231;&#227;o na taxa de fluxo com infus&#227;o de dobutamina estimada com a f&#243;rmula alternativa &#8805; |15| %, permitindo o c&#225;lculo da AEO<sub>proj</sub> alternativa.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica de baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente com varia&#231;&#227;o de fluxo &#8805; |15| % calculada por ambos os m&#233;todos com infus&#227;o de dobutamina</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>Estenose A&#243;rtica de Baixo Fluxo e Baixo Gradiente com &#916;Q Cl&#225;ssico e Alternativo &#8805; |15|% (n = 9)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e do exame f&#237;sico</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">73 &#177; 7,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">6 (67)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso, Kg</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">67 &#177; 13,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altura, cm</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">162 &#177; 5,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal, m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">1,70 &#177; 0,164</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>&#205;ndices hemodin&#226;micos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>Basal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>Pico de Dobutamina</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 10,6</td>
                  <td align="center">81 &#177; 19,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">113 &#177; 23,9</td>
                  <td align="center">134 &#177; 35,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 12,6</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 14,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Q cl&#225;ssico, mL/s</td>
                  <td align="center">174 &#177; 45,3</td>
                  <td align="center">155 &#177; 42,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Q alternativo, mL/s</td>
                  <td align="center">254 &#177; 55,5</td>
                  <td align="center">242 &#177; 56,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VS, mL</td>
                  <td align="center">47 &#177; 13,9</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#177; 15,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IVS, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">28 &#177; 6,9</td>
                  <td align="center">38 &#177; 8,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VDFVE, mL</td>
                  <td align="center">155 &#177; 74,9</td>
                  <td align="center">129 &#177; 46,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VSFVE, mL</td>
                  <td align="center">107 &#177; 47,2</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 25,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">30 &#177; 9,5</td>
                  <td align="center">42 &#177; 13,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>&#205;ndices da gravidade da estenose a&#243;rtica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
									</td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>Basal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>Pico de Dobutamina</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">V<sub>max</sub>, m/s</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2 &#177; 0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">4,0 &#177; 0,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">G<sub>m&#233;dio</sub>, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">24 &#177; 5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">39 &#177; 13,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Raz&#227;o IVT</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20 &#177; 0,056</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27 &#177; 0,066</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AEO, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,68 &#177; 0,185</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94 &#177; 0,238</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AEOi, cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,40 &#177; 0,093</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55 &#177; 0,126</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da estenose a&#243;rtica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EA de baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente grave, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">4 (44)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EA de baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente pseudo-grave n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">2 (22)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EA de baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente com desarranjo persistente entre &#225;rea e gradiente, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">3 (33)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                    <bold>&#193;rea valvular a&#243;rtica simplificada na taxa de 250 mL/min</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AEO<sub>proj</sub> cl&#225;ssica, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0,94 &#177; 0,246</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AEO<sub>proj</sub> alternativa, cm<sup>2</sup> </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">0,98 &#177; 0,248</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n&#250;mero (%) de pacientes, como apropriado. &#916;Q: varia&#231;&#227;o da taxa de fluxo basal com a infus&#227;o de dobutamina, apresentada em porcentagem; Q cl&#225;ssico: taxa de fluxo calculado pela f&#243;rmula cl&#225;ssica; Q alternativo: taxa de fluxo calculado pela f&#243;rmula alternativa; VS: volume sist&#243;lico; IVS: &#237;ndice do volume sist&#243;lico; VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSFVE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; Vmax: velocidade m&#225;xima do espectro Doppler a&#243;rtico; G<sub>m&#233;dio</sub>: gradiente de press&#227;o transa&#243;rtica m&#233;dia; raz&#227;o ITV: raz&#227;o da integral tempo-velocidade; AEO: &#225;rea efetiva do orif&#237;cio; AEO<sub>i</sub>: &#225;rea efetiva do orif&#237;cio a&#243;rtico indexada; AEO<sub>proj</sub> cl&#225;ssica: &#225;rea valvular a&#243;rtica projetada simplificada calculada pela f&#243;rmula da taxa de fluxo cl&#225;ssica; EOA<sub>proj</sub> alternativa: &#225;rea valvular a&#243;rtica projetada simplificada calculada pela f&#243;rmula da taxa de fluxo alternativa.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Um gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o mostrando valores da AEO<sub>proj</sub> simplificada pelo m&#233;todo cl&#225;ssico versus valores da AEO<sub>proj</sub> simplificada pelo m&#233;todo alternativo encontra-se representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>. Como sugerido pelo gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o, foi encontrada uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o linear entre os dois m&#233;todos - r(7) = 0.99, p &lt; 0.001.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o mostrando valores da &#225;rea valvular a&#243;rtica projetada (AEO<sub>proj</sub>) simplificada com a linha de regress&#227;o linear sobreposta (linha s&#243;lida) com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (linhas pontilhadas).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0132-80018-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Uma regress&#227;o simples foi realizada para encontrar a melhor linha que prev&#234; a AEO<sub>proj</sub> simplificada calculada pelo m&#233;todo alternativo a partir da AEO<sub>proj</sub> simplificada calculada pelo m&#233;todo cl&#225;ssico. Esses resultados foram estatisticamente significativos, F (1,7) = 245,5, p &lt; 0,0001. A equa&#231;&#227;o identificada que explica essa rela&#231;&#227;o foi: AEO<sub>proj</sub> alternativa = 1,00 (IC95% 0,85 - 1,15) x AEO<sub>proj</sub> cl&#225;ssica + 0,036 (IC 95% -0,111 - 0,182). O <italic>R</italic><sup>2</sup> ajustado foi 0,97, o que significa que 97% da vari&#226;ncia da AEO<sub>proj</sub> pode ser explicada pela AEOproj cl&#225;ssica.</p>
          <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre os dois m&#233;todos de c&#225;lculo do AEO<sub>proj</sub>. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>, o eixo Y mostra diferen&#231;as entre as duas medidas de AEO<sub>proj</sub> pareadas (m&#233;todo alternativo - m&#233;todo cl&#225;ssico) e o eixo x representa a m&#233;dia dessas medidas <inline-formula><mml:math id="e010"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mover><mml:mi>etodo</mml:mi><mml:mo accent="true">&#180;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>alternativo</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mover><mml:mi>etodo</mml:mi><mml:mo accent="true">&#180;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>cl</mml:mi><mml:mover><mml:mi>assico</mml:mi><mml:mo accent="true">&#180;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mfrac></mml:mfenced></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>. A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das diferen&#231;as entre as medidas pareadas foi verificada pelo teste Shapiro-Wilk para distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (estat&#237;stica do teste = 0,854, df = 9, p = 0.082). N&#227;o houve tend&#234;ncia para aumentos na variabilidade das diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medias. O vi&#233;s calculado (m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as pareadas) &#233; 0,037 cm<sup>2</sup> (IC95% 0,004 - 0,066), indicando que na m&#233;dia, a AEO<sub>proj</sub> calculada pelo m&#233;todo alternativo mede 0,037 cm<sup>2</sup>mais que a AEP<sub>proj</sub> medida pelo m&#233;todo cl&#225;ssico. Esse vi&#233;s &#233; estatisticamente significativo (t = 2,619, df = 8, p = 0,031). Os limites de 95% de concord&#226;ncia, calculados entre os dois m&#233;todos, s&#227;o -0,04 e 0,12, o que significa que para 95% dos indiv&#237;duos, a AEO<sub>proj</sub> calculada pelo m&#233;todo alternativo estaria entre 0,04 cm<sup>2</sup> menos e 0,12cm<sup>2</sup> mais que a AEOproj calculada pelo m&#233;todo cl&#225;ssico.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico de Bland-Altman da diferen&#231;a das duas medidas de AEO<sub>proj</sub> versus sua m&#233;dia. A linha s&#243;lida paralela ao eixo x representa o vi&#233;s, e as linhas pontilhadas paralelas ao eixo x representa os limites de concord&#226;ncia.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0132-80018-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A AEO<sub>proj</sub> &#233; definida como a AEO da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica que ocorreria em uma taxa de fluxo hipot&#233;tica padronizada de 250 mL/s. Esse novo index ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi desenvolvido para compensar a variabilidade e a imprevisibilidade da dobutamina quanto &#224; taxa de fluxo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> De fato, pacientes com EA BFBG cl&#225;ssica submetidos &#224; EED t&#234;m uma reposta muito variada em termos da progress&#227;o da taxa de fluxo, que pode ser devido a muitos fatores, incluindo a presen&#231;a de reserva contr&#225;til do mioc&#225;rdio, a imprevis&#237;vel resposta cronotr&#243;pica &#224; dobutamina e o potencial desenvolvimento de dessincronia com infus&#227;o de dobutamina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Essa variabilidade na resposta da taxa de fluxo pode impor um obst&#225;culo insuper&#225;vel na interpreta&#231;&#227;o das mudan&#231;as amb&#237;guas no gradiente de press&#227;o m&#233;dio e AEO. Normalizando a AEO a uma taxa de fluxo hipot&#233;tica de 250 mL/s, a AEO<sub>proj</sub> permite a compara&#231;&#227;o direta da gravidade da EA em paciente com EA BFBG que apresentam diferentes perfis de taxa de fluxo com a infus&#227;o de dobutamina. Al&#233;m de facilitar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados da EED, esse novo par&#226;metro tamb&#233;m se mostrou estar relacionado com a gravidade da EA (calcifica&#231;&#227;o na cirurgia) e de ter um importante valor na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para o c&#225;lculo da AEO<sub>proj</sub>, um gr&#225;fico AEO versus taxa de fluxo transvalvar m&#233;dia &#233; constru&#237;do em diferentes est&#225;gios da EED. A inclina&#231;&#227;o dessa curva - chamada complac&#234;ncia - &#233; ent&#227;o usada para predizer a AEO &#224; taxa de 250 mL/min.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Uma vers&#227;o simplificada da f&#243;rmula original substitui a inclina&#231;&#227;o da curva por um quociente mais f&#225;cil de se calcular: <inline-formula><mml:math id="e011"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Pico</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>da</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>AEO</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>AEO</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>repouso</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Pico</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>do</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>repouso</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>. Assim, a vers&#227;o simplificada da f&#243;rmula AEO<sub>proj</sub> pode ser expressa como <inline-formula><mml:math id="e012"><mml:semantics><mml:mstyle mathsize="12.0pt"><mml:msub><mml:mi>AEO</mml:mi><mml:mi>proj</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>AEO</mml:mi><mml:mi>basal</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Pico</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>da</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>AEO</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>AEO</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>repouso</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Pico</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>do</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mspace width="0.33em"/><mml:mi>repouso</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mfenced close=")" open="("><mml:mrow><mml:mn>250</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mi>repouso</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:mfenced></mml:mstyle></mml:semantics></mml:math></inline-formula>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Tanto a vers&#227;o original como a vers&#227;o simplificada das f&#243;rmulas para o c&#225;lculo da AEO<sub>proj</sub> recomendam o c&#225;lculo da taxa de fluxo como o quociente entre o VS e o TE, que requer 3 medidas diferentes: 1) di&#226;metro da LVOT (LVOT<sub>D</sub>); 2) integral tempo-velocidade da LVOT (LVOT<sub>VTI</sub>) e 3) TE medidos no espectro da velocidade a&#243;rtica. Tanto o LVOT<sub>D</sub> como a LVOT<sub>VTI</sub> s&#227;o medidas rotineiramente realizadas durante os protocolos da EED para avalia&#231;&#227;o de EA BFBG cl&#225;ssica, uma vez que s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para o c&#225;lculo da AEO pela equa&#231;&#227;o de continuidade. No entanto, a necessidade de se medir o TE no espectro de velocidade a&#243;rtica adiciona uma medida extra no protocolo usual da EES. Al&#233;m disso, essa f&#243;rmula da taxa de fluxo envolve medidas adquiridas em diferentes lugares e, inevitavelmente, em diferentes tempos, envolvendo um vi&#233;s intr&#237;nseco.</p>
        <p>A taxa de fluxo tamb&#233;m pode ser determinada pelo produto da &#225;rea da LVOT pela velocidade m&#233;dia da LVOT, que requer somente duas medidas: 1) LOVT<sub>D</sub> e 2) velocidade m&#233;dia do sangue na LVOT durante o per&#237;odo de eje&#231;&#227;o (LVOT<sub>Vm&#233;dia</sub>). A LVOT<sub>Vm&#233;dia</sub> &#233; fornecida automaticamente pela maioria dos programas de ecocardigrafias, ao avaliar a LVOT<sub>VTI</sub> (uma etapa fundamental no c&#225;lculo da AEO pela equa&#231;&#227;o de continuidade). Essa f&#243;rmula alternativa &#233; menos complexa, uma vez que n&#227;o necessita de medida adicional no espectro da velocidade a&#243;rtica. Al&#233;m disso, uma vez que requer 2 medidas diferentes, est&#225; menos propensa &#224; variabilidade aumentada entre observadores e intraobservador.</p>
        <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o quanto a AEO<sub>proj</sub> calculada pelo m&#233;todo alternativo para estimar a taxa de fluxo difere-se da AEO<sub>proj</sub> calculada pela f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o. O m&#233;todo de Bland-Altman foi usado para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre os dois m&#233;todos. Conforme publicado previamente, a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear podem levar a resultados err&#244;neos, uma vez que os dados que parecem estar em baixa concord&#226;ncia (por exemplo, uma mudan&#231;a na escala de medida) podem estar fortemente correlacionados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O m&#233;todo de Bland-Altman avalia o quanto os m&#233;todos s&#227;o concordantes na m&#233;dia (estimando-se a m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as para os indiv&#237;duos - vi&#233;s sistem&#225;tico) e o quanto as medidas s&#227;o concordantes para os indiv&#237;duos (examinando a variabilidade das diferen&#231;as e o c&#225;lculo dos limites de concord&#226;ncia que quantificam o intervalo de valores esperado para cobrir a concord&#226;ncia para a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Usando o m&#233;todo de Bland-Altman, encontramos um vi&#233;s sistem&#225;tico de 0,037cm<sup>2</sup> (95% CI 0,004 - 0,066), indicando que, na m&#233;dia, o m&#233;todo alternativo superestima a AEO<sub>proj</sub> em 0,037 cm<sup>2</sup> comparado ao m&#233;todo cl&#225;ssico. Apesar de ser estatisticamente significativo, esse vi&#233;s n&#227;o &#233; clinicamente significativo, por ser menor que 0,1 cm<sup>2</sup>. Ainda, os limites de 95% de concord&#226;ncia s&#227;o muito estreitos (de -0,04 cm<sup>2</sup> a 0,12 cm<sup>2</sup>), o que significa que, para 95% dos indiv&#237;duos, a AEO<sub>proj</sub> calculada pelo m&#233;todo alternativo estaria entre 0,04 cm<sup>2</sup> menos e 0,12 cm<sup>2</sup> mais que a AEO<sub>proj</sub> calculada pela equa&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica. Essa estreita faixa corresponde &#224;s maiores diferen&#231;as prov&#225;veis entre os dois m&#233;todos, e n&#227;o compromete a concord&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica entre os dois m&#233;todos. Portanto, &#233; razo&#225;vel reconhecer a intercambialidade dos dois m&#233;todos de c&#225;lculo da AEO<sub>proj</sub> na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo apresentou um novo m&#233;todo para calcular a AEO simplificada da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica &#224; taxa de fluxo normal, usando uma equa&#231;&#227;o menos complexa para estimar a taxa de fluxo, e testou a concord&#226;ncia desse novo m&#233;todo com o previamente apresentado por Blais et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O vi&#233;s e os limites de 95% de concord&#226;ncia do novo m&#233;todo s&#227;o estreitos e n&#227;o s&#227;o clinicamente relevantes, apoiando a possibilidade de se utilizar igualmente os dois m&#233;todos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Uma vez que o novo m&#233;todo requer medidas adicionais, seria mais f&#225;cil implement&#225;-lo na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, promovendo um aumento no uso da AEO<sub>proj</sub> - um par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico valioso na avalia&#231;&#227;o da EA BFBG.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este &#233; um estudo retrospectivo pequeno, unic&#234;ntrico, e inerentemente sem poder o suficiente para avaliar pequenas diferen&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas entre os grupos. Um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes &#233; necess&#225;rio para investigar as discrep&#226;ncias potenciais no desempenho de ambos os m&#233;todos de c&#225;lculo da AEO<sub>proj</sub> nos diferentes subgrupos de pacientes com EA BFBG. Portanto, os resultados apresentados aqui devem ser interpretados com cautela.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CE-016/2017. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
