<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6XDGSc4YY4NjMKfdBhQDYgs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000200109</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180030</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Low-Flow Low-Gradient and Low-Ejection Fraction Aortic Stenosis and Projected Aortic Valve Area Calculation: So Important but so Complicated. Let us Just Keep it Simple!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FMUSP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da USP; InCor-HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Wilson Mathias Junior</bold>, Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>wmathias@me.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>109</fpage>
      <lpage>110</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiogrphy, Stress / methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Low-flow low-gradient aortic stenosis with low ejection fraction is still one of the main challenges not only for echocardiography but to cardiology itself. It is the very late stage of aortic stenosis that portends very poor prognosis with medical treatment, in addition to a very high operative mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In subjects with that condition, dobutamine stress echocardiography is of paramount importance to stratify aortic stenosis status (real aortic stenosis vs pseudo aortic stenosis) and to predict surgical mortality by the evaluation of the left ventricular contractile reserve status.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>To better differentiate both parameters, the sole use of the variation of the absolute values of aortic valve area and flow through the outflow tract carries major problems due to load conditions, previous use of medication, such as betablockers, and submaximal stress. All of these limitations may impede the detection of maximal cardiac output, a marker of contractile reserve and, therefore, may underestimate the aortic valve area.</p>
    <p>In this regard, the use of the projected aortic valve area tends to correct these limitations and helps us to better predict the patients who tend to get the best benefit from surgery and those who would be less harmed using medical management. Unfortunately, the current formula proposed initially by Blais et al. is cumbersome and of difficult use in clinical practice, especially in high volume centers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Despite the fact that the current equation was already simplified,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> the calculation of flow, in addition to burdensome, may induce to additional errors, because it involves many parameters, such as left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) diameter and ejection time, and LVOT velocity time integral.</p>
    <p>In this regard we welcome the work by Ferreira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> in this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>. By using the simplified flow rate calculation (bellow), they could reach a very high concordance with the classical approach. They found that, on average, the alternative method overestimated the projected aortic valve area in 0.037 cm<sup>2</sup> when comparing to the classic method (95% CI: 0.004-0.066), a variation that is clearly not clinically significant, because this error is lower than 0.1 cm<sup>2</sup>. Their work is not final though, because their findings are mainly based on the analysis of nine patients.</p>
    <p>Therefore, when studying a patient with low-flow, low-gradient and low-ejection fraction aortic stenosis, one should always keep in mind the formulas and the explanatory diagram below, to better stratify this very difficult group of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Here is a situation where a carefully performed study may make a difference between life and death. It should be performed by all in all studies! So, let us just keep it simple!</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Alternative flow calculation formula:</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Q_alternative = AST <sub>LVOT</sub> &#215; (Vmean <sub>LVOT</sub> &#215; 100)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>where Q is flow in mL/s, AST<sub>LVOT</sub> is the sectional transverse area of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) in cm<sup>2</sup>, and Vmean<sub>LVOT</sub> is the mean blood flow velocity by pulsed wave Doppler at the LVOT level during left ventricular ejection, being expressed in m/s.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Alternative valve area calculation formula:</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>AVAproj = AVArest + (AVApeak - AVArest / Qpeak - Qrest) &#215; (250 - Qrest)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>where AVArest is the aortic valve area measured by the continuity equation at rest in cm<sup>2</sup>, AVApeak is the aortic valve area measured by the continuity equation at peak dobutamine infusion in cm<sup>2</sup>, Q<sub>rest</sub> is the alternative measurement of flow at rest expressed in mL/s, and Q<sub>peak</sub> is the alternative measurement of flow at peak dobutamine infusion expressed in mL/s.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Alternative flow calculation formula where: Q<sub>alternative</sub> is flow in mL/s, AST<sub>LVOT</sub> is the sectional transverse area of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) in cm<sup>2</sup>, and Vmean<sub>LVOT</sub> is the mean blood flow velocity by pulsed wave Doppler at the LVOT level during left ventricular ejection, being expressed in m/s.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0109-80030-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Alternative valve area calculation formula where: AVArest is the aortic valve area measured by the continuity equation at rest in cm<sup>2</sup>, AVApeak is the aortic valve area measured by the continuity equation at peak dobutamine infusion in cm<sup>2</sup>, Q<sub>rest</sub> is the alternative measurement of flow at rest expressed in mL/s, and Q<sub>peak</sub> is the alternative measurement of flow at peak dobutamine infusion expressed in mL/s.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0109-80030-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Monin JL, Quere JP, Monchi M, Petit H, Baleynaud S, Chauvel C, et al. Low-gradient aortic stenosis: operative risk stratification and predictors for long-term outcome: a multicenter study using dobutamine stress hemodynamics. Circulation. 2003;108(3):319-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Monin</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quere</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monchi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petit</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baleynaud</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chauvel</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Low-gradient aortic stenosis: operative risk stratification and predictors for long-term outcome: a multicenter study using dobutamine stress hemodynamics</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>319</fpage>
          <lpage>324</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Quere JP, Monin JL, Levy F, Petit H, Baleynaud S, Chauvel C, et al. Influence of preoperative left ventricular contractile reserve on postoperative ejection fraction in low-gradient aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2006;113(14):1738-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Quere</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monin</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petit</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baleynaud</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chauvel</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of preoperative left ventricular contractile reserve on postoperative ejection fraction in low-gradient aortic stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1738</fpage>
          <lpage>1744</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Clavel MA, Fuchs C, Burwash IG, Mundigler G, Dumesnit JG, Baumgartner H, et al. Predictors of outcomes in low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis: results of the multicenter TOPAS Study. Circulation. 2008;118(14 Suppl):S234-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Clavel</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fuchs</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burwash</surname>
              <given-names>IG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mundigler</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dumesnit</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumgartner</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictors of outcomes in low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis: results of the multicenter TOPAS Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>14 Suppl</issue>
          <fpage>S234</fpage>
          <lpage>S242</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Blais C, Burwash IG, Mundigler G, Dumesnil JG, Loho N, Rader F, et al. Projected valve area at normal flow rate improves the assessment of stenosis severity in patients with low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis: the multicenter TOPAS (Truly or Pseudo-Severe Aortic Stenosis) study. Circulation. 2006;113(5):711-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Blais</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burwash</surname>
              <given-names>IG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mundigler</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dumesnil</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loho</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rader</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Projected valve area at normal flow rate improves the assessment of stenosis severity in patients with low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis: the multicenter TOPAS (Truly or Pseudo-Severe Aortic Stenosis) study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>711</fpage>
          <lpage>721</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Clavel MA, Burwash IG, Mundigler G, Dumesnil JG, Baumgartner H, Bergler-Klein J, et al. Validation of conventional and simplified methods to calculate projected valve area at normal flow rate in patients with low flow, low gradient aortic stenosis: the multicenter TOPAS (True or Pseudo Severe Aortic Stenosis) Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(4):380-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Clavel</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burwash</surname>
              <given-names>IG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mundigler</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dumesnil</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumgartner</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergler-Klein</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Validation of conventional and simplified methods to calculate projected valve area at normal flow rate in patients with low flow, low gradient aortic stenosis: the multicenter TOPAS (True or Pseudo Severe Aortic Stenosis) Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>380</fpage>
          <lpage>386</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Ferreira JS, Ferreira NM, Martins SM, et al. An alternative method to calculate simplified projected aortic valve area at normal flow rate. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018; 110(2):132-139.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>An alternative method to calculate simplified projected aortic valve area at normal flow rate</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>132</fpage>
          <lpage>139</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Tribouilloy C, Levy F, Rusinaru D, Gueret P, Petit-Eisenmann H, Baleynaud S, et al. Outcome after aortic valve replacement for low-flow/low-gradient aortic stenosis without contractile reserve on dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(20):1865-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tribouilloy</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rusinaru</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gueret</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petit-Eisenmann</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baleynaud</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Outcome after aortic valve replacement for low-flow/low-gradient aortic stenosis without contractile reserve on dobutamine stress echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>1865</fpage>
          <lpage>1873</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estenose A&#243;rtica com Baixos Gradiente, Fluxo e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o e C&#225;lculo da &#193;rea da V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica Projetada: T&#227;o Importante, mas T&#227;o Complicado. Vamos Simplesmente Mant&#234;-la Simples!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da USP; InCor-HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Wilson Mathias Junior</bold>, Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>wmathias@me.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Estenose A&#243;rtica / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse / m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A estenose a&#243;rtica com baixos fluxo, gradiente e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ainda &#233; um dos principais desafios n&#227;o s&#243; para a ecocardiografia, mas tamb&#233;m para a pr&#243;pria cardiologia. &#201; um est&#225;gio muito tardio de estenose a&#243;rtica que apresenta um progn&#243;stico muito pobre com tratamento m&#233;dico, al&#233;m de mortalidade cir&#250;rgica extremamente elevada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Nesses casos, o ecocardiograma sob estresse pela dobutamina &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia para confirmar a presen&#231;a de estenose a&#243;rtica grave ou pseudo-estenose a&#243;rtica (estenose a&#243;rtica moderada) e prever a mortalidade cir&#250;rgica pela avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado da reserva contr&#225;til do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Para diferenciar melhor os dois par&#226;metros, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o dos valores absolutos da &#225;rea da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica e do fluxo atrav&#233;s do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo traz grandes problemas devido a condi&#231;&#245;es de carga, uso pr&#233;vio de medica&#231;&#227;o, como betabloqueadores, e estresse subm&#225;ximo. Todas essas limita&#231;&#245;es podem impedir a detec&#231;&#227;o de d&#233;bito card&#237;aco m&#225;ximo, marcador de reserva contr&#225;til, e subestimar a &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica.</p>
      <p>O uso da &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica projetada tende a corrigir essas limita&#231;&#245;es e nos ajuda a prever melhor os pacientes que tendem a obter melhor benef&#237;cio a partir da cirurgia e aqueles que seriam menos prejudicados usando o tratamento cl&#237;nico. Infelizmente, a f&#243;rmula atual proposta inicialmente por Blais et al. &#233; complicada e de dif&#237;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, em especial em centros de alto volume.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Apesar de j&#225; ter sido simplificado,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> o c&#225;lculo do fluxo, al&#233;m de dif&#237;cil, pode induzir erros adicionais, pois envolve muitos par&#226;metros, como di&#226;metro da via de sa&#237;da, tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o e integral de velocidade Doppler da via de sa&#237;da.</p>
      <p>Nesse sentido, agradecemos o trabalho de Ferreira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> . Pelo c&#225;lculo da taxa de fluxo simplificado (abaixo), pode-se chegar a uma concord&#226;ncia muito alta com a abordagem cl&#225;ssica. Descobriram que, em m&#233;dia, o m&#233;todo alternativo superestimou a &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica projetada em 0,037 cm<sup>2</sup> quando comparado ao m&#233;todo cl&#225;ssico (IC95%: 0,004-0,066), uma varia&#231;&#227;o claramente sem signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, pois esse erro est&#225; abaixo de 0,1 cm<sup>2</sup>. Seu trabalho ainda n&#227;o &#233; definitivo, uma vez que suas descobertas s&#227;o principalmente baseadas em uma an&#225;lise de nove pacientes apenas, devendo-se incentivar outros estudos com maior amostra.</p>
      <p>Portanto, ao avaliar pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica com baixos fluxo, gradiente e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, devem-se sempre ter em mente as f&#243;rmulas e o diagrama explicativo abaixo, a fim de melhor estratificar esse grupo de pacientes extremamente complexos e graves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Aqui est&#225; uma situa&#231;&#227;o em que um estudo cuidadosamente realizado pode fazer a diferen&#231;a entre a vida e a morte. Essa an&#225;lise deve ser feita por todos em todos os estudos. Assim, vamos simplesmente mant&#234;-la simples!</p>
      <p>
        <bold>F&#243;rmula alternativa para o c&#225;lculo do fluxo:</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Q_alternativo = AST <sub>vsve</sub> &#215; (Vm <sub>vsve</sub> &#215; 100)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Onde: Q &#233; fluxo expresso em ml/s, AST<sub>vsve</sub> &#233; a &#225;rea seccional transversa da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE) expressa em cm<sup>2</sup>, e Vm<sub>vsve</sub> &#233; a velocidade m&#233;dia do fluxo sangu&#237;neo medida por Doppler puls&#225;til ao n&#237;vel da VSVE durante a eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sendo expressa em m/s.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>F&#243;rmula alternativa para o c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea:</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>AVAproj = AVA<sub>basal</sub> + (AVA<sub>pico</sub> - AVA<sub>basal</sub> / Q<sub>pico</sub> - Q<sub>basal</sub>) &#215; (250 - Q<sub>basal</sub>)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Onde: AVA<sub>basal</sub> &#233; a &#225;rea da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica medida pela equa&#231;&#227;o de continuidade em repouso em cm<sup>2</sup>, AVA<sub>pico</sub> &#233; a &#225;rea da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica medida pela equa&#231;&#227;o de continuidade no pico de infus&#227;o de dobutamina dada em cm<sup>2</sup>, Q<sub>basal</sub> &#233; a medida alternativa de fluxo em repouso expresso em ml/s e Q<sub>pico</sub> &#233; a medida alternativa de fluxo no pico da perfus&#227;o de dobutamina tamb&#233;m expresso em ml/s.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>F&#243;rmula alternativa de c&#225;lculo de fluxo onde: Q &#233; fluxo expresso em ml/s, AST<sub>vsve</sub> &#233; a &#225;rea seccional transversa da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE) expressa em cm<sup>2</sup> e Vm<sub>vsve</sub> &#233; a velocidade m&#233;dia de fluxo sangu&#237;neo por Doppler puls&#225;til no n&#237;vel da VSVE durante a eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sendo expressa em m/s.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0109-80030-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>F&#243;rmula alternativa de c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica onde: AVA<sub>basal</sub> &#233; a &#225;rea da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica medida pela equa&#231;&#227;o de continuidade em repouso dada em cm<sup>2</sup>, AVA<sub>pico</sub> &#233; a &#225;rea da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica medida pela equa&#231;&#227;o de continuidade na infus&#227;o de pico de dobutamina dada em cm<sup>2</sup>, Q<sub>basal</sub> &#233; a medida alternativa de fluxo em repouso expresso em ml/s e Q<sub>pico</sub> &#233; a medida alternativa de fluxo na perfus&#227;o de pico de dobutamina, expresso em ml/s.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-02-0109-80030-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
