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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">prMMZWmYZgScJdBZDDkBH4w</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000100060</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170183</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Cardiovascular Rehabilitation</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Development and Psychometric Validation of HIPER-Q to Assess Knowledge of Hypertensive Patients in Cardiac Rehabilitation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaella Zulianello dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonin</surname>
            <given-names>Christiani Decker Batista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Eliara Ten Caten</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Moacir</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghisi</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Lima de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Kassia Rosangela Paz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benetti</surname>
            <given-names>Magnus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro da Ci&#234;ncia da Sa&#250;de e do Esporte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro da Ci&#234;ncia da Sa&#250;de e do Esporte - Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University Health Network Toronto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Toronto Rehabilitation Institute</institution>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, Toronto - Canada</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">University of Toronto</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rafaella Zulianello dos Santos</bold> Av. Engenheiro Max de Souza, 890 apt. 303. Postal Code 88080-000, Coqueiros, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rafaella.zulianello@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Santos RZ, Ghisi GLM, Benetti M; Acquisition of data: Santos RZ, Bonin CDB; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santos RZ, Bonin CDB, Martins ETC, Ghisi GLM, Macedo KRP; Statistical analysis: Santos RZ, Pereira Junior M; Writing of the manuscript: Santos RZ, Bonin CDB, Martins ETC, Pereira Junior M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos RZ, Ghisi GLM, Macedo KRP, Benetti M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>60</fpage>
      <lpage>67</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The absence of instruments capable of measuring the level of knowledge of hypertensive patients in cardiac rehabilitation programs about their disease reflects the lack of specific recommendations for these patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To develop and validate a questionnaire to evaluate the knowledge of hypertensive patients in cardiac rehabilitation programs about their disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 184 hypertensive patients (mean age 60.5 &#177; 10 years, 66.8% men) were evaluated. Reproducibility was assessed by calculation of the intraclass correlation coefficient using the test-retest method. Internal consistency was assessed by the Cronbach&#8217;s alpha and the construct validity by the exploratory factorial analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The final version of the instrument had 17 questions organized in areas considered important for patient education. The instrument proposed showed a clarity index of 8.7 (0.25). The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.804 and the Cronbach&#8217;s correlation coefficient was 0.648. Factor analysis revealed five factors associated with knowledge areas. Regarding the criterion validity, patients with higher education level and higher family income showed greater knowledge about hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The instrument has a satisfactory clarity index and adequate validity, and can be used to evaluate the knowledge of hypertensive participants in cardiac rehabilitation programs.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension / prevention &amp; control</kwd>
        <kwd>Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Education</kwd>
        <kwd>Validation Studies as Topic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality in the world, as a consequence of population aging and disease-related epidemiological changes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> imposing high costs to health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Among these conditions, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) stands out as a multifactorial clinical condition associated to functional, structural and metabolic changes, with consequent increase in the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>SAH is a serious public health problem, affecting nearly one billion people.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In an important study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> SAH emerges as the main risk factor in the world, and is associated with 9.4 million global deaths a year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In Brazil, the prevalence of SAH is estimated to be from 22 to 42% of adult population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is one of the recommended treatments for cardiovascular diseases, consisting of a multidisciplinary approach for secondary prevention,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> that reduces the recurrence of cardiovascular events and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The benefits of CR are mostly due to habit changes and, in this regard, patient education has been considered one of the most important approaches.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this context, an efficient SAH management depends on patient&#8217;s understanding about his condition and treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Therefore, patients that participate in education programs are more able to successfully control over their own health care. Thus, hypertensive patient&#8217;s knowledge about his condition is part of the therapeutic success, who becomes co-responsible for the treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, there are few validated tools able to provide accurate information about education of hypertensive patients. While some instruments does not focus CR,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> others include only questions deemed as relevant by the authors, without undergoing a psychometric validation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This gap in the knowledge opens the possibility of investigation, since assessment tools are important instruments in educational programs. These instruments enable the identification of patients&#8217;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> educational needs and of specific conditions involving paradigms of health and disease, which are likely to change.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Thus, the aim of this study was to develop and psychometrically validate an instrument to assess the knowledge about the disease of patients enrolled in CR programs (HIPER-Q).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Conception and procedures</title>
        <p>This study was approved by the research ethics committee of Santa Catarina State University (UDESC) (approval number 159.213/2012). The study had a cross-sectional, observational design.</p>
        <p>In the first stage of the study, a literature review was performed to identify the pieces of knowledge about SAH considered relevant to hypertensive individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The bibliographic search was performed in Pubmed database from January 2010 to September 2016.</p>
        <p>The questionnaire was constructed and revised by a commission composed of 17 health specialists, with experience in CR. These specialists carried out an analysis of content and clarity of the instruments, to verify its adequacy to hypertensive patients participating in CR programs.</p>
        <p>The second stage was a pilot study to evaluate both applicability and reproducibility of the instrument, as well as patients&#8217; understanding of the items (clarity). A convenience sample of hypertensive patients, who participated in CR programs, was studied, and the results were used for refinement of the HIPER-Q instrument. Patients of the pilot study did not participate in the psychometric validation.</p>
        <p>The third step was the psychometric validation. The refined tool was used in a larger convenience sample, composed of hypertensive patients participating in CR programs at the Clinic of Cardiology and Cardiopulmonary and Metabolic Rehabilitation (Cardiosport), the Center of Cardiology and Sports Medicine (<italic>N&#250;cleo de Cardiologia e Medicina do Esporte,</italic> NCME) of the clinic, and the Santa Catarina Institute of Cardiology (ICSC). Data were collected between November 2015 and May 2016.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>Patients of the pilot study and patients of the psychometric validation group were recruited from the CR programs mentioned above if they met the following inclusion criteria: clinical diagnosis of SAH, age &#8805; 18 years, participation in a CR program for a period longer than one month, and agreement to participate in the study by signature of the informed consent form, according to the CNS 466/12 resolution. Patients with cognitive dysfunctions that could make the completion of the questionnaire difficult, <italic>i.e</italic>., who did not demonstrate a minimal understanding of socio-demographic questions were excluded, at the investigator&#8217;s discretion.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurements</title>
        <p>To assess the clarity of the instrument, participants of the study pilot were asked to classify each item of the questionnaire in a 1 (not clear) to 10 (very clear) scale.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Also, these patients answered the HIPER-Q at two different occasions with a 14-day interval for analysis of the reproducibility of the instrument. Patients who participated in the psychometric validation were characterized by sex, age, educational attainment, comorbidities, time in CR, cardiac risk factors and clinical history. These characteristics were self-reported.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Sample calculation for the psychometric analysis was performed according to Hair &amp; Anderson&#8217;s<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> who recommend a minimal sample size of 10 subjects per item and/or a minimum of 100 participants. Since the questionnaire was composed of 17 items, a sample of 170 hypertensive subjects was considered sufficient.</p>
        <p>Test-retest reproducibility of the instrument was validated in the pilot study group using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The items should meet the minimal recommended standard - ICC &gt; 0.7.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Psychometric properties of the new tool were assessed by analysis of internal consistency, criterion validity and factorial structure. First, internal consistency was analyzed in the psychometric validation group by Cronbach's alpha, reflecting the internal correlation between items and factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Values greater than 0.60 are generally considered acceptable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Second, criterion validity was analyzed by relating the HIPER-Q scores to patients&#8217; educational attainment and family income, using the Spearman correlation. Third, the dimensional structure (as well as the construct validity) was evaluated by exploratory factor analysis. A component method for factor extraction was performed, considering only those factors with characteristic values &gt; 1.0. When necessary, items with low factor loading (&lt; 0.35) were excluded.</p>
        <p>Once the factors were selected, a correlation matrix was generated, in which the associations between items and factors were identified by factorial loadings greater than 0.30 in only one factor. The promax method was used for matrix interpretation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> and the Spearman correlation was used for analysis of criterion validity.</p>
        <p>Finally, a descriptive analysis of HIPER-Q was performed using mean values and standard deviations of normally distributed variables, and median and interquartile ranges for variables with non-normal distribution. Data normality was evaluated by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Due to non-normality of data, we used the chi-square test to evaluate the association between the HIPER-Q scores based on patients&#8217; sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Patients&#8217; total knowledge was represented by the median of total score.</p>
        <p>Statistical analyses were performed using the <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences (</italic>SPSS) version 20 (IBM Inc. 2011, NYC), and the level of significance was set at 5% for all tests.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>For content validation, 17 health professionals with experience in CR were consulted: 6 (35.5%) physicians, 6 physiotherapists (35.3%), 2 nurses (11.8%), 2 physical educators (11.8%) and 1 dietitian (5.9%). For the pilot test, 30 hypertensive patients participating in CR programs were recruited by convenience to answer the questionnaire; 11 (22%) of them were women, with mean age of 62 &#177; 8 years.</p>
        <p>For psychometric validation, 184 hypertensive patients with mean age of 60.5 &#177;10 years and median time of diagnosis of 8 years (interquartile range 18 years) completed the HIPER-Q. Of these patients, 101 (54.9%) were retired. Participants&#8217; characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Socioeconomic and clinical characteristics of hypertensive patients (n = 184) and HIPER-Q ratings (median and interquartile range) according to these characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Category</th>
                <th align="center">n(%)</th>
                <th align="center">HIPER-Q score Median (IR)</th>
                <th align="center">p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sex</td>
                <td align="center">Male</td>
                <td align="center">123(66.8)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (10)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.033<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Female</td>
                <td align="center">61(33.2)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (8.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="8">Comorbidities</td>
                <td align="center">CAD</td>
                <td align="center">149(81)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (8.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.033<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Dyslipidemias</td>
                <td align="center">149(81)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (8.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.127</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Myocardial infarction</td>
                <td align="center">127(69)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">52(28.3)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0.493</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">POAD</td>
                <td align="center">24(13)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0.805</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">23(12.5)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0.928</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">03(1.6)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (0.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.998</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">COPD</td>
                <td align="center">02(1.1)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (0.)</td>
                <td align="center">0.539</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Cardiologic procedures</td>
                <td align="center">Angioplasty</td>
                <td align="center">116(63)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (7.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.019<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Cardiac surgery</td>
                <td align="center">53(28.8)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.275</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="6">Classes of antihypertensive drugs</td>
                <td align="center">ACEI</td>
                <td align="center">65(35.3)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (10.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.768</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#945; and &#946; adrenergic blockers</td>
                <td align="center">56(30.4)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (10.75)</td>
                <td align="center">0.186</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Angiotensin II receptor antagonists</td>
                <td align="center">52(28.3)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.669</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Diuretics</td>
                <td align="center">21(11.4)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">0.820</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Calcium channel blockers</td>
                <td align="center">05(2.7)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">0.195</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Unknown</td>
                <td align="center">15(8.2)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (7.75)</td>
                <td align="center">0.755</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Number of anti-hypertensive drugs</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">37(20.1)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (7)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.993</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">108(58.7)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">36(19.6)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (9.75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2(1.1)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (0.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Type of rehabilitation</td>
                <td align="center">Public</td>
                <td align="center">162(88)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (9)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.274</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Private</td>
                <td align="center">22(12)</td>
                <td align="center">32.5 (10.25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Time of rehabilitation</td>
                <td align="center">From 01 to 06 months</td>
                <td align="center">105(47.3)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (9)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.317</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">From 06 to 12 months</td>
                <td align="center">10(4.5)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (14.25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">From 12 to 24 months</td>
                <td align="center">17(7.7)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Over 24 months</td>
                <td align="center">51(23)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Family income (salary)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 01</td>
                <td align="center">09 (4.9)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (8.5)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="5">0.023<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">01 - 05</td>
                <td align="center">94(51.1)</td>
                <td align="center">25.5 (9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">05 - 10</td>
                <td align="center">42(22.8)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">10 - 20</td>
                <td align="center">32(17.4)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (14.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&gt; 20</td>
                <td align="center">07(3.8)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="8">Educational level</td>
                <td align="center">Never went to school</td>
                <td align="center">08(4.3)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (8.75)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="8">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Some primary education</td>
                <td align="center">59(32.1)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Completed primary</td>
                <td align="center">20(10.9)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (6.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Some high school</td>
                <td align="center">16(8.7)</td>
                <td align="center">22.5 (4.75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Completed high school</td>
                <td align="center">35(19)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Some college</td>
                <td align="center">13(7.1)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (14)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Completed college</td>
                <td align="center">30(16.3)</td>
                <td align="center">31.5 (14.25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Graduate degree</td>
                <td align="center">3(1.6)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (0.0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IR: interquartile range; CAD: coronary artery disease; POAD: peripheral obstructive arterial disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>chi-square;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Development of HIPER-Q</title>
        <p>The literature review on health education for hypertensive patients in CR programs revealed consistent findings between the articles. The first version of the HIPER-Q was developed based on literature data. Nineteen items were constructed encompassing seven important domains in patient education: self-care, treatment, diagnosis, physical exercise, concept and pathophysiology, signs and symptoms and risk factors. Similar to other educational instruments,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> for each item, one answer is considered the &#8220;most correct&#8221; one and receives score 3, and another answer is considered &#8220;partially corrected&#8221; and receives score 1. The other two answer options - the incorrect option and the &#8220;don&#8217;t know&#8221; option receives no score (zero). According to the classification described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, the sum of the scores represents mean total knowledge, where the maximum score of 51 points corresponds to &#8216;perfect&#8217; knowledge.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification of patient's knowledge by HIPER-Q score</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Sum of the scores</th>
                <th align="center">Percentage</th>
                <th align="center">Classification of knowledge</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">From 46 - 51 points</td>
                <td align="center">90 - 100%</td>
                <td align="center">Excellent</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">From 36 - 45 points</td>
                <td align="center">70 - 89%</td>
                <td align="center">Good</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">From 25 - 35 points</td>
                <td align="center">50 - 69%</td>
                <td align="center">Acceptable</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">From 15 - 24 points</td>
                <td align="center">30 - 49%</td>
                <td align="center">Poor</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 15 points</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 30%</td>
                <td align="center">Insufficient</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clarity validation</title>
        <p>The construction rules of the item sources and of the theoretical analysis of the items, content and semantics were considered &#8216;clear&#8217; by 79% of the specialists, with a median clarity score of 8.5 (0.75). However, most of the items received comments on their semantic contexts. Each item was widely discussed by the authors, and all changes suggested by the specialists were accepted. This version of the questionnaire was analyzed by the same professionals, and the final version was then provided, with 96% of agreement between the items and median clarity score of 9.54 (0.30).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pilot study</title>
        <p>The average time for completion of the questionnaire by the participants (n = 30) was 15.4 &#177; 2.2 minutes. The median clarity score was 8.7 (0.25), and no item had a clarity score lower than 7.0, indicating that the questionnaire was well understood by the target population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Test-retest reproducibility</title>
        <p>Total ICC of the instrument was 0.804, obtained by the final test-retest scores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> The items &#8220;Also with respect to systemic arterial hypertension, we can affirm that&#8221; and &#8220;What is the best diet for patients with systemic arterial hypertension?&#8221; had a ICC lower than 0.7 (0.43 and 0.58, respectively) and were excluded from the final version,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> which was then composed of 17 questions. The ICC of each question is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Score of the HIPER-Q items (n = 184) (median and interquartile range), and intra class correlation coefficient of each item (n = 30)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Domain</th>
                <th align="center">Questions</th>
                <th align="center">HIPER-Q score in median (interquartile range)</th>
                <th align="center">ICC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Self-care</td>
                <td align="center">9.If a health professional finds that your blood pressure is altered, you should</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">15. With respect to self-measurement of blood pressure, it is correct to say that</td>
                <td align="center">0 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">17. With respect to systemic arterial hypertension patient's self-care, it is correct to say that:</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Treatment</td>
                <td align="center">6. What is the ideal treatment to reduce blood pressure levels?</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">14. Which of these drugs aim to reduce blood pressure levels?</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diagnosis</td>
                <td align="center">5. Which among the items listed below are the most accurate in the diagnosis of systemic arterial hypertension?</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">16. About the "white coat syndrome", it is correct to say that</td>
                <td align="center">0 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Physical exercise</td>
                <td align="center">4. Physical exercise for systemic arterial hypertension patients should:</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">8. The practice of physical exercises is contraindicated when the patient:</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">10. On the basis of your knowledge about systemic arterial hypertension, answer the following:</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">11. What favorable changes are systemic arterial hypertension patients able to obtain with the regular practice of physical exercises?</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Concept and pathophysiology</td>
                <td align="center">1. Systemic arterial hypertension is:</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">13. What are the main consequences of untreated systemic arterial hypertension?</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Signs and symptoms</td>
                <td align="center">3. With respect to systemic arterial hypertension symptoms, check the correct answer</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risk factors</td>
                <td align="center">2. Which of the risk factor groups below has the greatest influence on the development of systemic arterial hypertension?</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">7. Which systolic arterial pressure and diastolic arterial pressure values, respectively, are recommended for systemic arterial hypertension patients?</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">12. With respect to stress, we can say that:</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.78</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>ICC: intra-class correlation coefficient.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Psychometric validation</title>
        <p>The HIPER-Q was administered to participants of CR programs, and the mean scores of the questionnaire items are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. Overall, the HIPER-Q showed a moderate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.648).</p>
        <p>With respect to criterion validity, a relationship of HIPER-Q total score was found with educational attainment and family income. Weak positive correlations were found of knowledge level with educational attainment (rho = 0.346; p &lt; 0.01) and family income (rho = 0.176; p = 0.017).</p>
        <p>Dimensional structure was evaluated by exploratory factor analysis. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO = 0.669) test and the Bartlett&#8217;s sphericity test (<italic>X<sup>2</sup></italic> 2066.56; p &lt; 0.001) indicated adequacy of data for factor analysis. Five factors were extracted and, together, they accounted for 51.1% of the total variance of the items, whose characteristic values were &gt; 1.1. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> displays the factor loadings of the items. Factor &#8220;1&#8221; reflects &#8220;General Conditions&#8221;, and is responsible for 18.8% of total variance, whereas the other factors had a lower influence of the variance. Factor &#8220;2&#8221; reflects &#8220;Treatment&#8221;; factor &#8220;4&#8221; reflects &#8220;Physical Exercise&#8221;; factor 4 reflects &#8220;risk factors&#8221; and factor 5 reflects &#8220;self-care&#8217;.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification of the HIPER-Q factorial structure by loadings</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Item</th>
                <th align="left">Domain</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5">Factors</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="left">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">17</td>
                <td align="left">Self-care</td>
                <td align="center">0.825</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6</td>
                <td align="left">Treatment</td>
                <td align="center">0.792</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5</td>
                <td align="left">Diagnosis</td>
                <td align="center">0.745</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">11</td>
                <td align="left">Physical exercise</td>
                <td align="center">0.664</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="left">Concept and pathophysiology</td>
                <td align="center">0.477</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">14</td>
                <td align="left">Treatment</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.646</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">13</td>
                <td align="left">Concept and pathophysiology</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.631</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="left">Signs and symptoms</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.525</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">16</td>
                <td align="left">Diagnostic</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.734</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="left">Physical exercise</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.63</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8</td>
                <td align="left">Physical exercise</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.635</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td align="left">Risk factors</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.534</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">12</td>
                <td align="left">Risk factors</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.470</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="left">Risk factors</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.328</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10</td>
                <td align="left">Physical exercise</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.684</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9</td>
                <td align="left">Self-care</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.580</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">15</td>
                <td align="left">Self-care</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.426</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Descriptive analysis</title>
        <p>The instrument had a median total score of 26 (10). In patients&#8217; classification, a high prevalence (44.6%) of &#8220;acceptable knowledge&#8221; was observed. Patients showed greater knowledge about the items: &#8220;If a health professional says that your blood pressure is altered, you should&#8221;, &#8220;On the basis of your knowledge about systemic arterial hypertension, answer the following:&#8221; and &#8220;Which of the risk factor groups below has the greatest influence on the development of systemic arterial hypertension?&#8221;. The lowest level of knowledge was seen for the items: &#8220;With respect to self-measurement of blood pressure, it is correct to say that&#8221;, &#8220;About the <italic>white coat syndrome</italic>, it is correct to say that&#8221; and &#8220;Which among the items listed below are the most accurate in the diagnosis of systemic arterial hypertension?&#8221;. Regarding the knowledge domains, patients showed higher level of knowledge in the areas - &#8220;disease&#8221; and &#8220;concept and pathophysiology&#8221;. On the other hand, the lowest level of knowledge was shown for the &#8220;diagnostic&#8221; and &#8220;signs and symptoms&#8221; domains.</p>
        <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, greater knowledge about SAH was associated with coronary artery disease (p &lt; 0.001), dyslipidemias (p = 0.006), myocardial infarction (p &lt; 0.001) and peripheral obstructive arterial disease (p = 0.004). In addition, previous angioplasty (p &lt; 0.001) or cardiac surgery (p = 0.002) was associated with greater knowledge about the disease.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Patient&#8217;s education is one of the central components of CR, and is crucial for promoting the understanding about secondary prevention strategies and adherence to treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> In the present study, a new tool for the assessment of knowledge in hypertensive patients enrolled in CR programs was developed and psychometrically validated by a rigorous process. In general, clarity, internal consistency, reliability, dimensional structure and criterion validity were established, indicating the validity and usefulness of the HIPER-Q in the assessment of hypertensive patients&#8217; knowledge about the disease.</p>
      <p>The first data to be considered is the clarity index, generated by professionals and patients, demonstrating that the instrument proposed can be easily understood by the study population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Second, comparisons of the factorial analysis reported in similar studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> revealed that the HIPER-Q showed similar arrangement of factors and items; in each of the five factors, those items with similar knowledge domains were predominant in the instruments. The factors were clustered by stability, interpretation of the areas and basic principles of construction rules, in order to establish a reliable, consistent construct. In each domain, the factors included different amounts of terms that were correlated with each other, which may be explained by the fact that SAH is characterized as a systemic, multifactorial disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Results of internal consistency (Cronbach&#8217;s alpha = 0.648) were consistent with those reported in previous studies involving instruments of assessment of hypertensive patients&#8217; knowledge about their conditions,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> and studies with similar structure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> This indicates an adequate correlation between the items of the questionnaire. Nevertheless, the HIPER-Q was validated in public and private CR programs with different characteristics, which may have affected the alpha value (not as high as those of similar studies).</p>
      <p>Regarding the criterion validity, both educational attainment and family income were related to the knowledge about SAH. These findings suggest that socioeconomical factors are determinants of knowledge about health, as previously demonstrated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The current study also evaluated the level of knowledge of the sample patients, who showed an overall knowledge classified as &#8220;acceptable&#8221;. Our findings, supported by other authors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> reflect the importance of evaluating the knowledge about health and formulating hypothesis that elucidate the determining factors of the information gaps. Therefore, patient education is an important component of CR programs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> and is associated with a successful self-management of disease and patient&#8217;s behavior changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We did not find in the literature, longitudinal studies demonstrating the effects of a higher level of knowledge about SAH on outcomes, such as worse prognosis or mortality. Thus, one may expect that the HIPER-Q can be used in this regard in future studies. In this context, studies on other chronic diseases have shown promising results, suggesting that disease-related education may be determinant in the control of risk factors, such as sedentary lifestyle, smoking and continuity of treatment, which may lead to reductions in comorbidities, health costs and even mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this scenario, there is a lack of instruments to measure the knowledge about the disease in participants of CR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Most of the studies reviewed have only developed SAH questions deemed as relevant by the authors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> without conducting a psychometric validation as performed in the present study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> In addition, other validated studies have not specifically evaluated the knowledge of hypertensive patients in CR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Therefore, our study aimed to develop an instrument to healthcare professionals, capable of establishing educational strategies directed to patients&#8217; needs,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and that would help in the evaluation and planning of the educational process of hypertensive subjects in CR programs.</p>
      <p>Caution is needed in interpreting these findings. First, the results cannot be generalized, due to the facts that the sample was selected by convenience, and only three CR programs were included, which affects the achievement of the outcomes. Second, the development of the instrument proposed was based on consensus and guidelines, which encompass numerous SAH-related issues not necessarily covered by CR programs. Third, although all patients included were participants of CR programs, the programs were different (of public and private nature), with different approaches, which may have influenced the results. Fourth, the instrument was not developed using plain language techniques, or &#8220;simple&#8221; language, which may have created difficulties in the interpretation of the items, and consequently affected the results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Fifth, the current study did not achieve the sample size recommended by the test-retest procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Sixth, participants were not asked about their occupations, which may also have influenced the results, since patients graduated in medicine and/or other health-related areas, for example, may have had greater chance of giving correct answers. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether the HIPER-Q is sensitive to longitudinal changes by assessing patients&#8217; knowledge before and after their participation in CR programs.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The present study demonstrated that the HIPER-Q showed sufficient reliability, consistency and validity, corroborating its use in future studies to evaluate the knowledge of SAH patients in CR programs. This instrument is expected to support the assessment of the educational component of CR programs and to identify the knowledge that is compatible with patients&#8217; need for information.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Rafaella Zulianello dos Santos, from Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC) under the protocol number 159.213/2012. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Constru&#231;&#227;o e Valida&#231;&#227;o Psicom&#233;trica do HIPER-Q para Avaliar o Conhecimento de Pacientes Hipertensos em Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaella Zulianello dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonin</surname>
            <given-names>Christiani Decker Batista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Eliara Ten Caten</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Moacir Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ghisi</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Lima de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Kassia Rosangela Paz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benetti</surname>
            <given-names>Magnus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro da Ci&#234;ncia da Sa&#250;de e do Esporte - Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC) Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network Toronto - Canada</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rafaella Zulianello dos Santos</bold> Av. Engenheiro Max de Souza, 890 apt. 303. CEP 88080-000, Coqueiros, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rafaella.zulianello@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Santos RZ, Ghisi GLM, Benetti M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Santos RZ, Bonin CDB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santos RZ, Bonin CDB, Martins ETC, Ghisi GLM, Macedo KRP; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Santos RZ, Pereira Junior M; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos RZ, Bonin CDB, Martins ETC, Pereira Junior M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Santos RZ, Ghisi GLM, Macedo KRP, Benetti M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A aus&#234;ncia de instrumentos capazes de mensurar o n&#237;vel de conhecimento de pacientes hipertensos em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca sobre sua doen&#231;a reflete a car&#234;ncia de recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para esses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Construir e validar um question&#225;rio para avaliar o conhecimento de hipertensos em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca sobre sua doen&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>foram avaliados 184 hipertensos, com m&#233;dia de idade de 60,5&#177;10 anos, 66,8% homens. A reprodutibilidade foi avaliada pelo c&#225;lculo do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse, utilizando-se as situa&#231;&#245;es do m&#233;todo de teste-reteste. A consist&#234;ncia interna foi avaliada pelo alfa de Cronbach, e a validade do construto pela an&#225;lise fatorial explorat&#243;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A vers&#227;o final do instrumento apresentou 17 quest&#245;es dispostas em &#225;reas de import&#226;ncia para a educa&#231;&#227;o do paciente. O instrumento proposto apresentou um &#237;ndice de clareza de 8,7 (0,25). O valor do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse foi de 0,804 e do alfa de Cronbach 0,648. A an&#225;lise fatorial revelou cinco fatores associados &#224;s &#225;reas de conhecimento. No que diz respeito &#224; validade de crit&#233;rio, os pacientes com maior escolaridade e maior renda familiar apresentaram maior conhecimento sobre a hipertens&#227;o. Conclus&#227;o: O instrumento possui &#237;ndice de clareza satisfat&#243;rio e validade adequada, podendo ser utilizado para avaliar o conhecimento de hipertensos participantes de programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o / preven&#231;&#227;o &amp; controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Valida&#231;&#227;o como Assunto</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de mortalidade no mundo, resultantes tanto do envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o quanto das mudan&#231;as epidemiol&#243;gicas relativas &#224;s doen&#231;as,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> com contribui&#231;&#227;o significativa para os altos custos em sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Dentre essas enfermidades, est&#225; a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica multifatorial associada a altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais, estruturais e metab&#243;licas, com consequente aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A HAS &#233; um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, afetando cerca de um bilh&#227;o de pessoas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Em um importante estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> a HAS aparece como o principal fator de risco mundial, al&#233;m de estar associada a 9,4 milh&#245;es mortes globais ao ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No Brasil, estima-se que a preval&#234;ncia de HAS esteja entre 22 e 42% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dentre os tratamentos recomendados para as enfermidades cardiovasculares, est&#225; &#224; reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (RC), abordagem multidisciplinar para a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> que reduz efetivamente a recorr&#234;ncia de eventos e mortalidade cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A maioria dos benef&#237;cios da RC deve-se a mudan&#231;as de condutas e, como tal, a educa&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#233; considerada uma das principais medidas a ser promovida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste sentido, o controle eficaz da HAS depende da compreens&#227;o do paciente sobre sua condi&#231;&#227;o e tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Portanto, aqueles que passam por um processo educacional t&#234;m melhores condi&#231;&#245;es de participar efetivamente de seus cuidados de sa&#250;de. Assim, o conhecimento do paciente hipertenso sobre sua doen&#231;a faz parte do sucesso terap&#234;utico, que passa a ser correspons&#225;vel pelo tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Entretanto, h&#225; poucos instrumentos validados capazes de fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es precisas sobre o componente educacional de hipertensos. Alguns n&#227;o t&#234;m como foco a RC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> enquanto outros apenas incluem quest&#245;es que os autores julgaram relevantes, sem serem submetidos por um processo de valida&#231;&#227;o psicom&#233;trica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste contexto, esta lacuna no conhecimento torna-se pass&#237;vel de investiga&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que instrumentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o recursos importantes em programas educativos. Esses instrumentos possibilitam tanto conhecer as necessidades educacionais dos indiv&#237;duos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> quanto o diagn&#243;stico de determinadas condi&#231;&#245;es envolvendo o paradigma sa&#250;de-doen&#231;a, pass&#237;veis de mudan&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi construir e validar psicometricamente o instrumento para avaliar o conhecimento sobre sua doen&#231;a em hipertensos participantes de programas de RC (HIPER-Q).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Concep&#231;&#227;o e procedimentos</title>
          <p>Este trabalho foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa em seres humanos da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), sob o protocolo n&#250;mero 159.213/2012. O estudo apresenta delineamento transversal com car&#225;ter observacional.</p>
          <p>O primeiro passo nessa pesquisa foi o desenvolvimento de uma revis&#227;o de literatura para identificar os conhecimentos considerados mais relevantes sobre a HAS para os hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A pesquisa bibliogr&#225;fica foi baseada em artigos publicados a partir de banco de dados PubMed entre janeiro de 2010 at&#233; setembro de 2016.</p>
          <p>O question&#225;rio foi elaborado e revisado por uma comiss&#227;o de 17 profissionais especialistas na sa&#250;de com experi&#234;ncia em RC. Esses realizaram uma an&#225;lise de conte&#250;do e de clareza, verificando se o novo instrumento era adequado para aplica&#231;&#227;o em uma amostra de hipertensos em programas de RC. Os itens foram refinados com base nas sugest&#245;es desses profissionais.</p>
          <p>O segundo passo foi um estudo piloto para verificar a aplicabilidade e reprodutibilidade do instrumento, bem como avaliar a compreens&#227;o dos pacientes sobre os itens (clareza). Foi utilizada uma amostra por conveni&#234;ncia de hipertensos que participassem de programas de RC. Os resultados foram utilizados para refinar ainda mais o HIPER-Q. Os pacientes do estudo piloto n&#227;o compuseram a amostra de valida&#231;&#227;o psicom&#233;trica.</p>
          <p>O terceiro passo foi a valida&#231;&#227;o psicom&#233;trica. A ferramenta refinada foi aplicada em uma amostra maior, tamb&#233;m selecionada por conveni&#234;ncia e composta por hipertensos que participavam de programas de RC da Cl&#237;nica de Cardiologia e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar e Metab&#243;lica - Cardiosport, N&#250;cleo de Cardiologia e Medicina do Esporte da Cl&#237;nica (NCME) e Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina (ICSC). Os dados foram coletados no per&#237;odo de novembro de 2015 a maio de 2016.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Os pacientes do grupo do estudo piloto e do grupo de valida&#231;&#227;o psicom&#233;trica foram recrutados nos programas de RC citados anteriormente desde que atendessem aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o propostos: ter diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de HAS, ter 18 anos ou mais, ser participante de um programa de RC por um per&#237;odo superior a um m&#234;s e que aceitasse participar da pesquisa por meio da assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre Esclarecido, de acordo com a Resolu&#231;&#227;o CNS 466/12. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes com altera&#231;&#245;es cognitivas que dificultassem o preenchimento do question&#225;rio, ou seja, que n&#227;o demonstrassem entendimento m&#237;nimo sobre o que era perguntado nas caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, conforme percep&#231;&#227;o do avaliador treinado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mensura&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Para avaliar a clareza, solicitou-se que os participantes do estudo piloto classificassem cada item do question&#225;rio em uma escala<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> que varia de 1 (n&#227;o &#233; claro) a 10 (muito claro). Estes pacientes tamb&#233;m responderam ao HIPER-Q, em duas ocasi&#245;es distintas, com o intervalo de 14 dias, para an&#225;lise da reprodutibilidade do instrumento. Os pacientes que participaram na valida&#231;&#227;o psicom&#233;trica foram caracterizados de acordo com sexo, idade, n&#237;vel educacional, comorbidades, tempo de RC, fatores de risco card&#237;aco e hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica. Todas as caracter&#237;sticas foram relatadas pelos pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra para a an&#225;lise psicom&#233;trica foi realizado com base em Hair e Anderson<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> cuja recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; de uma amostra de m&#237;nima de 10 participantes por item, e/ou, pelo menos, 100 participantes. Uma vez que o question&#225;rio possui 17 itens, uma amostra de 170 hipertensos pode ser considerada suficiente.</p>
          <p>A reprodutibilidade teste-reteste do instrumento foi avaliada no grupo do estudo piloto pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI). Os itens devem atender ao padr&#227;o m&#237;nimo recomendado - CCI superior a 0,7.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Para investigar as propriedades psicom&#233;tricas da nova ferramenta, a consist&#234;ncia interna, validade de crit&#233;rio e a estrutura fatorial foram avaliadas. Primeiro, a consist&#234;ncia interna foi avaliada no grupo de valida&#231;&#227;o psicom&#233;trica pelo alfa de Cronbach, refletindo a correla&#231;&#227;o interna entre os itens e fatores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Valores superiores a 0,60 s&#227;o geralmente considerados aceit&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Em segundo lugar, a validade de crit&#233;rio foi avaliada relacionando as pontua&#231;&#245;es do HIPER-Q com o n&#237;vel educacional dos pacientes e a renda familiar, usando a correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman.</p>
          <p>Em terceiro lugar, a estrutura dimensional (e tamb&#233;m a validade de construto) foi averiguada por meio da an&#225;lise fatorial explorat&#243;ria. Foi utilizado o m&#233;todo de componentes para a extra&#231;&#227;o dos fatores, considerando-se apenas aqueles que tinham autovalores &gt; 1,0. Quando necess&#225;rio, foi realizada a exclus&#227;o de itens do question&#225;rio com cargas fatoriais baixas (&lt; 0,35).</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a sele&#231;&#227;o dos fatores, uma matriz de correla&#231;&#227;o foi gerada, em que as associa&#231;&#245;es entre itens e fatores foram observadas por meio de cargas fatoriais maiores que 0,30 em apenas um fator. O m&#233;todo utilizado foi o promax - interpreta&#231;&#227;o da matriz.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Para an&#225;lise da validade de crit&#233;rio, foi utilizada a correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman.</p>
          <p>Finalmente, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise descritiva do HIPER-Q utilizando-se m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e mediana e intervalo interquartil para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. Para verificar a normalidade dos dados foi utilizado o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Devido &#224; n&#227;o normalidade dos dados, foram utilizados teste de qui-quadrado para verificar associa&#231;&#227;o entre as pontua&#231;&#245;es do HIPER-Q com base nas caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes. A mediana da pontua&#231;&#227;o total foi calculada para refletir o conhecimento total dos pacientes.</p>
          <p>Foi utilizado o programa estat&#237;stico <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences (</italic>SPSS) Vers&#227;o 20 (IBM Inc. 2011, NYC) e adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para todos os testes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Para a valida&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do, foram consultados 17 profissionais da sa&#250;de com experi&#234;ncia em RC, dos quais seis (35,3%) eram m&#233;dicos, seis fisioterapeutas (35,3%), dois enfermeiros (11,8%), dois educadores f&#237;sicos (11,8%) e um nutricionista (5,9%). Para o teste piloto, 30 hipertensos participantes de programas de RC foram selecionados por conveni&#234;ncia para responder ao instrumento, dos quais 11 (22%) eram do sexo feminino, com idade m&#233;dia de 62 &#177; 8 anos.</p>
          <p>Para o estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o psicom&#233;trica, 184 pacientes hipertensos com m&#233;dia de idade de 60,5 &#177; 10 anos, com tempo mediano de diagn&#243;stico de 08 (18) anos completaram o HIPER-Q. Destes, 101 pacientes (54,9%) eram aposentados. As caracter&#237;sticas destes participantes s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas e cl&#237;nicas dos hipertensos (n = 184), e pontua&#231;&#245;es do HIPER-Q (mediana e intervalo interquartil) segundo essas caracter&#237;sticas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Categoria</th>
                  <th align="center">n(%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Escore do HIPER-Q Mediana (IQ)</th>
                  <th align="center">p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">123(66,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,033<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">61(33,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (8,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="8">Comorbidades</td>
                  <td align="center">DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">149(81)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (8,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dislipidemias</td>
                  <td align="center">149(81)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (8,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,127</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">IM</td>
                  <td align="center">127(69)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DM</td>
                  <td align="center">52(28,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,493</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DAOP</td>
                  <td align="center">24(13)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,805</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">AVE</td>
                  <td align="center">23(12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,928</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">03(1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,998</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">02(1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (0,)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,539</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Procedimentos cardiol&#243;gicos</td>
                  <td align="center">Angioplastia</td>
                  <td align="center">116(63)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (7,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Cirurgia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">53(28,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,275</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="6">Classe de medica&#231;&#227;o anti&#8209;hipertensiva</td>
                  <td align="center">IECA</td>
                  <td align="center">65(35,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (10,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,768</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Bloqueadores adren&#233;rgicos (&#945; e &#946;)</td>
                  <td align="center">56(30,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (10,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,186</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Antagonista da Angiotensina II</td>
                  <td align="center">52(28,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,669</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">21(11,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,820</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Bloqueadores dos canais de C&#225;lcio</td>
                  <td align="center">05(2,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,195</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o sabem</td>
                  <td align="center">15(8,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (7,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,755</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="4">N&#250;mero de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">37(20,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,993</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">108(58,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">36(19,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (9,75)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">2(1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (0,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Tipo de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">P&#250;blica</td>
                  <td align="center">162(88)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,274</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Privada</td>
                  <td align="center">22(12)</td>
                  <td align="center">32,5 (10,25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="4">Tempo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">De 01 a 06 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">105(47,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,317</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">De 06 a 12 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">10(4,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (14,25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">De 12 a 24 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">17(7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Acima de 24 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">51(23)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="5">Renda familiar (sal&#225;rio)</td>
                  <td align="center">At&#233; 01</td>
                  <td align="center">09 (4,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (8,5)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="5">0,023<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">De 01 a 05</td>
                  <td align="center">94(51,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,5 (9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">De 05 a 10</td>
                  <td align="center">42(22,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">De 10 a 20</td>
                  <td align="center">32(17,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (14,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Acima de 20</td>
                  <td align="center">07(3,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (11)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="8">Grau de escolaridade</td>
                  <td align="center">Nunca esteve na escola</td>
                  <td align="center">08(4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (8,75)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="8">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Fundamental incompleto</td>
                  <td align="center">59(32,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Fundamental completo</td>
                  <td align="center">20(10,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (6,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dio incompleto</td>
                  <td align="center">16(8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,5 (4,75)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dio completo</td>
                  <td align="center">35(19)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (11)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Superior incompleto</td>
                  <td align="center">13(7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (14)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Superior completo</td>
                  <td align="center">30(16,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,5 (14,25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">3(1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (0,0)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>IQ: intervalo interquartil; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; DM: diabetes mellitus; DAOP: doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>qui-quadrado;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenvolvimento do HIPER-Q</title>
          <p>A revis&#227;o da literatura relacionada &#224; educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de para hipertensos em programas de RC revelou consist&#234;ncia entre as fontes consultadas. A primeira vers&#227;o de HIPER-Q foi redigida com base na literatura. Foram constru&#237;dos 19 itens, englobando sete &#225;reas de import&#226;ncia para a educa&#231;&#227;o do paciente: autocuidado, tratamento, diagn&#243;stico, exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, conceito e fisiopatologia, sinais e sintomas e fatores de risco. Semelhante a outros instrumentos educacionais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> para cada item, uma op&#231;&#227;o de resposta &#233; considerada a mais correta e pontuada com 3 pontos, e uma op&#231;&#227;o de resposta &#233; considerada parcialmente correta e pontuada com 1 ponto. As outras 2 op&#231;&#245;es de resposta - op&#231;&#227;o incorreta e op&#231;&#227;o &#8220;n&#227;o sei&#8221; - correspondem a zero (sem pontua&#231;&#227;o). Conforme a classifica&#231;&#227;o apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>, a soma da pontua&#231;&#227;o &#233; calculada para representar o conhecimento total m&#233;dio, com uma pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de 51 pontos que representa o conhecimento perfeito.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de conhecimento do paciente segundo escores do HIPER-Q</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Soma dos Escores</th>
                  <th align="center">Percentual</th>
                  <th align="center">Classifica&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">De 46 - 51 pontos</td>
                  <td align="center">90 - 100%</td>
                  <td align="center">&#211;timo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">De 36 - 45 pontos</td>
                  <td align="center">70 - 89%</td>
                  <td align="center">Bom</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">De 25 - 35 pontos</td>
                  <td align="center">50 - 69%</td>
                  <td align="center">Aceit&#225;vel</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">De 15 - 24 pontos</td>
                  <td align="center">30 - 49%</td>
                  <td align="center">Pouco conhecimento</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 15 pontos</td>
                  <td align="center">Abaixo de 30%</td>
                  <td align="center">Conhecimento insuficiente</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Valida&#231;&#227;o de clareza</title>
          <p>Verificou-se que 79% dos especialistas consideraram claras as regras de constru&#231;&#227;o referentes &#224; fonte dos itens e &#224; an&#225;lise te&#243;rica dos itens, conte&#250;do e sem&#226;ntica, com mediana das notas de clareza de 8,5 (0,75) pontos. Entretanto, a maioria dos itens avaliados apresentou coment&#225;rios no contexto sem&#226;ntico. Cada item foi amplamente discutido entre os autores, sendo realizadas as altera&#231;&#245;es sugeridas pelos especialistas. Para a finaliza&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio, esse foi reapresentado aos mesmos profissionais, com as sugest&#245;es acatadas, a fim de gerar a segunda vers&#227;o, que obteve 96% de concord&#226;ncia dos itens avaliados e mediana das notas de clareza de 9,54 (0,30) pontos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste piloto</title>
          <p>Os 30 participantes tiveram um tempo m&#233;dio de preenchimento do instrumento de 15,4 &#177; 2,2 minutos. Quanto &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da clareza, o valor mediano foi de 8,7 (0,25) pontos. Nenhum item apresentou escores de clareza inferior a 7,0 pontos, indicando que a popula&#231;&#227;o alvo compreendeu o question&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reprodutibilidade teste-reteste</title>
          <p>O CCI total do instrumento demonstrou um resultado de 0,804, obtido por meio dos escores finais de teste e reteste.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Os itens &#8220;Ainda sobre a Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica podemos afirmar que&#8221; e &#8220;Qual a dieta mais adequada para pacientes com Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica?&#8221;, apresentaram valores de CCI inferiores a 0,7 (0,43 e 0,58 respectivamente), sendo exclu&#237;dos na vers&#227;o final do instrumento,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> que passou a contar ent&#227;o com 17 quest&#245;es. Os valores do CCI de cada quest&#227;o s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pontua&#231;&#227;o do HIPER-Q por item (n = 184) e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse por item (n = 30)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="70%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#193;rea</th>
                  <th align="center">Quest&#245;es</th>
                  <th align="center">HIPER-Q Escore por item Mediana (IQ)</th>
                  <th align="center">CCI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Autocuidado</td>
                  <td align="center">9.Se algum profissional da sa&#250;de verificar que sua press&#227;o arterial est&#225; alterada, voc&#234; deve</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">15. Sobre a auto medida da press&#227;o arterial &#233; correto afirmar</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">17. Sobre o autocuidado do paciente com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &#233; correto afirmar que:</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">6. Qual o tratamento ideal utilizado para reduzir os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial?</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">14. Quais desses medicamentos t&#234;m como fun&#231;&#227;o reduzir os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diagn&#243;stico</td>
                  <td align="center">5. Dos itens abaixo relacionados quais os mais precisos no diagn&#243;stico da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica?</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">16. Sobre a s&#237;ndrome do jaleco branco &#233; correto afirmar</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</td>
                  <td align="center">4. O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico para pacientes com Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica deve:</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">8. A pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos &#233; contraindicada quando o paciente:</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">10. Com base no seu conhecimento sobre Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica, responda:</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">11. Quais as altera&#231;&#245;es favor&#225;veis o portador de Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica poder&#225; adquirir com a pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos?</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Conceito e Fisiopatologia</td>
                  <td align="center">1. A Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica &#233;:</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">13. Quais as principais consequ&#234;ncias da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica n&#227;o tratada?</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sinais e sintomas</td>
                  <td align="center">3. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sintomas da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica marque a alternativa correta:</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fatores de risco</td>
                  <td align="center">2. Qual grupo de fatores abaixo tem maior influ&#234;ncia no desenvolvimento da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica?</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">7. Quais os valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica s&#227;o respectivamente recomendados para pacientes com Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica?</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">12. Sobre o estresse, podemos dizer que:</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>CCI: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse; IQ: intervalo interquartil.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Valida&#231;&#227;o psicom&#233;trica</title>
          <p>O HIPER-Q foi administrado em participantes de programas de RC, e os valores m&#233;dios por item s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 3</xref>. O instrumento na totalidade apresentou uma consist&#234;ncia interna moderada, com o alfa de Cronbach = 0,648.</p>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; validade de crit&#233;rio, a pontua&#231;&#227;o total do HIPER-Q foi relacionada com as vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas escolaridade e renda familiar. Foram encontradas correla&#231;&#245;es positivas fracas entre o n&#237;vel de conhecimento e escolaridade (rho = 0,346; p &lt; 0,001) e renda familiar (rho = 0,176; p = 0,017).</p>
          <p>A estrutura dimensional foi avaliada pela an&#225;lise fatorial explorat&#243;ria de fatores. O teste de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO = 0,669) bem como o de esfericidade de Bartlett ( <italic>X<sup>2</sup></italic> 2066,56; p &lt; 0,001)indicaram que os dados s&#227;o apropriados para an&#225;lise fatorial. Cinco fatores foram extra&#237;dos, que, juntos, responderam por 51,1% da vari&#226;ncia total dos itens, cujos autovalores foram maiores que 1,1. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta os pesos dos fatores para cada item. O fator 1 reflete as &#8220;condi&#231;&#245;es gerais&#8221;, sendo respons&#225;vel por 18,8% da vari&#226;ncia total, enquanto os demais fatores obtiveram menor contribui&#231;&#227;o nessa vari&#226;ncia. O fator 2 reflete o &#8220;tratamento&#8221;; o fator 3 reflete o &#8220;exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico&#8221;, o fator 4 reflete os &#8220;fatores de risco&#8221; e o fator 5 reflete o &#8220;autocuidado&#8221;.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estrutura fatorial do HIPER-Q, classificado por cargas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Item</th>
                  <th align="center">&#193;rea</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="5">Fatores</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">17</td>
                  <td align="center">Autocuidado</td>
                  <td align="center">0,825</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">6</td>
                  <td align="center">Tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">0,792</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">5</td>
                  <td align="center">Diagn&#243;stico</td>
                  <td align="center">0,745</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">11</td>
                  <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico</td>
                  <td align="center">0,664</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Conceito e fisiopatologia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,477</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">14</td>
                  <td align="center">Tratamento</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,646</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">13</td>
                  <td align="center">Conceito e fisiopatologia</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,631</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Sinais e sintomas</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,525</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">16</td>
                  <td align="center">Diagn&#243;stico</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,734</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">4</td>
                  <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">8</td>
                  <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,635</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">7</td>
                  <td align="center">Fatores de risco</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,534</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">12</td>
                  <td align="center">Fatores de risco</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,470</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2</td>
                  <td align="center">Fatores de risco</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,328</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">10</td>
                  <td align="center">Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,684</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">9</td>
                  <td align="center">Autocuidado</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,580</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">15</td>
                  <td align="center">Autocuidado</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,426</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise descritiva</title>
          <p>O instrumento revelou um escore total mediano de 26 (10) pontos. Na classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, observou-se elevada preval&#234;ncia do conhecimento tipo &#8220;aceit&#225;vel&#8221;, com 44,6% dos pacientes. Os itens em que os pacientes apresentaram maior conhecimento foram: &#8220;Se algum profissional da sa&#250;de verificar que sua press&#227;o arterial est&#225; alterada, voc&#234; deve&#8221;, &#8220;Com base no seu conhecimento sobre Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica, responda&#8220; e &#8220;Qual grupo de fatores abaixo tem maior influ&#234;ncia no desenvolvimento da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica?&#8221; Os itens em que os pacientes apresentaram menor conhecimento foram: &#8220;Sobre a auto medida da press&#227;o arterial &#233; correto afirmar&#8221;, &#8220;Sobre a s&#237;ndrome do jaleco branco &#233; correto afirmar&#8221; e &#8220;Dos itens abaixo relacionados quais os mais precisos no diagn&#243;stico da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica?&#8221; Em rela&#231;&#227;o as &#225;reas de conhecimento, os pacientes apresentaram maior conhecimento nas &#225;reas de conhecimento sobre a &#8220;doen&#231;a&#8221; e &#8220;conceito e fisiopatologia&#8221;. As &#225;reas em que os pacientes apresentaram menor conhecimento foram &#8220;diagn&#243;stico&#8221; e &#8220;sinais e sintomas&#8221;.</p>
          <p>Como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>, maior conhecimento sobre a HAS esteve associado com as comorbidades doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (p &lt; 0,001), dislipidemias (p = 0,006), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (p &lt; 0,001) e doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica (p = 0,004). Ainda, angioplastia (p &lt; 0,001) ou cirurgia cardiol&#243;gica (p = 0,002) pr&#233;via esteve associada com maior conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A educa&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#233; um dos componentes centrais da RC e &#233; necess&#225;ria para promover a compreens&#227;o sobre estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria e ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Neste estudo, uma nova ferramenta para avaliar o conhecimento de hipertensos participantes de programas de RC foi desenvolvida e validada psicometricamente por de um processo rigoroso. De maneira geral, clareza, consist&#234;ncia interna, confiabilidade, estrutura dimensional e validade de crit&#233;rio foram estabelecidas e demonstraram que o HIPER-Q &#233; um instrumento valido e &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento do paciente hipertenso sobre sua doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>O primeiro dado do estudo a ser considerado &#233; o &#237;ndice de clareza gerado pelos profissionais e pacientes que determinou que o instrumento proposto &#233; de f&#225;cil compreens&#227;o para a popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Segundo, comparando-se a an&#225;lise fatorial relatada em estudos semelhantes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> o HIPER-Q apresentou conformidade com a disposi&#231;&#227;o dos fatores e itens, sendo que, em cada um dos cinco fatores, predominaram itens com similaridade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s &#225;reas do conhecimento. Os fatores foram agrupados em termos de estabilidade, interpreta&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas e princ&#237;pios b&#225;sicos das regras de constru&#231;&#227;o, a fim de elaborar um construto confi&#225;vel e consistente. Os fatores abrangeram uma quantidade diversificada de itens em cada dom&#237;nio, entretanto correlacionadas entre si, o que pode ser explicado pela HAS ser caracterizada como uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica e multifatorial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os resultados da consist&#234;ncia interna (alfa de Cronbach = 0,648) foram congruentes com aqueles apresentados em outros estudos envolvendo instrumentos que avaliam o conhecimento de hipertensos sobre sua doen&#231;a<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> e tamb&#233;m com outros trabalhos de mesma estrutura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> demonstrando que h&#225; uma correla&#231;&#227;o adequada entre os itens do question&#225;rio. No entanto, o HIPER-Q foi validado em programas de RC com caracter&#237;sticas diferentes, p&#250;blicos e privados, e isso pode ter afetado o valor do alfa (n&#227;o t&#227;o alto quanto ao de estudos similares).</p>
        <p>No que diz respeito &#224; validade de crit&#233;rio, escolaridade e renda familiar se relacionaram com conhecimento sobre a HAS. Estes achados sinalizam que fatores socioecon&#244;micos s&#227;o determinantes do conhecimento em sa&#250;de, conforme j&#225; demonstrado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente estudo tamb&#233;m avaliou o n&#237;vel de conhecimento dos pacientes da amostra, que tiveram uma classifica&#231;&#227;o geral de conhecimento classificada como aceit&#225;vel. Os resultados encontrados no presente estudo, sustentado por outros autores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> refletem a import&#226;ncia de avaliar o conhecimento em sa&#250;de e de elaborar hip&#243;teses que elucidem quais s&#227;o os fatores determinantes nas lacunas de informa&#231;&#227;o. Logo, a educa&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#233; um componente importante dos programas de RC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> e est&#225; relacionada com o sucesso da autogest&#227;o da doen&#231;a, bem como suas mudan&#231;as de comportamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram encontrados na literatura vigente estudos longitudinais que comprovem a influ&#234;ncia do maior conhecimento sobre a HAS sobre desfechos como pior progn&#243;stico ou mortalidade. Logo, espera-se que o HIPER-Q possa ser &#250;til para estudos futuros com esta finalidade. Trabalhos realizados com outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas apresentam resultados promissores neste sentido, onde o fator educa&#231;&#227;o relacionado ao diagn&#243;stico em quest&#227;o pode ser determinante no controle de fatores de risco como sedentarismo, tabagismo e continuidade do tratamento cl&#237;nico, o que poderia levar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o no quadro de comorbidades, nos custos em sa&#250;de at&#233; mesmo na mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste contexto, observa-se no Brasil a car&#234;ncia de instrumentos para mensurar o conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a em participantes de RC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> A maioria dos estudos encontrados apenas desenvolveram quest&#245;es que julgaram relevantes sobre a HAS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> sem a adequa&#231;&#227;o da valida&#231;&#227;o psicom&#233;trica, demonstrados no presente estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Outros trabalhos validados n&#227;o s&#227;o espec&#237;ficos para avaliar o conhecimento de hipertensos em RC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Assim, o presente trabalho, visou disponibilizar aos profissionais de sa&#250;de, um instrumento que permite estabelecer estrat&#233;gias educacionais voltadas para as necessidades reais dos pacientes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> que poder&#225; auxiliar na avalia&#231;&#227;o e no planejamento do processo educacional de hipertensos em programas de RC.</p>
        <p>&#201; necess&#225;rio cautela na interpreta&#231;&#227;o destes achados. Em primeiro lugar, os resultados n&#227;o s&#227;o generaliz&#225;veis, uma vez que a amostra foi selecionada por conveni&#234;ncia al&#233;m de terem sido recrutados apenas tr&#234;s programas de RC, o que reduz o alcance dos desfechos. Em segundo lugar, o instrumento constru&#237;do, em ess&#234;ncia, &#233; baseado em consensos e diretrizes, que vislumbram uma s&#233;rie de temas sobre a HAS que os programas de RC pesquisados podem n&#227;o abranger. Em terceiro lugar, ainda que todos os avaliados sejam provenientes de programas de RC, trata-se de servi&#231;os diferentes (p&#250;blico <italic>versus</italic> privado). Logo, o tipo de abordagem utilizada em cada programa pode ter influenciado os resultados. Em quarto lugar, o presente instrumento n&#227;o foi constru&#237;do com as t&#233;cnicas de <italic>plain language</italic>, ou linguagem simples, o que pode ter causado dificuldades na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos itens e possivelmente afetado os resultados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Em quinto lugar, o presente trabalho n&#227;o atingiu a amostra recomenda de 50 avaliados no procedimento de teste-reteste<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>. Em sexto lugar, n&#227;o foram descritas as forma&#231;&#245;es profissionais dos pacientes, o que pode ter influenciado nos resultados obtidos uma vez que participantes possu&#237;ssem forma&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e/ou em outras &#225;reas da sa&#250;de poderiam elevar o grau de acerto das respostas. Al&#233;m disso, futuras pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para avaliar se o HIPER-Q &#233; sens&#237;vel a altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais avaliando o conhecimento dos pacientes antes e ap&#243;s sua participa&#231;&#227;o em programas de RC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo demonstrou que o HIPER-Q apresentou confiabilidade, consist&#234;ncia e validade suficientes, apoiando a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em estudos futuros para avaliar o conhecimento de pacientes com HAS em programas de RC. Espera-se que esta ferramenta possa suportar a avalia&#231;&#227;o do componente educacional de programas de RC e identificar conhecimentos compat&#237;veis com as necessidades de informa&#231;&#245;es dos hipertensos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Rafaella Zulianello dos Santos pela Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 159.213/2012. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
