<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bxx6qKVFZnvzJVbMP6StBkH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000200119</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Dyslipidemias</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clinical, Anthropometric and Biochemical Characteristics of Patients with or without Genetically Confirmed Familial Hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lorenzo</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Duarte Lopes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>James</surname>
            <given-names>Cinthia E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Annie Seixas Bello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>(2)</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Annie Seixas Bello Moreira, Rua das Laranjeiras, 374, 5 andar. CEP 22240-006, Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. E-mail: <email>anniebello@gmail.com</email>, <email>debora.gapanowicz@gmail.com</email>.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Lorenzo A, James CE, Pereira AC, Moreira ASB; Acquisition of data: Silva JDL, James CE, Pereira AC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lorenzo A; Statistical analysis: Silva JDL; Obtaining financing: Moreira ASB; Writing of the manuscript: Lorenzo A, Silva JDL; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lorenzo A, Moreira ASB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>119</fpage>
      <lpage>123</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common autosomal dominant disorder, characterized by a high level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and a high risk of premature cardiovascular disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate clinical and anthropometric characteristics of patients with the familiar hypercholesterolemia (FH) phenotype, with or without genetic confirmation of FH.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Forty-five patients with LDL-C &gt; 190 mg/dl were genotyped for six FH-related genes: LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, LDLRAP1, LIPA and APOE. Patients who tested positive for any of these mutations were considered to have genetically confirmed FH. The FH phenotype was classified according to the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Comparing patients with genetically confirmed FH to those without it, the former had a higher clinical score for FH, more often had xanthelasma and had higher LDL-C and apo B levels. There were significant correlations between LDL-C and the clinical point score for FH (R = 0.382, p = 0.037) and between LDL-C and body fat (R = 0.461, p = 0.01). However, patients with mutations did not have any correlation between LDL-C and other variables, while for those without a mutation, there was a correlation between LDL-C and the clinical point score.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>LDL-C correlated with the clinical point score and with body fat, both in the overall patient population and in patients without the genetic confirmation of FH. In those with genetically confirmed FH, there were no correlations between LDL-C and other clinical or biochemical variables in patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Weights and Measurements, LDL Lipoproteins, Dyslipidemias, Mutation, Phenotype</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is characterized by a high level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and a high risk of premature cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is a common autosomal dominant disorder, affecting up to 1 in 200-250 people in its heterozygous form.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> According to the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network, the clinical diagnosis of FH (FH phenotype) is based on high LDL-C and a score in which points are assigned for family history of hyperlipidemia or heart disease, clinical characteristics such as tendinous xanthomata, elevated LDL cholesterol, and/or an identified mutation. A total point score greater than eight is considered "definite" FH, 6-8 is "probable" FH, and 3-5 is "possible" FH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite being helpful as they provide a standardization of the diagnosis of the FH phenotype, scores may not necessarily result in consistent diagnoses of FH, as cholesterol levels for FH patients overlap with those of the general population. Genetic diagnosis is considered evidence of definite FH according to some criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Mutations in 3 genes- the LDL-receptor gene (LDLR), the gene coding for apolipoprotein B and the gene encoding the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9-are usually responsible for FH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, other mutations have been identified in the LDLR gene, as well as mutations in other genes leading to the clinical FH phenotype, and there is also evidence that some mutations lead to more severe manifestations of FH than others. Additionally, a large proportion of the patients with a clinical diagnosis of FH do not have a detectable mutation in any of these genes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In view of the complexity of this scenario, there is continuing need for additional information on the clinical and laboratory profile of patients with either genetically defined FH or with only the phenotype of FH, since such data might help optimize patient management, in the sense of their cardiovascular risk burden. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate clinical and anthropometric characteristics of patients with or without genetic confirmation of FH.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>This was a cross-sectional study of adult outpatients with severe hypercholesterolemia recruited at the National Institute of Cardiology in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Subjects with LDL-C &gt; 190 mg/dl and in use of lipid-lowering drug were selected after review of the lipid panel results over 6 months. These patients were invited by phone call to take part in the study, and those with acute coronary syndromes or myocardial revascularization in the previous 30 days, autoimmune diseases, thyroid disorders, chronic renal failure, liver diseases, malignancy, using steroids, or pregnant or breastfeeding were excluded. For this study, a convenience sample was used, including all patients who had been genetically screened to date. Once considered eligible, all participants read and signed an informed consent document approved by the institutional Ethics Committee. The study was undertaken in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, revised in 2000.</p>
        <p>The study patients underwent clinical evaluation and peripheral blood collection. The FH phenotype was classified according to the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Prior cardiovascular disease was defined as a history of myocardial infarction, evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease at coronary angiography (&gt; 50% stenosis of any epicardial coronary artery), myocardial revascularization (either percutaneous or coronary artery bypass surgery) or stroke. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure &#8805; 140/90 mmHg and/or antihypertensive drug use. Diabetes mellitus was defined by history and use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic medications, or fasting glucose levels &gt; 126 mg/dl.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric measurement</title>
        <p>All patients underwent assessment of body composition. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in Kg/ (height)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. Body composition (body fat percentage [%], visceral fat area [cm<sup>2</sup>] and phase angle [degrees]) was estimated by bioelectrical impedance, using the multifrequency analyzer octopolar (In-Body 720; Biospace). The measurements were made with the patient in the supine position, with the arms lying parallel and separated from the trunk and with the legs separated, so that the thighs were not touching. Two electrodes were placed on the hand and wrist and another two were positioned on the foot and ankle of the non-dominant side of the body. An electrical current measured at six different frequencies (1, 5, 50, 250, 500 and 1000 KHz) was introduced into the subject, and resistance and reactance were measured. The phase angle was calculated according to the following equation: Phase Angle = arctangent (inductance / resistance) &#215; 180&#186;/ &#960;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory measurements</title>
        <p>For biochemical testing, venous blood samples were obtained in the morning after 12 h of fasting. The patients took their usual medications on the morning of the tests. Laboratory evaluations were performed by an automated method (ARCHITECT ci8200, Abbott ARCHITECT&#174;, Abbott Park, IL, USA) using commercial kits (Abbott ARCHITECT c8000&#174;, Abbott Park, IL, USA). Serum triglyceride levels, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoproteins A (apo A) and B (apo B) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were evaluated.</p>
        <p>Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood following a standard salting-out procedure. All DNA stock samples were quantified with Qubit dsDNA BR Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher) and diluted to 10 ng/ul for enrichment with Ion AmpliSeq Custom Kit (Thermo Fisher). Samples were enriched for six FH-related genes: LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, LDLRAP1, LIPA and APOE.</p>
        <p>Patients who tested positive for any of these mutations were considered to have genetically confirmed FH. Target regions were considered as coding exons plus 10bp of introns up and downstream. Templates were prepared on Ion One Touch System and sequenced in Ion Torrent PGM &#174; platform, with 32 samples per run in a 316v2 Ion Chip. All FASTQ files were imported to CLC Genomics Workbench 9.5 (QIAGEN) and analyzed in a custom pipeline.</p>
        <p>Minimum quality requirements for variant call were: Base quality of PhredQ &#8805; 20; Target-region coverage &#8805; 10x; Frequency of variant allele &#8805; 20% and bidirectional presence of variant allele. After polymorphism filtering with control populations (NHLBI-ESP6500, ExAC and 1000Genomes), all potential mutations were consulted for previous description in ClinVar, Human Genome Mutation Database (HGMD), British Heart Foundation and Jojo Genetics databases. Functional impact prediction was performed with SIFT, PROVEAN and PolyPhen-2 and mutations without previous description should be pointed as damaging in at least two algorithms to be considered as potentially pathogenic. Individuals with negative results were also screened for large insertions and deletions via MLPA (MRC-Holland).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous data were analyzed using two-tailed unpaired Student's t test or Mann-Whitney's test, and categorical variables with <italic>chi</italic>-squared test. <italic>Kolmogorov</italic> - <italic>Smirnov test was performed t</italic> o determine whether sample data was normally distributed. Continuous variables are reported as means &#177; standard deviations, and categorical variables are presented as percentages. Correlations between continuous variables were analyzed with Pearson's test. Analyses were performed with SPSS software, version 21.0, and p values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical review of the study was performed by a biomedical statistician.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Forty-five patients with LDL-C &gt; 190 mg/dl were studied, of which fifteen had positive testing for familial hypercholesterolemia and thirty had negative. Comparing patients with genetically confirmed FH to those without it (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>), the former had a higher clinical score for FH, were more frequently considered to have definite FH, and more often had xanthelasma. Of note, the prevalence of prior coronary artery disease or stroke were not significantly different between patients with or without the genetic diagnosis of FH. Mean LDL-C and apo B levels were higher in patients with a molecular diagnosis of FH (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics of patients with positive or negative genetic testing for familial hypercholesterolemia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Positive (n = 15)</th>
              <th align="center">Negative (n = 30)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">51.7 &#177; 14.4</td>
              <td align="center">55.6 &#177; 12.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.376</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight</td>
              <td align="center">71.4 &#177; 16.1</td>
              <td align="center">70.8 &#177; 15.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.906</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index (Kg/m&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center">27.9 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">28.3 &#177; 5.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.784</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body fat (%)</td>
              <td align="center">39.1 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td align="center">35.6 &#177; 8.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.262</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Visceral fat area (cm&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center">110.3 &#177; 34.0</td>
              <td align="center">104.6 &#177; 34.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.639</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">95.6 &#177; 10.6</td>
              <td align="center">96.5 &#177; 11.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.589</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hip circumference (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">104.4 &#177; 11.6</td>
              <td align="center">102.8 &#177; 12.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.676</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Women</td>
              <td align="center">14 (93.3)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (60.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.019<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clinically defined FH</td>
              <td align="center">10 (66.7)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (13.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Score</td>
              <td align="center">9.64 &#177; 2.16</td>
              <td align="center">4.35 &#177; 1.58</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Risk factors and clinical data</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">8 (53.3)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (71.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.197</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">3 (20.0)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (21.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.619</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">7 (46.7)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (30.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.219</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">3 (10.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.265</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Corneal arch</td>
              <td align="center">3 (20.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (3.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.122</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Xanthomata</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Xanthelasma</td>
              <td align="center">3 (20.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angina</td>
              <td align="center">6 (40.0)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (42.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.559</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of stroke</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.651</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of myocardial infarction</td>
              <td align="center">3 (20.0)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (39.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.173</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior coronary angioplasty</td>
              <td align="center">3 (20.0)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (40.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.153</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior coronary bypass</td>
              <td align="center">4 (26.7)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (17.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.381</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Numbers are n (%), for categorical variables, or mean &#177; SD, for continuous variables;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05; FH: familial hypercholesterolemia.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Laboratory data of patients with positive or negative genetic testing for familial hypercholesterolemia</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Positive (n = 15)</th>
              <th align="center">Negativo (n = 30)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">263.1 &#177; 93.1</td>
              <td align="center">231.0 &#177; 57.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.417</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">208.1 &#177; 41.8</td>
              <td align="center">151.4 &#177; 50.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">52.2 &#177; 9.7</td>
              <td align="center">50.1 &#177; 12.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.617</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Apo A1 (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">139.3 &#177; 19.9</td>
              <td align="center">140.1 &#177; 22.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.916</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Apo B (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">138.7 &#177; 30,2</td>
              <td align="center">106.3 &#177; 31.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.005<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglyceride (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">127.9 &#177; 52.1</td>
              <td align="center">144.6 &#177; 73.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.484</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRP (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">0.4 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.3 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.707</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glycemia (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">116.4 &#177; 79.9</td>
              <td align="center">107.5 &#177; 48,2</td>
              <td align="center">0.667</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Numbers are n (%), for categorical variables, or mean &#177; SD, for continuous variables;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05; Apo A1: apolipoprotein A1; Apo B: apolipoprotein B; CRP-C: reactive protein; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When the correlations between LDL-C levels and other clinical, demographic and anthropometric variables were examined, there was a weak, although significant correlation between LDL-C and the clinical point score (R = 0.382, p = 0.037) and a moderate and significant correlation between LDL-C and body fat (R = 0.461, p = 0.01). However, when patients were stratified according to genetic testing positivity, those with any of the studied mutations did not show any correlation between LDL-C and other variables, while for those without a mutation, there was a moderate, statistically significant correlation between LDL-C and the clinical point score (R = 0.554, p = 0.01), as well as a borderline significant, moderate correlation between LDL-C and body fat (R = 0.441, p = 0.05).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>FH is a disorder of cholesterol metabolism and indeed one of the most common inherited disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Rates of premature cardiovascular disease are much higher in patients with FH, but long-term drug therapy has the potential to lower cardiovascular event rates in patients with FH, leading to similar rates to those found in the general population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Since effective primary prevention in the setting of FH requires its early diagnosis, the largest knowledge we have on this disease, the best we may recognize it and accomplish adequate patient management.</p>
      <p>In this study, patients with genetically confirmed FH had, as expected, a higher clinical score for FH. In addition, they had more clinical evidence of severe hypercholesterolemia such as xanthelasma, possibly since the monogenic group have had severely elevated LDL-C level since birth, and thus, a greater cumulative "LDL-C burden".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Finally, LDL-C and Apo B levels were higher than in those patients with negative genetic testing, as previously demonstrated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Apo B is the main protein constituent of lipoproteins such as VLDL and LDL, and concentrations of Apo B tend to mirror those of LDL-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Plasma levels of apolipoprotein B represent all atherogenic lipoproteins in the circulation; however, because every atherogenic particle contains a single apolipoprotein B molecule, Apo B levels also provide an accurate reflection of the number of atherogenic particles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Of note, LDL-C levels were correlated with the clinical point score and with body fat, both in the overall patient population and in patients without the genetic confirmation of FH. In those with genetically confirmed FH, there were no correlations between LDL-C and other clinical or biochemical variables in patients. This might suggest that the former might have less severe forms of FH related to other mutations, or severe hypercholesterolemia due to other etiologies, and in those cases the level of LDL-C would be also associated with modifiable or environmental factors. In contrast, in patients with FH, the severity of the derangements caused by the mutations would be the predominant factor determining LDL-C levels, what would turn other correlations with anthropometric or biochemical variables less significant.</p>
      <p>This study is limited by the small sample size, which turns the results hypothesis-generating. Importantly, it may be possible that a proportion of the patients have a mutation in whomever as a yet unidentified gene. With standard molecular diagnostic techniques, a known mutation can be detected in 20-30% of patients with possible FH and 60-80% of patients with definite FH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Since approximately 2/3 of patients have possible FH, no mutations are detected in about 60% of tested patients with this disorder<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> what has led to a search for additional FH-causing genes. However, some clinically diagnosed cases of FH may be polygenic, due to the inheritance of a greater than average number of common LDL-C raising alleles (each causing a slight effect) leading to an increase in LDL-C above the diagnostic cut off.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The present results suggest that in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia and the FH phenotype, even in the absence of genetic confirmation of FH, patient management should have special attention directed towards modifiable factors associated with LDL-C, as body fat. A decrease in body fat might determine a reduction of LDL-C, what is known to decrease cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Juliana Duarte Lopes da Silva, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia under the protocol number #26802514.4.0000.5272. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Risk of fatal coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Scientific Steering Committee on behalf of the Simon Broome Register Group. BMJ. 1991;303(6807):893-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Risk of fatal coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Scientific Steering Committee on behalf of the Simon Broome Register Group</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>303</volume>
          <issue>6807</issue>
          <fpage>893</fpage>
          <lpage>896</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Goldstein JL, Schrott HJ, Hazzard WR, Bierman EL, Motulsky AG. Hyperlipidemia in coronary heart disease. Genetic analysis of lipid levels in 176 families and delineation of a new inherited disorder, combined hyperlipidemia. J Clin Invest. 1973;52(7):1544-68. doi: 10.1172/JCI107332.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goldstein</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schrott</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hazzard</surname>
              <given-names>WR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bierman</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Motulsky</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hyperlipidemia in coronary heart disease. Genetic analysis of lipid levels in 176 families and delineation of a new inherited disorder, combined hyperlipidemia</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Invest</source>
          <year>1973</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1544</fpage>
          <lpage>1568</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1172/JCI107332</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 World Health Organization. (WHO). Familial hypercholesterolemia - report of a second WHO Consultation. Geneva (Switzerland); 1999. (WHO publication no.WHO/HGN/HF/CONS/99.2).</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization. (WHO)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Familial hypercholesterolemia - report of a second WHO Consultation</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva (Switzerland)</publisher-loc>
          <year>1999</year>
          <comment>(WHO publication no.WHO/HGN/HF/CONS/99.2)</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Brown MS, Goldstein JL. A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science. 1986;232(4746):34-47. PMID: 3513311.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldstein</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis</article-title>
          <source>Science</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <volume>232</volume>
          <issue>4746</issue>
          <fpage>34</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3513311</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Soria LF, Ludwig EH, Clarke HR, Vega GL, Grundy SM, McCarthy BJ. Association between a specific apolipoprotein B mutation and familial defective apolipoprotein B-100. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989;86(2):587-91. PMID: 2563166.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Soria</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ludwig</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clarke</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vega</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grundy</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCarthy</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between a specific apolipoprotein B mutation and familial defective apolipoprotein B-100</article-title>
          <source>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>587</fpage>
          <lpage>591</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2563166</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Abifadel M, Varret M, Rabes JP, Allard D, Ouguerram K, Devillers M, et al. Mutations in PCSK9 cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia. Nat Genet. 2003;34(2):154-6. doi: 10.1038/ng1161.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abifadel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Varret</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rabes</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allard</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ouguerram</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devillers</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mutations in PCSK9 cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>Nat Genet</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>154</fpage>
          <lpage>156</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ng1161</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Austin MA, Hutter CM, Zimmern RL, Humphries SE. Genetic causes of monogenic heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a huge prevalence review. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160(5):407-20. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwh236.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Austin</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hutter</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmern</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Humphries</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Genetic causes of monogenic heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: a huge prevalence review</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>160</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>407</fpage>
          <lpage>420</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/aje/kwh236</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Taylor A, Wang D, Patel K, Whittall R, Wood G, Farrer M, et al. Mutation detection rate and spectrum in familial hypercholesterolaemia patients in the UK pilot cascade project. Clin Genet. 2010;77(6):572-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01356.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whittall</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wood</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farrer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mutation detection rate and spectrum in familial hypercholesterolaemia patients in the UK pilot cascade project</article-title>
          <source>Clin Genet</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>572</fpage>
          <lpage>580</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01356.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Baumgartner R, Chumlea C, Roche AF. Bioletric impedance for body composition. Exercise &amp; Sport Sciences Reviews. 1990;18(1):193-224.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baumgartner</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chumlea</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roche</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Bioletric impedance for body composition</article-title>
          <source>Exercise &amp; Sport Sciences Reviews</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>193</fpage>
          <lpage>224</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 de Ferranti SD, Rodday AM, Mendelson MM, Wong JB, Leslie LK, Sheldrick RC. Prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia in the 1999 to 2012 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Circulation. 2016;133(11):1067-72. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018791.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>de Ferranti</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodday</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendelson</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leslie</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sheldrick</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of familial hypercholesterolemia in the 1999 to 2012 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>133</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1067</fpage>
          <lpage>1072</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018791</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Robinson JG, Goldberg AC; National Lipid Association Expert panel on pamilial hypercholesterolemia. Treatment of adults with familial hypercholesterolemia and evidence for treatment: recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5(3 Suppl):S18-29. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2011.03.451.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberg</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>National Lipid Association Expert panel on pamilial hypercholesterolemia</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Treatment of adults with familial hypercholesterolemia and evidence for treatment: recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Lipidol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>S18</fpage>
          <lpage>S29</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacl.2011.03.451</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Humphries SE, Ginsberg HN, Masana L, Descamps OS, et al; European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(45):3478-90a. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht273</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nordestgaard</surname>
              <given-names>BG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chapman</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Humphries</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ginsberg</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masana</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Descamps</surname>
              <given-names>OS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>45</issue>
          <fpage>3478a</fpage>
          <lpage>3490a</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/eht273</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Humphries SE, Whittall RA, Hubbart CS, Maplebeck S, Cooper JA, Soutar AK, et al; Simon Broome Familial Hyperlipidaemia Register Group and Scientific Steering Committee. Genetic causes of familial hypercholesterolaemia in patients in the UK: relation to plasma lipid levels and coronary heart disease risk. J Med Genet. 2006;43(12):943-9. Erratum in: J Med Genet. 2009;46(12):861. J Med Genet. 2010;47(12):862. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2006.038356.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Humphries</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whittall</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hubbart</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maplebeck</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soutar</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Simon Broome Familial Hyperlipidaemia Register Group and Scientific Steering Committee</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Genetic causes of familial hypercholesterolaemia in patients in the UK: relation to plasma lipid levels and coronary heart disease risk</article-title>
          <source>J Med Genet</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>943</fpage>
          <lpage>949</lpage>
          <comment>Erratum in: J Med Genet. 2009;46(12):861. J Med Genet. 2010;47(12):862</comment>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/jmg.2006.038356</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Pimstone SN, Defesche JC, Clee SM, Bakker HD, Hayden MR, Kastelein JJ. Differences in the phenotype between children with familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 and familial hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17(5):826-33. PMID: 9157944.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pimstone</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Defesche</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clee</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bakker</surname>
              <given-names>HD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayden</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kastelein</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Differences in the phenotype between children with familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 and familial hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>826</fpage>
          <lpage>833</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9157944</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Kastelein JJ, van der Steeg WA, Holme I, Gaffney M, Cater NB, Barter P, et al; TNT Study Group; IDEAL Study Group. Lipids, apolipoproteins, and their ratios in relation to cardiovascular events with statin treatment. Circulation. 2008;117(23):3002-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.713438.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kastelein</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Steeg</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holme</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaffney</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cater</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barter</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>TNT Study GroupIDEAL Study Group</collab>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lipids, apolipoproteins, and their ratios in relation to cardiovascular events with statin treatment</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <fpage>3002</fpage>
          <lpage>3009</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.713438</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Pischon T, Girman CJ, Sacks FM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in the prediction of coronary heart disease in men. Circulation. 2005;112(22):3375-83. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.532499.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pischon</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Girman</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sacks</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rifai</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stampfer</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rimm</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in the prediction of coronary heart disease in men</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>3375</fpage>
          <lpage>3383</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.532499</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Taylor A, Wang D, Patel K, Whittall R, Wood G, Farrer M, et al. Mutation detection rate and spectrum in familial hypercholesterolaemia patients in the UK pilot cascade project. Clin Genet. 2010;77(6):572-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01356.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whittall</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wood</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farrer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mutation detection rate and spectrum in familial hypercholesterolaemia patients in the UK pilot cascade project</article-title>
          <source>Clin Genet</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>572</fpage>
          <lpage>580</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01356.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Graham CA, McIlhatton BP, Kirk CW, Beattie ED, Lyttle K, Hart P, et al. Genetic screening protocol for familial hypercholesterolemia which includes splicing defects gives an improved mutation detection rate. Atherosclerosis. 2005;182(2):331-40. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.02.016.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Graham</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McIlhatton</surname>
              <given-names>BP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirk</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beattie</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lyttle</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hart</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Genetic screening protocol for familial hypercholesterolemia which includes splicing defects gives an improved mutation detection rate</article-title>
          <source>Atherosclerosis</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>182</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>331</fpage>
          <lpage>340</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.02.016</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Talmud PJ, Shah S, Whittall R, Futema M, Howard P, Cooper JA, et al. Use of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol gene score to distinguish patients with polygenic and monogenic familial hypercholesterolaemia: a case-control study. Lancet. 2013;381(9874):1293-301. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62127-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Talmud</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whittall</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Futema</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Howard</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooper</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol gene score to distinguish patients with polygenic and monogenic familial hypercholesterolaemia: a case-control study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>381</volume>
          <issue>9874</issue>
          <fpage>1293</fpage>
          <lpage>1301</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62127-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Wald DS, Bestwick JP, Morris JK, Whyte K, Jenkins L, Path FR, et al. Child-parent familial hypercholesterolemia screening in primary care. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(17):1628-37. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1602777.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wald</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bestwick</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morris</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whyte</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jenkins</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Path</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Child-parent familial hypercholesterolemia screening in primary care</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>375</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1628</fpage>
          <lpage>1637</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1602777</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Dyslipidemias</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas, Antropom&#233;tricas e Bioqu&#237;micas de Pacientes com ou sem Diagn&#243;stico Confirmado de Hipercolesterolemia Familiar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lorenzo</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Duarte Lopes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>James</surname>
            <given-names>Cinthia E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Annie Seixas Bello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Annie Seixas Bello Moreira</bold>, Rua das Laranjeiras, 374, 5 andar. CEP 22240-006, Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro - Brasil. E-mail: anniebello@gmail.com, debora.gapanowicz@gmail.com.</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Lorenzo A, James CE, Pereira AC, Moreira ASB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva JDL, James CE, Pereira AC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:Lorenzo A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva JDL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Moreira ASB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:Lorenzo A, Silva JDL; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lorenzo A, Moreira ASB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante, caracterizada por altos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos do colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) e pelo alto risco de desenvolvimento prematuro de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e antropom&#233;tricas de pacientes com fen&#243;tipo para hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF), com ou sem diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico de HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Quarenta e cinco pacientes com LDL-C &gt; 190 mg/dL foram genotipados para seis genes relacionados com a HF: LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, LDLRAP1, LIPA e APOE. Pacientes que apresentaram resultado positivo para qualquer uma das muta&#231;&#245;es foram diagnosticados com HF por confirma&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica. O fen&#243;tipo para HF foi classificado pelo crit&#233;rio da Dutch Lipid Clinic Network.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Comparando os pacientes com a HF geneticamente confirmada com aqueles sem a confirma&#231;&#227;o, os primeiros apresentaram maior pontua&#231;&#227;o do escore para HF, uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de xantelasma e maiores n&#237;veis de LDL-C e apo B. Houve correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre o LDL-C e a pontua&#231;&#227;o do escore para HF (R = 0,382, p = 0,037) e entre LDL-C e gordura corporal (R = 0,461, p = 0,01). Os pacientes com muta&#231;&#245;es, no entanto, n&#227;o apresentaram qualquer correla&#231;&#227;o entre o LDL-C e outras vari&#225;veis, enquanto aqueles sem muta&#231;&#227;o apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o entre o LDL-C e a pontua&#231;&#227;o do escore.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O LDL-C correlacionou-se com a pontua&#231;&#227;o do escore e com a gordura corporal, tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o total de pacientes quanto nos pacientes sem a confirma&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica de HF. Naqueles com HF geneticamente confirmada, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre o LDL-C e outras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas ou bioqu&#237;micas dos pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II</kwd>
        <kwd>Pesos e Medidas Corporais</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoprote&#237;nas LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Muta&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fen&#243;tipo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) &#233; caracterizada por um alto n&#237;vel de colesterol de lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade (LDL-C) e um alto risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular prematura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> &#201; um dist&#250;rbio autoss&#244;mico dominante comum, que afeta at&#233; 1 em 200-250 pessoas em sua forma heterozig&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> De acordo com a Dutch Lipid Clinic Network, o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de HF (fen&#243;tipo HF) se baseia em LDL-C elevado e um escore no qual os pontos s&#227;o atribu&#237;dos por hist&#243;ria familiar de hiperlipidemia ou doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas como xanthomata tendinosa, colesterol LDL elevado e/ou uma muta&#231;&#227;o identificada. Um escore total superior a oito &#233; considerado HF "definida", 6-8 &#233; HF "prov&#225;vel", e 3-5 &#233; HF "poss&#237;vel".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de serem &#250;teis, pois fornecem uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico do fen&#243;tipo HF, os escores podem n&#227;o resultar necessariamente em diagn&#243;sticos consistentes de HF, j&#225; que os n&#237;veis de colesterol para pacientes com HF se sobrep&#245;em com aqueles da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. O diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico &#233; considerado evid&#234;ncia de HF definida de acordo com alguns crit&#233;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> As muta&#231;&#245;es em 3 genes - o gene do receptor de LDL (LDLR), o gene que codifica a apolipoprote&#237;na B e o gene que codifica a subtilisina/kexina de pr&#243;-prote&#237;na convertase tipo 9 - s&#227;o geralmente respons&#225;veis pela HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No entanto, outras muta&#231;&#245;es foram identificadas no gene LDLR, bem como muta&#231;&#245;es em outros genes que conduzem ao fen&#243;tipo cl&#237;nico HF, e tamb&#233;m h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que algumas muta&#231;&#245;es levam a manifesta&#231;&#245;es mais severas de HF do que outras. Al&#233;m disso, uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de HF n&#227;o possui muta&#231;&#227;o detect&#225;vel em nenhum desses genes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Em vista da complexidade deste cen&#225;rio, continua a ser necess&#225;ria informa&#231;&#227;o adicional sobre o perfil cl&#237;nico e laboratorial de pacientes com HF geneticamente definido ou com apenas o fen&#243;tipo de HF, uma vez que esses dados podem ajudar a otimizar o tratamento de pacientes, no sentido da sua carga de risco cardiovascular. Portanto, este estudo procurou avaliar caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e antropom&#233;tricas de pacientes com ou sem confirma&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica de HF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Este foi um estudo transversal de pacientes ambulatoriais adultos com hipercolesterolemia grave recrutados no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os indiv&#237;duos com LDL-C &gt; 190 mg/dl e em uso de f&#225;rmaco hipolipemiante foram selecionados ap&#243;s revis&#227;o dos resultados do perfil lip&#237;dico ao longo de 6 meses. Estes pacientes foram convidados por telefone para participar do estudo, e foram exclu&#237;dos aqueles com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nos 30 dias pr&#233;vios, doen&#231;as autoimunes, dist&#250;rbios da tiroide, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas, malignidade, em uso de esteroides, gravidez ou amamenta&#231;&#227;o. Para este estudo, se utilizou uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia, incluindo todos os pacientes que haviam sido analisados geneticamente at&#233; &#224; data. Uma vez considerados eleg&#237;veis, todos os participantes leram e assinaram um documento de consentimento informado aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica institucional. O estudo foi realizado de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque de 1975, revisada em 2000.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes estudados foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e coleta de sangue perif&#233;rico. O fen&#243;tipo HF foi classificado de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da Rede Cl&#237;nica Holandesa de Lip&#237;dos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via foi definida como hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, evid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva em angiografia coron&#225;ria (estenose de 50% de qualquer art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (seja percut&#226;nea ou cirurgia de by-pass coron&#225;rio) ou AVC. A hipertens&#227;o foi definida como press&#227;o arterial &#8805; 140/90 mmHg e/ou uso de drogas antihipertensivas. O diabetes mellitus foi definido pela hist&#243;ria e uso de insulina ou medicamentos hipogluc&#234;micos orais, ou n&#237;veis de glicemia em jejum&gt; 126 mg/dl.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado como peso em Kg/(altura)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal (porcentagem de gordura corporal [%], &#225;rea de gordura visceral [cm<sup>2</sup>] e &#226;ngulo de fase [graus] foi estimada por imped&#226;ncia bioel&#233;trica, utilizando o analisador de multifrequ&#234;ncia octopolar (In-Body 720; Biospace). As medidas foram feitas com o paciente em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, com os bra&#231;os paralelos e separados do tronco e com as pernas separadas, de modo que as coxas n&#227;o estavam em contato. Dois eletrodos foram colocados na m&#227;o e no pulso e outros dois foram posicionados no p&#233; e no tornozelo do lado n&#227;o dominante do corpo. Uma corrente el&#233;trica medida em seis frequ&#234;ncias diferentes (1, 5, 50, 250, 500 e 1000 KHz) foi introduzida no sujeito, e a resist&#234;ncia e a reat&#226;ncia foram medidas. O &#226;ngulo de fase foi calculado de acordo com a seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o: &#194;ngulo de fase = arcotangente (indut&#226;ncia/resist&#234;ncia) &#215; 180&#186; / &#960;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais</title>
          <p>Para testes bioqu&#237;micos, amostras de sangue venoso foram obtidas na manh&#227; ap&#243;s 12 h de jejum. Os pacientes tomaram seus medicamentos habituais na manh&#227; dos testes. As avalia&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais foram realizadas por um m&#233;todo automatizado (ARCHITECT ci8200, Abbott ARCHITECT&#174;, Abbott Park, IL, EUA) usando kits comerciais (Abbott ARCHITECT c8000&#174;, Abbott Park, IL, EUA). Foram avaliados n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol total, colesterol LDL (LDL-C), colesterol HDL (HDL-C), apolipoprote&#237;nas A (apo A) e B (apo B) e prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR).</p>
          <p>O DNA gen&#244;mico foi extra&#237;do do sangue perif&#233;rico ap&#243;s um procedimento padr&#227;o de salting-out. Todas as amostras de estoque de DNA foram quantificadas com Qubit dsDNA BR Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher) e dilu&#237;das a 10 ng/ul para enriquecimento com Ion AmpliSeq Custom Kit (Thermo Fisher). As amostras foram enriquecidas para seis genes relacionados ao HF: LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, LDLRAP1, LIPA e APOE.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes que testaram positivo para qualquer uma dessas muta&#231;&#245;es foram considerados como HF geneticamente confirmados. As regi&#245;es alvo foram consideradas como ex&#245;es de codifica&#231;&#227;o mais 10 pb de intr&#245;es a montante e a jusante. Os modelos foram preparados no Ion One Touch System e sequenciados na plataforma Ion Torrent PGM&#174;, com 32 amostras por execu&#231;&#227;o em um chip de i&#245;es 316v2. Todos os arquivos FASTQ foram importados para o CLC Genomics Workbench 9.5 (QIAGEN) e analisados em uma pipeline personalizada.</p>
          <p>Os requisitos m&#237;nimos de qualidade para variant call foram: Qualidade base de PhredQ &#8805; 20; Cobertura da regi&#227;o-alvo &#8805; 10x; Frequ&#234;ncia do alelo variante &#8805; 20% e presen&#231;a bidirecional do alelo variante. Ap&#243;s a filtragem de polimorfismo com popula&#231;&#245;es de controle (NHLBI-ESP6500, ExAC e 1000Genomes), todas as muta&#231;&#245;es em potencial foram consultadas para a descri&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via em ClinVar, Human Genome Mutation Database (HGMD), British Heart Foundation e Jojo Genetics. A predi&#231;&#227;o de impacto funcional foi realizada com SIFT, PROVEAN e PolyPhen-2 e as muta&#231;&#245;es sem descri&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via devem ser apontadas como prejudiciais em pelo menos dois algoritmos para serem considerados potencialmente patog&#234;nicas. Indiv&#237;duos com resultados negativos tamb&#233;m foram selecionados para grandes inser&#231;&#245;es e dele&#231;&#245;es via MLPA (MRC-Holland).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados cont&#237;nuos foram analisados &#8203;&#8203;usando o teste t de Student de duas colas ou o teste de Mann-Whitney, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas com o teste de qui-quadrado. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi realizado para determinar se os dados da amostra estavam normalmente distribu&#237;dos. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o relatadas como m&#233;dias &#177; desvios-padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como porcentagens. As correla&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas com o teste de Pearson. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o software SPSS, vers&#227;o 21.0, e valores p &lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica do estudo foi realizada por um estat&#237;stico biom&#233;dico.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram estudados quarenta e cinco pacientes com LDL-C &gt; 190 mg/dl, dos quais quinze tiveram testes positivos para hipercolesterolemia familiar e trinta tiveram negativo. Comparando os pacientes com HF geneticamente confirmada com aqueles sem ele (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>), os primeiros apresentaram maior escore cl&#237;nico para HF, foram mais frequentemente considerados como HF definida e, mais frequentemente, tinham xanthelasma. Para destacar, a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via ou AVC n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente entre pacientes com ou sem o diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico de HF. Os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de LDL-C e apo B foram maiores em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico molecular de HF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com testes gen&#233;ticos positivos ou negativos para hipercolesterolemia familiar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Positivo (n = 15)</th>
                <th align="center">Negativo (n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">51,7 &#177; 14,4</td>
                <td align="center">55,6 &#177; 12,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,376</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso</td>
                <td align="center">71,4 &#177; 16,1</td>
                <td align="center">70,8 &#177; 15,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,906</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (Kg/m&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center">27,9 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">28,3 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,784</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gordura corporal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39,1 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">35,6 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,262</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;rea de gordura visceral (cm&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center">110,3 &#177; 34,0</td>
                <td align="center">104,6 &#177; 34,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,639</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">95,6 &#177; 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">96,5 &#177; 11,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,589</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">104,4 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">102,8 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,676</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">14 (93,3)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF clinicamente definida</td>
                <td align="center">10 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore</td>
                <td align="center">9,64 &#177; 2,16</td>
                <td align="center">4,35 &#177; 1,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fatores de risco e dados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">8 (53,3)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (71,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,197</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">3 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (21,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,619</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">7 (46,7)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (30,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,219</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,265</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arco corneal</td>
                <td align="center">3 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,122</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Xanthomata</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Xanthelasma</td>
                <td align="center">3 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina</td>
                <td align="center">6 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (42,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,559</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de AVC</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,651</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">3 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (39,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,173</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angioplastia coron&#225;ria pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">3 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (40,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,153</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bypass coron&#225;rio pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">4 (26,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (17,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,381</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Os n&#250;meros s&#227;o n (%), para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, ou m&#233;dia &#177; DP, para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05; HF: hipercolesterolemia familiar.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados laboratoriais de pacientes com testes gen&#233;ticos positivos ou negativos para hipercolesterolemia familiar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Positivo (n = 15)</th>
                <th align="center">Negativo (n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">263,1 &#177; 93,1</td>
                <td align="center">231,0 &#177; 57,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,417</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">208,1 &#177; 41,8</td>
                <td align="center">151,4 &#177; 50,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">52,2 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">50,1 &#177; 12,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,617</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apo A1 (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">139,3 &#177; 19,9</td>
                <td align="center">140,1 &#177; 22,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,916</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apo B (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">138,7 &#177; 30,2</td>
                <td align="center">106,3 &#177; 31,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,005<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deo (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">127,9 &#177; 52,1</td>
                <td align="center">144,6 &#177; 73,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,484</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,3 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,707</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">116,4 &#177; 79,9</td>
                <td align="center">107,5 &#177; 48,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,667</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Os n&#250;meros s&#227;o n (%), para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, ou m&#233;dia &#177; DP, para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05; Apo A1: Apolipoprote&#237;na A1; Apo B: Apolipoprote&#237;na B; PCR: Prote&#237;na -C-reativa; HDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-C: Colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quando as correla&#231;&#245;es entre os n&#237;veis de LDL-C e outras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, demogr&#225;ficas e antropom&#233;tricas foram examinadas, houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o fraca, embora significativa entre LDL-C e o escore cl&#237;nico (R = 0,382, p = 0,037) e uma moderada e significativa correla&#231;&#227;o entre LDL-C e gordura corporal (R = 0,461, p = 0,01). No entanto, quando os pacientes foram estratificados de acordo com a positividade do teste gen&#233;tico, aqueles com qualquer uma das muta&#231;&#245;es estudadas n&#227;o mostraram correla&#231;&#227;o entre LDL-C e outras vari&#225;veis, enquanto que para aqueles sem muta&#231;&#227;o, houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada, estatisticamente significativa entre LDL- C e o escore cl&#237;nico (R = 0,554, p = 0,01), bem como uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa, moderada e lim&#237;trofe entre LDL-C e gordura corporal (R = 0,441, p = 0,05).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>HF &#233; uma desordem do metabolismo do colesterol e, de fato, um dos dist&#250;rbios heredit&#225;rios mais comuns.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> As taxas de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares prematuras s&#227;o muito maiores em pacientes com HF, mas a terapia com f&#225;rmaco a longo prazo tem potencial para baixar as taxas de eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes com HF, levando a taxas semelhantes &#224;s encontradas na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Uma vez que a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria efetiva no cen&#225;rio de HF requer seu diagn&#243;stico precoce, quanto maior seja o conhecimento que temos sobre esta doen&#231;a, melhor podemos reconhec&#234;-la e realizar uma gest&#227;o adequada do paciente.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, pacientes com HF geneticamente confirmada tiveram, como esperado, um maior escore cl&#237;nico para HF. Al&#233;m disso, eles apresentaram mais evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas de hipercolesterolemia grave, como o xanthelasma, possivelmente devido a que o grupo monog&#234;nico teria tido n&#237;veis elevados de LDL-C desde o nascimento e, portanto, um maior "Fator LDL-C" cumulativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Finalmente, os n&#237;veis de LDL-C e Apo B foram superiores aos pacientes com testes gen&#233;ticos negativos, como demonstrado anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Apo B &#233; o principal componente proteico de lipoprote&#237;nas, como VLDL e LDL, e as concentra&#231;&#245;es de Apo B tendem a refletir as de LDL-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de apolipoprote&#237;na B representam todas as lipoprote&#237;nas aterog&#233;nicas na circula&#231;&#227;o; no entanto, como cada part&#237;cula aterog&#234;nica cont&#233;m uma &#250;nica mol&#233;cula de apolipoprote&#237;na B, os n&#237;veis de Apo B tamb&#233;m fornecem um reflexo preciso do n&#250;mero de part&#237;culas aterog&#234;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para destacar, os n&#237;veis de LDL-C foram correlacionados com o escore cl&#237;nico e com a gordura corporal, tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o geral de pacientes como em pacientes sem a confirma&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica de HF. Naqueles com HF geneticamente confirmada, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre LDL-C e outras vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas ou bioqu&#237;micas nos pacientes. Isso pode sugerir que o primeiro poderia ter formas menos severas de HF relacionadas a outras muta&#231;&#245;es ou hipercolesterolemia grave devido a outras etiologias e, nesses casos, o n&#237;vel de LDL-C tamb&#233;m seria associado a fatores modific&#225;veis ou ambientais. Em contraste, em pacientes com HF, a gravidade dos dist&#250;rbios causados pelas muta&#231;&#245;es seria o fator predominante que determinaria os n&#237;veis de LDL-C, o que transformaria outras correla&#231;&#245;es com vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas ou bioqu&#237;micas menos significativas.</p>
        <p>Este estudo &#233; limitado pelo pequeno tamanho da amostra, o que transforma os resultados em geradores de hip&#243;teses. &#201; importante assinalar que &#233; poss&#237;vel que uma propor&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes tenha uma muta&#231;&#227;o em um gene ainda n&#227;o identificado. Com t&#233;cnicas de diagn&#243;stico molecular padr&#227;o, uma muta&#231;&#227;o conhecida pode ser detectada em 20-30% dos pacientes com poss&#237;vel HF e 60-80% de pacientes com FH definida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Uma vez que aproximadamente 2/3 dos pacientes t&#234;m HF poss&#237;vel, n&#227;o s&#227;o detectadas muta&#231;&#245;es em cerca de 60% dos pacientes testados com este dist&#250;rbio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> o que levou a uma busca de genes adicionais causadores de HF. No entanto, alguns casos clinicamente diagnosticados de HF podem ser polig&#234;nicos, devido &#224; heran&#231;a de um n&#250;mero maior do que a m&#233;dia de alelos comuns elevadores do LDL-C (cada um causando um leve efeito) levando a um aumento do LDL-C acima do corte diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os presentes resultados sugerem que, em pacientes com hipercolesterolemia grave e fen&#243;tipo HF, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de confirma&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica de HF, o manejo do paciente deve ter especial aten&#231;&#227;o direcionada aos fatores modific&#225;veis associados ao LDL-C, como gordura corporal. Uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal pode determinar uma redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-C, o que &#233; conhecido por diminuir o risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Juliana Duarte Lopes da Silva pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo #26802514.4.0000.5272. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
