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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">D3grK5YtZ6htB9RrNdWp68G</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000200111</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180027</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Indeterminate Form of Chagas Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Sarli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Victor Sarli Issa</bold>, Rua Mato Grosso, 306, conjunto 1616-B. Postal Code 01239-040, Higien&#243;polis, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>victorissa@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>111</fpage>
      <lpage>112</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Endomyocardial Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging, Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The presence of diffuse fibrosis in the myocardial tissue is a characteristic of Chagas heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The mechanisms proposed to explain such fibrosis areas vary and include direct injury by <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> to the cardiac tissue, as well as tissue ischemia due to microcirculation changes and microvascular thrombosis mediated by inflammatory<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and immune<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> processes. The myocardial fibrosis not only reveals important aspects of the pathophysiology of the disease, but has a clinical significance,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> because its progression can lead to injury to the heart conduction system, contributing to generate arrhythmia, as well as systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction, in addition to favoring the appearance of thromboembolic phenomena from the hypokinetic or akinetic areas.</p>
    <p>This issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> presents the results of a study jointly conducted by three different centers in the city of Salvador, Bahia state, about the clinical significance of the fibrosis found in patients with Chagas disease, in both the indeterminate and heart disease (with and without left ventricular dysfunction) stages. The search for fibrosis was performed by use of late enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The authors have reported late enhancement compatible with fibrosis in 41% of the patients with the indeterminate form, a figure similar to that found in patients with heart disease without ventricular dysfunction. In addition, it is worth noting the similar findings in the other groups regarding the clinical characteristics and the levels of type B natriuretic peptide, troponin, interleukins 2, 4, 6 and 10, tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma interferon.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Previous studies have identified myocardial fibrosis in patients with Chagas disease and correlated its intensity with the severity of ventricular dysfunction and symptoms. A study of 51 patients with Chagas disease using late enhancement technique has identified images compatible with myocardial fibrosis in 20% of the 15 patients with the indeterminate form.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Similar results have been found by using other imaging techniques: a study of 40 patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease, using echocardiography and single photon emission computed tomography (<italic>gated-</italic>SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging, has detected some changes in perfusion and myocardial motion in 25% of the individuals, including perfusion defects, reduced ejection fraction and intraventricular dyssynchrony.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The finding by Rabelo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> of similar phenotypes in patients with the indeterminate form and those with heart disease (and normal left ventricular function) draws attention to the discussion on the meaning of the indeterminate form definition. This concept has been applied to patients with positive serology for <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> and neither gastrointestinal disease nor myocardial injury identified on clinical assessment, chest X-rays and electrocardiogram. However, the value of that definition has been questioned based on the current methods to assess cardiac function and morphology. One way to estimate the value of those findings is to assess the long-term outcome of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A study from 2001 of 160 patients with the indeterminate form, followed up for 98 months, and based on clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings (two-dimensional and M mode) has reported stable ejection fraction during follow-up despite the appearance of electrocardiographic changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A study with a 10-year follow-up of blood donors with positive serology for <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> has estimated the incidence of the progression to heart disease in 1.85 per 100 individuals-year, with heart disease diagnosis based on electrocardiographic and two-dimensional echocardiographic changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> However, studies assessing the long-term follow-up of patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease by using the currently available techniques for analysis of myocardial function and morphology and mortality data still lack.</p>
    <p>Finally, despite the progression over the last decades of the methods to identify the patients at higher risk or with subclinical morphological changes, the likelihood of the patients' prognostic improvement still faces the limitations of therapy, especially considering the negative results of the etiological treatment of Chagas disease's chronic forms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Those and other difficulties that persist in the management of patients with Chagas disease are a constant challenge for the doctors and researchers who cope with such a severe condition.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Forma Indeterminada da Doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Sarli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo; Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Victor Sarli Issa</bold>, Rua Mato Grosso, 306, conjunto 1616-B. CEP 01239-040, Higien&#243;polis, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>victorissa@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Miocardiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose Endomioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de &#225;reas de fibrose difusa no tecido mioc&#225;rdico &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica marcante da cardiopatia da doen&#231;a de Chagas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Os mecanismos propostos para o surgimento dessas &#225;reas de fibrose s&#227;o variados e incluem dano direto do <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> ao tecido card&#237;aco, isquemia tecidual por altera&#231;&#245;es da microcircula&#231;&#227;o e trombose microvascular mediada por processos inflamat&#243;rios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e imunol&#243;gicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A fibrose mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o somente revela aspectos importantes da fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a, mas tamb&#233;m possui significado cl&#237;nico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> j&#225; que sua progress&#227;o pode levar a les&#245;es no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, contribuir para a g&#234;nese de arritmias e para a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, bem como favorecer o surgimento de fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos a partir de &#225;reas de hipocinesia ou acinesia.</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, s&#227;o apresentados resultados de estudo realizado conjuntamente em tr&#234;s diferentes centros de Salvador, Bahia, a respeito do significado cl&#237;nico do achado de fibrose em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas, tanto na forma indeterminada como na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica (com e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda). A pesquisa de fibrose foi feita pela aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens em resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica com a t&#233;cnica de realce tardio. Os autores reportam o achado de realce tardio compat&#237;vel com fibrose em 41% dos pacientes com a forma indeterminada, valor semelhante ao encontrado em pacientes com cardiopatia sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Como importante achado adicional, foram tamb&#233;m semelhantes entre os grupos outras vari&#225;veis, como as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, n&#237;vel de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B, troponina, interleucinas 2, 4, 6 e 10, fator de necrose tumoral alfa e interferon gama.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
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      <p>Estudos anteriores tamb&#233;m identificaram fibrose mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas e correlacionaram sua intensidade com o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e de sintomas. Uma an&#225;lise de 51 pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas com t&#233;cnica de realce tardio encontrou imagens compat&#237;veis com fibrose mioc&#225;rdica em 20% dos 15 portadores da forma indeterminada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Achados semelhantes foram encontrados tamb&#233;m por outras t&#233;cnicas de imagem: estudo com 40 pacientes com a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a utilizou a tomografia computadorizada associada a cintilografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons (<italic>gated</italic>-SPECT) e detectou algumas altera&#231;&#245;es na perfus&#227;o e contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica em 25% dos indiv&#237;duos, incluindo defeitos de perfus&#227;o, redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e dissincronia intraventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
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      <p>&#201; de se notar que o achado de fen&#243;tipo semelhante entre os pacientes com a forma indeterminada e aqueles com cardiopatia (e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal) reportado por Rabelo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> traz &#224; tona discuss&#227;o sobre o significado da defini&#231;&#227;o da forma indeterminada. Esse conceito tem sido aplicado a pacientes com sorologia positiva para o <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> e aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a no trato gastrointestinal ou de dano mioc&#225;rdico pela avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, radiografia de t&#243;rax e eletrocardiograma. Entretanto, o valor dessa defini&#231;&#227;o tem sido questionado frente aos m&#233;todos atuais de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o e morfologia card&#237;acas. Uma forma para se estimar o valor desses achados pode advir da an&#225;lise da evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes no longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Nesse sentido, o estudo do ano 2001 com 160 pacientes com a forma indeterminada, seguidos por 98 meses, e baseado em dados cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (estudo bidimensional em modo M) encontrou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel no seguimento apesar do surgimento de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Um estudo com seguimento de 10 anos de doadores de sangue com sorologia positiva para <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> estimou incid&#234;ncia de progress&#227;o para cardiopatia em 1,85 casos por 100 pessoas-ano; tamb&#233;m aqui, o diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatia esteve restrito a altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e de ecocardiografia bidimensional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> N&#227;o est&#227;o ainda dispon&#237;veis, entretanto, estudos que tenham analisado o seguimento de longo prazo de pacientes com a forma indeterminada da doen&#231;a de Chagas &#224; luz das t&#233;cnicas correntemente dispon&#237;veis para a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o e morfologia mioc&#225;rdicas e com dados a respeito de mortalidade.</p>
      <p>Por fim, ainda que os m&#233;todos para identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de maior risco ou com altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas subcl&#237;nicas tenham progredido ao longo das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, a possibilidade de melhora do progn&#243;stico dos pacientes ainda esbarra nas limita&#231;&#245;es da terapia, em especial, em face dos resultados negativos a respeito do tratamento etiol&#243;gico das formas cr&#244;nicas da doen&#231;a de Chagas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Essas e outras dificuldades que persistem no manejo de pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas s&#227;o est&#237;mulo constante para m&#233;dicos e pesquisadores que lidam com t&#227;o grave afec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
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