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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KhhMfFnnKTm99d6r6DfVwdf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000100097</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170185</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pregnancy in Woman with Kawasaki Disease and Multiple Coronary Artery Aneurysms</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Walkiria Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Fernando Diniz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Anderson de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Neri Rodrigues Epit&#225;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Walkiria Samuel Avila,</bold> Rua Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>wsavila@cardiol.br</email>, <email>walkiria@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Avila WS; Acquisition of data: Avila WS, Freire AFD, Soares AAS, Pereira ANRE; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Avila WS, Freire AFD, Soares AAS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Avila WS, Nicolau JC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>97</fpage>
      <lpage>100</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Pregnancy</kwd>
        <kwd>Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Aneurysm</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Kawasaki disease (KD), first described in 1967, is a systemic vasculitis of unknown cause.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is an important cause of cardiac diseases in children aged younger than five years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> KD is an autoimmune disorder whose clinical features include high fever, exanthema, conjunctivitis, cervical linfadenopathy and peripheral edema. Laboratory tests are compatible with acute inflammatory condition.</p>
      <p>KD predominantly affects the coronary arteries, which is the most important clinical manifestation of the disease, varying from dilation and stenosis to aneurysm (incidence of 5% in patients with adequate treatment, and 25% in untreated patients). Giant coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs), i.e., CAAs with diameters &gt; 8 mm, are associated with increased risk of thrombosis, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and sudden death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Lack of diagnosis and treatment of KD at its acute phase during childhood contributes to increased prevalence of pregnant women with vascular sequelae of KD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Management of these patients has not been established, especially in symptomatic patients and, in existing literature, premature labor has been performed in these cases. There are no Brazilian reports on the theme, which are more commonly found in the American and Japanese literature.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study is to describe a successful management of a patient with giant CAA, sequela of KD with thrombotic complication, from the first trimester of pregnancy until term birth.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Case report</title>
        <p>A 32-year old patient was admitted to the emergency care at week nine of first pregnancy, with dyspnea and slight, precordial pain during great efforts, of short duration and well tolerated. The patient had a history of ST-elevation myocardial infarction of inferior wall at the age of 30, with giant aneurysms and coronary artery thrombosis evidenced by coronary angiography (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1D</xref>). The patient underwent coronary computed tomography angiography, which confirmed the previous findings, with evidence of coronary artery ectasia with multiple aneurysmatic dilatations and mural thrombus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The patient received the diagnosis of KD and was referred to outpatient follow-up. At the occasion, the patient was using simvastatin, clopidogrel, atenolol and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). At physical examination on admission, the patient was eupneic, with blood pressure of 110/60 mmHg, heart rate of 80 bpm, normal heart sounds without murmurs, normal pulmonary auscultation, abdomen free of abnormal signs, and normal pulse rate. Regarding complementary tests, electrocardiography showed sinus rhythm with diffuse ventricular repolarization; transthoracic echocardiogram is depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1B</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>(A and B) Echocardiography: ejection fraction 68%; left atrium 35 mm; septum 8mm; posterior wall 8mm; left ventricular diastolic diameter 45mm; left ventricular systolic diameter 30 mm; PSAP 40 mmHg. Dilatation of left coronary artery (7 mm). Left ventricle with preserved systolic function and myocardial thickness, with no changes in segmental wall motion. (C and D) Cardiac catheterization (10/2013): coronary artery ectasia. Dominant coronary with 50% proximal, eccentric tubular lesion and coronary thrombosis; left coronary artery trunk with aneurysmatic dilatation at the distal third; anterior descending artery with ectasia at the proximal third, without obstructive lesions. Circumflex artery with proximal ectasia, without obstructive lesions.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0097-70185-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Coronary computed tomography angiography showed aneurysm at the distal third of the left coronary artery trunk (9mm) and anterior descending artery ostium (9.5 mm); circumflex artery with ectasia at the ostium (3.7 mm); marginal branch 2 with aneurysm at the distal segment; right coronary artery with saccular aneurysm (9.8 mm at the greatest diameter), mural thrombus and small regions of calcification. Total score of 23.81 (Agaston) and 38.59 (Volume). MT: main trunk of the left coronary artery; DA: anterior descending artery; DB: diagonal branch; CA: circumflex artery; M1: left marginal artery; M2: second marginal branch of circumflex artery; RCA: right coronary artery; LA: left atrium; Ao: aorta</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0097-70185-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Despite recommendations received in outpatient visits on contraindications for pregnancy, the patient got pregnant, and a close monitoring of the patient was started. A daily dose of 100 mg of ASA, 60 mg of propranolol and 40 mg of enoxaparin were prescribed, and routine obstetric exams showed normal fetal vital signs. After 29 weeks of pregnancy, the patient had progressive worsening of cardiac function to New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III, with daily, atypical palpitations, which caused the patient to get a sick leave to rest at home.</p>
        <p>During the week 34, the patient had diffuse chest pain, dyspnea and uterine contractions. The patient was then hospitalized for a rest and adjustment of medication. Obstetric examination revealed irregular, weak contractions, fundal height of 33 cm, impenetrable cervix, a single fetus in longitudinal position, cephalic presentation, regular heart beat at 128 bpm. Fetal assessment was performed by fetal biophysical profile and normal doppler velocimetry of umbilical arteries. Estimated fetal weight was adequate (percentile of Hadlock growth curve). There was a marked improvement in clinical and obstetric conditions as result of adjustments in propranolol (80 mg/day orally) and enoxaparin (60 mg/2x day subcutaneously) doses, as well as administration of sublingual nitrate (only if needed) and vaginal tablets of natural micronized progesterone (200 mg/2x day). There were no changes in electrocardiographic or echocardiographic patterns during hospitalization. At week 37, cesarean section and tubal ligation were indicated. The procedure was successfully performed by the Central Institute obstetric staff at the Heart Institute (InCor) of the General Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School. Newborn was born healthy, weight 2,860 g, appropriate for gestational age, Apgar score of 9 and 10 at fifth and tenth minute of life, respectively. Tubal ligation was performed following delivery, with previous consent of the spouse. Enoxaparin was discontinued 12 hours before and restarted 24 hours after cesarean section. Forty-eight hours later, warfarin was prescribed and readjusted until the prothrombin international normalized ratio (INR) was 2; at this time, enoxaparin was suspended and the patient was discharged. At the clinical visit 60 days thereafter, the patient was asymptomatic, breast feeding and using warfarin (INR = 2) and ASA (100 mg/d).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present case, strategies for prevention of complications of giant CAAs secondary to KD and acute infarction were successful in terms of maternal-fetal health.</p>
      <p>Preventive therapy was planned during patient&#8217;s first medical visit at week 9 of pregnancy. The strategy consisting of outpatient follow-up, hospitalization and delivery with interventional support at a cardiology hospital was chosen because of patient instability. However, such procedure is not considered routine in the literature in symptomatic patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We also considered the influence of the hyperkinetic, hypercoagulable state of pregnancy on the occurrence of expected complications (thrombosis, myocardial infarction and sudden death) in this patient. The potential risk of arterial rupture and/or dissection is increased with presumed arterial changes including fragmentation of reticular fibers, decrease in mucopolysaccharide content and loss of normal elastic fiber structure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the study by Wei et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> that included 38 cases of KD, thrombosis was seen in 17 patients, which has been hypothesized to be caused by insufficient anticoagulant therapy. In a meta-analysis including 159 children with giant CAA, Su et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> reported that coronary occlusion, AMI and death were significantly lower in children treated with warfarin plus aspirin than in those treated with aspirin alone. In this line of thought, the progressive activation of coagulation factors in the second half of pregnancy, and the maximum activation at delivery made the authors recommend anticoagulation with dose adjustment combined with ASA. Enoxaparin was used in place of warfarin during pregnancy due to risk of hemorrhage and fetal toxicity, in prophylactic dose until week 34 and then therapeutic dose until 12 hours before delivery. The drug was then restarted until warfarin was reintroduced for maintenance of INR within target range.</p>
      <p>The history of myocardial infarction increased the pregnancy risk, although ventricular function was preserved and was favorable to patient&#8217;s progression. Increased myocardial metabolic demand, due to increased cardiac output and oxygen consumption related to pregnancy, was the cause of frequent complaints of angina and dyspnea, which were controlled by propranolol. At 60 mg/day, the drug did not affect fetal growth until week 32 of pregnancy. Arterial hypotension, resulting from a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance, limited the use of nitrates for the supposed risk of decreased uteroplacental blood flow.</p>
      <p>During the third trimester of pregnancy, high-amplitude uterine contractions (Braxton Hicks) become more frequent and may be confused with premature labor, accounting for 75% of births before week 37 of pregnancy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> These contractions cause oscillations in venous return and in heart rate, and may cause instability in women with limited cardiac reserve, which was the cause of hospitalization of the patient in the week 32. Together with the obstetrician, a decision was made to not anticipate delivery, adjust medication for control of clinical obstetric symptoms until fetal maturity was reached.</p>
      <p>With respect to the type of delivery chosen, a study on 13 women with KD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and coronary artery lesions, showed that vaginal deliveries under epidural anaesthesia in 9 patients, and caesarean section was performed in 3 symptomatic patients. These data corroborate the clinical decisions made in this case. Also, tubal ligation was chosen as the safest contraceptive method due to contraindications of a new pregnancy.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This report added to the literature one case of successful term pregnancy in a symptomatic patient with multiple CAAs secondary to KD and history of myocardial infarction. The study illustrated the importance of the multidisciplinary approach to reach the full-term of a high-risk pregnancy. However, family planning, including counseling on genetics and possibility of a new pregnancy, is still essential. The risk of complications cannot be neglected regardless of the therapeutic strategy adopted.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ishihara</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kawamata</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsukano</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Negi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Echigo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pregnancy and delivery in patients with coronary artery lesions caused by Kawasaki disease</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1481</fpage>
          <lpage>1482</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Gravidez em Portadora de Doen&#231;a de Kawasaki com M&#250;ltiplos Aneurismas de Art&#233;rias Coron&#225;rias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Walkiria Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Fernando Diniz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Anderson de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Neri Rodrigues Epit&#225;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicolau</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Walkiria Samuel Avila,</bold> Rua Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>wsavila@cardiol.br</email>, <email>walkiria@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Avila WS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Avila WS, Freire AFD, Soares AAS, Pereira ANRE; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Avila WS, Freire AFD, Soares AAS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Avila WS, Nicolau JC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Gravidez</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Linfonodos Mucocut&#226;neos</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurisma Coron&#225;rio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Kawasaki (DK), descrita em 1967, &#233; uma vasculite sist&#234;mica de etiologia desconhecida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Constitui em uma importante causa de afec&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca adquirida em crian&#231;as com idade inferior a cinco anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A DK &#233; um dist&#250;rbio autoimune com quadro cl&#237;nico composto por febre alta, exantema, conjuntivite, linfoadenopatia cervical e edema perif&#233;rico. Os exames laboratoriais s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com quadro inflamat&#243;rio agudo.</p>
        <p>A caracter&#237;stica cl&#237;nica mais importante da DK &#233; o acometimento prevalente das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, que pode variar desde dilata&#231;&#227;o e estenose &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurismas (incid&#234;ncia de 5% nos pacientes adequadamente tratados e de 25% nos n&#227;o tratados). Esses aneurismas de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (AAC), quando gigantes (definidos pelo di&#226;metro &gt; 8 mm), est&#227;o associados a elevado risco de trombose, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), rotura e morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A falta de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento na fase aguda da doen&#231;a na inf&#226;ncia contribui para o aumento da frequ&#234;ncia de mulheres gr&#225;vidas com sequelas vasculares da DK.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O manejo dessas pacientes n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecido, principalmente nos casos sintom&#225;ticos. Os relatos existentes s&#227;o de resolu&#231;&#227;o da gravidez antes do termo. N&#227;o h&#225; relatos na literatura brasileira sobre o tema, sendo mais encontrados na americana e japonesa.</p>
        <p>O objetivo desse trabalho &#233; descrever o manejo de gravidez bem sucedida desde primeiro trimestre de gravidez at&#233; o termo em paciente com AAC gigante, sequela de DK com complica&#231;&#227;o tromb&#243;tica.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Relato de Caso</title>
          <p>Paciente de 32 anos de idade foi admitida no pronto socorro na 9&#170; semana da primeira gesta&#231;&#227;o, queixando-se de dispneia e dor precordial discreta aos grandes esfor&#231;os, de curta dura&#231;&#227;o e bem tolerada. Apresentava hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de IAM com supra desn&#237;vel do ST em parede inferior aos 30 anos de idade, com aneurismas gigantes e trombos nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias evidenciados na cinecoronariografia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1C</xref>e<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">1D</xref>). Realizou angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias que confirmou os achados pr&#233;vios, evidenciando coron&#225;rias ect&#225;sicas com m&#250;ltiplas dilata&#231;&#245;es aneurism&#225;ticas e trombo mural (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). Na ocasi&#227;o, foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de DK, e a paciente recebeu alta para acompanhamento ambulatorial com uso de sinvastatina, clopidogrel, atenolol e &#225;cido acetil salic&#237;lico (AAS). No exame f&#237;sico de admiss&#227;o, paciente se encontrava eupneica, com press&#227;o arterial 110/60 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 80 batimentos/min, bulhas card&#237;acas r&#237;tmicas, normofon&#233;ticas e sem sopros, ausculta pulmonar normal, abd&#244;men livre, pulsos normais &#224; palpa&#231;&#227;o. Nos exames complementares, eletrocardiograma mostrava ritmo sinusal com altera&#231;&#227;o difusa da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e seu ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">1B</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>(A e B) Ecocardiograma: FE 68%; AE 35 mm; Septo 8 mm; PP 8 mm; DdVE 45mm; DsVE 30 mm; PSAP 40 mmHg. Dilata&#231;&#227;o do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda (7 mm). Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e espessura mioc&#225;rdica preservadas e sem altera&#231;&#245;es na mobilidade segmentar da parede. (C e D) Cateterismo Card&#237;aco (10/2013): Coron&#225;rias ectasiadas. CD dominante com les&#227;o tubular exc&#234;ntrica proximal de 50% com presen&#231;a de trombo intracoron&#225;rio; TCE com presen&#231;a de dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica em ter&#231;o distal; DA com ectasia em ter&#231;o proximal, sem les&#245;es obstrutivas. Cx com presen&#231;a de ectasia proximal, sem les&#245;es obstrutivas. FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; PP: parede posterior, DdVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DsVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica na art&#233;ria pulmonar. CD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; TCE: tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda; DA: art&#233;ria descendente anterior; Cx: art&#233;ria circunflexa.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0097-70185-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias mostrou dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica no ter&#231;o distal do TCE (9 mm) e no &#243;stio da DA (9,5 mm); CX com ectasia no &#243;stio (3,7 mm); Mg 2 com aneurisma em segmento distal; CD com aneurisma sacular em ter&#231;o proximal (9,8 mm em seu maior di&#226;metro), com trombo mural e pequena regi&#227;o calcificada. Escore total de 23.81 (Agaston) e 38.59 (Volume). TCE: tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda; DA: art&#233;ria descendente anterior; Dg: ramo diagonal; CX: art&#233;ria circunflexa; Mg(CX): ramo marginal da art&#233;ria circunflexa; Mg2(CX): segundo ramo marginal da art&#233;ria circunflexa; CD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; Ao: aorta.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0097-70185-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Apesar das recomenda&#231;&#245;es recebidas no acompanhamento ambulatorial para n&#227;o engravidar, ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de gravidez, a paciente passou a ser acompanhada mais de perto na institui&#231;&#227;o. Foram prescritos AAS 100 mg/dia, propranolol 60 mg/dia e enoxaparina 40 mg/dia e o exame obst&#233;trico peri&#243;dico mostrou sempre vitalidade fetal preservada. Ap&#243;s 29 semanas, a paciente apresentou houve progressiva piora para classe funcional III da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), acompanhada de queixas de palpita&#231;&#227;o e de dor precordial di&#225;ria e at&#237;pica, o que motivou seu afastamento do trabalho com orienta&#231;&#227;o para repouso domiciliar.</p>
          <p>No curso da 34&#170; semana apresentou dor tor&#225;cica difusa, dispneia e contra&#231;&#245;es uterinas. Optou-se ent&#227;o por hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o para repouso e ajuste da medica&#231;&#227;o. O exame obst&#233;trico realizado na ocasi&#227;o constatou contra&#231;&#245;es uterinas fracas e irregulares, altura uterina 33 cm, colo imp&#233;rvio, feto &#250;nico em situa&#231;&#227;o longitudinal, apresenta&#231;&#227;o cef&#225;lica, batimentos card&#237;acos regulares com 128 batimentos por minuto. A avalia&#231;&#227;o fetal foi realizada com perfil biof&#237;sico fetal e dopplervelocimetria de art&#233;rias umbilicais normais. O peso fetal estimado estava adequado (percentil 60 da curva de Hadloch). Houve melhora importante dos quadros cl&#237;nico e obst&#233;trico como resultado do ajuste das doses de propranolol (80mg/dia via oral) e de enoxaparina (60 mg/2xdia subcut&#226;nea) e acr&#233;scimo de nitrato sublingual (se necess&#225;rio) e progesterona natural micronizada (200 mg/2xdia em c&#225;psula via vaginal). Os padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos n&#227;o se modificaram durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Na 37&#170; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o, foi indicada ces&#225;rea e laqueadura tub&#225;rea. O parto foi realizado pela equipe obst&#233;trica do Instituto Central do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo HCFMUSP no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) sem complica&#231;&#245;es, com o rec&#233;m-nascido pesando 2860 g, saud&#225;vel e adequado para a idade gestacional, Apgar 9 no quinto e 10 no d&#233;cimo minuto de vida. A laqueadura tub&#225;rea foi realizada em sequ&#234;ncia ao parto com anu&#234;ncia pr&#233;via do c&#244;njuge. A enoxaparina foi suspensa 12h antes e reintroduzida 24h ap&#243;s a ces&#225;rea. Prescreveu-se varfarina s&#243;dica 48h depois, ajustando-se a dose at&#233; alcan&#231;ar a raz&#227;o normatizada internacional do tempo de protrombina (RNI) = 2, quando foi suspensa a enoxaparina e a paciente teve alta hospitalar. Em consulta cl&#237;nica 60 dias depois, estava assintom&#225;tica, amamentando e em uso di&#225;rio de varfarina (RNI = 2) e AAS (100 mg/dia).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>As estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es em paciente com AAC gigantes por DK e infarto agudo pr&#233;vio resultaram em sucesso materno-fetal no presente caso.</p>
        <p>A primeira visita m&#233;dica na 9&#170; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o permitiu planejar a terap&#234;utica preventiva. O acompanhamento ambulatorial, interna&#231;&#227;o e parto em hospital cardiol&#243;gico com retaguarda intervencionista foram escolhidos pela eventual instabilidade do materna. No entanto, em casos assintom&#225;ticos, essa decis&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; rotina na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A influ&#234;ncia do estado hipercin&#233;tico e de hipercoagulabilidade inerente &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o sobre as complica&#231;&#245;es (trombose, infarto do mioc&#225;dio e morte s&#250;bita) esperadas nessa paciente foi considerada. O potencial risco de rotura e/ou dissec&#231;&#227;o arterial &#233; favorecido pelas supostas mudan&#231;as arteriais, que incluem: fragmenta&#231;&#227;o das fibras reticulares, redu&#231;&#227;o dos mucopolissacar&#237;deos e perda da ondula&#231;&#227;o normal das fibras el&#225;sticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estudo de Wei et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> que incluiu 38 casos de DK com AAC, mostrou a ocorr&#234;ncia de trombose em 17 deles e levantou a hip&#243;tese da associa&#231;&#227;o com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o efetiva. Em metan&#225;lise que incluiu 159 crian&#231;as com AAC gigantes, Su et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> documentaram que oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria, IAM e morte foram significativamente menores com a associa&#231;&#227;o varfarina/aspirina, quando comparada ao uso de aspirina isolada. Nesta linha de racioc&#237;nio, a progressiva ativa&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de coagula&#231;&#227;o na segunda metade da gesta&#231;&#227;o e ativa&#231;&#227;o extrema no parto levou os autores a recomendarem anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com ajuste de dose associada ao AAS. A enoxaparina foi utilizada no lugar da varfarina devido aos riscos hemorr&#225;gicos e de toxicidade fetal, em doses profil&#225;ticas at&#233; a 34&#170; semana e, posteriormente, em doses terap&#234;uticas at&#233; 12h antes do parto. A droga foi reiniciada no puerp&#233;rio at&#233; a reintrodu&#231;&#227;o da varfarina, mantendo-se o RNI em faixa adequada.</p>
        <p>O antecedente de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio aumentou risco da gesta&#231;&#227;o, embora a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada tenha sido um fator favor&#225;vel &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o. A demanda metab&#243;lica do mioc&#225;rdio (devido a d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e consumo de oxig&#234;nio aumentados, inerentes &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o) justificou a queixa frequente de angina e dispneia, os quais foram controlados pelo uso de propranolol. Na dose de 60 mg/dia, n&#227;o provocou comprometimento do crescimento fetal at&#233; a 32&#170; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o. A hipotens&#227;o arterial registrada, resultado da queda da resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica, restringiu o uso de nitratos pelo suposto comprometimento do fluxo &#250;tero-placent&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>No terceiro trimestre da gesta&#231;&#227;o as contra&#231;&#245;es uterinas de grande amplitude (Braxton Hicks) s&#227;o progressivamente mais frequentes e podem ser confundidas com trabalho de parto prematuro, responsabilizando-se por 75% dos nascimentos antes da 37&#170; semana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Essas contra&#231;&#245;es, que provocam flutua&#231;&#245;es no retorno venoso e na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, podem provocar instabilidade materna em pacientes com reserva card&#237;aca limitada. Esse quadro foi motivo da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar da paciente no curso da 32&#170; semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o. Decis&#227;o conjunta com o obstetra permitiu cautela em n&#227;o antecipar o parto, ajustar a medica&#231;&#227;o para controle dos sintomas cl&#237;nico-obst&#233;tricos e alcan&#231;ar a maturidade fetal.</p>
        <p>No que diz respeito &#224; escolha do tipo de parto, estudo com 13 mulheres portadoras de DK<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e les&#227;o coron&#225;ria, mostrou que partos por via vaginal com aux&#237;lio de analgesia e anestesia peridural foram realizados em nove pacientes e, em tr&#234;s casos sintom&#225;ticos, optou-se pela ces&#225;rea. Esses dados corroboram a decis&#227;o adotada no presente caso. Ainda, laqueadura tub&#225;rea foi selecionada como m&#233;todo de anticoncep&#231;&#227;o mais seguro face &#224; contraindica&#231;&#227;o de nova gravidez.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este relato acrescentou &#224; literatura um caso de gravidez com sucesso materno-fetal a termo de paciente sintom&#225;tica com m&#250;ltiplos AAC decorrentes de DK e antecedente de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Ilustrou a import&#226;ncia da atua&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar para levar a termo a gravidez com alto risco de complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas. Contudo, o planejamento familiar, que inclui aconselhamento gen&#233;tico e considera&#231;&#245;es sobre futura gravidez, ainda &#233; essencial. O risco de complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o pode ser eliminado independentemente da estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica adotada.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
