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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">g334585J3kXrBP9KwGKWcGj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000200113</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180019</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Acute Coronary Syndrome</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Is There Any Relationship between TSH Levels and Prognosis in Acute Coronary Syndrome?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vella</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lia Pitombo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bossa</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Siqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Biselli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana de Carvalho Andreucci Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carolina Feres de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos V.</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mueller</surname>
            <given-names>Christian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio Tavares de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">HCFMUSP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">InCor</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Emerg&#234;ncia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Emerg&#234;ncia - InCor - HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Basel</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Basel</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CH">Su&#237;&#231;a</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Basel, Basel, Su&#237;&#231;a</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">University of Basel</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Alexandre de Matos Soeiro</bold>, Rua Jo&#227;o Moura, 870, apto 192b. CEP 05412-002, Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>alexandre.soeiro@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Soeiro AM, Ara&#250;jo VA, Vella JP, Oliveira Junior MT; Acquisition of data: Soeiro AM, Ara&#250;jo VA, Vella JP, Bossa AS, Biselli B, Leal TCAT, Soeiro MCFA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Soeiro AM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Soeiro AM, Bossa AS; Writing of the manuscript: Soeiro AM, Ara&#250;jo VA, Vella JP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Soeiro AM, Soeiro MCFA, Serrano Jr. CV, Mueller C, Oliveira Junior MT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>113</fpage>
      <lpage>118</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Some small studies have related higher levels of thyrotropin (TSH) to potentially worse prognosis in acute coronary syndromes. However, this relationship remains uncertain.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To analyze the outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes in relation to the value of TSH at admission.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Observational and retrospective study with 505 patients (446 in group I [TSH &#8804; 4 mIU/L] and 59 in group II [TSH &gt; 4 mIU/L]) with acute coronary syndromes between May 2010 and May 2014. We obtained data about comorbidities and the medications used at the hospital. The primary endpoint was in-hospital all-cause death. The secondary endpoint included combined events (death, non-fatal unstable angina or myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock, bleeding and stroke). Comparisons between groups were made by one-way ANOVA and chi-square test. Multivariate analysis was determined by logistic regression. Analyses were considered significant when p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Significant differences between groups I and II were observed regarding the use of enoxaparin (75.2% vs. 57.63%, p = 0.02) and statins (84.08% vs. 71.19%, p &lt; 0.0001), previous stroke (5.83% vs. 15.25%, p = 0.007), combined events (14.80% vs. 27.12%, OR = 3.05, p = 0.004), cardiogenic shock (4.77% vs. 6.05%, OR = 4.77, p = 0.02) and bleeding (12.09% vs. 15.25%, OR = 3.36, p = 0.012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In patients with acute coronary syndromes and TSH &gt; 4 mIU/L at admission, worse prognosis was observed, with higher incidences of in-hospital combined events, cardiogenic shock and bleeding.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Thyrotropin/metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Euthyroid Sick Syndromes</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospital Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Patients with severe nonthyroidal illness often experience concomitant disorders in thyroid function. In severe illness of nonthyroidal origin, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the thyroid hormone system may be down-regulated. These conditions can induce changes in one or more aspects of thyroid hormone economy, leading to findings referred to as sick euthyroid syndrome, which poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the clinician. The cardiovascular system is very sensitive to thyroid hormones, and a wide spectrum of cardiac changes has long been recognized in overt thyroid dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The real value of thyrotropin (TSH) as marker of prognosis in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is still uncertain. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the outcomes of patients with ACS related with the TSH value measured in the emergency department.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>This was an observational, retrospective databank analysis study performed in a tertiary health centre with 505 patients with ACS included between May 2010 and May 2014. They were divided in two groups: TSH &#8804; 4 mIU/L (group I, n = 446) and TSH &gt; 4 mIU/L (group II, n = 59). Patients with known thyroid disorders were excluded.</p>
        <p>All patients were diagnosed and treated according to the AHA/ESC Task Force guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> All patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention less than 24 hours after onset of ACS.</p>
        <p>The primary outcome was in-hospital all-cause mortality. The secondary outcome was major adverse cardiac events (MACE) including death (of any cause), non-fatal unstable angina or AMI/target vessel revascularization, cardiogenic shock, bleeding (major and minor), and stroke.</p>
        <p>The study was approved by the ethics and research committee.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analytical methods</title>
        <p>The following data were obtained: age, sex, diabetes, systemic arterial hypertension, smoking habit, dyslipidemia, family history of premature coronary artery disease, heart failure, previous coronary artery disease, previous stroke, hematocrit, creatinine, higher troponin, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction and medications used (within the first 24 hours) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>Blood was sampled immediately after admission, prior to administration of medications (baseline) and daily, according to institution protocol. TSH was obtained routinely in all patients with ACS. Cardiac markers such as troponin-I were measured using standard clinical chemistry. Laboratory upper limits of normal were 0.04 ng/mL (99<sup>th</sup> percentile) for troponin-I measured by <italic>Elecsys 2010</italic> (<italic>Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., USA)</italic> 4<sup>th</sup> generation immunoassay.</p>
        <p>Major bleeding was defined using BARC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> score types 3 and 5, and minor bleedings, types 1 and 2. Post-operative bleeding events were not considered.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Descriptive analyses of data collected included median, minimum and maximum values. Categorical variables were described as percentages. Comparisons between groups were made by ANOVA one-way and chi-square test (to categorical variables), and a <italic>p</italic> value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. If Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests confirmed a normal distribution, continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation, and were compared using Student <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples. Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> test was used to compare not normally distributed continuous variables, which were presented as median and interquartile range.</p>
        <p>Multivariate analysis was determined by logistic regression, and a <italic>p</italic> value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. The patients' baseline characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>All statistical procedures were performed using the statistical software SPSS, version 10.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The median age was 63 years, and approximately 59% of patients were male. Baseline characteristics and univariate analysis are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was observed in 18% of group I versus 24% of group II (p = 0.08) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of patients according with TSH levels.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">TSH &#8804; 4 mIU/L</th>
              <th align="center">TSH &gt; 4 mIU/L</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (mean)</td>
              <td align="center">62.5</td>
              <td align="center">66.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.86<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male (%)</td>
              <td align="center">61%</td>
              <td align="center">51%</td>
              <td align="center">0.14<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus (%)</td>
              <td align="center">39%</td>
              <td align="center">48%</td>
              <td align="center">0.38<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">80%</td>
              <td align="center">76%</td>
              <td align="center">0.49<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking habit (%)</td>
              <td align="center">40%</td>
              <td align="center">37%</td>
              <td align="center">0.72<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FH of CAD (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13%</td>
              <td align="center">10%</td>
              <td align="center">0.56<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">47%</td>
              <td align="center">48%</td>
              <td align="center">0.9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart failure (%)</td>
              <td align="center">8%</td>
              <td align="center">10%</td>
              <td align="center">0.62<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous stroke (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6%</td>
              <td align="center">15%</td>
              <td align="center">0.007<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous AMI (%)</td>
              <td align="center">38%</td>
              <td align="center">48%</td>
              <td align="center">0.14<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous CABG (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18%</td>
              <td align="center">27%</td>
              <td align="center">0.08<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous PCI (%)</td>
              <td align="center">25%</td>
              <td align="center">32%</td>
              <td align="center">0.21<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ht (%) (mean)</td>
              <td align="center">42.2</td>
              <td align="center">41.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cr (mg/dL) (mean)</td>
              <td align="center">2.18</td>
              <td align="center">2.99</td>
              <td align="center">0.51<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mm Hg) (median)</td>
              <td align="center">134.5</td>
              <td align="center">133.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.24<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#960;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EF (%) (median)</td>
              <td align="center">42.5</td>
              <td align="center">33.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.62<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#960;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Troponin (higher) (ng/dL) (mean)</td>
              <td align="center">4.68</td>
              <td align="center">7.37</td>
              <td align="center">0.52<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ASA (%)</td>
              <td align="center">99%</td>
              <td align="center">93%</td>
              <td align="center">0.12<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker (%)</td>
              <td align="center">68%</td>
              <td align="center">54%</td>
              <td align="center">0.12<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Enoxaparin (%)</td>
              <td align="center">72%</td>
              <td align="center">58%</td>
              <td align="center">0.021<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACE inhibitor (%)</td>
              <td align="center">51%</td>
              <td align="center">48%</td>
              <td align="center">0.64<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statin (%)</td>
              <td align="center">83%</td>
              <td align="center">71%</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>TSH: thyrotropin; FH: family history; CAD: coronary artery disease; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP: systolic blood pressure; Ht: hematocrit; Cr: creatinine; EF: ejection fraction; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; ACE: angiotensin-converting-enzyme;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>Q-square test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Student t test for independent samples;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#960;</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney U test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification of ACS according to TSH levels. NSTEMI: Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; TSH: thyrotropin.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0113-80019-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Multivariate analysis is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> and describes the differences between groups I and II in combined events (14.80% vs. 27.12%, respectively, OR = 3.05, p = 0.004), cardiogenic shock (4.77% vs. 6.05%, respectively, OR = 4.77, p = 0.02) and bleeding (12.09% vs. 15.25%, respectively, OR = 3.36, p = 0.012).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Results of multivariate analysis of in-hospital outcomes comparing groups I and II</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">TSH &#8804; 4 mIU/L</th>
              <th align="center">TSH &gt; 4 mIU/L</th>
              <th align="center">OR</th>
              <th align="center">95% CI</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reinfarction</td>
              <td align="center">1.3%</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">0.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.11 - 3.45</td>
              <td align="center">0.37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiogenic Shock</td>
              <td align="center">6.1%</td>
              <td align="center">13.6%</td>
              <td align="center">1.72</td>
              <td align="center">1.25 - 4.68</td>
              <td align="center">0.029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bleeding</td>
              <td align="center">6.5%</td>
              <td align="center">15.3%</td>
              <td align="center">3.36</td>
              <td align="center">1.31 - 8.65</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">0.9%</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.15 - 9.32</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality</td>
              <td align="center">3.1%</td>
              <td align="center">8.5%</td>
              <td align="center">2.32</td>
              <td align="center">0.63 - 8.48</td>
              <td align="center">0.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MACE</td>
              <td align="center">17.9%</td>
              <td align="center">37.4%</td>
              <td align="center">3.05</td>
              <td align="center">1.43 - 6.42</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>CI: confidence interval; MACE: major adverse cardiac events; TSH: thyrotropin.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The major finding of this study supports data previously published, showing that in-hospital MACE of patients with ACS were associated with higher levels of TSH. In addition, we also showed a relationship between TSH and cardiogenic shock and bleeding.</p>
      <p>There are many possible pathophysiological explanations for the uncertain relationship between worse prognosis and thyroid hormones in cardiovascular diseases. Numerous studies have focused on the impact of subclinical thyroid dysfunction on the development of cardiovascular disease, especially ACS. However, we do not know if the TSH levels are higher prior to ACS or if they become higher at the moment of ACS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Triiodothyronine functions through interactions with isoform type &#945; receptors, &#945;1 or &#945;2, and type &#946; receptors, &#946;1, &#946;2 or &#946;3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Regarding their cardiac distribution, these receptors are located both on atrial cells, as well as on ventricular cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> By binding to these receptors, thyroid hormones accelerate myosin synthesis and influence sarcoplasmic reticulum activity, movement through the ionic Ca and K channels, response of adrenergic receptors, transmembrane ion gradients, and the levels of ATP and of atrial natriuretic peptide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The effects of thyroid hormones can be categorized as genomic or non-genomic, and can structurally and functionally influence cardiovascular proteins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Acting on a receptors, triiodothyronine plays a role in the process of increasing myocardial contractility and enhancing myosin production. Acting on &#946; receptors, they influence diastolic processes and left ventricular relaxation. The main mechanism is that of reducing the high levels of cytosolic calcium during systole. On a vascular level, triiodothyronine plays an essential role in the maintenance and renewal of endothelial integrity, in peripheral arterial resistance and in modulating the arterial response to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism activation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> This hormone also controls the macrophage response to the deposition of lipids in the vascular wall.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Apart from these direct effects, thyroid hormones play an important role in the development of cardiovascular pathology by other mechanisms, such as influencing the coagulation process by controlling the levels of activated factor VII and the ratio of activated factor VII and anti-activated factor VII antibody.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Specifically, hypothyroidism reduces cardiac output, blood volume, chronotropism and inotropism, and increases systemic vascular resistance, diastolic blood pressure, vascular wall thickness and stiffness, and afterload. The increase in peripheral resistance mainly induces left ventricular systolic dysfunction and abnormal relaxation, without modification of heart rate. Changes in arterial wall elasticity are involved in the progression of atherosclerotic processes. Effects on vascular endothelial function alter blood flow, and nitric oxide plays an important role in this process. Hypothyroidism decreases glomerular filtration rate, which influences circulating cholesterol levels and favors the development of type II diabetes complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> These findings could partially justify the higher occurrence of ACS in this group of patients, and perhaps their worse prognosis. In addition, this mechanism could be associated with the development of cardiogenic shock, well described in our study.</p>
      <p>In 2005, Walsh et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> studied the relationship between thyroid hormone and cardiovascular events in 1,981 healthy individuals in Australia. In a cross-sectional study, they examined the prevalence of coronary heart disease in subjects with and without subclinical thyroid dysfunction. In a longitudinal study, they examined the risk of cardiovascular mortality and coronary heart disease events (fatal and nonfatal). Subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism (n = 119) had a significantly higher prevalence of coronary heart disease than euthyroid subjects (OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.0 - 3.1; p = 0.04). In the longitudinal analysis of subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism, 33 coronary heart disease events were observed as compared to 14.7 expected (HR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2 - 2.4; p = 0.01).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> in 2005 investigated whether thyroid hormone levels had any predictive value for mortality in patients presenting to the emergency department with AMI. Three groups of patients admitted to the emergency department within the 11-month study period: 95 patients with chest pain and diagnosed AMI; 26 patients with chest pain and no AMI; and 114 controls with no evidence of any major disease. Cardiac enzymes and thyroid hormones were analyzed and compared between groups to examine the effects of historical and demographic factors. Sixteen patients with AMI (16.8%) died within the study period. Troponin and creatine kinase M-type subunit levels were significantly higher among non-survivors as compared with survivors. Survivors in the AMI group had higher levels of triiodothyronine and total thyroxine and lower free thyroxine levels, while non-survivors in the AMI group had higher TSH and lower triiodothyronine, total thyroxine and free thyroxine levels than controls. In logistic regression, TSH levels were not significantly different between survivors and non-survivors (1.08 mIU/L vs. 1.84 mIU/L, p = 0.1). The conclusion was that triiodothyronine and lower free thyroxine appeared to be independent prognostic factors in patients with AMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In our study, we showed a trend towards higher levels of troponin and TSH. However, correlation until this moment was not significant. Differences might appear with a larger sample.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, in 2014, Him et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> retrospectively reviewed the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and AMI severity in 40 patients with STEMI, and the extent of transmural involvement was evaluated via contrast-en-hanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The high triiodothyronine group (&#8805; 68.3 ng/dL) exhibited a significantly greater transmural involvement (late transmural enhancement &gt; 75% after administration of gadolinium contrast agent) than did the low triiodothyronine group (60% vs. 15%, p = 0.003). However, a significant difference was not evident between the high- and low-TSH and free thyroxine groups. When the triiodothyronine cut-off level was set to 68.3 ng/dL using a receiver operating charac teristic curve, the sensitivity was 80% and the specificity was 68% in terms of differ entiating between those with and without transmural involvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Friberg et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> have described a possible rapid down-regulation of thyroid hormones in patients with AMI. Forty-seven consecutive euthyroid patients with AMI were studied prospectively during the first 5 days, and again 6 and 12 weeks after AMI. They observed that the thyroid system was rapidly down-regulated with maximal changes appearing 24 to 36 hours after onset of symptoms. Levels of TSH declined 51% (p &lt; 0.001) between the first 6 hours and the 24 to 36-hour period. The authors also described a strong relationship between inflammation (high levels of C-reactive protein and cytokine interleukin 6) and a greater down-regulation of the thyroid system. Alternatively, MACE were high among patients with the most pronounced TSH depression, indicating that the down-regulation observed after AMI may be maladaptive. Lower TSH levels measured at 5 days significantly correlated with mortality in one year (1.0 mIU/L vs. 1.6 mIU/L, p = 0.04, respectively, between dead and alive patients).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> This difference from our results may be because we did not assess TSH levels on the first and fifth days after ACS in our study. Our analysis of only the initial sample at hospital admission was not included in that study by Friberg et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another study has investigated whether changes in plasma thyroid hormone levels were associated with the recovery of cardiac function in patients with AMI. A total of 47 patients with AMI and early reperfusion therapy were included in this study. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography; left ventricular ejection fraction and function recovery were evaluated 48 hours and 6 months after AMI. A strong correlation was found between function recovery and total triiodothyronine levels (r = 0.64, p = 10<sup>-6</sup>) 6 months after AMI. Furthermore, multivariate regression analysis revealed that triiodothyronine at 6 months was an independent determinant of ventricular function recovery. TSH levels were not significantly different between the two groups (with and without ventricular function recovery) during the acute phase of myocardial infarction, but at 6 months, TSH levels were significantly higher in the group without recovery as compared with the group with better recovery of ventricular function (2.9 vs. 1.46, p &lt; 0.05).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A study published in 2016 assessed a prospective 3-year cohort with 2430 patients submitted to percutaneous coronary intervention with <italic>versus</italic> without hypothyroidism. The authors related a higher number of MACE (myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization) in patients with hypothyroidism or TSH &gt; 5.0 mIU/L (HR = 1.28, p = 0.0001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> These data were similar to our findings, but they evaluate long-term prognosis. However, the association with worse prognosis was the same, including the similar value of TSH described.</p>
      <p>In summary, different studies have shown a relationship between prognosis and the level of thyroid hormones in ACS. However, the best cut-off, the ideal moment to evaluate TSH levels, and the expected changes after ACS are not known. Combining our results with others from the literature, we postulate that the value of TSH on hospital admission could be helpful and that the prognosis is worse if TSH levels are high at that timepoint. In addition, including the evaluation of other thyroid hormones could be beneficial.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study showed some limitations, such as the small number of patients evaluated. In addition, we did not measure other thyroid hormones. In addition, this is a retrospective study, and the group with higher TSH levels had worse baseline characteristics, such as higher troponin levels and lower ejection fraction. However, this is an original and novel observation, and other prospective studies will be required.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In patients with ACS and TSH &gt; 4 mIU/L on hospital admission, worse prognosis was observed, with higher incidences of in-hospital MACE, cardiogenic shock and bleeding events.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the CAPPesq under the protocol number 38511114700000068. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Coronariopatia Aguda</subject>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Arrais</given-names>
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          <name>
            <surname>Vella</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lia Pitombo</given-names>
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        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Emerg&#234;ncia - InCor - HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
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        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspod&#234;ncia: Alexandre de Matos Soeiro</bold>, Rua Jo&#227;o Moura, 870, apto 192b. CEP 05412-002, Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>alexandre.soeiro@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Soeiro AM, Ara&#250;jo VA, Vella JP, Oliveira Junior MT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Soeiro AM, Ara&#250;jo VA, Vella JP, Bossa AS, Biselli B, Leal TCAT, Soeiro MCFA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Soeiro AM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Soeiro AM, Bossa AS; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Soeiro AM, Ara&#250;jo VA, Vella JP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Soeiro AM, Soeiro MCFA, Serrano Jr. CV, Mueller C, Oliveira Junior MT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estudos pequenos t&#234;m relacionado n&#237;veis mais elevados de horm&#244;nio tireoestimulante (TSH) a pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). Tal rela&#231;&#227;o, no entanto, permanece incerta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar os desfechos de pacientes com SCA, relacionando-os aos n&#237;veis de TSH medidos no setor de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo observacional incluindo 505 pacientes com SCA (446 no grupo I: TSH &#177; 4 mUI/L; 59 no grupo II: TSH &gt; 4 mUI/L) entre maio de 2010 e maio de 2014. Dados sobre comorbidades e medicamentos usados foram obtidos. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi mortalidade intra-hospitalar por todas as causas. O desfecho secund&#225;rio incluiu eventos combinados (morte, angina inst&#225;vel n&#227;o fatal ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, choque cardiog&#234;nico, sangramento e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico). A compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos foi realizada atrav&#233;s de ANOVA de uma via e teste do qui-quadrado. A an&#225;lise multivariada foi realizada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, adotando-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Diferen&#231;as significativas foram observadas entre os grupos I e II relacionadas ao uso de enoxaparina (75,2% vs. 57,63%; p = 0,02) e estatinas (84,08% vs. 71,19%; p &lt; 0,0001), acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio (5,83% vs. 15,25%; p = 0,007), eventos combinados (14,80% vs. 27,12%, OR = 3,05; p = 0,004), choque cardiog&#234;nico (4,77% vs. 6,05%, OR = 4,77; p = 0,02) e sangramento (12,09% vs. 15,25%, OR = 3,36; p = 0,012).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes com SCA e TSH &gt; 4 mUI/L &#224; admiss&#227;o hospitalar, observou-se pior progn&#243;stico associado &#224; maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos combinados intra-hospitalares, choque cardiog&#234;nico e sangramentos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Tireotropina/metabolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome do Doente Eutireoidiano</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade Hospitalar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Pacientes com doen&#231;a n&#227;o tireoidiana grave com frequ&#234;ncia apresentam dist&#250;rbios concomitantes da fun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana. Na doen&#231;a n&#227;o tireoidiana grave, incluindo infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), o sistema hormonal tireoidiano pode estar desregulado. Tal condi&#231;&#227;o pode induzir mudan&#231;as em um ou mais aspectos desse sistema, levando &#224; denominada 's&#237;ndrome do doente eutireoidiano', que representa um desafio diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico para o cl&#237;nico. O sistema cardiovascular&#8218; muito sens&#237;vel aos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos, e um amplo espectro de mudan&#231;as card&#237;acas h&#225; muito&#8218; reconhecido na disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana manifesta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O real valor do horm&#244;nio tireoestimulante (TSH) como marcador de progn&#243;stico na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) &#233; incerto. Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar os desfechos de pacientes com SCA, relacionando-os aos n&#237;veis de TSH medidos no setor de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo observacional, retrospectivo de an&#225;lise de banco de dados realizado em um centro de sa&#250;de terci&#225;rio, envolvendo 505 pacientes com SCA inclu&#237;dos entre maio de 2010 e maio de 2014. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: TSH &lt; 4 mUI/L (grupo I, n = 446) e TSH &gt; 4 mUI/L (grupo II, n = 59). Pacientes com dist&#250;rbios tireoidianos conhecidos foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram diagnosticados e tratados conforme as diretrizes das For&#231;as-Tarefas da AHA/ESC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea menos de 24 horas ap&#243;s instala&#231;&#227;o da SCA.</p>
          <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi mortalidade intra-hospitalar por todas as causas. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (ECAM), que inclu&#237;ram morte (por qualquer causa), angina inst&#225;vel n&#227;o fatal ou IAM/revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de vaso-alvo, choque cardiog&#234;nico, sangramento (maior e menor) e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico.</p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos anal&#237;ticos</title>
          <p>Os seguintes dados foram obtidos: idade, sexo, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, tabagismo, dislipidemia, hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana prematura, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio, hemat&#243;crito, creatinina, n&#237;veis de troponina mais altos, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e medicamentos usados nas primeiras 24 horas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes de acordo com os n&#237;veis de TSH</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">TSH &#8804; 4 mIU/L</th>
                  <th align="center">TSH &gt; 4 mIU/L</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (m&#233;dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,5</td>
                  <td align="center">66,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61%</td>
                  <td align="center">51%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39%</td>
                  <td align="center">48%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">80%</td>
                  <td align="center">76%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40%</td>
                  <td align="center">37%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HF de DAC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13%</td>
                  <td align="center">10%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47%</td>
                  <td align="center">48%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#710;ncia card&#237;aca (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8%</td>
                  <td align="center">10%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVE pr&#8218;vio (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6%</td>
                  <td align="center">15%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM pr&#8218;vio (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38%</td>
                  <td align="center">48%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CRM pr&#8218;via (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18%</td>
                  <td align="center">27%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ICP pr&#8218;via (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25%</td>
                  <td align="center">32%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ht (%) (m&#8218;dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,2</td>
                  <td align="center">41,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cr (mg/dL) (m&#8218;dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,18</td>
                  <td align="center">2,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS (mmHg) (mediana)</td>
                  <td align="center">134,5</td>
                  <td align="center">133,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">?</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FE (%) (mediana)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,5</td>
                  <td align="center">33,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">?</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Troponina (mais alta) (ng/dL) (m&#233;dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,68</td>
                  <td align="center">7,37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AAS (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">99%</td>
                  <td align="center">93%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Betabloqueador (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68%</td>
                  <td align="center">54%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Enoxaparina (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72%</td>
                  <td align="center">58%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inibidor da ECA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51%</td>
                  <td align="center">48%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estatina (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83%</td>
                  <td align="center">71%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>TSH: horm&#244;nio tireoestimulante; HF: hist&#243;ria familiar; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; AVE: acidente vascular encef lico; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc rdio; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; Ht: hemat&#243;crito; Cr: creatinina; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; AAS: cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; ECA: enzima conversora da angiotensina;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>teste do qui-quadrado;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>teste t de Student para amostras independentes;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>?</label>
                <p>teste U de Mann-Whitney.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Uma amostra de sangue foi colhida imediatamente ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o, antes da administra&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos (basal) e diariamente, de acordo com o protocolo da institui&#231;&#227;o. Dosou-se o TSH rotineiramente em todos os pacientes com SCA. Os marcadores card&#237;acos, como troponina-I, foram medidos com os exames bioqu&#237;micos padr&#227;o. O limite superior da normalidade foi de 0,04 ng/mL (percentil 99) para troponina-I medida pelo imunoensaio de 4&#170; gera&#231;&#227;o Elecsys 2010 (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., EUA).</p>
          <p>Utilizou-se o escore BARC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> para quantificar sangramento como se segue: tipos 3 e 5, sangramento maior; e tipos 1 e 2, sangramento menor. Sangramentos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios n&#227;o foram considerados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados colhidos incluiu mediana e valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como porcentagens. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos foram realizadas com ANOVA de uma via e teste do qui-quadrado (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas), adotando-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05. Quando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov confirmou uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#8218;dia &#241; desvio padr&#227;o, e comparadas usando-se o teste t de Student para amostras independentes. O teste U de Mann-Whitney foi usado para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal, que foram apresentadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil.</p>
          <p>Realizou-se an&#225;lise multivariada com regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, sendo um p valor &lt; 0,05 considerado significativo. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes.</p>
          <p>Todos os procedimentos estat&#237;sticos foram realizados com o programa estat&#237;stico SPSS, vers&#227;o 10.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A mediana da idade foi 63 anos, e 59% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes e a an&#225;lise univariada.</p>
        <p>Observou-se infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IMCSST) em 18% dos pacientes do grupo I vs. 24% daqueles do grupo II (p = 0,08) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda de acordo com os n&#237;veis de TSH. IMSSST: infarto do miocardio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; IMCSST: infarto do mioc rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; TSH: horm&#244;nio tireoestimulante.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0113-80019-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> mostra a an&#225;lise multivariada e descreve as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos I e II para eventos combinados (14,80% vs. 27,12%, respectivamente, OR = 3,05; p = 0,004), choque cardiog&#234;nico (4,77% vs. 6,05%, respectivamente, OR = 4,77; p = 0,02) e sangramento (12,09% vs. 15,25%, respectivamente, OR = 3,36; p = 0,012).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados da an lise multivariada dos desfechos intra hospitalares nos grupos I e II</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">TSH &#8804; 4 mIU/L</th>
                <th align="center">TSH &gt; 4 mIU/L</th>
                <th align="center">OR</th>
                <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reinfarto</td>
                <td align="center">1,3%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,11 - 3,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
                <td align="center">6,1%</td>
                <td align="center">13,6%</td>
                <td align="center">1,72</td>
                <td align="center">1,25 - 4,68</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sangramento</td>
                <td align="center">6,5%</td>
                <td align="center">15,3%</td>
                <td align="center">3,36</td>
                <td align="center">1,31 - 8,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico</td>
                <td align="center">0,9%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,15 - 9,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade</td>
                <td align="center">3,1%</td>
                <td align="center">8,5%</td>
                <td align="center">2,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 - 8,48</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ECAM</td>
                <td align="center">17,9%</td>
                <td align="center">37,4%</td>
                <td align="center">3,05</td>
                <td align="center">1,43 - 6,42</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; ECAM: eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores; TSH: horm&#244;nio tireoestimulante.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O principal achado deste estudo est&#225; de acordo com dados j&#225; publicados, mostrando que os ECAM intra-hospitalares de pacientes com SCA associaram-se a n&#237;veis de TSH mais altos. Al&#233;m disso, mostrou-se rela&#231;&#227;o entre TSH e choque cardiog&#234;nico e sangramento.</p>
        <p>Existem v&#225;rias poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas para a rela&#231;&#227;o incerta entre pior progn&#243;stico e horm&#244;nios tireoidianos nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Numerosos estudos concentraram-se no impacto da disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana subcl&#237;nica no desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a cardiovascular, especialmente SCA. Entretanto, n&#227;o se sabe se os n&#237;veis de TSH eram mais altos antes da SCA ou se aumentaram por ocasi&#227;o da SCA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A triiodotironina atua atrav&#233;s de intera&#231;&#245;es com as isoformas dos receptores &#945;, &#945;1 ou &#945;2, e dos receptores &#946;, &#946;1, &#946;2 ou &#946;3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Quanto &#224; sua distribui&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, esses receptores acham-se localizados tanto nas c&#233;lulas atriais quanto nas c&#233;lulas ventriculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Ao se ligarem a esses receptores, os horm&#244;nios tireoidianos aceleram a s&#237;ntese de miosina e influenciam a atividade do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico, o movimento atrav&#233;s dos canais de c&#225;lcio e pot&#225;ssio, a resposta dos receptores adren&#233;rgicos, os gradientes i&#244;nicos transmembrana e os n&#237;veis de ATP e de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os efeitos dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos podem ser categorizados como gen&#244;micos ou n&#227;o gen&#244;micos, podendo influenciar estruturalmente e funcionalmente as prote&#237;nas cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Ao atuar nos receptores a, a triiodotironina desempenha papel no processo de aumentar a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica e a produ&#231;&#227;o de miosina. Ao atuar nos receptores a, a influ&#234;ncia se faz nos processos diast&#243;licos e relaxamento ventricular esquerdo. O principal mecanismo &#233; a redu&#231;&#227;o dos altos n&#237;veis de c&#225;lcio citos&#243;lico durante a s&#237;stole. A n&#237;vel vascular, a triiodotironina tem papel essencial na manuten&#231;&#227;o e renova&#231;&#227;o da integridade endotelial, na resist&#234;ncia arterial perif&#233;rica e na modula&#231;&#227;o da resposta arterial &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do mecanismo renina-angiotensina-aldosterona.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Al&#233;m disso, esse horm&#244;nio controla a resposta dos macr&#243;fagos &#224; deposi&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios na parede vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Al&#233;m desses efeitos diretos, os horm&#244;nios tireoidianos t&#234;m importante papel no desenvolvimento da patologia cardiovascular por outros mecanismos, como influ&#234;ncia no processo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ao controlar os n&#237;veis do fator VII ativado e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o fator VII ativado e o anticorpo anti-fator VII ativado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Especificamente, o hipotireoidismo reduz o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, o volume sangu&#237;neo, o cronotropismo e o inotropismo, e aumenta a resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica, a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, a espessura e a rigidez da parede vascular e a p&#243;s-carga. O aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica induz principalmente disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda e relaxamento anormal, sem modificar a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. As mudan&#231;as na elasticidade da parede arterial est&#227;o envolvidas na progress&#227;o do processo ateroscler&#243;tico. Efeitos na fun&#231;&#227;o vascular endotelial alteram o fluxo sangu&#237;neo, processo em que o &#243;xido n&#237;trico tem papel importante. O hipotireoidismo diminui a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, que influencia os n&#237;veis do colesterol circulante e favorece o desenvolvimento de complica&#231;&#245;es de diabetes tipo II.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Tais achados poderiam em parte justificar a maior ocorr&#234;ncia de SCA nesse grupo de pacientes, e talvez seu pior progn&#243;stico. Al&#233;m disso, esse mecanismo poderia estar associado com o desenvolvimento de choque cardiog&#234;nico, bem descrito no nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>Em 2005, Walsh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> estudaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre horm&#244;nio tireoidiano e eventos cardiovasculares em 1981 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis na Austr&#225;lia. Em um estudo transversal, aqueles autores examinaram a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana em indiv&#237;duos com e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana subcl&#237;nica. Em um estudo longitudinal, examinaram o risco de mortalidade cardiovascular e doen&#231;a coronariana (fatal e n&#227;o fatal). Os indiv&#237;duos com hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico (n = 119) apresentaram preval&#234;ncia significativamente mais alta de doen&#231;a coronariana do que indiv&#237;duos eutireoideos (OR = 1,8; IC95%: 1,0 - 3,1; p = 0,04). Na an&#225;lise longitudinal dos indiv&#237;duos com hipotireoidismo subcl&#237;nico, observaram-se 33 eventos de doen&#231;a coronariana em compara&#231;&#227;o aos 14,7 esperados (HR = 1,7; IC95%: 1,2 - 2,4; p = 0,01).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em 2005, um outro estudo1 investigou se os n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nio tireoidiano tinham valor preditivo para mortalidade em pacientes que chegavam ao setor de emerg&#234;ncia com IAM. Tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes foram admitidos naquele setor num per&#237;odo de 11 meses: 95 pacientes com dor precordial e diagn&#243;stico de IAM; 26 pacientes com dor precordial e sem IAM; e 114 controles sem evid&#234;ncia de qualquer doen&#231;a importante. As enzimas card&#237;acas e horm&#244;nios tireoidianos foram analisados e comparados entre os grupos para avaliar os efeitos dos fatores hist&#243;ricos e demogr&#225;ficos. Durante o estudo, 16 pacientes com IAM (16,8%) morreram. Os n&#237;veis de troponina e creatina quinase tipo M eram significativamente mais altos entre aqueles que n&#227;o sobreviveram em compara&#231;&#227;o aos sobreviventes. No grupo de IAM, os sobreviventes apresentavam n&#237;veis mais altos de triiodotironina e tiroxina total e mais baixos de tiroxina livre, enquanto aqueles que n&#227;o sobreviveram tinham n&#237;veis mais altos de TSH e mais baixos de triiodotironina, tiroxina total e tiroxina livre do que os controles. Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, os n&#237;veis de TSH n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre sobreviventes e n&#227;o sobreviventes (1,08 mUI/L vs. 1,84 mUI/L, p = 0,1). Concluiu-se que triiodotironina e n&#237;veis baixos de tiroxina livre parecem ser fatores progn&#243;sticos independentes em pacientes com IAM.1 O nosso estudo mostrou uma tend&#234;ncia a n&#237;veis mais altos de troponina e TSH. Entretanto, at&#233; agora a correla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi significativa. Diferen&#231;as podem aparecer em uma amostra maior.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, em 2014, Kim et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> revisaram retrospectivamente a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nio tireoidiano e a gravidade do IAM em 40 pacientes com IMCSST, sendo a extens&#227;o do envolvimento transmural avaliada atrav&#233;s de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca com realce tardio. O grupo com n&#237;vel alto de triiodotironina (&#8805; 68,3 ng/dL) exibiu um envolvimento transmural significativamente maior (realce tardio transmural &gt; 75% ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de gadolinio) do que aquele com n&#237;vel baixo de triiodotironina (60% vs. 15%, p = 0,003). Entretanto, n&#227;o houve significativa diferen&#231;a entre os grupos com n&#237;veis altos e baixos de TSH e tiroxina livre. Ao se estabelecer o ponto de corte para triiodotironina em 68,3 ng/dL usando a curva receiver operating characteristic, a sensibilidade foi de 80% e a especificidade de 68% para diferenciar entre presen&#231;a e aus&#234;ncia de envolvimento transmural.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Friberg et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> descreveram a possibilidade de r&#225;pida diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos em pacientes com IAM. Estudaram prospectivamente 47 pacientes eutireoideos consecutivos com IAM durante os 5 primeiros dias, e novamente 6 e 12 semanas ap&#243;s o IAM. Observaram que o sistema tireoidiano rapidamente apresentava diminui&#231;&#227;o de atividade com mudan&#231;as m&#225;ximas aparecendo 24 a 36 horas ap&#243;s in&#237;cio dos sintomas. Os n&#237;veis de TSH diminu&#237;ram 51% (p &lt; 0,001) nas primeiras 6 horas e no per&#237;odo de 24 a 36 horas. Al&#233;m disso, descreveram uma forte rela&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o (n&#237;veis altos de prote&#237;na C reativa e de citocina interleucina 6) e uma maior redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade do sistema tireoidiano. Por outro lado, os ECAM foram altos nos pacientes com a mais pronunciada diminui&#231;&#227;o de TSH, indicando que a redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade observada ap&#243;s o IAM possa ser inadapta&#231;&#227;o. N&#237;veis mais baixos de TSH medidos no quinto dia apresentaram significativa correla&#231;&#227;o com a mortalidade em um ano (1,0 mUI/L vs. 1,6 mUI/L, p = 0,04, para pacientes mortos e sobreviventes respectivamente).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Tal diferen&#231;a dos nossos resultados pode dever-se ao fato de que n&#227;o avaliamos os n&#237;veis de TSH no primeiro e no quinto dias ap&#243;s SCA. Al&#233;m disso, a nossa an&#225;lise apenas da amostra inicial &#224; admiss&#227;o hospitalar n&#227;o foi realizada naquele estudo.</p>
        <p>Outro estudo investigou-se mudan&#231;as nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de horm&#244;nio tireoidiano estavam associadas com a recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com IAM. Tal estudo incluiu 47 pacientes com IAM e terapia de reperfus&#227;o precoce. A fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi avaliada com ecocardiografia; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o foram avaliadas 48 horas e 6 meses ap&#243;s IAM. Observou-se forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o e n&#237;veis totais de triiodotironina (r = 0,64, p = 10-6) 6 meses ap&#243;s IAM. Ademais, a an&#225;lise multivariada com regress&#227;o revelou ser a triiodotironina aos 6 meses um determinante independente da recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Os n&#237;veis de TSH n&#227;o diferiram significativamente entre os dois grupos (com e sem recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular) durante a fase aguda do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, mas, aos 6 meses, os n&#237;veis de TSH eram significativamente mais altos no grupo sem recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;quele com melhor recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (2.9 vs. 1.46, p &lt; 0,05).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um estudo publicado em 2016 avaliou uma coorte prospectiva de 3 anos com 2430 pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea 'com' versus 'sem' hipotireoidismo. Os autores relataram um maior n&#250;mero de ECAM (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o) nos pacientes com hipotireoidismo ou TSH &gt; 5,0 mUI/L (HR = 1,28, p = 0,0001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Tais achados foram similares aos nossos, mas avaliaram progn&#243;stico de longo prazo. Entretanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o com pior progn&#243;stico foi a mesma, incluindo n&#237;vel similar de TSH descrito.</p>
        <p>Em resumo, diferentes estudos mostraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre progn&#243;stico e o n&#237;vel dos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos na SCA. Entretanto, o melhor ponto de corte, o momento ideal para avaliar os n&#237;veis de TSH, e as mudan&#231;as esperadas ap&#243;s SCA n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidos. Ao combinar nossos resultados com outros da literatura, postulamos que o n&#237;vel de TSH na admiss&#227;o hospitalar poderia ser &#250;til e que o progn&#243;stico &#233; pior se os n&#237;veis de TSH s&#227;o altos nessa ocasi&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, incluir a avalia&#231;&#227;o de outros horm&#244;nios tireoidianos poderia auxiliar.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este estudo apresentou limita&#231;&#245;es, como o pequeno tamanho da amostra avaliada. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o medimos outros horm&#244;nios tireoidianos. Trata-se ainda de estudo retrospectivo e o grupo com os n&#237;veis mais altos de TSH apresentaram as piores caracter&#237;sticas basais, como os mais altos n&#237;veis de troponina e a mais baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, trata-se de observa&#231;&#227;o original e nova, requerendo estudos prospectivos adicionais.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em pacientes com SCA e TSH &gt; 4 mUI/L &#224; admiss&#227;o hospitalar, observou-se pior progn&#243;stico, associado &#224; maior frequ&#234;ncia de ECAM intra-hospitalares, choque cardiog&#234;nico e sangramentos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da CAPPesq sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 38511114700000068. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
