<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jYXX8bfDhcBGTRxpFhHjCmS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000200124</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005001204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180016</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Presence and Extension of Myocardial Fibrosis in the Undetermined Form of Chagas&#8217; Disease: A Study Using Magnetic Resonance</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina The</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Larocca</surname>
            <given-names>Ticiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Admilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pacheco</surname>
            <given-names>Thais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torre&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Solano de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Milena B. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro-dos-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Claudio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael - Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcia Maria Noya Rabelo,</bold> Rua Queira Deus Cond. Rio Joanes, Lt B13. Postal Code 42-713-480, Port&#227;o, Lauro de Freitas, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>marcianoya@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marcianoya@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Rabelo MMR, Macedo CT, Larocca T, Soares MBP, Correia LCL; Acquisition of data: Rabelo MMR, Macedo CT, Larocca T, Machado A, Pacheco T; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Rabelo MMR, Correia LCL; Obtaining financing: Rabelo MMR, Larocca T, Soares MBP; Writing of the manuscript: Rabelo MMR, Macedo CT, Soares MBP, Correia LCL; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rabelo MMR, Macedo CT, Souza BSF, Soares MBP, Ribeiro-dos-Santos R, Correia LCL; Interpretation of magnetic resonance data: Torre&#227;o J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>124</fpage>
      <lpage>131</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Previous data has shown that patients in the indeterminate form of Chagas disease may present myocardial fibrosis as shown on through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, there is little information available regarding the degree of severity of myocardial fibrosis in these individuals. This variable has the potential to predict the evolution of Chagas&#8217; disease into its cardiac form.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To describe the frequency and extent of myocardial fibrosis evaluated using an MRI in patients in the indeterminate form, and to compare it with other forms of the disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Patients were admitted one after another. Their clinical history was collected and they were submitted to laboratory exams and an MRI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Sixty-one patients with Chagas&#8217; disease, with an average age of 58 &#177; 9 years old, 17 patients in the indeterminate form, 16 in the cardiac form without left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and 28 in the cardiac form with LV dysfunction were studied. P &lt;0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Late enhancement was detected in 37 patients (64%). Myocardial fibrosis was identified in 6 individuals in indeterminate form (41%; 95% CI 23-66) in a proportion similar to that observed in cardiac form without LV dysfunction (44%); p = 1.0. Among the individuals with fibrosis, the total area of the affected myocardium was 4.1% (IIQ: 2.1 - 10.7) in the indeterminate form versus 2.3% (IIQ: 1-5) in the cardiac form without LV (p = 0.18). The left ventricular fraction ejection in subjects in the indeterminate form was similar to that of the individuals in the cardiac form without ventricular dysfunction (p = 0.09).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The presence of fibrosis in the indeterminate form of Chagas&#8217; disease has a frequency and extension similar to that of in the cardiac form without dysfunction, suggesting that the former is part of a subclinical disease spectrum, rather than lacking cardiac involvement.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chagas&#8217; disease is a potentially debilitating endemic problem in Latin American countries and has led to an estimated loss of 750,000 years of productive life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Three stages of Chagas&#8217; disease are recognized: acute, indeterminate and chronic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> After the acute phase, about two-thirds of infected patients remain in the indeterminate form, which is characterized by the absence of significant clinical, electrocardiographic or radiological manifestations. However, the disease does not manifest itself in these patients and one-third of them progress to some type of cardiac and/or digestive manifestation, and thus are reclassified as chronic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Identifying the indeterminate patients that are prone to progress to the chronic form serve as a basis for the research of preventive strategies and a better understanding of the pathological processes that lead to this evolution. However, there are no predictive markers or models capable of estimating the risk of this change.</p>
      <p>As such, several researchers consider myocardial fibrosis to be a possible substrate for the development and progression of ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmia, and death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The etiopathogenic process that promotes fibrosis involves a multifactorial relationship between the aspects related to the etiologic agent and those related to the host<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The advent of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), with the use of the late enhancement technique allows for the identification of myocardial fibrosis. Furthermore, it has a gold standard rating with a close anatomopathological correlation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> There is evidence that CMR is able to provide images with high spatial resolution and a high level accuracy in assessing ventricular function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Previous data have shown that even patients with the indeterminate form may have myocardial fibrosis when tested using CMR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> However, there is little data available on the degree of myocardial fibrosis presented by these individuals, which demonstrates the potential of this variable in the prediction of evolution to the cardiac form. The purpose of this paper is to describe the frequency and extent of myocardial fibrosis evaluated using CMR in patients in the indeterminate form. In order to contextualize this situation, these patients were compared to other individuals in the chronic cardiac form with and without left ventricular dysfunction.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>Individuals with Chagas&#8217; disease were recruited between January of 2012 and December of 2013 at the Chagas&#8217; disease outpatient clinic of the Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, a tertiary referral center in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.</p>
        <p>Inclusion criteria were: between 18 and 70 years old and a diagnosis of Chagas&#8217; disease confirmed by two positive serological tests (indirect hemagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence). The exclusion criteria were: an acute form of Chagas' disease; previous myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, or the presence of two risk factors; primary valve disease; terminal renal disease on dialysis; active hepatitis or cirrhosis; hematological, neoplastic or bone diseases and contraindication to magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
        <p>The study fulfilled its purpose from the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the S&#227;o Rafael Hospital. All of the individuals signed the Informed Consent Term prior to their participation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>The Forms of Chagas&#8217; Disease</title>
        <p>The indeterminate form was defined by the presence of a <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> infection in the absence of clinical manifestations. Signs of cardiac involvement were characterized by normal electrocardiograms, chest X-rays and echocardiograms. The cardiac form without ventricular dysfunction was defined by individuals with cardiac involvement known as abnormal electrocardiograms (typically right bundle branch blocks and left anterosuperior hemiblocks) and without left ventricular dysfunction on the echocardiogram. The cardiac form with ventricular dysfunction was composed of individuals with a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical and laboratory data</title>
        <p>All of the individuals underwent biochemical tests, a 12-lead electrocardiogram, a chest X-ray, 24-hour holter monitoring, a cardiac stress test, a Doppler echocardiogram and a CMR. Scores were calculated as follows: functional classes III and IV by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) (5 points), X-ray cardiomegaly (5 points), left ventricular dysfunction, global or segmental echocardiography (3 points), non-sustained ventricular tachycardia during the 24 hour holter monitoring (3 points), low QRS voltage on the electrocardiogram (2 points) and male (2 points). They were then classified into three risk groups according to the score obtained: low risk (0 to 6 points), intermediate risk (7 to 11 points) and high risk (12 to 20 points).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</title>
        <p>A CMR was performed using the Sigma HDx1,5-T system (General Electric; Fairfield, CT, USA). To evaluate how the functioning of the left ventricular, synchronized images were acquired from the electrocardiogram in the expiratory apnea, including in the short axis, long axis and the four chamber planes, in different sequences. The acquisition parameters applied to the dynamic sequence were: a repetition time (RT) of 3.5 ms, an echo time (ET) of 1.5 ms, a flip angle of 60&#186;, a bandwidth of 125 kHz, a field of view of 35 x 35 cm, a matrix of 256 x 148, a temporal resolution (RT) of 35 ms, a cut thickness of 8.0 mm without an interval between cuts. Images from the late enhancement technique were acquired with each heart beat 10 to 20 minutes after the administration of a gadolinium-based contrast agent (0.1 mmol/kg), using a 7.2 ms RT, a 3.1 ms ET, an angle of inclination of 20&#186;, the first phase of cardiac cycle, 16/32 lines per follow-up, a matrix size of 256 x 192, a cut thickness of 8.0 mm, an interval between 2 mm cuts, a field of view of 32 to 38 cm, an inversion time of 150 to 300 ms, a bandwidth of 31,25 kHz, and 2 NEX (number of excitations). The late enhancement technique was used to investigate the presence of myocardial fibrosis, which was estimated by a qualitative (visual) method in accordance with the presence or absence of late enhancement, location and pattern presented; and quantitatively, using percentage values in relation to the total myocardial mass. All analyses were performed with the Siemens Argus program (Simens AG, Munich, Germany).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The categorical data were expressed as numbers (percentages, 95% confidence interval - 95% CI), and continuous data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IIQ). Normality was determined by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The comparison of the continuous variables with normal distribution was performed using Student's unpaired t test and Anova (one-way analysis). The Bonferroni method was used for a post-hoc comparison between the groups. Fisher's exact test was used to compare proportions. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze non-normal continuous variables. Simple linear regression was used in the associations between fibrotic mass and the fraction of the left ventricular ejection. The analyses were performed using the SPSS program, version 20.0 (IBM), and p values below 0.05 (two-tailed test) were considered statistically significant.</p>
        <p>As an a priori primary analysis, the frequency and extent of myocardial fibrosis in the indeterminate form was described, and cardiac forms were compared with and without dysfunction. As a post-hoc secondary analysis, the association of fibrosis with the ejection fraction and the Rassi score was tested. Additionally, clinical and laboratory parameters were compared between the indeterminate form and the cardiac form without dysfunction.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical characteristics</title>
        <p>A total of 61 individuals with Chagas' disease, 56% female, with a mean age of 58 &#177; 9 years old were evaluated. Seventeen of them were in the indeterminate form, sixteen were in the cardiac form without left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and twenty eight were in the cardiac form with LV dysfunction. The majority of the subjects (74%) were in the NYHA functional class I or II, and 4 (6.6%) had concurrent gastrointestinal involvement. 82% were from urban areas, 50 individuals had previously lived in a mud house, and 44 reported contact with triatomine bugs. 64% of the relatives of patients with Chagas' disease reported a testimony. Eight patients used benzonidazole as an etiological treatment. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and smoking was similar among the three groups. The median Rassi score was 5 (IIQ: 0 - 11), and was distributed as follows: 36 individuals were classified as low risk (59%), 10 were classified as intermediate risk (16%) and 15 as high risk (25%). Other clinical and demographic characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> and in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic and clinical characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Subjects (n = 61)</th>
                <th align="center">Indeterminate<break/>form (n = 17)</th>
                <th align="center">Cardiac form without ventricular dysfunction (n = 16)</th>
                <th align="center">Cardiac form with ventricular dysfunction (n = 28)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Demographic characteristics</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years), mean &#177; standard deviation</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (59)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (75)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (43)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lived in a mud house, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (82)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (88)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (94)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (71)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family members with positive serology, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (64)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (65)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (88)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (50)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digestive form, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6.6)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), mean &#177; standard deviation</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Comorbidities, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">44 (72)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (82)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (75)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (64)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">9 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">5 (18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Syncope</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">16 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (36)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Congestive heart failure NYHA III/IV</td>
                <td align="center">16 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">16 (57)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Laboratory characteristics</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0.88 (0.7 - 0.99)</td>
                <td align="center">0.84 (0.7 - 0.98)</td>
                <td align="center">0.78 (0.6 - 0.91)</td>
                <td align="center">0.94 (0.7 - 1.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sodium (mmoL/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">140 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">138 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">139 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">139 &#177; 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">13.9 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">14.2 &#177; 1.3</td>
                <td align="center">13.4 &#177; 0.7</td>
                <td align="center">14.2 &#177; 1.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">193 &#177; 38</td>
                <td align="center">202 &#177; 40</td>
                <td align="center">194 &#177; 42</td>
                <td align="center">200 &#177; 45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reactive C protein (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1.15 (0.63 - 4.02)</td>
                <td align="center">1.71 (0.35 - 6.54)</td>
                <td align="center">1.24 (0.51 - 4.74)</td>
                <td align="center">1.09 (0.73 - 3.62)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NT-ProBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">686 (66 - 816)</td>
                <td align="center">60.5 (34 - 108)</td>
                <td align="center">96.0 (73 - 181)</td>
                <td align="center">839.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> (189 - 2271)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponin I (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0.684 (0.012 - 0.04)</td>
                <td align="center">0.012 (0.012 - 0.012)</td>
                <td align="center">0.012 (0.012 - 0.028)</td>
                <td align="center">0.038 (0.019 - 0.06)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">54 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">43 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">METS</td>
                <td align="center">9 &#177; 2.5</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">9 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">8 &#177; 2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>NYHA: New York Heart Association; NT-ProBNP: N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; METS: metabolic equivalent of task. Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or percentage (%) for discrete variables and median and interquartile range for continuous variables with non-normal distribution.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.001, Fisher's exact text.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.001, Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Rassi score in the different clinical forms of Chagas&#8217; disease. LV: left ventricular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0124-80016-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>The presence and extent of miocardial fibrose</title>
        <p>Late enhancement was found in 37 of the 58 subjects submitted to a CMR (64%). The percentage of the total area of &#8203;&#8203;myocardium affected by fibrosis was 9.4% (IIQ: 2.4 - 18.4), and was located most frequently in the inferolateral and apical LV segments. The location of the fibrosis in the subnedocardial and transmural areas were the most prevalent (72%); however, transmural fibrosis occured more frequently in those with ventricular dysfunction; p = 0.001. Myocardial fibrosis was identified in 6 of the 17 individuals in the indeterminate form (41%; 95% CI: 23-66), which is a proportion similar to that observed in the cardiac form without LV dysfunction (44%, 7 of 16 individuals); p = 1.0. Among the individuals with fibrosis, the total area of the affected myocardium was 4.1% (IIQ: 2.1 - 10.7) in the indeterminate form versus 2.3% (IIQ: 1-5) in cardiac form without LV (p = 0.18). In those with ventricular dysfunction, the percentage of fibrosis was higher than in the other groups, occurring in 23 of the 25 subjects (92%), with a compromised area of 15.2% (IIQ: 7.8-25); p &lt; 0.001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Myocardial fibrosis in the different clinical forms of Chagas&#8217; disease. LV: left ventricular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0124-80016-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>The impact of myocardial fibrosis</title>
        <p>The LV ejection fraction was significantly lower in individuals with late enhancement when compared to subjects without enhancement (69 &#177; 13 versus 48 &#177; 19%); p &lt; 0.0001. A negative correlation was observed between the extent of fibrosis and ejection fraction (r = 0.565; p &lt; 0.001). Through linear regression analysis, progressive reduction of the ejection fraction was observed at each percentage increase in the area affected by fibrosis. This analysis showed a regression coefficient (b) of -0.968, which corresponds to the estimated reduction in the ejection fraction of the LV at each 1% increase in the area of fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Linear regression analysis: influence of fibrosis on the left ventricular ejection fraction. LV: left ventricular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0124-80016-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>There was a progressive increase in the amount of fibrosis in the different classes of the Rassi score, when subdivided into low, intermediate and high risk. The high-risk group had 13.8% (QI: 9 - 19) versus 4.9% (QI: 1 - 17) in the medium risk versus 0% (QI: 0 - 5) in the low risk group (p = 0.003). There was no difference in fibrotic mass between the low and intermediate risk classes (p = 0.19), nor was there a difference between intermediate and high risk (p = 1.0).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Severity of the disease in its indeterminate form versus in its cardiac form without left ventricular dysfunction</title>
        <p>The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in individuals in the indeterminate form was 72 &#177; 8%, which is similar to the LVEF of patients in the cardiac form without ventricular dysfunction 67 &#177; 6%; p = 0.09. There were no NT-proBNP levels (125 pg/ml versus 159 pg/ml, p = 0.61), ultrasensitive CRP (4.6 mg/L versus 2.5 mg/L; p = 0, 40), TNF-alpha (0.9 pg/ml versus 1.2 pg/ml, p = 0.56), interleukins (p = 0.35), IFN-gamma (2.7 pg/ml vs. 3 3 pg/ml; p = 0.56) and MET (10 vs. 9.4, p = 0.66) achieved through exercise testing and the location of late enhancement (p = 0.44) when comparing patients in the indeterminate form with those in the cardiac form without dysfunction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the indeterminate form versus the cardiac form without left ventricular dysfunction</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Indeterminate form (n = 17)</th>
                <th align="center">Cardiac form without ventricular dysfunction (n = 16)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rassi Score</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0 - 2)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1 - 8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Area of fibrosis from the CMR (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4.1 (2.1 - 10.7)</td>
                <td align="center">2.3 (1 - 5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.18<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0.09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventricular Tachycardia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">METS</td>
                <td align="center">10 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">9.4 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0.60<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maximum VO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">0.47<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NT-ProBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">125 (34 - 108)</td>
                <td align="center">171 (73 - 181)</td>
                <td align="center">0.61<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ultrasensitive PCR (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">1.7 (0.35 - 6.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 (0.51 - 4.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponin I (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0.012 (0.0 - 0.012)</td>
                <td align="center">0.012 (0.012 - 0.028)</td>
                <td align="center">0.31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IL-2 (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0.21 (0.03 - 0.55)</td>
                <td align="center">0.27 (0.03 - 0.96)</td>
                <td align="center">0.14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IL-4 (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0.62 (0.00 - 1.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.37 (0.2 - 2.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.83<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IL-6 (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">2.26 (1.39 - 4.35)</td>
                <td align="center">3.98 (2.01 - 6.22)</td>
                <td align="center">0.50<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IL-10 (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0.44 (0.19 - 1.06)</td>
                <td align="center">0.63 (0.50 - 1.61)</td>
                <td align="center">1.47<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TNF-alfa (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0.48 (0.14 - 1.15)</td>
                <td align="center">0.72 (0.58 - 2.71)</td>
                <td align="center">1.16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IFN-gama (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">2.07 (1.30 - 4.35)</td>
                <td align="center">2.15 (1.69 - 6.73)</td>
                <td align="center">0.51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; LV: left ventricular; METS: metabolic equivalent of task; Maximum VO<sub>2</sub>: Maximum Oxygen volume; NT-ProBNP: N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Fisher's exact test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Student's t test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Mann-Whitney's test. Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or percentage (%) for discrete variables and median and interquartile range for continuous variables with non-normal distribution.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>All 17 individuals in the indeterminate form were classified as low risk according to the Rassi score. While 16 individuals were shown to be in the cardiac form without dysfunction, 12 (75%) were considered low risk and 4 were considered intermediate risk; p = 0.04.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study highlighted the presence of myocardial fibrosis in patients in the indeterminate form of Chagas&#8217; disease. It was present in a frequency and extension similar to that of the group who had the disease in the cardiac form without ventricular dysfunction. Additionally, it was shown that ventricular function and clinical parameters are similar between these two forms.</p>
      <p>CMR has been used for decades for the anatomical and functional evaluation of the heart. It is important due to the fact that it is non-invasive, does not use ionizing radiation, and has a high resolution, which allows for multiple studies concerning cardiac anatomy, function and tissue characterization with the late enhancement technique.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Previous studies have validated the quantification of myocardial fibrosis using CMR in populations with Chagas' disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> In 2005, Rochitte et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> evaluated CMR with the use of the late enhancement technique in 51 patients with Chagas' heart disease, and found fibrosis in 68.6% of all of the individuals evaluated, and in 100% in those with ventricular tachycardia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Regueiro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> found fibrosis in patients living outside the endemic area of the disease in a distribution of 7.4% of those in the indeterminate form, 15.8% of those in the cardiac form without ventricular dysfunction, and 52.4% in those with ventricular dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> We found a percentage of fibrosis involvement similar to the previous study (64%), also showing progressive involvement in patients with LV dysfunction (92%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> However, in addition to previous research, our data demonstrate a prevalence of enhancement as well as the percentage of fibrosis-related area, which is similar between the indeterminate form and the non-dysfunctional form of the LV. We found no difference in the subendocardial and transmural location of fibrosis.</p>
      <p>The description of the cardiac ultrastructural changes that occur in the indeterminate phase of Chagas' disease were initially reported in individuals with positive serology during necropsy after accidental death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> However, its designation as an indeterminate form was impaired since it was impossible to analyze the electrocardiographic alterations. In 1997, Andrade et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> using a canine model, interpreted that the indeterminate form of the disease is characterized by a self-limited cycle of focal inflammatory alterations, with modulation and suppression of immune responses mediated by cells. Thus, they considered that the indeterminate form of Chagas' disease is characterized by a host-parasite equilibrium instead of a progressive damaging process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> As early as 1978, Andrade et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> reported that chronic chagasic myocarditis lesions are not randomly distributed through the atrioventricular conduction system, but rather that there is a clear distribution of lesions in the conduction system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> We now know that a large percentage of patients in the indeterminate form show evidence of cardiac involvement in the detailed, non-invasive evaluation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The data from the present study demonstrate that a CMR is not capable of differentiating the indeterminate form from the clinical form without LV dysfunction, since the percentage of fibrosis is similar between the two clinical forms. In this study, the percentage of fibrosis involvement in the indeterminate form (41.2%) was similar to the percentage in the cardiac form without LV dysfunction (43.8%).</p>
      <p>Some limitations of the study should be recognized. No anatomical tests were performed to definitively rule out ischemic etiology as a cause of myocardial fibrosis. In order to minimize this possibility, an ergometric test was performed with all of the individuals, in addition to including the exclusion criteria of the presence of risk factors for atherosclerosis. Although it is recognized that to rule out coronary artery disease definitively, a coronary angiography would be necessary, the negative predictive value of the exercise test in these circumstances is very high. Coronary artery disease was excluded without performing a coronary angiography in order to avoid radiation and complications resulting from the procedure.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The presence of fibrosis in the indeterminate form of Chagas' disease has a frequency and extension similar to that of the cardiac form without dysfunction, suggesting that the former is part of a subclinical disease spectrum, rather than lacking cardiac involvement. Thus, indeterminate and cardiac forms without dysfunction resemble each other and differ significantly from cardiac form with dysfunction.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Marcia Maria Noya-Rabelo, from Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital S&#227;o Rafael under the protocol number N&#186; 41/10. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 World Health Organization. WHO Expert Committee on the control of Chagas Disease. Geneva; 2002. (WHO Technical Report Series: 905).</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>WHO Expert Committee on the control of Chagas Disease</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <year>2002</year>
          <comment>WHO Technical Report Series: 905</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Marin-Neto JA, Rassi A Jr. Update on Chagas heart disease on the first centenary of its discovery. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2009;62(11):1211-6. doi: 10.1016/S1885-5857(09)73346-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Update on Chagas heart disease on the first centenary of its discovery</article-title>
          <source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1211</fpage>
          <lpage>1216</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1885-5857(09)73346-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Nunes MC, Dones W, Morillo CA, Encina JJ, Ribeiro AL; Council on Chagas Disease of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology. Chagas disease: an overview of clinical and epidemiological aspects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(9):767-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.046.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nunes</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dones</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morillo</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Encina</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>Council on Chagas Disease of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chagas disease: an overview of clinical and epidemiological aspects</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>767</fpage>
          <lpage>776</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.046</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Bern C. Chagas' disease. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(5):456-66. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1410150</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bern</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chagas' disease</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>373</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>456</fpage>
          <lpage>466</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMra1410150</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Bocchi EA, Arias A, Verdejo H, Diez M, G&#243;mez E, Castro P. The reality of heart failure in Latin America. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(11):949-58. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.013.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arias</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verdejo</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diez</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#243;mez</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castro</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The reality of heart failure in Latin America</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>949</fpage>
          <lpage>958</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.013</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Andrade JP, Marin-Neto JA, Paola AA, Vilas-Boas F, Oliveira GM, Bacal F, et al; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. [I Latin American guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Chagas cardiomyopathy]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(2 Suppl 3):1-48. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2011001600001">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2011001600001</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paola</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vilas-Boas</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacal</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>I Latin American guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Chagas cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 3</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>48</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2011001600001">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2011001600001</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Le Loup G, Pialoux G, Lescure FX. Update in treatment of Chagas disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2011;24(5):428-34. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834a667f.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Le Loup</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pialoux</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lescure</surname>
              <given-names>FX</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Update in treatment of Chagas disease</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>428</fpage>
          <lpage>434</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834a667f</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Laranja FS, Dias E, Nobrega G, Miranda A. Chagas' disease: a clinical, epidemiologic, and pathologic study. Circulation. 1956;14(6):1035-60. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.14.6.1035">https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.14.6.1035</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Laranja</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dias</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nobrega</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miranda</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chagas' disease: a clinical, epidemiologic, and pathologic study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1956</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1035</fpage>
          <lpage>1060</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.14.6.1035">https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.14.6.1035</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Rassi A Jr, Rassi SG, Rassi A. Sudden death in Chagas' disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2001;76(1):86-96. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2001000100008">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2001000100008</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sudden death in Chagas' disease</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>86</fpage>
          <lpage>96</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2001000100008">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2001000100008</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Tassi EM, Continentino MA, Nascimento EM, Pereira BD, Pedrosa RC. Relationship between fibrosis and ventricular arrhythmias in Chagas heart disease without ventricular dysfunction. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102(5):456-64. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/abc.20140052">http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/abc.20140052</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tassi</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Continentino</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between fibrosis and ventricular arrhythmias in Chagas heart disease without ventricular dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>456</fpage>
          <lpage>464</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/abc.20140052">http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/abc.20140052</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Marin-Neto JA, Cunha-Neto E, Maciel BC, Sim&#245;es MV. Pathogenesis of chronic Chagas heart disease. Circulation. 2007;115(9):1109-23. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.624296.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cunha-Neto</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maciel</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pathogenesis of chronic Chagas heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1109</fpage>
          <lpage>1123</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.624296</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Lopes ER, Chapadeiro E, Andrade ZA, Almeida HO, Rocha A. [Pathological anatomy of hearts from asymptomatic Chagas disease patients dying in a violent manner]. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1981;76(2):189-97. PMID: 6817025.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chapadeiro</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>ZA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>HO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>[Pathological anatomy of hearts from asymptomatic Chagas disease patients dying in a violent manner]</article-title>
          <source>Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz</source>
          <year>1981</year>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>189</fpage>
          <lpage>197</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">6817025</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Andrade ZA, Andrade SG, Oliveira GB, Alonso DR. Histopathology of the conducting tissue of the heart in Chagas' myocarditis. Am Heart J. 1978;95(3):316-24. PMID: 414610.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>ZA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alonso</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Histopathology of the conducting tissue of the heart in Chagas' myocarditis</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>1978</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>316</fpage>
          <lpage>324</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">414610</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Mady C, Ianni BM, Arteaga E, Montes GS, Caldini EG, Andrade G, et al. Relation between interstitial myocardial collagen and the degree of clinical impairment in Chagas' disease. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84(3):354-56. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00295-7">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00295-7</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mady</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ianni</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arteaga</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montes</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caldini</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relation between interstitial myocardial collagen and the degree of clinical impairment in Chagas' disease</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>354</fpage>
          <lpage>356</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00295-7">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00295-7</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Klein C, Nekolla SG, Bengel FM, Momose M, Sammer A, Haas F, et al. Assessment of myocardial viability with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with positron emission tomography. Circulation. 2002;105(2):162-7. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/hc0202.102123">https://doi.org/10.1161/hc0202.102123</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nekolla</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bengel</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Momose</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sammer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haas</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of myocardial viability with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with positron emission tomography</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>162</fpage>
          <lpage>167</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1161/hc0202.102123">https://doi.org/10.1161/hc0202.102123</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A, Chen EL, Parker MA, Simonetti O, et al. The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(20):1445-53. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200011163432003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rafael</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parker</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simonetti</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>343</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>1445</fpage>
          <lpage>1453</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM200011163432003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Rochitte CE, Oliveira PF, Andrade JM, Ianni BM, Parga JR, Avila LF, et al. Myocardial delayed enhancement by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Chagas' disease: a marker of disease severity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(8):1553-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.06.067.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rochitte</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>PF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ianni</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parga</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avila</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial delayed enhancement by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Chagas' disease: a marker of disease severity</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1553</fpage>
          <lpage>1558</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2005.06.067</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Rassi A Jr, Rassi A, Little WC, Xavier SS, Rassi SG, Rassi AG, et al. Development and validation of a risk score for predicting death in Chagas' heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(8):799-808. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa053241.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Little</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xavier</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Development and validation of a risk score for predicting death in Chagas' heart disease</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>355</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>799</fpage>
          <lpage>808</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa053241</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Sechtem U, Mahrholdt H, Vogelsberg H. Cardiac magnetic resonance in myocardial disease. Heart. 2007;93(12):1520-7. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2005.067355.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sechtem</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahrholdt</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vogelsberg</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac magnetic resonance in myocardial disease</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1520</fpage>
          <lpage>1527</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/hrt.2005.067355</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Assomull RG, Prasad SK, Lyne J, Smith G, Burman ED, Khan M, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, fibrosis, and prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(10):1977-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.049.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Assomull</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prasad</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lyne</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burman</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, fibrosis, and prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1977</fpage>
          <lpage>1985</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.049</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Bogun FM, Desjardins B, Good E, Gupta S, Crawford T, Oral H, et al. Delayed-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in nonischemic cardiomyopathy: utility for identifying the ventricular arrhythmia substrate. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(13):1138-45. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.11.052.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bogun</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Desjardins</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Good</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gupta</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oral</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Delayed-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in nonischemic cardiomyopathy: utility for identifying the ventricular arrhythmia substrate</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1138</fpage>
          <lpage>1145</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2008.11.052</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Rochitte CE, Nacif MS, de Oliveira J&#250;nior AC, Siqueira-Batista R, Marchiori E, Uellendahl M, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance in Chagas' disease. Artif Organs. 2007;31(4):259-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2007.00373.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rochitte</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nacif</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
              <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siqueira-Batista</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marchiori</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uellendahl</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac magnetic resonance in Chagas' disease</article-title>
          <source>Artif Organs</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>259</fpage>
          <lpage>267</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1525-1594.2007.00373.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Regueiro A, Garc&#237;a-&#193;lvarez A, Sitges M, Ortiz-P&#233;rez JT, De Caralt MT, Pinazo MJ, et al. Myocardial involvement in Chagas disease: insights from cardiac magnetic resonance. Int J Cardiol. 2013;165(1):107-112. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.07.089.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Regueiro</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garc&#237;a-&#193;lvarez</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sitges</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ortiz-P&#233;rez</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Caralt</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinazo</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial involvement in Chagas disease: insights from cardiac magnetic resonance</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>165</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>107</fpage>
          <lpage>112</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.07.089</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Andrade ZA, Andrade SG, Sadigursky M, Wenthold RJ, Hilbert SL, Ferrans VJ. The indeterminate phase of Chagas' disease: ultrastructural characterization of cardiac changes in the canine model. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;57(3):328-36. PMID: 9311645.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>ZA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sadigursky</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wenthold</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hilbert</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrans</surname>
              <given-names>VJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The indeterminate phase of Chagas' disease: ultrastructural characterization of cardiac changes in the canine model</article-title>
          <source>Am J Trop Med Hyg</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>328</fpage>
          <lpage>336</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9311645</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 de Oliveira J&#250;nior W, Salazar LF, Malta J, Assi N. [Critical analysis of the indeterminate form of Chagas' disease]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1986;47(4):283-8. PMID: 3109356.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
              <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salazar</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malta</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assi</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>[Critical analysis of the indeterminate form of Chagas' disease]</chapter-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>283</fpage>
          <lpage>288</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3109356</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Presen&#231;a e Extens&#227;o da Fibrose Mioc&#225;rdica na Forma Indeterminada da Doen&#231;a de Chagas: Estudo de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina The</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Larocca</surname>
            <given-names>Ticiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Admilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pacheco</surname>
            <given-names>Thais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torre&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Solano de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Milena B. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro-dos-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Claudio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael - Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcia Maria Noya Rabelo,</bold> Rua Queira Deus Cond. Rio Joanes, Lt B13. CEP 42-713-480, Port&#227;o, Lauro de Freitas, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>marcianoya@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marcianoya@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Rabelo MMR, Macedo CT, Larocca T, Soares MBP, Correia LCL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rabelo MMR, Macedo CT, Larocca T, Machado A, Pacheco T; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rabelo MMR, Correia LCL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Rabelo MMR, Larocca T, Soares MBP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rabelo MMR, Macedo CT, Soares MBP, Correia LCL; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Rabelo MMR, Macedo CT, Souza BSF, Soares MBP, Ribeiro-dos-Santos R, Correia LCL; Interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica: Torre&#227;o J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Dados pr&#233;vios t&#234;m demonstrado que pacientes na forma indeterminada podem apresentar fibrose mioc&#225;rdica &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM). No entanto, s&#227;o poucas as informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis quanto ao grau de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica apresentada por esses indiv&#237;duos, o que guardaria rela&#231;&#227;o com o potencial dessa vari&#225;vel na predi&#231;&#227;o de evolu&#231;&#227;o para a forma card&#237;aca da doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Descrever a frequ&#234;ncia e extens&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica avaliada por RM em pacientes da forma indeterminada, comparando com as outras formas da doen&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Pacientes consecutivamente admitidos tiveram hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica colhida e foram submetidos &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames laboratoriais e RM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 61 pacientes portadores da doen&#231;a de Chagas, com m&#233;dia de idade de 58 &#177; 9 anos, sendo 17 pacientes na forma indeterminada, 16 na forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e 28 na forma com disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE. Foi considerado estatisticamente significante p &lt; 0,05. Realce tardio foi detectado em 37 pacientes (64%). Foi identificada fibrose mioc&#225;rdica em 6 indiv&#237;duos na forma indeterminada (41%; IC95% 23 - 66), propor&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#224; observada na forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE (44%); p = 1,0. Entre os indiv&#237;duos com fibrose, a &#225;rea total do mioc&#225;rdio acometida foi de 4,1% (IIQ: 2,1 - 10,7) na forma indeterminada versus 2,3% (IIQ: 1 - 5) na forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE (p = 0,18). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo nos indiv&#237;duos na forma indeterminada foi semelhante aos portadores da forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (p = 0,09).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A presen&#231;a de fibrose na forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas tem frequ&#234;ncia e extens&#227;o semelhante &#224; forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o, o que sugere que a primeira faz parte de um espectro de doen&#231;a subcl&#237;nica, em vez da aus&#234;ncia de acometimento card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; um problema end&#234;mico em pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina, de car&#225;ter potencialmente debilitante, j&#225; tendo promovido perda estimada de 750 mil anos de vida produtiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Reconhece-se a presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s est&#225;gios na doen&#231;a de Chagas: agudo, indeterminado e cr&#244;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Ap&#243;s a fase aguda, cerca de dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes infectados permaneceram na forma indeterminada, caracterizada pela aus&#234;ncia de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ou radiol&#243;gicas significativas. No entanto, esses pacientes n&#227;o ficam livres de ter a doen&#231;a manifestada e um ter&#231;o progride para algum tipo de manifesta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e/ou digestiva, sendo reclassificados como cr&#244;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o do paciente da forma indeterminada propenso a evoluir para a forma cr&#244;nica serviria de base para a pesquisa de estrat&#233;gias preventivas e um melhor entendimento dos processos patol&#243;gicos que levam a essa evolu&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; marcadores nem modelos preditores capazes de estimar o risco dessa mudan&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Nessa linha de racioc&#237;nio, v&#225;rios pesquisadores consideram a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica como um poss&#237;vel substrato para o desenvolvimento e a progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, arritmia e para a morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O processo etiopatog&#234;nico que promove a fibrose envolve uma rela&#231;&#227;o multifatorial entre os aspectos relacionados ao agente etiol&#243;gico e aqueles relativos ao hospedeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O advento da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC), com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica de realce tardio, permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, sendo considerada padr&#227;o-ouro com estreita correla&#231;&#227;o anatomopatol&#243;gica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a RMC &#233; capaz de fornecer imagens com alta resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial e elevada acur&#225;cia na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Dados pr&#233;vios t&#234;m demonstrado que mesmo pacientes com a forma indeterminada podem apresentar fibrose mioc&#225;rdica quando testados por RMC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> No entanto, s&#227;o poucos os dados dispon&#237;veis quanto ao grau de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica apresentada por esses indiv&#237;duos, o que guardaria rela&#231;&#227;o com o potencial dessa vari&#225;vel na predi&#231;&#227;o de evolu&#231;&#227;o para a forma card&#237;aca. O intuito deste trabalho &#233; descrever a frequ&#234;ncia e a extens&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica avaliada por RMC em pacientes da forma indeterminada. A fim de contextualizar essa magnitude, esses pacientes foram comparados ao grupo com forma cr&#244;nica card&#237;aca com ou sem disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a de Chagas foram recrutados, entre janeiro de 2012 e dezembro de 2013, no ambulat&#243;rio de doen&#231;a de Chagas do Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, centro de refer&#234;ncia terci&#225;rio em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: idade entre 18 e 70 anos e diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a de Chagas confirmado por dois testes sorol&#243;gicos positivos (hemaglutina&#231;&#227;o indireta e imunofluoresc&#234;ncia indireta). Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: forma aguda da doen&#231;a de Chagas; infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio ou doen&#231;a arterial coronariana conhecida ou presen&#231;a de dois fatores de risco; doen&#231;a valvular prim&#225;ria; doen&#231;a renal terminal em di&#225;lise; hepatite ativa ou cirrose; doen&#231;as hematol&#243;gicas, neopl&#225;sicas ou &#243;sseas e contraindica&#231;&#227;o para resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.</p>
          <p>O estudo cumpriu o determinado pela Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital S&#227;o Rafael. Todos os indiv&#237;duos assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Informado antes de sua inclus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Formas da Doen&#231;a de Chagas</title>
          <p>A forma indeterminada foi definida pela presen&#231;a de infec&#231;&#227;o pelo <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> na aus&#234;ncia de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e sinais de envolvimento card&#237;aco caracterizado por eletrocardiograma, radiografia de t&#243;rax e ecocardiograma normais. A forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi definida por indiv&#237;duos com envolvimento card&#237;aco conhecido por eletrocardiograma anormal (tipicamente, bloqueio de ramo direito e hemibloqueio &#226;ntero-superior esquerdo) e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ao ecocardiograma; e a forma card&#237;aca com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi composta por indiv&#237;duos com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda reduzida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais</title>
          <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos realizaram exames bioqu&#237;micos, eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, radiografia de t&#243;rax, holter 24 horas, teste ergom&#233;trico, ecocardiograma com doppler e RMC. Para classifica&#231;&#227;o do escore de Rassi foi conferida pontua&#231;&#227;o da seguinte forma: classes funcionais III e IV pela <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) (5 pontos), cardiomegalia ao raio-X (5 pontos), disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda global ou segmentar ao ecocardiograma (3 pontos), taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada ao holter 24 horas (3 pontos), baixa voltagem do QRS ao eletrocardiograma (2 pontos) e sexo masculino (2 pontos). Foram ent&#227;o classificados em 3 grupos de risco de acordo com a pontua&#231;&#227;o obtida: baixo risco (0 a 6 pontos), risco intermedi&#225;rio (7 a 11 pontos) e alto risco (12 a 20 pontos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>A RMC foi realizada utilizando-se o sistema Sigma HDx1,5-T (General Electric; Fairfield, CT, EUA). Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram adquiridas imagens sincronizadas ao eletrocardiograma, em apneia expirat&#243;ria, nos planos eixo curto, eixo longo e quatro c&#226;maras, em sequ&#234;ncias diferentes. Os par&#226;metros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o aplicados para a sequ&#234;ncia din&#226;mica foram: tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o (TR) de 3,5 ms, tempo de eco (TE) de 1,5 ms, &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o (<italic>flip angle</italic>) de 60&#186;, largura de banda de 125 kHz, campo de vis&#227;o de 35 x 35 cm, matriz de 256 x 148, resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal (RT) de 35 ms, espessura de corte de 8,0 mm, sem intervalo entre os cortes. Imagens por t&#233;cnica de realce tardio foram adquiridas a cada batimento card&#237;aco, 10 a 20 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de um contraste &#224; base de gadol&#237;nio (0,1 mmol/kg), utilizando TR de 7,2 ms, TE de 3,1 ms, &#226;ngulo de inclina&#231;&#227;o de 20&#186;, primeira fase do ciclo card&#237;aco, n&#250;mero de linhas por seguimento de 16/32, tamanho da matriz 256 x 192, espessura de corte de 8,0 mm, intervalo entre os cortes de 2 mm, campo de vis&#227;o de 32 a 38 cm, tempo de invers&#227;o de 150 a 300 ms, largura de banda de 31,25 kHz, 2 NEX (n&#250;mero de excita&#231;&#245;es). A t&#233;cnica de realce tardio foi usada para investigar a presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, a qual foi estimada por um m&#233;todo qualitativo (visual), pela presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de realce tardio, localiza&#231;&#227;o e padr&#227;o apresentados; e de modo quantitativo, em valores percentuais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa total do mioc&#225;rdio. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o programa Siemens Argus (Simens AG, Munique, Alemanha).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram expressos em n&#250;meros (percentagens, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% - IC95%), e os dados cont&#237;nuos foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ). Determinou-se a normalidade pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. A compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi realizada pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado e Anova (<italic>one-way analysis</italic>). Foi utilizado o m&#233;todo de Bonferroni para compara&#231;&#227;o <italic>post-hoc</italic> entre os grupos. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o de propor&#231;&#245;es. Para an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o normais utilizou-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Regress&#227;o linear simples foi usada nas associa&#231;&#245;es entre massa fibr&#243;tica e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas empregando o programa SPSS, vers&#227;o 20.0 (IBM), e valores de p inferiores a 0,05 (teste bicaudal) foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
          <p>Como an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria <italic>a priori</italic>, foi descrita frequ&#234;ncia e extens&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica na forma indeterminada, sendo comparadas as formas card&#237;acas sem e com disfun&#231;&#227;o. Como an&#225;lises secund&#225;rias <italic>post-hoc</italic>, foi testada associa&#231;&#227;o de fibrose com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e escore de Rassi, assim como par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais foram comparados entre a forma indeterminada e card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 61 indiv&#237;duos portadores da doen&#231;a de Chagas, 56% do sexo feminino, idade m&#233;dia de 58 &#177; 9 anos, sendo 17 indiv&#237;duos na forma indeterminada, 16 na forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e 28 na forma card&#237;aca com disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE. A maioria dos indiv&#237;duos (74%) estava em classe funcional I ou II da NYHA e 4 (6,6%) apresentaram envolvimento gastrintestinal concomitante. 82% eram procedentes da zona urbana, sendo que 50 indiv&#237;duos moravam previamente em casa de taipa e 44 informaram contato com o triatom&#237;neo. O relato de familiares dos portadores da doen&#231;a de Chagas ocorreu em 64%. Oito pacientes utilizaram benzonidazol com finalidade de tratamento etiol&#243;gico. A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia e tabagismo foi semelhante entre os tr&#234;s grupos. A mediana do escore de Rassi foi 5 (IIQ: 0 - 11), assim distribu&#237;dos: 36 indiv&#237;duos classificados como de baixo risco (59%), 10 como de risco intermedi&#225;rio (16%) e 15 como alto risco (25%). Demais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Sujeitos (n = 61)</th>
                  <th align="center">Forma indeterminada (n = 17)</th>
                  <th align="center">Forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (n = 16)</th>
                  <th align="center">Forma card&#237;aca com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (n = 28)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (59)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (75)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (43)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Morava em casa de taipa, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (88)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (94)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (71)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Familiares com sorologia positiva, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (64)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (88)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (50)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Forma digestiva, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">27 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Comorbidades, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (72)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (75)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (64)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (18)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#237;ncope</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (36)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva NYHA III/IV</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (57)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88 (0,7 - 0,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84 (0,7 - 0,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78 (0,6 - 0,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94 (0,7 - 1,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#243;dio (mmoL/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">138 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">139 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">139 &#177; 2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,9 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">14,2 &#177; 1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">13,4 &#177; 0,7</td>
                  <td align="center">14,2 &#177; 1,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">193 &#177; 38</td>
                  <td align="center">202 &#177; 40</td>
                  <td align="center">194 &#177; 42</td>
                  <td align="center">200 &#177; 45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Prote&#237;na C reativa (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15 (0,63 - 4,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,71 (0,35 - 6,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24 (0,51 - 4,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09 (0,73 - 3,62)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NT-ProBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">686 (66 - 816)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,5 (34 - 108)</td>
                  <td align="center">96,0 (73 - 181)</td>
                  <td align="center">839,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref> (189 - 2271)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Troponin I (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,684 (0,012 - 0,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012 (0,012 - 0,012)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012 (0,012 - 0,028)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038 (0,019 - 0,06)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">64 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">64 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">43 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">METS</td>
                  <td align="center">9 &#177; 2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">12 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">9 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">8 &#177; 2</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>NYHA: New York Heart Association; NT-ProBNP: N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide; LVEF: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; METS: metabolic equivalent of task. normal.</p>
                <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou percentual (%) para vari&#225;veis discretas e mediana e intervalo interquartil para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,001, Teste exato de Fisher.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,001, Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Escore de Rassi nas diferentes formas cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a de Chagas. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0124-80016-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Presen&#231;a e extens&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          <p>Realce tardio foi encontrado em 37 dos 58 indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; RMC (64%). O percentual de &#225;rea total do mioc&#225;rdio acometida por fibrose foi de 9,4% (IIQ: 2,4 - 18,4), localizada com maior frequ&#234;ncia nos segmentos &#237;nfero-lateral e apical do VE. A localiza&#231;&#227;o subnedoc&#225;rdica e transmural da fibrose foram as mais prevalentes (72%), entretanto, a fibrose transmural ocorre com maior frequ&#234;ncia naqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular; p = 0,001. Foi identificada fibrose mioc&#225;rdica em 6 dos 17 indiv&#237;duos na forma indeterminada (41%; IC95%: 23 - 66), propor&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#224; observada na forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE (44%; 7 dos 16 indiv&#237;duos); p = 1,0. Entre os indiv&#237;duos com fibrose, a &#225;rea total do mioc&#225;rdio acometida foi de 4,1% (IIQ: 2,1 - 10,7) na forma indeterminada <italic>versus</italic> 2,3% (IIQ: 1 - 5) na forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE (p = 0,18). Naqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, o percentual de fibrose foi maior do que nos outros grupos, ocorrendo em 23 dos 25 indiv&#237;duos (92%), com &#225;rea acometida de 15,2 % (IIQ: 7,8 - 25); p &lt; 0,001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fibrose mioc&#225;rdica nas diferentes formas cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a de Chagas. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0124-80016-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Impacto da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE foi significativamente mais baixa nos indiv&#237;duos com realce tardio, quando comparados aos indiv&#237;duos sem realce (69 &#177; 13 <italic>versus</italic> 48 &#177; 19%); p &lt; 0,0001. Foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a extens&#227;o da fibrose e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,565; p &lt; 0,001), evidenciada uma redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear, a cada incremento percentual da &#225;rea acometida por fibrose. Essa an&#225;lise demonstrou com coeficiente de regress&#227;o (b) de -0,968, o que corresponde &#224; estimativa de redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE a cada aumento de 1% na &#225;rea de fibrose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear: influ&#234;ncia da fibrose na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0124-80016-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Houve aumento progressivo do quantitativo de fibrose nas diferentes classes do escore de Rassi, quando subdivididos em baixo, intermedi&#225;rio e alto risco. O grupo de alto risco apresentou 13,8% (IIQ: 9 - 19) <italic>versus</italic> 4,9% (IIQ: 1 - 17) no m&#233;dio risco <italic>versus</italic> 0% (IIQ: 0 - 5) no baixo risco (p = 0,003). N&#227;o evidenciada diferen&#231;a de massa fibr&#243;tica entre as classes de risco baixo e intermedi&#225;rio (p = 0,19), assim como n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os riscos intermedi&#225;rio e alto (p = 1,0).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Gravidade da doen&#231;a na forma indeterminada <italic>versus</italic> forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
          <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) nos indiv&#237;duos na forma indeterminada foi de 72 &#177; 8%, semelhante &#224; FEVE nos portadores da forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular 67 &#177; 6%; p = 0,09. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as quando avaliados os n&#237;veis de NT-ProBNP (125 pg/mL <italic>versus</italic> 159 pg/mL; p = 0,61), PCR ultrassens&#237;vel (4,6 mg/L <italic>versus</italic> 2,5 mg/L; p = 0,40), TNF-alfa (0,9 pg/mL <italic>versus</italic> 1,2 pg/mL; p = 0,56), interleucinas (p = 0,35), IFN-gama (2,7 pg/mL <italic>versus</italic> 3,3 pg/mL; p = 0,56) e METs (10 <italic>versus</italic> 9,4; p = 0,66) alcan&#231;ado no teste ergom&#233;trico e a localiza&#231;&#227;o do realce tardio (p = 0,44) quando comparados os portadores da forma indeterminada com aqueles da forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da forma indeterminada versus card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Forma indeterminada (n = 17)</th>
                  <th align="center">Forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (n = 16)</th>
                  <th align="center">valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore de Rassi</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0 - 2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1 - 8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;rea de fibrose &#224; RMC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1 (2,1 - 10,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3 (1 - 5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Taquicardia ventricular (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">METS</td>
                  <td align="center">10 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">9,4 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">33 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NT-ProBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (34 - 108)</td>
                  <td align="center">171 (73 - 181)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCR ultrassens&#237;vel (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7 (0,35 - 6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 (0,51 - 4,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Troponina I (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012 (0,0 - 0,012)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012 (0,012 - 0,028)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IL-2 (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21 (0,03 - 0,55)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27 (0,03 - 0,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IL-4 (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62 (0,00 - 1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37 (0,2 - 2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IL-6 (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,26 (1,39 - 4,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,98 (2,01 - 6,22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IL-10 (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44 (0,19 - 1,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63 (0,50 - 1,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,47<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TNF-alfa (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48 (0,14 - 1,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72 (0,58 - 2,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IFN-gama (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,07 (1,30 - 4,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,15 (1,69 - 6,73)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; METS: metabolic equivalent of task; VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo: volume de oxig&#234;nio m&#225;ximo; NT-ProBNP: N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Teste exato de Fisher;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>teste t de Student;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>teste de Mann-Whitney. Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou percentual (%) para vari&#225;veis discretas e mediana e intervalo interquartil para vari&#225;veis continuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Todos os 17 indiv&#237;duos na forma indeterminada foram classificados como de baixo risco pelo escore de Rassi. Enquanto dos 16 indiv&#237;duos na forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o, 12 (75%) foram considerados como de baixo risco e 4 como de risco intermedi&#225;rio; p = 0,04.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente trabalho evidenciou fibrose mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes na forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas, em frequ&#234;ncia e extens&#227;o semelhantes ao grupo classificado como forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Adicionalmente, demonstrou-se que a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos s&#227;o semelhantes entre essas duas formas.</p>
        <p>A RMC &#233; utilizada h&#225; d&#233;cadas com a finalidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica e funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o. A sua import&#226;ncia deriva das caracter&#237;sticas de ser n&#227;o invasiva, n&#227;o usar radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante e sua alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, que permite m&#250;ltiplos estudos da anatomia card&#237;aca, fun&#231;&#227;o e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual com a t&#233;cnica de realce tardio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos anteriores validaram a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica pela RMC na popula&#231;&#227;o portadora de doen&#231;a de Chagas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Rochitte et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> em 2005, avaliaram a RMC, com o uso da t&#233;cnica de realce tardio, em 51 pacientes com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica, descrevendo fibrose em 68,6% de todos os indiv&#237;duos avaliados e em 100% naqueles com taquicardia ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Enquanto Regueiro et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> relatam fibrose em 7,4% na forma indeterminada, 15,8% na forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e 52,4% naqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, em pacientes que vivem fora da zona end&#234;mica da doen&#231;a. N&#243;s encontramos percentual de acometimento de fibrose similar ao estudo anterior (64%), evidenciando tamb&#233;m progressivo acometimento nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE (92%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Entretanto, adicionalmente a pesquisas anteriores, nossos dados demonstram preval&#234;ncia de realce, assim como o percentual de &#225;rea acometida por fibrose, similar entre a forma indeterminada e a forma sem disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE. N&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica e transmural da fibrose.</p>
        <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es ultraestruturais card&#237;acas que ocorrem na fase indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas foram inicialmente relatadas em indiv&#237;duos com sorologia positiva durante necropsia ap&#243;s morte acidental.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> No entanto, a designa&#231;&#227;o como forma indeterminada ficou prejudicada visto a impossibilidade da an&#225;lise de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. Utilizando modelo canino, em 1997, Andrade et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> interpretaram que a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a &#233; caracterizada por ciclo autolimitado de altera&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias focais, com modula&#231;&#227;o e supress&#227;o de respostas imunes mediadas por c&#233;lulas. Assim, consideraram que a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas caracteriza-se pelo equil&#237;brio hospedeiro-parasita em vez de um processo de dano progressivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> J&#225; em 1978, Andrade et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> relataram que as les&#245;es de miocardite chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica n&#227;o s&#227;o distribu&#237;das aleatoriamente pelo sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular, havendo claramente uma distribui&#231;&#227;o preferencial das les&#245;es no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o. Atualmente, sabemos que uma grande percentagem de pacientes na forma indeterminada tem evid&#234;ncias de envolvimento card&#237;aco na avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva mais detalhada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Os dados do presente estudo demonstram que o uso da RMC n&#227;o &#233; capaz de diferenciar a forma indeterminada da forma cl&#237;nica sem disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE, visto que o percentual de fibrose foi similar entre as duas formas cl&#237;nicas. Neste estudo o percentual de acometimento de fibrose na forma indeterminada (41,2%) foi semelhante ao percentual na forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE (43,8%), dado esse n&#227;o relatado previamente.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo devem ser reconhecidas. N&#227;o foram realizados testes anat&#244;micos visando afastar em definitivo a etiologia isqu&#234;mica como causa da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. Para minimizar essa possibilidade foi feito teste ergom&#233;trico em todos os indiv&#237;duos, al&#233;m de ter como crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para aterosclerose. Embora reconhe&#231;a-se que para descartar definitivamente a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana seria necess&#225;ria uma angiografia coron&#225;ria, o valor preditivo negativo do teste de esfor&#231;o, nessas circunst&#226;ncias, &#233; muito alto. A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foi exclu&#237;da sem a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma angiografia coron&#225;ria para evitar radia&#231;&#227;o e complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do procedimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de fibrose na forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas tem frequ&#234;ncia e extens&#227;o semelhantes &#224; forma card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o, o que sugere que a primeira faz parte de um espectro de doen&#231;a subcl&#237;nica, em vez da aus&#234;ncia de acometimento card&#237;aco. Sendo assim, as formas indeterminada e card&#237;aca sem disfun&#231;&#227;o assemelham-se entre si e se diferenciam significativamente da forma card&#237;aca com disfun&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da tese de Doutorado de Marcia Maria Noya-Rabelo pela Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital S&#227;o Rafael sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo N&#186; 41/10. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
