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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">h4RwKhxh6XtGtPn6jbwFfnn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000200106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180032</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>What are the Characteristics of an Excellent Review of Scientific Articles?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP (InCor - HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP. - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCOR), S&#227;o Paulo, SP. - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ. - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</bold>, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - InCor - Setor de Resson&#226;ncia e Tomografia Cardiovascular Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 Andar AB. Postal Code 05403-000, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>rochitte@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>106</fpage>
      <lpage>108</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Authorship and Co-Authorship in Scientific Publications</kwd>
        <kwd>Scientific and Technical Publications</kwd>
        <kwd>Peer Review</kwd>
        <kwd>Peer Review, Research</kwd>
        <kwd>Journal Impact Factor</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The selection by a scientific journal's editor-in-chief and associate editors of a manuscript for publishing is mainly, although not exclusively, based on the opinion of the manuscript's reviewers. This process is known as peer review and consists on the manuscript's assessment by experts in the area, who judge the scientific merit of the manuscript submitted to the journal. This process is expected to accept the better science for publishing, while refusing that of lower merit. Other standards and rules followed by editors of international journals contribute to improve the scientific quality of the journals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> One of the most important contributions of peer review is the refinement of the manuscript regarding its clarity and content. To optimize the reviewer's contribution in this process, understanding the characteristics involved is necessary. </p>
    <p>In the peer-review system, it is crucial that the reviewer's scientific opinion be transmitted to the editors in a clear and focused way regarding the essential aspects for decision making. This information is conveyed through writing by the reviewer in the review system of a given journal. Dealing with online article submission and review systems is challenging, and most of such systems are neither intuitive nor easy to use. However, this editorial will not focus on such difficulties, which can usually be overcome with the support of assistant editors and an efficient editorial office, which we fortunately have for the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) journals: the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> and the <italic>International Journal of Cardiovascular Science</italic>. We will address the specific topics that should be clearly indicated by the reviewers to allow the editors to make their best decision possible. In addition to local specific suggestions that the SBC journals' editors consider important, we add recommendations of other editors for an excellent-quality review.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>An excellent review requires time and effort of the reviewer, in addition to a non-trivial work of checking the literature in the manuscript's specific area. That time tends to decrease as the reviewer gains more experience, but, on average, it ranges from 2 to 3 hours. The reviewer is rewarded with the knowledge and updated view of the specific area, in addition to the possibility of influencing the text that will be read by the scientific cardiovascular community. An excellent review will play a crucial role in the manuscript's acceptance or rejection, as well as significantly improve the manuscript's quality. It is a great opportunity for the reviewer not only to participate in the dissemination of innovation and new knowledge, but to directly influence it, in addition to being aware, prior to other colleagues, of the innovations that are in the pipeline, that is, in the publishing process. Usually, our reviewers are chosen based on their capability and technical knowledge in cardiovascular science and their history of publishing in that specific field, which make them highly trained in article editing, often qualifying them as excellent reviewers. However, the process of article selection usually requires specific responses focused in certain aspects of the manuscript that can pass unnoticed by the reviewer. In addition, different journals can differ in the way reviewers and editors communicate. Many reviewers never receive any formal guidance on what editors consider essential in reviews. This document will provide the reviewers with the information the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> and <italic>International Journal of Cardiovascular Science</italic> editors would like to find in an excellent review for their journals.</p>
    <p>The scientific reviewers are invited to represent the journals in selecting articles of high scientific quality for publishing. The reviewers should protect our journals from articles with evident flaws or with methodological errors, inappropriate analysis or conclusions. In that aspect, the reviewers act as judges. In addition, they are expected to act as consultants to the authors to improve the article. Another characteristic of the process is that almost all articles that undergo peer review, whether accepted or not for publishing, end up improved.</p>
    <p>Many reviews begin with a short summary of the manuscript. Although the editors have already read the manuscript, this summary provides them with the perspective of the reviewer, an expert in the area. Thus, the manuscript's summary, although not mandatory, is extremely useful for the editors and highly recommendable.</p>
    <p>The essence of a review is the manuscript's assessment and how it will serve the scientific process. The reviewer should ask himself the following questions: Is there a rationale for the study's objectives? How important is the hypothesis being tested? The term 'important' here can have several meanings, depending on the subjective view of each reviewer, but a point considered critical is whether the hypothesis is original and has not been tested before in the literature. The famous gap in the literature is what we search in a manuscript to justify its publication. Metaphorically speaking, we look for a hole in the cardiovascular science wall to put a brick in it. Or, more directly speaking: Is it new? Is it true? Does anybody care about it? Or: Is the manuscript original, precise, valid and relevant?</p>
    <p>Continuing with the technical questions on the manuscript being reviewed, reviewers should ask: Are the methods for data collection and analysis appropriate and accurate? Are the results significant for the area? Can the conclusions be supported by the results? We suggest such questions be divided into two types: general and specific comments. The general comments are the most important ones and should comprise the manuscript's positive and negative general aspects. For example, if there is an important methodological flaw or if the sample size is insufficient, or if originality is a strength. Those aspects should be part of the general comments. The specific comments comprise grammar or sentence corrections and suggestions of change in tables and figures, which are formal aspects to be fixed, and the reviewer should indicate their respective page and paragraph.</p>
    <p>It is worth noting how frequent such data lack in the reviewer's comments, leaving the interpretation for the editors. Would that lack of information indicate that the article is suitable for publication?</p>
    <p>The best reviews compare the manuscript with the current literature in the specific area, in addition to providing the references that support the reviewer's opinions, especially regarding the manuscript's originality. Quite often, editors must judge a manuscript based on different opinions from different reviewers. Very likely, the opinion supported by the literature will prevail.</p>
    <p>A common mistake in our editing management system is when reviewers repeat the comments to authors in the space reserved for comments to editors. This space is intended for confidential comments, where reviewers are free to justify directly why they accept or reject the manuscript, or even suggest its rejection or acceptance, justifying their decision. In that same space, reviewers can comment if the manuscript is suitable for our audience. Although this is a fundamental task of editors, the reviewer's opinion will be considered, and often the editors will follow the reviewer's opinion.</p>
    <p>It is worth noting and emphasizing that, in the 'comments to authors' section, reviewers should never state whether the manuscript would or would not be accepted. The authors should only receive comments on specific scientific merits and suggestions for improvement. Nevertheless, despite the determinant role of the review in the fate of the manuscript, the final decision of acceptance or refusal is up to the editors, and, eventually, to the editor-in-chief. </p>
    <p>It is worth noting the practical fact that the review is undoubtedly a very individual process, to which there is no formal training, and, similarly to medicine, an art. Thus, the result of the scientific review is necessarily a mix of scientific merit and the reviewer's opinion. From the editors' viewpoint, reviewers must acknowledge that our journals, whose best impact factor is 1.18, will receive manuscripts with scientific limitations inherent in any submission, but possibly more evident in our cases. In this context, the reviewer should decide whether the manuscript, despite its limitations, deserves to be published or not, and communicate that clearly to the editors, in the 'confidential comments to editors' space. Excessive rigidity is not recommended at that point. Assess and reflect. Be neither aggressive nor rude. Be technical. Remember the large amount of effort the colleagues put into the task, from the project elaboration to the manuscript's final writing. In the next step, the reviewer should act as a consultant to authors, clearly indicating which changes should be made to provide the manuscript with quality for publishing.</p>
    <p>Finally, be concise. Short and objective texts, and even a list of items of the changes suggested, are sufficient. Do not exceed one page of text with single line spacing. We do not recommend long reviews with endless lists of changes. Even the specific comments on shape and grammar, if frequent in the manuscript, can be summarized as only one suggestion of extensive grammar review. Our journals can use writing consultants in English and Portuguese. The same is valid for the statistical analysis, for which we count on a statistical appraiser and consultant for all manuscripts submitted.</p>
    <p>The review of scientific articles and reviewers are extremely important for the scientific community in general and for the existence of the journals. Despite the increasing trend towards previous publishing in repositories prior to peer review to accelerate the dissemination of the results, peer review is fundamental for the reliability of an article in the scientific community. Thus, the review of scientific manuscripts is a huge responsibility of inestimable value, which leads editors to keep in mind the names of the high-quality reviewers. To confirm that value, we will go beyond the prizes for the most punctual reviewer, enhancing the awards and recognition in our scientific community for reviewers who perform best. Wait and see!</p>
    <p>The following table summarizes our recommendations for reviewers.</p>
    <p>We hope to have contributed to foster an efficient dialogue between reviewers and editors in the coming years, in addition to yielding an increasingly suitable selection of articles for publishing in our journals.</p>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
        <colgroup>
          <col width="20%"/>
          <col width="80%"/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead>
          <tr>
            <th align="left" colspan="2">RECOMMENDATION FOR SCIENTIFIC REVIEWERS</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">
              <bold>STRUCTURE OF THE REVIEW</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">
              <bold>COMMENTS TO AUTHORS</bold>
            </td>
            <td align="left">
						</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">1. Manuscript summary from the reviewer's perspective</td>
            <td align="left">How the reviewer "sees" the article. Describe in your own words the objectives, methods and important findings. How does the article compare in the literature?</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">2. General comments</td>
            <td align="left"><bold>These are the most important comments that support and justify acceptance or refusal</bold>. In this section of comments to authors, never state your opinion on whether the manuscript should or should not be accepted, not even the possibility of acceptance or rejection.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">2.1. Originality</td>
            <td align="left">Assess originality and make a quick literature search in the topic and authors. Assess what has been published. This is the most common reason for refusal.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">2.2 Validity</td>
            <td align="left">Check if the data are valid: sample, appropriate data collection and analysis, sound statistics. Avoid asking for more cases or analysis, unless it is possible. Are the results valid for other populations?</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">2.3 Relevance</td>
            <td align="left">State your opinion on whether the study is relevant and why. What is the importance of the findings in the specific area? How does the study suit the needs of our journals' readers?</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">2.4 Extras</td>
            <td align="left">Comment on other strengths (well written, significant sample size), weaknesses (inappropriate methodology, unreliable data analysis), severe mistakes or very important limitations, extension of the manuscript and its parts (appropriate, too short, too long).</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">3. Specific comments</td>
            <td align="left">List punctual formal and grammar mistakes, meaningless sentences, correction of tables and figures, specific questions about certain points (how participants were selected, ask more details about the methodology, ask for specific statistic methods, express doubts about data collection and analysis, and how measurements were taken). Check the references (if they correspond to the text where they are indicated and if they are in the correct order), at least some randomly. But do not exceed in detail here. What matters most is your opinion about the manuscript in the 'general comments' space.</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td align="left">CONFIDENTIAL COMMENTS TO EDITORS</td>
            <td align="left">Very important section. Do not skip it. Give your honest opinion on the manuscript. Here the reviewer can directly state to the editors his opinion on whether the manuscript should be accepted or refused. Be technical, but be aware that the manuscripts submitted to our journals usually have limitations. Avoid extreme rigidity! In your opinion, is publishing the article a priority? If approved, should there be an editorial about the article? State whether the manuscript requires minor, major or more extensive reviews. In case of rejection, can the manuscript be resubmitted after being fully rewritten (de novo submission)? Acceptance without any review is rare, but, if that is the case, justify!</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Alfonso F, Adamyan K, Artigou JY, Aschermann M, Boehm M, Buendia A, et al. Data sharing: a new editorial initiative of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Implications for the Editors Network. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;108(5):390-395.</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>Alfonso</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adamyan</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Artigou</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aschermann</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boehm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buendia</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Data sharing: a new editorial initiative of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Implications for the Editors Network</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>390</fpage>
          <lpage>395</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 DeMaria AN. What constitutes a great review? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(7):1314-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>DeMaria</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>What constitutes a great review?</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>1314</fpage>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Allen LA, Ho PM. Peer review of a manuscript submission: a how-to guide for effective and efficient commentary. Circ Heart Fail. 2017;10(12):pii: e004766.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ho</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Peer review of a manuscript submission: a how-to guide for effective and efficient commentary</article-title>
          <source>Circ Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <elocation-id>e004766</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Quais as Caracter&#237;sticas de uma Excelente Revis&#227;o de Artigos Cient&#237;ficos?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP (InCor - HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (HCOR), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Eduardo Rochitte</bold>, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - InCor - Setor de Resson&#226;ncia e Tomografia Cardiovascular Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 Andar AB. CEP 05403-000, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rochitte@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Autoria e Coautoria na Publica&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Publica&#231;&#245;es Cient&#237;ficas eT&#233;cnicas</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o por Pares</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o da Pesquisa por Pares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fator de Impacto das Revistas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O trabalho do editor-chefe e editores associados de um peri&#243;dico cient&#237;fico em selecionar os artigos com m&#233;rito para publica&#231;&#227;o &#233; baseado fundamentalmente, mas n&#227;o exclusivamente, na opini&#227;o dos revisores do artigo. Esse sistema &#233; conhecido como <italic>peer review</italic>, ou revis&#227;o pelos pares, onde &#233; solicitado a especialistas da &#225;rea que julguem o m&#233;rito cient&#237;fico de um artigo submetido ao peri&#243;dico. Espera-se que atrav&#233;s desse processo a melhor ci&#234;ncia seja aceita para publica&#231;&#227;o e a de menor m&#233;rito seja recusada. Outras normas e regras tamb&#233;m seguidas por editores de peri&#243;dicos internacionalmente contribuem para a melhora da qualidade cient&#237;fica dos peri&#243;dicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Uma das mais importantes contribui&#231;&#245;es da revis&#227;o por pares &#233; a melhora do artigo, tanto na sua clareza como no seu conte&#250;do. Para que a contribui&#231;&#227;o do revisor seja otimizada nesse processo &#233; necess&#225;rio um entendimento das caracter&#237;sticas envolvidas.</p>
      <p>No sistema <italic>peer review</italic>, &#233; crucial que a opini&#227;o cient&#237;fica dos revisores seja transmitida aos editores de forma clara e focada em aspectos essenciais para a tomada de decis&#227;o. Essa transmiss&#227;o de informa&#231;&#227;o se d&#225; atrav&#233;s da revis&#227;o escrita pelos revisores e colocada no sistema de revis&#227;o de determinado peri&#243;dico. Existem sem d&#250;vida desafios em lidar com sistemas de submiss&#227;o e revis&#227;o de artigos <italic>online</italic>, sendo a maioria deles n&#227;o intuitiva e dif&#237;cil de utilizar. Mas, neste editorial, n&#227;o vamos focar nessas dificuldades, que, em geral, podem ser suplantadas pelo aux&#237;lio de assistentes editoriais e uma secretaria editorial eficiente, o que felizmente temos para os peri&#243;dicos da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), os <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> e o <italic>International Journal of Cardiovascular Science</italic>. Focaremos nos t&#243;picos espec&#237;ficos que devem ser indicados pelos revisores de forma clara para que os editores possam tomar a melhor decis&#227;o poss&#237;vel. Al&#233;m de sugest&#245;es espec&#237;ficas locais que os editores dos peri&#243;dicos da SBC entendem como importantes para os nossos peri&#243;dicos, adicionamos recomenda&#231;&#245;es que v&#234;m sendo consideradas por outros editores como importantes em uma revis&#227;o de excelente qualidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Uma excelente revis&#227;o requer tempo e esfor&#231;o do revisor e um trabalho n&#227;o trivial de checar a literatura na &#225;rea espec&#237;fica do manuscrito sendo revisado. Esse tempo tende a diminuir com a maior experi&#234;ncia do revisor, mas, em m&#233;dia, deve variar de 2 a 3 horas. A recompensa para o revisor vem do aprendizado e vis&#227;o atualizada da &#225;rea espec&#237;fica, al&#233;m de influenciar no texto que ser&#225; lido pela comunidade cient&#237;fica cardiovascular. Uma excelente revis&#227;o ter&#225; papel crucial na aceita&#231;&#227;o ou rejei&#231;&#227;o do artigo, mas, al&#233;m disso, poder&#225; melhorar a qualidade do manuscrito significativamente. &#201; uma grande oportunidade de o revisor participar e influenciar diretamente na dissemina&#231;&#227;o da inova&#231;&#227;o e de novos conhecimentos, al&#233;m de manter o especialista ciente, mesmo antes dos outros colegas, das inova&#231;&#245;es que est&#227;o no <italic>pipeline</italic>, isto &#233;, ainda no processo de publica&#231;&#227;o. Normalmente, os revisores s&#227;o escolhidos por sua capacidade e conhecimento t&#233;cnico em &#225;rea espec&#237;fica da ci&#234;ncia cardiovascular e sua hist&#243;ria de publica&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea, o que os coloca como altamente treinados na prepara&#231;&#227;o de artigos. Quase sempre isso por si s&#243; os qualifica como excelentes revisores. No entanto, o processo de sele&#231;&#227;o de artigos requer em geral respostas espec&#237;ficas e focadas em determinados aspectos do manuscrito que podem passar desapercebidos ao revisor. Al&#233;m disso, em diferentes peri&#243;dicos, pode haver diferen&#231;as na forma como o di&#225;logo entre revisor e editores acontece. Ainda em tempo, muitos revisores nunca receberam algum guia formal para saber o que os editores consideram essencial nas revis&#245;es. Neste documento vamos procurar alinhar para os revisores as informa&#231;&#245;es que os editores dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> e do <italic>International Journal of Cardiovascular Science</italic> gostariam de encontrar numa excelente revis&#227;o para seus peri&#243;dicos.</p>
      <p>Os revisores cient&#237;ficos s&#227;o convidados a representar os peri&#243;dicos na sele&#231;&#227;o de artigos de alta qualidade cient&#237;fica para publica&#231;&#227;o. O revisor deve proteger as nossas revistas de artigos com falhas evidentes ou que contenham erros nos m&#233;todos, an&#225;lises ou conclus&#245;es inadequadas. Nesse aspecto, o revisor age como julgador do artigo. Mas, solicita-se ainda que os revisores atuem como consultores dos autores, com o objetivo de melhorar o artigo. O sistema de <italic>peer review</italic> tem ainda essa caracter&#237;stica de que quase todos os artigos que passam por eles, aceitos ou n&#227;o para publica&#231;&#227;o, terminam muito melhorados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vers&#227;o inicial.</p>
      <p>Muitas revis&#245;es come&#231;am com um breve sum&#225;rio do artigo sendo revisado. Embora os editores j&#225; tenham lido o artigo, esse resumo d&#225; aos editores a perspectiva do entendimento do artigo pelo revisor, o especialista da &#225;rea. Assim, consideramos esse resumo extremamente &#250;til para os editores e altamente recomend&#225;vel, ainda que n&#227;o obrigat&#243;rio.</p>
      <p>A ess&#234;ncia fundamental de uma revis&#227;o &#233; a avalia&#231;&#227;o do artigo e como ele servir&#225; ao processo cient&#237;fico. O revisor deve aqui fazer a si mesmo as seguintes perguntas: Existe um racional para os objetivos do estudo? A hip&#243;tese testada &#233; importante? O termo importante aqui pode ter v&#225;rios significados e ter&#225; a vis&#227;o subjetiva de cada revisor, mas um ponto que consideramos cr&#237;tico &#233; se a hip&#243;tese &#233; original e ainda n&#227;o foi testada na literatura. O famoso <italic>gap</italic>, ou lacuna, na literatura &#233; o que estamos procurando como artigo que mere&#231;a publica&#231;&#227;o. Como diriam alguns simbolicamente, estamos procurando um buraco no muro da ci&#234;ncia cardiovascular para colocar esse pequeno tijolo. Ou outros ainda, de forma mais direta e com linguagem mundana, perguntariam: &#201; novo? &#201; verdade? Algu&#233;m se importa com isso? Ou ainda de forma mais culta: O artigo &#233; original, preciso, v&#225;lido e relevante?</p>
      <p>Continuando os questionamentos t&#233;cnicos do artigo sendo revisado, devemos ainda nos perguntar como revisores: Os m&#233;todos para obten&#231;&#227;o dos dados e a an&#225;lise dos dados s&#227;o adequados e precisos? Os resultados s&#227;o significantes para a &#225;rea? As conclus&#245;es podem ser embasadas pelos resultados? Em rela&#231;&#227;o a essas perguntas, sugere-se que sejam divididas em dois tipos: coment&#225;rios gerais e coment&#225;rios espec&#237;ficos. Os coment&#225;rios gerais s&#227;o os mais importantes e devem conter os pontos positivos e negativos do artigo de forma geral. Por exemplo, se existe uma importante falha na metodologia, se o tamanho da amostra &#233; insuficiente, ou, como aspecto positivo, se a originalidade &#233; um ponto forte. Esses aspectos devem fazer parte dos coment&#225;rios gerais. Nos coment&#225;rios espec&#237;ficos, devem ficar as corre&#231;&#245;es gramaticais ou de frases com as quais o revisor n&#227;o concorde, sugest&#245;es de mudan&#231;a de tabelas e figuras, isto &#233;, aspectos formais do artigo que devam ser corrigidos, indicando a p&#225;gina e par&#225;grafo onde se encontram.</p>
      <p>&#201; surpreendente a frequ&#234;ncia com que essas informa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o aparecem no coment&#225;rio dos revisores, deixando a interpreta&#231;&#227;o para os editores. Seria a falta dessa informa&#231;&#227;o uma indica&#231;&#227;o de que o artigo est&#225; adequado?</p>
      <p>As melhores revis&#245;es ainda colocam o artigo em perspectiva frente &#224; literatura atual da &#225;rea e citam refer&#234;ncias que embasam as opini&#245;es dadas pelo revisor, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; originalidade do artigo. Muitas vezes os editores est&#227;o julgando um artigo com opini&#245;es diferentes dos diversos revisores. Muito provavelmente, aquela opini&#227;o embasada pela literatura ser&#225; a que prevalecer&#225;.</p>
      <p>Um erro comum em nosso sistema de gest&#227;o editorial &#233; que os revisores repetem os coment&#225;rios aos autores no espa&#231;o reservado para coment&#225;rios aos editores. Esse espa&#231;o deveria conter coment&#225;rios confidenciais aos editores. Ali os revisores t&#234;m a liberdade de justificar diretamente porque est&#227;o aceitando ou rejeitando o manuscrito de forma aberta, inclusive textualmente escrevendo rejeite ou aceite, justificando sua decis&#227;o. Nesse mesmo campo, os revisores podem comentar se o artigo &#233; ou n&#227;o adequado para nossa audi&#234;ncia. Embora essa seja uma tarefa fundamental dos editores, a opini&#227;o dos revisores nesse aspecto ser&#225; considerada e, na maioria das vezes, os editores concordam com a opini&#227;o dos revisores.</p>
      <p>Cabe aqui lembrar e refor&#231;ar que, nos coment&#225;rios aos autores, o revisor nunca dever&#225; citar se o artigo deve ou n&#227;o ser aceito. Para os autores devem ir apenas os coment&#225;rios que julgam os m&#233;ritos cient&#237;ficos espec&#237;ficos e sugest&#245;es para melhora do manuscrito. &#201; importante lembrar que apesar de a revis&#227;o ter papel determinante no destino do artigo, a decis&#227;o final de aceita&#231;&#227;o ou recusa para publica&#231;&#227;o pertence aos editores e, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, ao editor-chefe.</p>
      <p>Um importante fato pr&#225;tico &#233; que a revis&#227;o &#233; sem d&#250;vida algo muito individual e para o qual n&#227;o h&#225; treinamento formal, e, assim como a medicina, uma arte. Assim sendo, o resultado final da revis&#227;o cient&#237;fica &#233; necessariamente um misto do m&#233;rito cient&#237;fico e da opini&#227;o do revisor. Mas do ponto de vista dos editores, &#233; importante que os revisores reconhe&#231;am que os nossos peri&#243;dicos, que na melhor posi&#231;&#227;o atual t&#234;m fator de impacto de 1,18, v&#227;o receber artigos muitas vezes com limita&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas inerentes a qualquer artigo, mas possivelmente mais evidentes nesses casos. Cabe aqui ao revisor, nesse contexto, o discernimento de se o artigo apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es merece publica&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o e comunicar isso claramente aos editores, na se&#231;&#227;o de coment&#225;rios sigilosos aos editores. A rigidez excessiva n&#227;o &#233; recomendada nesse ponto. Avalie e reflita. N&#227;o seja agressivo ou rude. Seja t&#233;cnico. Lembre-se do enorme trabalho que os colegas colocaram desde a realiza&#231;&#227;o do projeto at&#233; a escrita final do manuscrito. E, no passo seguinte, o revisor deve funcionar como consultor aos autores, indicando claramente quais modifica&#231;&#245;es devem ser feitas para que a qualidade do artigo permita publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Finalmente, seja sucinto. Textos curtos e objetivos e at&#233; mesmo uma lista de itens das modifica&#231;&#245;es sugeridas s&#227;o suficientes. N&#227;o exceda mais de uma p&#225;gina de texto com espa&#231;o simples. N&#227;o recomendamos revis&#245;es longas e com listas intermin&#225;veis de modifica&#231;&#245;es. Mesmo os coment&#225;rios espec&#237;ficos sobre forma e gram&#225;tica, se muito frequentes no artigo, podem ser resumidos como apenas uma sugest&#227;o de revis&#227;o gramatical extensa. Nossos peri&#243;dicos podem utilizar consultores de escrita tanto na l&#237;ngua inglesa como portuguesa. O mesmo &#233; v&#225;lido para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, onde j&#225; contamos com um avaliador e consultor estat&#237;stico para todos os artigos submetidos.</p>
      <p>A revis&#227;o de artigos cient&#237;ficos e os revisores s&#227;o de import&#226;ncia crucial para a comunidade cient&#237;fica em geral e para a pr&#243;pria exist&#234;ncia dos peri&#243;dicos. Apesar do movimento crescente da publica&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via em reposit&#243;rios antes da revis&#227;o por pares para acelerar a dissemina&#231;&#227;o de resultados, a revis&#227;o por pares &#233; considerada fundamental para a confiabilidade de um artigo pela comunidade cient&#237;fica. Assim, a revis&#227;o de artigos cient&#237;ficos &#233; uma responsabilidade enorme e que tem valor inestim&#225;vel, fato que leva os editores a terem sempre em mente os nomes de revisores de alta qualidade. Para confirmar esse valor, iremos al&#233;m dos pr&#234;mios j&#225; concedidos para o revisor mais pontual, ampliando as premia&#231;&#245;es e o reconhecimento frente &#224; nossa comunidade cient&#237;fica dos revisores com melhor desempenho. Aguardem.</p>
      <p>Para resumir de forma did&#225;tica nossas recomenda&#231;&#245;es, constru&#237;mos a tabela seguinte para consulta r&#225;pida dos revisores.</p>
      <p>Esperamos ter contribu&#237;do para que nosso di&#225;logo entre revisores e editores nos pr&#243;ximos anos seja eficiente e produza uma sele&#231;&#227;o cada vez mais adequada dos artigos para publica&#231;&#227;o nos nossos peri&#243;dicos.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="80%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2">RECOMENDA&#199;&#195;O AOS REVISORES CIENT&#205;FICOS</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>ESTRUTURA DA REVIS&#195;O</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>COMENT&#193;RIOS AOS AUTORES</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1. Resumo do artigo na perspectiva do revisor</td>
              <td align="left">Como o revisor "v&#234;" o artigo. Descreva com suas palavras objetivos, m&#233;todos e achados importantes. Qual a perspectiva do artigo na literatura?</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2. Coment&#225;rios gerais</td>
              <td align="left"><bold>Estes s&#227;o os coment&#225;rios mais importantes e que embasam ou justificam a aceita&#231;&#227;o ou recusa</bold>. Nunca cite sua opini&#227;o se o artigo deve ou n&#227;o ser aceito, nem mesmo a possibilidade de aceita&#231;&#227;o ou rejei&#231;&#227;o, nesta se&#231;&#227;o de coment&#225;rio aos autores.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2.1. Originalidade</td>
              <td align="left">Avalie originalidade e fa&#231;a r&#225;pida revis&#227;o da literatura no t&#243;pico e nos autores. Avalie o que j&#225; foi publicado. Este &#233; o ponto mais comum para recusa.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2.2 Validade</td>
              <td align="left">Avalie se os dados s&#227;o v&#225;lidos: amostra, obten&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise dos dados adequados, estat&#237;stica correta. Evite pedir por mais casos ou an&#225;lise, a n&#227;o ser que sejam poss&#237;veis. Os resultados s&#227;o v&#225;lidos para outras popula&#231;&#245;es?</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2.3 Relev&#226;ncia</td>
              <td align="left">D&#234; sua opini&#227;o se o estudo &#233; interessante e porqu&#234;. Qual a import&#226;ncia dos achados na &#225;rea espec&#237;fica? Qual a adequa&#231;&#227;o &#224; audi&#234;ncia dos nossos peri&#243;dicos?</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2.4 Extras</td>
              <td align="left">Comente sobre outros pontos fortes (ex.: bem escrito, n&#250;mero da amostra muito significante), pontos fracos (ex.: m&#233;todo empregado n&#227;o ideal, an&#225;lise dos dados n&#227;o confi&#225;vel), graves erros ou limita&#231;&#245;es muito importantes, extens&#227;o do manuscrito e suas partes (adequado, muito curto, muito longo).</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3. Coment&#225;rios espec&#237;ficos</td>
              <td align="left">Enumere em uma lista os erros formais e gramaticais pontuais, frases sem sentido, corre&#231;&#227;o de tabelas, figuras, perguntas espec&#237;ficas sobre pontos determinados do artigo (exemplo de quest&#245;es: como foram selecionados os participantes, fornecer maiores detalhes dos m&#233;todos, adicionar m&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos espec&#237;ficos, d&#250;vidas sobre obten&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise de dados, como as medidas foram feitas). Reveja as refer&#234;ncias (cheque se se referem ao texto onde est&#227;o indicadas e se est&#227;o na ordem correta, ao menos randomicamente algumas). Mas n&#227;o exceda nos detalhes aqui. O mais importante &#233; a sua opini&#227;o do artigo nos coment&#225;rios gerais.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COMENT&#193;RIOS SIGILOSOS AOS EDITORES</td>
              <td align="left">Muito importante. N&#227;o deixe em branco. D&#234; sua opini&#227;o honesta sobre o artigo. Aqui o revisor pode diretamente indicar aos editores se sua opini&#227;o &#233; de que o artigo seja aceito ou recusado. Seja t&#233;cnico, mas lembre-se que artigos submetidos aos nossos peri&#243;dicos em geral t&#234;m limita&#231;&#245;es. Evite rigidez extrema! Qual a prioridade para publicar o artigo, na sua opini&#227;o? Deve haver um editorial sobre o artigo, caso aprovado? Indique se, na sua opini&#227;o, o artigo precisa de revis&#245;es menores ou maiores e mais extensas. Se opinar pela rejei&#231;&#227;o, ele pode ser submetido ap&#243;s ser completamente re-escrito (submiss&#227;o 'de novo')? Raramente temos aceita&#231;&#227;o sem qualquer revis&#227;o, mas, se julgar ser essa a op&#231;&#227;o, justifique.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
