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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3mhTSFgBGNZqB5YVy5nzqrp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000100068</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170182</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Intensive Cardiac Care / Emergency Situations</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sensitive Troponin I Assay in Patients with Chest Pain - Association with Significant Coronary Lesions with or Without Renal Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gualandro</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Menosi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bossa</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Siqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zullino</surname>
            <given-names>Cindel Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Biselli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carolina Feres de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana de Carvalho Andreucci Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio Tavares de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Emerg&#234;ncia - InCor - HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Alexandre de Matos Soeiro</bold>, Rua Jo&#227;o Moura, 870, apto 192b. CEP 05412-002, Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>alexandre.soeiro@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Soeiro AM, Gualandro DM, Biselli B, Soeiro MCFA, Leal TCAT; Acquisition of data: Soeiro AM, Bossa AS, Zullino CN, Biselli B, Soeiro MCFA, Leal TCAT; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Soeiro AM, Gualandro DM; Statistical analysis: Soeiro AM, Gualandro DM, Soeiro MCFA; Obtaining financing: Soeiro AM; Writing of the manuscript: Soeiro AM, Leal TCAT; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Soeiro AM, Serrano Jr. CV, Oliveira Junior MT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>68</fpage>
      <lpage>73</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Introduction:</title>
          <p>Despite having higher sensitivity as compared to conventional troponins, sensitive troponins have lower specificity, mainly in patients with renal failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Study aimed at assessing the sensitive troponin I levels in patients with chest pain, and relating them to the existence of significant coronary lesions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective, single-center, observational. This study included 991 patients divided into two groups: with (N = 681) and without (N = 310) significant coronary lesion. For posterior analysis, the patients were divided into two other groups: with (N = 184) and without (N = 807) chronic renal failure. The commercial ADVIA Centaur<sup>&#174;</sup> TnI-Ultra assay (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics) was used. The ROC curve analysis was performed to identify the sensitivity and specificity of the best cutoff point of troponin as a discriminator of the probability of significant coronary lesion. The associations were considered significant when p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The median age was 63 years, and 52% of the patients were of the male sex. The area under the ROC curve between the troponin levels and significant coronary lesions was 0.685 (95% CI: 0.65 - 0.72). In patients with or without renal failure, the areas under the ROC curve were 0.703 (95% CI: 0.66 - 0.74) and 0.608 (95% CI: 0.52 - 0.70), respectively. The best cutoff points to discriminate the presence of significant coronary lesion were: in the general population, 0.605 ng/dL (sensitivity, 63.4%; specificity, 67%); in patients without renal failure, 0.605 ng/dL (sensitivity, 62.7%; specificity, 71%); and in patients with chronic renal failure, 0.515 ng/dL (sensitivity, 80.6%; specificity, 42%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In patients with chest pain, sensitive troponin I showed a good correlation with significant coronary lesions when its level was greater than 0.605 ng/dL. In patients with chronic renal failure, a significant decrease in specificity was observed in the correlation of troponin levels and severe coronary lesions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Troponin I</kwd>
        <kwd>Chest Pain</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency, Chronic</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In recent years, cardiology has witnessed the constant development of several biomarkers, of which, current sensitive troponins and high-sensitivity troponins, widespread in Brazil and Europe, stand out.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, despite the huge gain in sensitivity, allowing early detection of a minimum threshold of myocardial lesion in patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain, there was a reduction in specificity, which resulted in several patients with non-cardiological or non-coronary problems undergoing unnecessary and even harmful antithrombotic therapy and invasive coronary stratification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The adequate troponin level to be considered for the correct interpretation of clinical findings depends on the patient&#8217;s characteristics and on the troponin assay used, and should be ideally individualized for each service.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, this study was aimed at assessing the current sensitive troponin I levels for patients with chest pain, in addition to relating them to the existence of significant coronary lesions both in the presence and absence of chronic renal failure in the sample selected.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>This is a retrospective, single-center, observational study, including 991 patients with chest pain admitted to the emergency department of a high-complexity tertiary cardiology center, between May 2013 and May 2015.</p>
        <p>All patients with chest pain undergoing coronary angiography for suspected unstable angina or non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction were included. Presence of ST-segment elevation was the only exclusion criterion. The coronary lesion was considered significant when &#8805; 70% on coronary angiography. Chronic renal failure was defined as a creatinine level &gt; 1.5 mg/dL.</p>
        <p>The patients were divided into two groups: with (N = 681) and without (N = 310) significant coronary lesion. For Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the patients were divided into two other groups: with (N = 184) and without (N = 807) chronic renal failure.</p>
        <p>The commercial ADVIA Centaur<sup>&#174;</sup> TnI-Ultra assay (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Tarrytown, NY, USA) was used for current sensitive troponin with a 99<sup>th</sup> percentile value of 0.04 ng/mL. The flowchart of the management of all patients with chest pain met the criteria established by the last American Heart Association guideline.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome was defined as presence of chest pain associated with electrocardiographic changes or troponin elevation/drop on admission or, in the lack thereof, clinical findings and risk factors compatible with unstable angina (chest pain at rest or on minimal exertion, of severe intensity or occurring in a <italic>crescendo</italic> pattern). The highest troponin level during hospitalization before coronary angiography was considered for analysis, following the every 6-hour marker collection protocol of the institution.</p>
        <p>The following data were obtained: age, sex, presence of diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, smoking habit, dyslipidemia, family history of early coronary artery disease, chronic coronary artery disease, previous acute myocardial infarction, creatinine, ST-segment depression or T-wave inversion on the electrocardiogram.</p>
        <p>This study was submitted to the Ethics Committee in Research and approved by it. All patients provided written informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The ROC curve analysis was performed to identify the sensitivity and specificity of the best cutoff point of troponin as a discriminator of the probability of significant coronary lesion, and 95% confidence interval (CI) was used. That analysis was performed for the general population and separately for patients with and without chronic renal failure.</p>
        <p>Descriptive analysis of the categorical variables was performed by use of percentages. Continuous variables with non-normal distribution were expressed as medians and interquartile intervals, and those with normal distribution, as means and standard deviations. The comparison between groups was performed by use of the chi-square test for categorical variables. The continuous variables, when the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed normal distribution, were assessed by using the unpaired T test, and when the distribution was not normal, the Mann-Whitney U test was used. Both troponin cutoff points analyzed (the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of the method and the best cutoff point found in this study) were entered into the univariate analysis. Comparison between patients with <italic>versus</italic> without significant coronary lesion was performed.</p>
        <p>Multivariate analysis was performed with logistic regression, p &lt; 0.05 being the significance level adopted. All baseline characteristics listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> that reached statistical significance on univariate analysis were considered as variables in the analysis. Multivariate analysis was performed separately for each troponin cutoff point assessed (the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of the method and the best cutoff point found in this study).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics and univariate analysis comparing patients with versus without significant coronary lesion</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Coronary lesions &#8805; 70%</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Present (N = 681)</th>
                <th align="center">Absent (N = 310)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex (%)</td>
                <td align="center">72.10%</td>
                <td align="center">65.10%</td>
                <td align="center">0.018<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (median)</td>
                <td align="center">62.9 &#177; 11.30</td>
                <td align="center">63.9 &#177; 13.23</td>
                <td align="center">0.202<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#960;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38.82%</td>
                <td align="center">40%</td>
                <td align="center">0.725<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arterial hypertension (%)</td>
                <td align="center">79.30%</td>
                <td align="center">84.80%</td>
                <td align="center">0.038<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chronic coronary disease (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13.70%</td>
                <td align="center">14.50%</td>
                <td align="center">0.724<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">51.00%</td>
                <td align="center">50.00%</td>
                <td align="center">0.797<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FH of early CAD (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12.50%</td>
                <td align="center">10.60%</td>
                <td align="center">0.404<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous AMI (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39.70%</td>
                <td align="center">36.10%</td>
                <td align="center">0.284<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking (%)</td>
                <td align="center">43.50%</td>
                <td align="center">31.30%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL) (mean)</td>
                <td align="center">1.31 &#177; 1.20</td>
                <td align="center">1.32 &#177; 1.25</td>
                <td align="center">0.896<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ST depression/T-wave inversion</td>
                <td align="center">36.30%</td>
                <td align="center">18.70%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponin + / 99<sup>th</sup> percentile</td>
                <td align="center">91.50%</td>
                <td align="center">72.60%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponin + / Best cutoff point</td>
                <td align="center">63.40%</td>
                <td align="center">32.60%</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>FH: family history; CAD: coronary artery disease; AMI: acute myocardial infarction;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>chi square test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>unpaired T test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>&#960;</label>
              <p>Mann-Whitney U test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The calculations were performed with the SPSS software, version 10.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The median age was 63 years, and 52% of the patients were of the male sex. The area under the ROC curve between the troponin levels and significant coronary lesions was 0.685 (95% CI: 0.65 - 0.72). In patients with or without renal failure, the areas under the ROC curve were 0.703 (95% CI: 0.66 - 0.74) and 0.608 (95% CI: 0.52 - 0.70), respectively. The best cutoff points to discriminate the presence of significant coronary lesion were: in the general population, 0.605 ng/dL (sensitivity, 63.4%; specificity, 67%; positive predictive value, 65.9%; negative predictive value, 64.7%; accuracy, 65.3%; and likelihood ratio, 1.9); in patients without renal failure, 0.605 ng/dL (sensitivity, 62.7%; specificity, 71%; accuracy, 66.9%; and likelihood ratio, 2.2); and in patients with chronic renal failure, 0.515 ng/dL (sensitivity, 80.6%; specificity, 42%; accuracy, 61.3%; and likelihood ratio, 1.4) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). In the general population, the level of 0.05 ng/dL (immediately above the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile) showed sensitivity of 93.7% and specificity of 23%. For patients with chronic renal failure to reach a specificity of 67% (as in the general population), an elevation in the troponin level to 1.58 ng/dL was necessary.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC curve identifying the sensitivity and the specificity of the best cutoff point of troponin as a discriminator of the probability of significant coronary lesion. AUC: area under the curve.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0068-70182-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Troponin was negative in 143 patients, and, in 40.6% of them, significant lesions were observed on coronary angiography. In addition, 10.5% of those patients with negative troponin showed ST-segment depression/T-wave inversion on electrocardiogram. Using the gold-standard procedure of cardiac catheterization, the acute coronary syndrome diagnosis was confirmed in 68.7% of the patients admitted due to chest pain. In 9.1% of those without significant coronary lesion on coronary angiography and with positive troponin, the acute coronary syndrome diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac magnetic resonance. The baseline characteristics of the population studied and the univariate analysis between the groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>In multivariate analysis, considering the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of the method, there were significant differences between the groups with and without coronary lesion regarding smoking habit (OR = 1.58, p = 0.002), ST-segment depression/T-wave inversion (OR = 2.05, p &lt; 0.0001) and troponin positivity (OR = 3.39, p &lt; 0.0001), respectively. However, when considering the best troponin cutoff point found in this study, there were significant differences between the groups with and without coronary lesion regarding the male sex (OR = 1.35, p = 0.039), smoking habit (OR = 1.64, p = 0.001), ST-segment depression/T-wave inversion (OR = 2.22, p &lt; 0.0001) and troponin positivity (OR = 3.39, p &lt; 0.0001), respectively. The multivariate analysis results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multivariate analysis comparing patients with <italic>versus</italic> without significant coronary lesion: A. Using the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of the troponin assay; B. using the best cutoff point for troponin found in the study</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>A</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>OR</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>95% CI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.32</td>
              <td align="center">0.99 - 1.76</td>
              <td align="center">0.052</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.81</td>
              <td align="center">0.55 - 1.18</td>
              <td align="center">0.272</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.58</td>
              <td align="center">1.18 - 2.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ST depression/T-wave inversion</td>
              <td align="center">2.05</td>
              <td align="center">1.47 - 2.88</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Troponin + / 99<sup>th</sup> percentile</td>
              <td align="center">3.39</td>
              <td align="center">2.32 - 4.94</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
                <bold>B</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>OR</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>95% CI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>p</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.35</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 - 0.180</td>
              <td align="center">0.039</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.89</td>
              <td align="center">0.60 - 1.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.548</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.64</td>
              <td align="center">1.21 - 2.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ST depression/T-wave inversion</td>
              <td align="center">2.22</td>
              <td align="center">1.58 - 3.12</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Troponin + / Best cutoff point</td>
              <td align="center">3.39</td>
              <td align="center">2.53 - 4.54</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The results of this study in the Brazilian population are in accordance with those of recently published literature. Troponin positivity without association with coronary angiographic findings was observed in 31.3% of the patients. In addition, better specificity values were only achieved with a troponin cutoff point of 0.605 ng/dL, approximately 15 times the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of the method. When assessing the subgroup with renal failure, that level is even higher, hindering its correct interpretation.</p>
      <p>In a study published in 2012 derived from the Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort, blood samples were collected and high-sensitivity troponin I levels were measured. The results showed that, in a population of 15340 individuals, 31.7% of the men and 18.1% of the women had high high-sensitivity troponin with no clinical manifestation at the time of blood collection, highlighting the problem of the specificity of the method. Positivity and worse prognosis were correlated in the long run (p &lt; 0.0001), as reported in other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> That prevalence of troponin positivity not related to acute coronary artery disease is similar to that found in our study, although we assessed specifically patients with chest pain.</p>
      <p>Likewise, a prospective cohort study of 6304 patients with chest pain presenting to the emergency department has reported positive high-sensitivity troponin T in 39% of the cases diagnosed as non-coronary.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Irfan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> have conducted an observational multicenter study with 1181 patients hospitalized because of non-cardiac causes, 15% of whom had positive high-sensitivity troponin T. Of the major factors related to that unexpected elevation, the presence of kidney dysfunction was identified as a significantly influencing factor. In addition, once again, patients with elevated troponin were at higher risk for death (HR = 3.0; p = 0.02).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In individuals older than 75 years, high-sensitivity troponin T was assessed in the context of chest pain, being measured at baseline and 3-4 hours. Approximately 27% of the patients were classified as having acute coronary syndrome. The sensitivity and specificity found in that population were 88% and 38%, respectively. The greater the initial level or the increase (mainly absolute) in the subsequent measures, the higher the specificity found.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> That specificity value can be greater than ours found in the general population, probably because of the inclusion of more patients with other heart diseases, because we belong to a referral tertiary cardiology center.</p>
      <p>The concept of variation in the levels of sensitive troponin and high-sensitivity troponin in different measurements has been studied, and establishing a correlation between the amplitude of variability and the probability of coronary artery disease has been consecutively attempted. In addition, amplitude can be relative (expressed as percentages) or absolute, with possible implications and distinct interpretations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A retrospective study published in 2014, including 1054 patients with chest pain, assessed the variability related to high-sensitivity troponin T. Approximately 40% of the patients showed alteration in at least one measurement. Even with a variation greater than 20% as compared to the initial level, the specificity did not exceed 70%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Assessing specifically the same current sensitive troponin assay used in this study, in 2013 Bonaca et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> published a study comparing current sensitive troponin I <italic>versus</italic> high-sensitivity troponin I in 381 patients with chest pain at the emergency department. Those authors found sensitivity values for the two assays of 94% and 97%, and negative predictive values of 98% and 99%, respectively, with no significant difference.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Another similar study of 1807 patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome has shown no significant difference regarding prognosis when comparing the positivity of current sensitive troponin I <italic>versus</italic> high-sensitivity troponin I.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Differently from the findings of those studies and using the same assay, ours showed lower sensitivity and specificity of 23% when using the 99<sup>th</sup> percentile of the method. That shows the importance of assessing each center&#8217;s population, respecting their specific individualities.</p>
      <p>In alignment with that, the meta-analysis published in 2014 with 17 studies and 8644 patients with chest pain compared the use of high-sensitivity troponin with that of conventional troponin. There were differences regarding sensitivity (88.4% vs. 74.9%; p &lt; 0.001) and specificity (81.6% vs. 93.8%; p &lt; 0.001), respectively. Despite that increase in sensitivity with high-sensitivity troponin, the number of patients with the final diagnosis of myocardial infarction and the need for additional tests for ischemia did not differ between the groups, showing no additional clinical advantage with the use of high-sensitivity troponin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Finally, some studies have validated the new troponin assays.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The study conducted in 2015 compared seven assays of current sensitive troponins and high-sensitivity troponin in 2813 patients with chest pain, and with (16%) or without kidney dysfunction. Of the patients with nephropathy, in only 45-80% of those with positive troponin, the final diagnosis was myocardial infarction. The optimal cutoff point varied from 1.9 to 3.4 times that of the general population to detect acute coronary artery disease. Assessing only the same current sensitive troponin assay used in this study, in 27% of those with positive troponin, the final diagnosis of myocardial infarction was ruled out. The area under the curve of accuracy of that assay decreased from 0.92 to 0.87 (p = 0.013), comparing the general population with the patients with kidney dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> That cutoff point elevation is in accordance with our findings, showing a clear specificity reduction in the group of patients with nephropathy.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Despite the large case series, this is a retrospective (hindering the blinded analysis) single-center study, with a much higher number of patients without chronic renal failure than with it. In addition, we used only one troponin assay, and most patients were of the male sex.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In the study population of patients with chest pain, sensitive troponin I showed a good correlation with significant coronary lesions when its level was greater than 0.605 ng/dL. In patients with chronic renal failure, a significant decrease in specificity was observed in the correlation of troponin levels and severe coronary lesions.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number CAAE 38511114.7.0000.0068. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Terapia Intensiva Cardiol&#243;gica/Emerg&#234;ncias</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Troponinas I Sens&#237;veis em Pacientes com Dor Tor&#225;cica - Associa&#231;&#227;o com Les&#245;es Coronarianas Significativas e Varia&#231;&#227;o em Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gualandro</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Menosi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bossa</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Siqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zullino</surname>
            <given-names>Cindel Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Biselli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carolina Feres de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana de Carvalho Andreucci Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio Tavares de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Emerg&#234;ncia - InCor - HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alexandre de Matos Soeiro,</bold> Rua Jo&#227;o Moura, 870, apto 192b. CEP 05412-002, Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>alexandre.soeiro@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Soeiro AM, Gualandro DM, Biselli B, Soeiro MCFA, Leal TCAT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Soeiro AM, Bossa AS, Zullino CN, Biselli B, Soeiro MCFA, Leal TCAT; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Soeiro AM, Gualandro DM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Soeiro AM, Gualandro DM, Soeiro MCFA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Soeiro AM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Soeiro AM, Leal TCAT; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Soeiro AM, Serrano Jr. CV, Oliveira Junior MT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Apesar de apresentar maior sensibilidade em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s troponinas convencionais, as troponinas sens&#237;veis apresentam menor especificidade, principalmente em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os valores de troponina I sens&#237;vel em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica, relacionando-os &#224; presen&#231;a de les&#245;es coronarianas significativas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico e observacional. Foram inclu&#237;dos 991 pacientes, divididos em dois grupos: com (N = 681) ou sem les&#227;o coronariana (N = 310). Para an&#225;lise posterior, os pacientes foram separados em outros dois grupos: com (N = 184) ou sem insufici&#234;ncia renal (N = 807). A troponina utilizada pertence ao kit comercial ADVIA Centaur<sup>&#174;</sup> TnI-Ultra (<italic>Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics</italic>). A an&#225;lise foi feita por curva ROC para identificar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do melhor ponto de corte da troponina como discriminador de probabilidade de les&#227;o coronariana. As associa&#231;&#245;es foram consideradas significativas quando p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Cerca de 52% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino e a idade mediana da amostra foi de 63 anos. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC entre os valores de troponina e les&#245;es coronarianas significativas foi de 0,685 (IC 95%: 0,65 - 0,72). Em pacientes sem e com insufici&#234;ncia renal, as &#225;reas sob a curva foram 0,703 (IC 95%: 0,66 - 0,74) e 0,608 (IC 95%: 0,52 - 0,70), respectivamente. Os melhores pontos de corte para discriminar a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o coron&#225;ria significativa foram: 0,605 ng/dL (sensibilidade de 63,4%, especificidade de 67%) no grupo geral, 0,605 ng/dL (sensibilidade de 62,7% e especificidade de 71%) em pacientes sem insufici&#234;ncia renal e 0,515 ng/dL (sensibilidade de 80,6% e especificidade de 42%) no grupo com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica, a troponina I sens&#237;vel apresentou boa correla&#231;&#227;o com les&#245;es coronarianas significativas quando acima de 0,605 ng/dL. Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, observamos uma queda importante de especificidade na correla&#231;&#227;o dos valores com les&#245;es coronarianas graves.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Troponina I</kwd>
        <kwd>Dor no Peito</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica Biomarcadores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, a cardiologia tem presenciado o desenvolvimento constante de in&#250;meros biomarcadores. Dentre eles, destacam-se as troponinas contempor&#226;neas sens&#237;veis e as troponinas ultrassens&#237;veis (tropo-US), atualmente em grande expans&#227;o no Brasil e na Europa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, apesar do enorme ganho em sensibilidade, permitindo detectar precocemente e com m&#237;nimo limiar a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o da especificidade, fazendo com que diversos pacientes com problemas n&#227;o cardiol&#243;gicos ou n&#227;o coronarianos sejam submetidos &#224; terapia antitromb&#243;tica e, por vezes, estratifica&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria invasiva, de forma desnecess&#225;ria e at&#233; mesmo prejudicial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O valor adequado de troponina a ser considerado para correta interpreta&#231;&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico depende das caracter&#237;sticas do doente e do kit de troponina utilizado, devendo idealmente ser individualizado para cada servi&#231;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dessa forma, desenvolvemos este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar os valores de troponina I sens&#237;vel contempor&#226;nea em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica, relacionando-os &#224; presen&#231;a de les&#245;es coronarianas significativas, na presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica na amostra selecionada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico e observacional. Inclu&#237;ram-se 991 pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica admitidos entre maio de 2013 e maio de 2015 no setor de emerg&#234;ncia em um centro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia de alta complexidade.</p>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos todos os pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia (suspeita de angina inst&#225;vel ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento de ST). Presen&#231;a de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST foi o &#250;nico crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o utilizado. Les&#227;o coron&#225;ria significativa foi considerada quando &#8805; 70% na cineangiocoronariografia. Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica foi estabelecida quando creatinina &gt; 1,5 mg/dl.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: com (N = 681) ou sem les&#227;o coronariana significativa (N = 310). Para an&#225;lise posterior de curva <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic> (ROC), os pacientes foram separados em outros dois grupos: com insufici&#234;ncia renal (N = 184) ou sem insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (N = 807).</p>
          <p>A troponina sens&#237;vel contempor&#226;nea utilizada pertence ao kit comercial ADVIA Centaur<sup>&#174;</sup> TnI-Ultra (<italic>Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Tarrytown, NY, EUA</italic>) com valor de percentil 99 de 0,04 ng/ml. O fluxograma de atendimento de todos os pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica preencheu os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pela &#250;ltima diretriz da <italic>American Heart Association.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento de ST foi definida como presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica associada &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ou eleva&#231;&#227;o/queda de troponina na interna&#231;&#227;o ou, na aus&#234;ncia desses, quadro cl&#237;nico e fatores de risco compat&#237;veis com angina inst&#225;vel (dor tor&#225;cica ao repouso ou aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os, severa ou ocorrendo em padr&#227;o em crescendo). O valor de troponina considerado foi o mais elevado durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o da cineangiocoronariografia, seguindo o protocolo de coleta de 6 em 6 horas do marcador da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Os seguintes dados foram obtidos: idade, sexo, presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, tabagismo, dislipidemia, hist&#243;ria familiar para doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria precoce, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria cr&#244;nica, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, creatinina, infradesnivelamento do segmento ST ou invers&#227;o de onda T ao eletrocardiograma.</p>
          <p>O trabalho foi submetido ao comit&#234; de &#233;tica e pesquisa e aprovado por ele. O termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido foi preenchido por todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise foi feita por curva ROC para identificar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do melhor ponto de corte da troponina como discriminador de probabilidade de les&#227;o coronariana significativa. Foi utilizado intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. Tal an&#225;lise foi realizada para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral e separadamente para pacientes com ou sem insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
          <p>An&#225;lise descritiva das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi realizada atrav&#233;s de porcentagens. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram descritas atrav&#233;s de medianas e intervalos interquartis, ao passo que as de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos foi realizada atrav&#233;s de qui-quadrado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, quando o teste de normalidade Kolmogorov-Smirnov mostrava distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, as vari&#225;veis eram calculadas utilizando teste T n&#227;o-pareado. Caso a distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o seguisse o padr&#227;o de normalidade, utilizamos o teste Mann-Whitney U. Foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise univariada ambos os cortes de troponina analisados (percentil 99 do m&#233;todo e melhor ponto de corte encontrado no estudo). A compara&#231;&#227;o foi realizada entre pacientes com <italic>versus</italic> sem les&#227;o coronariana significativa.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada foi realizada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, sendo considerado significativo p &lt; 0,05. Foram consideradas como vari&#225;veis na an&#225;lise todas as caracter&#237;sticas basais apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> que apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise univariada pregressa. A avalia&#231;&#227;o multivariada foi efetuada separadamente para ambos os cortes de troponina analisados (percentil 99 do m&#233;todo e melhor ponto de corte encontrado no estudo).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;stica basais e an&#225;lise univariada comparando os pacientes com <italic>versus</italic> sem les&#227;o coronariana significativa</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Les&#245;es coronarianas &#8805; 70%</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Presente (N = 681)</th>
                  <th align="center">Ausente (N = 310)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,10%</td>
                  <td align="center">65,10%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (mediana)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,9 &#177; 11,30</td>
                  <td align="center">63,9 &#177; 13,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,202<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#960;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,82%</td>
                  <td align="center">40%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,725<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">79,30%</td>
                  <td align="center">84,80%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria cr&#244;nica (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,70%</td>
                  <td align="center">14,50%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,724<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51,00%</td>
                  <td align="center">50,00%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,797<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HF de DAC precoce (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,50%</td>
                  <td align="center">10,60%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,404<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39,70%</td>
                  <td align="center">36,10%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,284<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43,50%</td>
                  <td align="center">31,30%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL) (m&#233;dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,31 &#177; 1,20</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32 &#177; 1,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,896<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infra-ST / Invers&#227;o de onda T</td>
                  <td align="center">36,30%</td>
                  <td align="center">18,70%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Troponina + / Percentil 99</td>
                  <td align="center">91,50%</td>
                  <td align="center">72,60%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Troponina + / Melhor ponto de corte</td>
                  <td align="center">63,40%</td>
                  <td align="center">32,60%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>HF: hist&#243;ria familiar; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; Infra-ST: infradesnivelamento do segmento ST;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>teste Qui-quadrado;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>teste T n&#227;o-pareado;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>&#960;</label>
                <p>teste Mann-Whitney U.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Todos os c&#225;lculos foram realizados utilizando o programa SPSS v. 10.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A mediana de idade foi de 63 anos e cerca de 52% eram do sexo masculino. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC entre os valores de troponina e les&#245;es coronarianas significativas foi de 0,685 (IC 95%: 0,65 - 0,72). Em pacientes sem e com insufici&#234;ncia renal, as &#225;reas sob a curva foram, respectivamente, de 0,703 (IC 95%: 0,66 - 0,74) e 0,608 (IC 95%: 0,52 - 0,70). Os melhores pontos de corte para discriminar a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o coron&#225;ria significativa foram: no grupo geral, 0,605 ng/dL (sensibilidade de 63,4%, especificidade de 67%, valor preditivo positivo de 65,9%, valor preditivo negativo de 64,7%, acur&#225;cia de 65,3% e raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a de 1,9); em pacientes sem insufici&#234;ncia renal, 0,605 ng/dL (sensibilidade de 62,7%, especificidade de 71%, acur&#225;cia de 66,9% e raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a de 2,2); e no grupo com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, 0,515 ng/dL (sensibilidade de 80,6%, especificidade de 42%, acur&#225;cia de 61,3% e raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a de 1,4) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, o valor de 0,05 ng/dL (imediatamente superior ao percentil 99) apresentou sensibilidade de 93,7% e especificidade de 23%. Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica para alcance de especificidade de 67% (idem grupo geral), foi necess&#225;ria eleva&#231;&#227;o do valor de troponina para 1,58 ng/dL.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva ROC identificando a sensibilidade e a especificidade do melhor ponto de corte da troponina como discriminador de probabilidade de les&#227;o coronariana significativa. AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0068-70182-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em 143 pacientes, a troponina encontrava-se negativa e, em 40,6% desse grupo, foram observadas les&#245;es significativas &#224; coronariografia. Ainda em pacientes com troponina negativa, em 10,5% houve infradesnivelamento de ST/invers&#227;o de onda T ao eletrocardiograma. Utilizando o cateterismo como padr&#227;o-ouro, o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda foi confirmado pelo cateterismo card&#237;aco em 68,7% dos casos de pacientes admitidos por dor tor&#225;cica. Em 9,1% dos pacientes sem les&#245;es significativas na coronariografia e com troponina positiva, o diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda foi confirmado por resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca. As caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e a an&#225;lise univariada entre os grupos encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, considerando-se o percentil 99 do m&#233;todo, observaram-se diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos com e sem les&#227;o coronariana em rela&#231;&#227;o a tabagismo (OR = 1,58, p = 0,002), infradesnivelamento de ST/invers&#227;o de onda T (OR = 2,05, p &lt; 0,0001) e positividade da troponina (OR = 3,39, p &lt; 0,0001), respectivamente. J&#225; considerando o melhor ponto de corte da troponina encontrado no estudo, observaram-se diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos com e sem les&#227;o coronariana em rela&#231;&#227;o a sexo masculino (OR = 1,35, p = 0,039), tabagismo (OR = 1,64, p = 0,001), infradesnivelamento de ST/invers&#227;o de onda T (OR = 2,22, p &lt; 0,0001) e positividade da troponina (OR = 3,39, p &lt; 0,0001), respectivamente. Os resultados da an&#225;lise multivariada s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise multivariada comparando os pacientes com <italic>versus</italic> sem les&#227;o coronariana significativa: A. Utilizando percentil 99 do kit de troponina; B. utilizando o melhor ponto de corte de troponina encontrado no estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>A</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>IC (95%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 - 1,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,052</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,55 - 1,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,272</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,58</td>
                <td align="center">1,18 - 2,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infra-ST / Invers&#227;o de onda T</td>
                <td align="center">2,05</td>
                <td align="center">1,47 - 2,88</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponina + / Percentil 99</td>
                <td align="center">3,39</td>
                <td align="center">2,32 - 4,94</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>B</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>OR</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>IC (95%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,35</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 - 0,180</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
                <td align="center">0,60 - 1,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,548</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,64</td>
                <td align="center">1,21 - 2,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infra-ST / Invers&#227;o de onda T</td>
                <td align="center">2,22</td>
                <td align="center">1,58 - 3,12</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponina + / Melhor ponto de corte</td>
                <td align="center">3,39</td>
                <td align="center">2,53 - 4,54</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Infra-ST: infradesnivelamento do segmento ST; OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O estudo apresentado mostrou dados importantes reproduzidos na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira que condizem com os resultados de publica&#231;&#245;es recentes na literatura. Observou-se em 31,3% dos pacientes positividade da troponina sem associa&#231;&#227;o com achados angiogr&#225;ficos coronarianos. Al&#233;m disso, valores melhores de especificidade somente foram alcan&#231;ados com corte de 0,605 ng/dL, cerca de 15 vezes o percentil 99 do m&#233;todo. Quando avaliado o subgrupo de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal, esse valor torna-se ainda maior, criando uma barreira ainda mais ampla para sua correta interpreta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em trabalho publicado em 2012 derivado do <italic>Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort</italic>, foram coletadas amostras sangu&#237;neas e aferidas dosagens de tropo-US I. Os resultados mostraram que, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 15340 pessoas, cerca de 31,7% dos homens e 18,1% das mulheres apresentam tropo-US elevada sem nenhuma manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica no momento da coleta, ressaltando o problema de especificidade do m&#233;todo. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a positividade e o pior progn&#243;stico em longo prazo (p &lt; 0,0001), assim como j&#225; relatado em outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Essa preval&#234;ncia de positividade de troponina n&#227;o relacionada &#224; coronariopatia aguda &#233; similar &#224; encontrada em nosso estudo, apesar de termos avaliado especificamente pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica.</p>
        <p>De maneira semelhante, outro estudo de coorte prospectiva com 6304 pacientes, que apresentaram dor tor&#225;cica e compareceram a servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia, mostrou que, em 39% dos casos diagnosticados como n&#227;o coronarianos, houve positividade de tropo-US T.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Irfan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> publicaram um estudo observacional e multic&#234;ntrico com 1181 pacientes internados por causas n&#227;o card&#237;acas em que se observou positividade da tropo-US T em at&#233; 15% dos indiv&#237;duos. Entre os fatores principais relacionados a essa eleva&#231;&#227;o inesperada, encontrou-se a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal como um dos fatores que influenciaram de forma significativa. Al&#233;m disso, mais uma vez, pacientes com troponina elevada apresentaram maior risco de morte (HR = 3,0; p = 0,02).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Especificamente em idosos acima de 75 anos, a tropo-US T foi avaliada no contexto de dor tor&#225;cica e sendo aferida com 0 e 3-4 horas. Cerca de 27% dos pacientes foram classificados com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. A sensibilidade e a especificidade encontradas nessa popula&#231;&#227;o foram de 88% e 38%, respectivamente. Quanto maior o valor inicial ou o incremento (principalmente absoluto) em medidas subsequentes, maior foi a especificidade encontrada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Esse valor de especificidade chega a ser superior ao nosso encontrado na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, provavelmente devido &#224; maior inclus&#227;o de pacientes com outras cardiopatias em conjunto, j&#225; que pertencemos a um centro terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>O conceito de varia&#231;&#227;o de valores de troponinas sens&#237;veis ou ultrassens&#237;veis em diferentes medidas &#233; algo que tamb&#233;m vem sendo estudado e de maneira consecutiva tenta-se estabelecer correla&#231;&#227;o entre amplitude de variabilidade e probabilidade de doen&#231;a coronariana. Al&#233;m disso, a amplitude pode ser relativa (expressa em porcentagens) ou absoluta, com poss&#237;veis implica&#231;&#245;es e interpreta&#231;&#245;es distintas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudo retrospectivo publicado em 2014, incluindo 1054 pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica, avaliou a quest&#227;o da variabilidade relacionada &#224; tropo-US T. Cerca de 40% dos pacientes apresentaram pelo menos uma medida alterada. Mesmo com varia&#231;&#227;o maior que 20% em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; inicial, a especificidade n&#227;o foi maior que 70%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Avaliando especificamente o mesmo kit de troponina sens&#237;vel contempor&#226;nea utilizado neste estudo, Bonaca et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> em 2013 publicaram um estudo comparando a troponina I contempor&#226;nea sens&#237;vel <italic>versus</italic> a tropo-US I em 381 pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica na emerg&#234;ncia. Como resultado, os autores observaram valores de sensibilidade dos dois kits de 94% vs. 97% e valores preditivos negativos de 98% vs. 99%, respectivamente, sem diferen&#231;a significativa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Outro estudo semelhante com 1807 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, mostrou n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a significativa em termos de progn&#243;stico quando comparada a positividade da troponina I contempor&#226;nea sens&#237;vel <italic>versus</italic> a tropo-US I.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Diferentemente do encontrado nesses estudos, nosso trabalho mostrou com o mesmo kit sensibilidade menor e especificidade pr&#243;xima a 23% quando utilizado o percentil 99 do m&#233;todo. Tal achado mostra a import&#226;ncia de se avaliar a popula&#231;&#227;o em cada centro, respeitando suas individualidades espec&#237;ficas.</p>
        <p>Seguindo a mesma linha, meta-an&#225;lise publicada em 2014 com 17 estudos e 8644 pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica comparou o uso da tropo-US com a troponina convencional. Observaram-se, respectivamente, diferen&#231;as quanto &#224; sensibilidade (88,4% vs. 74,9%, p &lt; 0,001) e &#224; especificidade (81,6% vs. 93,8%, p &lt; 0,001). Apesar desse aumento em sensibilidade com a tropo-US, o n&#250;mero de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico final de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e a necessidade de testes adicionais de isquemia n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos, mostrando n&#227;o haver uma vantagem cl&#237;nica adicional at&#233; o momento com o uso das tropo-US.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por &#250;ltimo, a valida&#231;&#227;o de novos kits de troponinas j&#225; foi realizada em alguns estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Trabalho conduzido em 2015 comparou 7 kits de troponinas contempor&#226;neas sens&#237;veis e tropo-US em 2813 pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica, com (16%) e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o renal. Dentre os pacientes com nefropatia, somente em cerca de 45-80% daqueles com troponina positiva, o diagn&#243;stico final foi de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. O <italic>cut-off</italic> &#243;timo variou entre 1,9 e 3,4 vezes o da popula&#231;&#227;o geral para detec&#231;&#227;o de coronariopatia aguda. Avaliando somente o mesmo kit de troponina contempor&#226;nea sens&#237;vel inclu&#237;da neste estudo, em cerca de 27% daqueles com troponina positiva, o diagn&#243;stico final de infarto mioc&#225;rdico foi descartado. A &#225;rea sob a curva da acur&#225;cia desse kit reduziu de 0,92 para 0,87 (p = 0,013), comparando a popula&#231;&#227;o geral com os pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Essa eleva&#231;&#227;o de <italic>cut-off</italic> &#233; condizente com o achado em nosso estudo, claramente apresentando redu&#231;&#227;o da especificidade nesse grupo de pacientes com nefropatia.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Apesar da grande casu&#237;stica, este estudo &#233; retrospectivo (o que impede o cegamento da an&#225;lise), unic&#234;ntrico e apresenta um n&#250;mero muito maior de pacientes sem insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica do que com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal. Al&#233;m disso, utilizamos somente um kit de troponina e a maior parte da casu&#237;stica &#233; de pacientes do sexo masculino.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada de pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica, a troponina I sens&#237;vel apresentou boa associa&#231;&#227;o com les&#245;es coronarianas significativas quando acima de 0,605 ng/dL. Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, observamos uma queda importante de especificidade na associa&#231;&#227;o dos valores com les&#245;es coronarianas graves.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 38511114.7.0000.0068. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
