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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rHHWhdwQqhPxFSJBhy9Jygc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000100052</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170189</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Cardiomyopathy</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correlation of Electrocardiographic Changes with Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Findings in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paix&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Miana de Mattos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Veronesi</surname>
            <given-names>Hor&#225;cio Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Halsted Alarc&#227;o Gomes Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nunes de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maldi</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina de Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano de Figueiredo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibrahim Masciarelli Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Faustino de Albuquerque Carneiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Edileide de Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gabriela Miana de Mattos Paix&#227;o,</bold> Rua Maranh&#227;o, 1567/302. Postal Code 30150-331, Funcion&#225;rios, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>gabimiana@gmail.com</email>, <email>luciamianapaixao@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Paix&#227;o GMM, Veronesi HE, Silva HAGP, Alencar Neto JN, Maldi CP, Correia EB; Acquisition of data: Paix&#227;o GMM, Veronesi HE, Silva HAGP, Alencar Neto JN, Maldi CP, Aguiar Filho LF, Fran&#231;a FFAC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Paix&#227;o GMM, Veronesi HE, Silva HAGP, Alencar Neto JN, Aguiar Filho LF, Fran&#231;a FFAC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Paix&#227;o GMM, Aguiar Filho LF, Pinto IMF, Fran&#231;a FFAC, Correia EB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>52</fpage>
      <lpage>59</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Electrocardiogram is the initial test in the investigation of heart disease. Electrocardiographic changes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have no set pattern, and correlates poorly with echocardiographic findings. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging has been gaining momentum for better assessment of hypertrophy, as well as the detection of myocardial fibrosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To correlate the electrocardiographic changes with the location of hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiac magnetic resonance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated 68 patients with confirmed diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiac magnetic resonance. The patients&#8217; electrocardiogram was compared with the location of the greatest myocardial hypertrophy by cardiac magnetic resonance. Statistical significance level of 5% and 95% confidence interval were adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of 68 patients, 69% had septal hypertrophy, 21% concentric and 10% apical hypertrophies. Concentric hypertrophy showed the greatest myocardial fibrosis mass (p &lt; 0.001) and the greatest R wave size in D1 (p = 0.0280). The amplitudes of R waves in V5 and V6 (p = 0.0391, p = 0.0148) were higher in apical hypertrophy, with statistical significance. Apical hypertrophy was also associated with higher T wave negativity in D1, V5 and V6 (p &lt; 0.001). Strain pattern was found in 100% of the patients with apical hypertrophy (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The location of myocardial hypertrophy by cardiac magnetic resonance can be correlated with electrocardiographic changes, especially for apical hypertrophy.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy / genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant disease, characterized by myocardial hypertrophy in the absence of cardiac or systemic diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In adults, the diagnosis is defined by a diastolic thickness of any ventricular wall &#8805; 15 mm measured on any imaging test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the initial test to be performed when investigating heart diseases. In HCM, the ECG has not a defined pattern, and can show signs of left ventricular overload, presence of q waves, changes in the ST segment, abnormal T waves, or be even normal in 6% of the patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Some specific electrocardiographic findings may suggest the location of hypertrophy, as well as the presence of fibrosis. Giant inverted T waves (&gt; 10 mm) in the precordial or inferolateral leads suggest apical involvement. Deep q waves in the inferolateral leads with positive T waves are associated with the asymmetric distribution of the HCM, and q waves lasting more than 40 ms relate to fibrosis. The ST-segment elevation in the lateral wall can correlate to small apical aneurysms, which are associated with fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Electrocardiographic patterns similar to that of myocardial infarction in young individuals can precede the echocardiographic evidence of myocardial hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The electrocardiographic changes can lead to the suspicion of HCM, and together with the clinical history and other imaging tests can establish the diagnosis.</p>
      <p>Traditionally, echocardiography is the imaging test of choice to diagnose HCM, because of its wide availability and lower cost. However, the relationship between the electrocardiographic changes and the morphology and severity of myocardial thickness has not been well established when assessed on the echocardiogram.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging has gained importance in the HCM assessment, because of its superiority in measuring the thickness of ventricular walls, mainly in regions difficult to visualize on echocardiography, in addition to providing ventricular morphology and function assessment. Detection of delayed contrast-enhancement has prognostic value.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study was aimed at correlating electrocardiographic variables with the location of myocardial hypertrophy assessed on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that assessed patients diagnosed with HCM and followed up at the Cardiomyopathy Sector of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (IDPC), who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging from January 2012 to September 2015.</p>
      <p>The patients&#8217; inclusion criteria were: age over 18 years and diagnosis of HCM confirmed on interpretable ECG and magnetic resonance imaging performed at the Imaging Sector of the IDPC. The exclusion criteria were: age &lt; 18 years; ejection fraction lower than 50% on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; resistant arterial hypertension; presence of coronary artery disease, characterized by a coronary lesion greater than 50% on angiography; presence of Chagas disease; previous diagnosis of amyloidosis; endomyocardial fibrosis; Fabry disease; presence of definitive pacemaker; and septal myectomy or alcoholization prior to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
      <p>The HCM database of the Cardiomyopathy Sector of the IDPC was analyzed, and the medical records of 112 patients meeting this study inclusion criteria, which were stored at the Sector of Medical File and Statistics (SAME) of the IDPC, were assessed. After reviewing the medical files, 44 patients were excluded from the study.</p>
      <p>The ECGs previously performed for the outpatient clinic visit at the Cardiomyopathy Sector were reviewed by the chief of the Tele-Electrocardiography Sector of the IDPC, in accordance with the 2016 Brazilian Guidelines on ECG Analysis and Report.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The ECG report comprised the following variables: rhythm, heart&#8217;s QRS axis, ventricular and atrial overloads, intraventricular blocks, presence of strain, R wave size (millimeters) in leads DI, V1, V5 and V6, and T wave size (millimeters) in leads D1, V5 and V6.</p>
      <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was assessed by the Radiology Team of the IDPC regarding the location of myocardial hypertrophy, based on the segmentation proposed by the American Heart Association,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and the presence of delayed enhancement, as well as quantification of the fibrosis mass in grams. The 17 segments were grouped into five regions: anterior, inferior, lateral, septal and apical. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left ventricular segmentation proposed by the American Heart Association.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0052-70189-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with hypertrophy &gt; 15 mm in at least three of those regions were considered to have concentric hypertrophy. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) E.D.S., male sex, 35 years. ECG: R wave in D1 of 35 mm, and R wave in V5 of 29 mm. Magnetic resonance imaging compatible with concentric hypertrophy. Fibrosis mass of 128 g (greatest fibrosis mass found of all patients analyzed). B) M.L.S.F., female sex, 60 years. ECG: R wave in D1 of 23 mm, and R wave in V5 of 22 mm. Magnetic resonance imaging compatible with septal hypertrophy. C) P.M., male sex, 77 years. ECG: R wave of 35 mm in V5, and negative T wave of 12 mm with strain pattern. Magnetic resonance imaging compatible with apical hypertrophy.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0052-70189-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The electrocardiographic variables previously described were compared with the region of hypertrophy, the presence of delayed enhancement and the amount of fibrosis identified on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
        <p>Normality of the data was assessed by use of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and nonparametric tests were used to compare between the groups. The summary measures median and 25th and 75th percentiles were calculated for the continuous variables, and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to check the statistical significance between the groups, followed by two-by-two comparisons (Dunn&#8217;s multiple comparison test).</p>
        <p>For attribute variables, the results were presented as percentages and frequency. Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test was used to assess the statistical significance between the groups. Statistical significance level of 5% and 95% confidence interval were adopted.</p>
        <p>The findings were recorded in an electronic spreadsheet of Microsoft Office Excel, version 2013e, and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21.0 for Windows&#174;, was used for analysis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>This study assessed 70 patients, 55.9% of the female sex, with a mean age of 51.3 years (ranging from 20 to 81 years). Of the six location patterns of hypertrophy, only three were found: apical (10%), concentric (21%) and septal (69%). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of the patients according to the hypertrophy pattern.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0052-70189-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Most patients (81.4%) showed delayed enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging, and all patients with concentric hypertrophy had fibrosis. In quantifying the mass of fibrosis according to the location of hypertrophy, the highest mean (57.1 g) was observed in concentric hypertrophy as compared to the other locations (p = 0.001). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>)</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Median and percentiles for mass and percentage of myocardial fibrosis on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, according to the location of myocardial hypertrophy</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Apical</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Concentric</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Septal</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">p-value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">K-W</th>
              <th align="center">AxC</th>
              <th align="center">AxS</th>
              <th align="center">CxS</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fibrosis mass (grams)</td>
              <td align="center">Median (P25; P75)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (2; 27)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (40; 83.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (3.5; 15)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.0210</td>
              <td align="center">0.9974</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">% Fibrosis</td>
              <td align="center">Median (P25; P75)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (2; 20)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (20; 31.75)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (3; 13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0014</td>
              <td align="center">0.1160</td>
              <td align="center">0.9998</td>
              <td align="center">0.0010</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>P25: 25th Percentile; P75: 75th Percentile. P-values: K-W: Kruskal-Wallis test; multiple comparisons between the groups: AxC: Apical x Concentric; AxS: Apical x Septal; CxA: Concentric x Apical (Dunn's multiple comparison test).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Means of the mass and percentage of myocardial fibrosis on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging according to the location of myocardial hypertrophy.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0052-70189-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The concomitant presence of right ventricular hypertrophy on magnetic resonance imaging was found in 35.7% of the patients with concentric hypertrophy, showing statistical significance (p = 0.0447) as compared to septal and apical hypertrophies.</p>
      <p>Patients with apical hypertrophy more frequently had atrial fibrillation (14.3%), preserved heart axis being identified in 100% of the cases. Such findings, however, had no statistical significance (p = 0.7964, p = 0.6730, respectively).</p>
      <p>Regarding ventricular overloads, there was higher prevalence of both left and right ventricular overloads (71.4% and 21.4%, respectively) in concentric hypertrophy, with no statistical significance (p = 0.1883, p = 0.2117, respectively).</p>
      <p>The strain pattern showed statistical significance between the types of hypertrophy (p &lt; 0.0001), being present in 100% of the apical hypertrophy cases and in 71.4% of the concentric hypertrophy cases.</p>
      <p>Left atrial overload was more frequent in apical hypertrophy (42.9%), with no statistical significance (p = 0.4082). However, right atrial overload was rare, being identified in only two patients with septal hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>Intraventricular blocks, such as left bundle-branch block, right bundle-branch block and left anterior hemiblock, were infrequent in the three types of hypertrophy, with no statistical difference between the groups. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>)</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Frequency and percentages for the attribute variables according to the location of myocardial hypertrophy</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Group</th>
              <th align="center">Apical</th>
              <th align="center">Concentric</th>
              <th align="center">Septal</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Right ventricular hypertrophy</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">7 (100.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (64.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (89.8%)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.0447</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Present</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (35.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (10.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Rhythm</td>
              <td align="center">AF</td>
              <td align="center">1 (14.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (7.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (8.2%)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.7964</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Sinus</td>
              <td align="center">6 (85.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (92.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (91.8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Heart axis</td>
              <td align="center">Deviated to left</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (14.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (18.4%)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.6730</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">7 (100.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (85.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (81.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">LVO</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">4 (57.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (28.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (57.1%)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.1903</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Present</td>
              <td align="center">3 (42.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (71.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (42.9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Strain</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (28.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (71.4%)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Present</td>
              <td align="center">7 (100.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (71.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (28.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RVO</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">7 (100.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (78.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (93.8%)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.1990</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Present</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (21.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6.3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">LBBB</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">7 (100.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (100.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (95.9%)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.0000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Present</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (4.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">LAHB</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">7 (100.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (85.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">43 (87.8%)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.8548</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Present</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (14.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (12.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RBBB</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">7 (100.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (92.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (95.9%)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.6634</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Present</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (7.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (4.1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">LAO</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">4 (57.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (71.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (77.6%)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.4615</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Present</td>
              <td align="center">3 (42.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (28.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (22.4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">RAO</td>
              <td align="center">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">7 (100.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (100.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (95.9%)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">1.0000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Present</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (4.1%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; LVO: left ventricular overload; RVO: right ventricular overload; LBBB: left bundle-branch block; LAHB: left anterior hemiblock; RBBB: right bundle-branch block; LAO: left atrial overload; RAO: right atrial overload. P-value for the Fisher-Freeman-Halton test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Percentages of the attribute variables according to location of myocardial hypertrophy. RVH: right ventricular hypertrophy; AF: atrial fibrillation; LVO: left ventricular overload; RVO: right ventricular overload; LBBB: left bundle-branch block; LAHB: left anterior hemiblock; RBBB: right bundle-branch block; LAO: left atrial overload; RAO: right atrial overload.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0052-70189-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The analysis of the size of the R wave in lead DI showed higher mean (15.6 mm) in concentric hypertrophy, and lower mean in septal hypertrophy (10 mm), with a significant difference between the three groups (p = 0.0280). In lead V1, the R wave showed no difference in its size (p = 0.9563).</p>
      <p>As compared to septal and concentric hypertrophies, apical hypertrophy showed greater R wave amplitude in leads V5 and V6 (means of 26.9 mm and 26 mm, respectively), with statistical significance (p = 0.0391, p = 0.0148, respectively).</p>
      <p>Regarding ventricular repolarization, apical hypertrophy correlated with the highest T wave negativity in DI (-3.8 mm), V5 (-10.2 mm) and V6 (-7.9 mm), with statistical significance in the three leads (p &lt; 0.001). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>)</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Median and percentiles of the continuous variables according to location of myocardial hypertrophy</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Group</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Apical</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Concentric</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Septal</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">p-value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">K-W</th>
              <th align="center">AxC</th>
              <th align="center">AxS</th>
              <th align="center">CxS</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">R D1 (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Median (P25, P75)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (11; 13)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (14; 19.5)</td>
              <td align="center">5.75 (8.5; 13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0280</td>
              <td align="center">0.6870</td>
              <td align="center">0.2717</td>
              <td align="center">0.0444</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">R V1 (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Median Median (P25, P75)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (1.5; 6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 (1.5; 4.13)</td>
              <td align="center">0 .88 (1.75; 3.25)</td>
              <td align="center">0.9563</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">R V5 (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Median (P25, P75)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (22; 35)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (21.5; 27)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (15; 22.25)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0391</td>
              <td align="center">0.5481</td>
              <td align="center">0.0440</td>
              <td align="center">0.3785</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">R V6 (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Median (P25, P75)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (25; 31)</td>
              <td align="center">9.75 (19; 21.75)</td>
              <td align="center">8.25 (13; 22)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0148</td>
              <td align="center">0.1577</td>
              <td align="center">0.0125</td>
              <td align="center">0.5619</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">T D1 (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Median (P25, P75)</td>
              <td align="center">-4 (-3.5; -2)</td>
              <td align="center">-5.13 (-2.75; -1.88)</td>
              <td align="center">-2 (0; 2)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.9725</td>
              <td align="center">0.0032</td>
              <td align="center">0.0010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">T V5 (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Median (P25, P75)</td>
              <td align="center">-12 (-8; -6)</td>
              <td align="center">-6.63 (-4.5; -2)</td>
              <td align="center">-2.5 (2; 3.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.0487</td>
              <td align="center">0.0009</td>
              <td align="center">0.0040</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">T V6 (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">Median (P25, P75)</td>
              <td align="center">-9 (-7; -4)</td>
              <td align="center">-6 (-3; -2.5)</td>
              <td align="center">-3 (1; 2.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.0685</td>
              <td align="center">0.0016</td>
              <td align="center">0.0072</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>P25: 25th Percentile; P75: 75th Percentile. P-values: K-W: Kruskal-Wallis test; multiple comparisons between the groups: AxC: Apical x Concentric; AxS: Apical x Septal; CxA: Concentric x Apical (Dunn's multiple comparison test).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Analysis of the patients with HCM showed a mild predominance of the female sex (55.9%), which differs from that reported in other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The distribution of myocardial hypertrophy found in this study by use of magnetic resonance imaging showed predominance of the septal location of hypertrophy (69% of the cases), followed by the concentric (21%) and apical (10%) locations, similar to that reported in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Mid-ventricular and lateral involvements, not identified in this study, are rare, with reported prevalence of 1% to 2% of the cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The presence of delayed enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance worsens the prognosis of patients with HCM. Moon JC et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> in a prospective study with 53 patients with HCM undergoing magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium, have concluded that the presence of fibrosis relates to the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias, ventricular dilatation and sudden death. Concentric hypertrophy showed a bigger mass of fibrosis as compared to that of the other hypertrophy locations. The R wave amplitude in DI was higher in concentric hypertrophy, showing a possible electrocardiographic pattern correlated with that location.</p>
      <p>However, in leads V5 and V6, the R wave amplitude measured in millimeters showed a significant correlation with apical hypertrophy, in accordance with the findings of other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The mean R wave amplitude in V5 and V6 in the apical region was 26 mm, which is similar to that described by Yamaguchi et al. in patients with apical hypertrophy confirmed on the echocardiogram.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The analysis of the R wave in V1 failed to show a good correlation with the anatomic pattern of hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>In addition, apical hypertrophy was related to higher T wave negativity in the leads DI, V5 and V6 (means of -3.8 mm, -10.2 mm, and -7.9 mm, respectively). Chen X et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> assessing 118 patients with HCM, have observed that negative T waves associated with apical hypertrophy (p = 0.009), corroborating the present study. Giant T waves, described as inversion &#8805; 10 mm in any anterior lead, were also associated with apical hypertrophy, being found in the patients of that study in leads V5 and V6.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The same relationship has been reported by Song et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> studying 70 patients, who have evidenced a correlation of a deep negative T wave with apical hypertrophy on magnetic resonance imaging (p = 0.018).</p>
      <p>Regarding the analysis of the strain pattern on ECG (change in the ST segment and T wave), that electrocardiographic finding showed a 100% correlation with the anatomic location of apical hypertrophy of the left ventricle. In patients with concentric hypertrophy, that pattern of ventricular repolarization change was found in 71% of the cases, while in the septal pattern, only in 28% of the cases, with statistical significance. Sung-Hwan Kim et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> analyzing 864 patients with HCM, have found that same correlation of the strain pattern with apical hypertrophy; however, that was assessed by use of echocardiography (p &lt; 0.001). The specific analysis of that electrocardiographic finding and its correlation with magnetic resonance imaging findings in HCM have not been found in the literature.</p>
      <p>Electrocardiographic left ventricular overload was more frequently found in patients with the concentric pattern of hypertrophy (71%) than in the others (42%), but there was no statistical significance in those correlations. Previous studies have only assessed the presence or absence of electrocardiographic criteria of left ventricular overload, without comparing that finding with the location of hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The importance of the ECG as an initial tool to assess patients with HCM is confirmed in this study, which evidenced electrocardiographic patterns that correlate with the location of hypertrophy on magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
      <p>The greater amplitude of the R wave in the leads V5 and V6, and the inversion of the T wave in the leads DI, V5 and V6, already reported in previous studies, were significantly related to apical hypertrophy. The presence of the strain pattern on ECG, when HCM is suspected, suggests apical hypertrophy on magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
      <p>Concentric hypertrophy was associated with wide R waves in DI and a greater mass of fibrosis on magnetic resonance imaging assessment.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>We thank Dr. Rodrigo Mello Lima for providing the images of cardiac resonance.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Miocardiopatias</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correla&#231;&#227;o das Altera&#231;&#245;es Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas com a Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca em Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paix&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Miana de Mattos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Veronesi</surname>
            <given-names>Hor&#225;cio Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Halsted Alarc&#227;o Gomes Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nunes de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maldi</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina de Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano de Figueiredo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibrahim Masciarelli Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Faustino de Albuquerque Carneiro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Edileide de Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gabriela Miana de Mattos Paix&#227;o,</bold> Rua Maranh&#227;o, 1567/302. CEP 30150-331, Funcion&#225;rios, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>gabimiana@gmail.com</email>, <email>luciamianapaixao@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Paix&#227;o GMM, Veronesi HE, Silva HAGP, Alencar Neto JN, Maldi CP, Correia EB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Paix&#227;o GMM, Veronesi HE, Silva HAGP, Alencar Neto JN, Maldi CP, Aguiar Filho LF, Fran&#231;a FFAC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Paix&#227;o GMM, Veronesi HE, Silva HAGP, Alencar Neto JN, Aguiar Filho LF, Fran&#231;a FFAC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Paix&#227;o GMM, Aguiar Filho LF, Pinto IMF, Fran&#231;a FFAC, Correia EB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>O eletrocardiograma &#233; o exame inicial na investiga&#231;&#227;o das cardiopatias. As altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica n&#227;o possuem padr&#227;o definido, tendo baixa correla&#231;&#227;o com o ecocardiograma. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca vem ganhando destaque pela melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia, bem como pela detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Correlacionar as altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas com a localiza&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo descritivo com delineamento transversal que avaliou 68 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca. Comparou-se o eletrocardiograma dos pacientes com a localiza&#231;&#227;o de maior hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. Admitiram-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5% e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Dos 68 pacientes, 69% possu&#237;am hipertrofia septal, 21% conc&#234;ntrica e 10% apical. A massa de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica foi maior na hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica (p &lt; 0,001), assim como o tamanho da onda R em D1 (p = 0,0280). A amplitude das ondas R em V5 e V6 (p = 0,0391, p = 0,0148) foi maior na hipertrofia apical, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. A hipertrofia apical tamb&#233;m se relacionou com maior negatividade da onda T em D1, V5 e V6 (p &lt; 0,001). O padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic> foi encontrado em 100% dos pacientes com hipertrofia apical (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A localiza&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica pode ser correlacionada com altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, principalmente para hipertrofia apical.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica / gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica autoss&#244;mica dominante, caracterizada por hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas ou sist&#234;micas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O diagn&#243;stico, em adultos, &#233; definido por espessura diast&#243;lica de qualquer parede ventricular maior ou igual a 15 mm medida por exame de imagem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) &#233; o exame inicial na investiga&#231;&#227;o das cardiopatias. Na CMH, n&#227;o possui um padr&#227;o definido, podendo apresentar sinais de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda, presen&#231;a de ondas q, altera&#231;&#245;es no segmento ST, anormalidades das ondas T, ou at&#233; ser normal em torno de 6% dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Alguns achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos espec&#237;ficos podem sugerir a localiza&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia, assim como a presen&#231;a de fibrose. As ondas T gigantes invertidas (maiores que 10 mm) nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais ou inferolaterais s&#227;o sugestivas de envolvimento apical. Ondas q profundas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferolaterais com ondas T positivas est&#227;o associadas &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica da CMH. Ondas q com dura&#231;&#227;o maior que 40 ms relacionam-se com fibrose. A eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST na parede lateral pode se correlacionar com aneurismas apicais pequenos que est&#227;o associados com fibrose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos semelhantes ao de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em indiv&#237;duos jovens podem ocorrer antes da evid&#234;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas podem levar a suspeita de CMH e, em conjunto com a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e outros m&#233;todos de imagem, definem o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>Tradicionalmente, o ecocardiograma &#233; o m&#233;todo de imagem de escolha para diagn&#243;stico de CMH devido &#224; maior disponibilidade e menor custo. Entretanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas com a morfologia e o grau da espessura n&#227;o &#233; bem estabelecida, quando comparadas ao ecocardiograma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca vem ganhando espa&#231;o na proped&#234;utica da CMH, pois &#233; superior na mensura&#231;&#227;o das espessuras das paredes ventriculares, principalmente em regi&#245;es de dif&#237;cil visualiza&#231;&#227;o pelo ecocardiograma, bem como avalia a morfologia e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Al&#233;m disso, a detec&#231;&#227;o de realce tardio possui valor progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente estudo tem como objetivo correlacionar as vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas com a localiza&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica avaliada pela resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo descritivo, com delineamento transversal, que analisou pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de CMH acompanhados no setor de Miocardiopatias do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (IDPC) submetidos &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca durante o per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2012 a setembro de 2015.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o dos pacientes foram: idade superior a 18 anos, diagn&#243;stico confirmado de CMH pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica realizada no Setor de Imagem do IDPC e ECG interpret&#225;vel. Por outro lado, os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: menores que 18 anos; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 50% pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente; portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, caracterizada por les&#227;o coron&#225;ria maior que 50% &#224; angiografia; portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas; diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de amiloidose; endomiocardiofibrose; doen&#231;a de Fabry; usu&#225;rios de marca-passo definitivo; e pacientes submetidos &#224; miectomia ou alcooliza&#231;&#227;o septal previamente &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>O banco de dados de CMH do setor de Miocardiopatias do IDPC foi analisado. Um total de 112 pacientes preenchiam crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o no estudo e seus prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos arquivados no Servi&#231;o de Arquivo M&#233;dico e Estat&#237;stica (SAME) do IDPC foram avaliados. Ap&#243;s revis&#227;o dos prontu&#225;rios, 44 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
        <p>Os ECGs previamente realizados para consulta ambulatorial no Setor de Miocardiopatias foram laudados pelo chefe do Setor de Tele-eletrocardiografia do IDPC, conforme a diretriz brasileira sobre an&#225;lise e emiss&#227;o de laudos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos publicada em 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O laudo do ECG contemplou as seguintes vari&#225;veis: ritmo, eixo card&#237;aco do QRS, sobrecargas ventriculares e atriais, bloqueios intraventriculares, presen&#231;a de <italic>strain</italic>, tamanho em mil&#237;metros da onda R nas deriva&#231;&#245;es DI, V1, V5 e V6 e tamanho em mil&#237;metros da onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D1, V5 e V6.</p>
        <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca foi analisada pela equipe de radiologia do IDPC quanto &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, utilizando de base a segmenta&#231;&#227;o proposta pela <italic>American Heart Association</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de realce tardio, bem como quantifica&#231;&#227;o da massa de fibrose em gramas. Os 17 segmentos foram agrupados em cinco regi&#245;es: anterior, inferior, lateral, septal e apical. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Segmenta&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda proposta pela American Heart Association.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0052-70189-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os pacientes com hipertrofia maior que 15 mm em tr&#234;s ou mais regi&#245;es foram considerados como conc&#234;ntricos. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) E.D.S., sexo masculino, 35 anos. ECG: onda R em D1 de 35 mm e onda R em V5 de 29 mm. Resson&#226;ncia compat&#237;vel com hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica. Massa de fibrose de 128 g (maior massa de fibrose encontrada entre todos os pacientes analisados). B) M.L.S.F., sexo feminino, 60 anos. ECG: onda R em D1 de 23 mm e onda R em V5 de 22 mm. Resson&#226;ncia compat&#237;vel com hipertrofia septal. C) P.M., sexo masculino, 77 anos. ECG: onda R de 35 mm em V5 e onda T negativa de 12 mm com padr&#227;o de strain. Resson&#226;ncia compat&#237;vel com hipertrofia apical.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0052-70189-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Compararam-se as vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas descritas anteriormente com a regi&#227;o da hipertrofia, bem como a presen&#231;a de realce tardio e quantidade de fibrose identificadas na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.</p>
          <p>A normalidade dos dados foi verificada com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e decidiu-se utilizar testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos. As medidas resumo mediana e percentis 25 e 75 foram calculadas para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis foi usado para verificar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os grupos seguido de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas pelo m&#233;todo de Dunn para a compara&#231;&#227;o dois a dois entre os grupos.</p>
          <p>Nas vari&#225;veis atributo, os resultados foram apresentados em forma de percentuais e frequ&#234;ncia. Foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher-Freeman-Halton para verificar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os grupos. Admitiram-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5% e o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
          <p>Os dados encontrados foram registrados em planilha eletr&#244;nica do <italic>Microsoft Office Excel</italic>, vers&#227;o 2013e, e, para an&#225;lise, utilizou-se o pacote estat&#237;stico <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)</italic>, vers&#227;o 21.0 para <italic>Windows</italic>&#174;.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Setenta pacientes foram analisados, sendo 55,9% do sexo feminino e 44,1% do masculino. A idade m&#233;dia foi 51,3 anos e variou de 20 a 81 anos. Dos seis padr&#245;es de localiza&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia, somente foram encontrados tr&#234;s tipos: apical (10%), conc&#234;ntrica (21%) e septal (69%). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes quanto &#224; hipertrofia.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0052-70189-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A maioria dos pacientes (81,4%) possu&#237;a realce tardio &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, sendo que a totalidade dos pacientes com hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica apresentou fibrose. Na quantifica&#231;&#227;o da massa de fibrose em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia, a m&#233;dia foi superior (57,1 g) na hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, quando comparada &#224;s demais localiza&#231;&#245;es (p = 0,001). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mediana e percentis para massa e percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, conforme localiza&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Apical</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Conc&#234;ntrica</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Septal</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">K-W</th>
                <th align="center">AxC</th>
                <th align="center">AxS</th>
                <th align="center">CxS</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa Fibrose (gramas)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana (P25; P75)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (2; 27)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (40; 83,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (3,5; 15)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,0210</td>
                <td align="center">0,9974</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">% Fibrose</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana (P25; P75)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (2; 20)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (20; 31,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (3; 13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0014</td>
                <td align="center">0,1160</td>
                <td align="center">0,9998</td>
                <td align="center">0,0010</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>P25: Percentil 25; P75: Percentil 75. P-values: K-W: teste de Kruskal-Wallis; Compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas entre os grupos: AxC: Apical x Conc&#234;ntrico; AxS: Apical x Septal; CxA: Conc&#234;ntrico x Apical pelo m&#233;todo de Dunn.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>M&#233;dias para massa e percentual de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca conforme localiza&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0052-70189-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a concomitante de hipertrofia de ventr&#237;culo direito pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica foi encontrada em 35,7% dos pacientes com hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, apresentando signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,0447) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s hipertrofias septal e apical.</p>
        <p>A hipertrofia apical apresentou maior frequ&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (14,3%) e eixo card&#237;aco preservado em 100% dos casos, por&#233;m esses achados n&#227;o foram significativos (p = 0,7964, p = 0,6730, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s sobrecargas ventriculares, houve maior preval&#234;ncia tanto de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (71,4%) como direita (21,4%) na hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,1883, p = 0,2117, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>O padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic> apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os grupos de hipertrofia (p &lt; 0,0001), estando presente em 100% dos casos de hipertrofia apical e 71,4% de hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica.</p>
        <p>A sobrecarga atrial esquerda foi mais frequente na hipertrofia apical (42,9%), mas sem rela&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica significativa (p = 0,4082). Por outro lado, a sobrecarga atrial direita foi rara, ocorrendo somente em dois pacientes com hipertrofia septal.</p>
        <p>Os bloqueios intraventriculares (bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, bloqueio de ramo direito e bloqueio divisional anterossuperior esquerdo) foram infrequentes nos tr&#234;s tipos de hipertrofia, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequ&#234;ncia e percentuais para as vari&#225;veis tipo atributo conforme localiza&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Grupo</th>
                <th align="center">Apical</th>
                <th align="center">Conc&#234;ntrica</th>
                <th align="center">Septal</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Hipertrofia Ventricular Direita</td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">7 (100,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (64,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (89,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,0447</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (35,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (10,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Ritmo</td>
                <td align="center">FA</td>
                <td align="center">1 (14,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,7964</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sinusal</td>
                <td align="center">6 (85,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (92,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (91,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Eixo Card&#237;aco</td>
                <td align="center">Desviado Esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (14,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (18,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.6730</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">7 (100,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (85,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (81,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">SVE</td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">4 (57,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (28,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (57,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,1903</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">3 (42,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (71,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (42,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Strain</td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (28,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (71,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">7 (100,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (71,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (28,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">SVD</td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">7 (100,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (78,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (93,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,1990</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (21,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">BRE</td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">7 (100,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (100,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (95,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,0000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">BDASE</td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">7 (100,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (85,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (87,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,8548</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (14,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">BRD</td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">7 (100,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (92,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (95,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,6634</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">SAE</td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">4 (57,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (71,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (77,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,4615</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">3 (42,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (28,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (22,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">SAD</td>
                <td align="center">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">7 (100,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (100,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (95,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">1,0000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,1%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; SVE: sobrecarga ventricular esquerda; SVD: sobrecarga ventricular direita; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; BDASE: bloqueio divisional anterossuperior esquerdo; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; SAE: sobrecarga atrial esquerda; SAD: sobrecarga atrial direita. P: valor para o teste de Fisher-Freeman-Halton.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Percentuais para as vari&#225;veis tipo atributo conforme localiza&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica. HVD: hipertrofia ventricular direita; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; SVE: sobrecarga ventricular esquerda; SVD: sobrecarga ventricular direita; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; BDASE: bloqueio divisional anterossuperior esquerdo; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; SAE: sobrecarga atrial esquerda; SAD: sobrecarga atrial direita.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0052-70189-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise do tamanho da onda R na deriva&#231;&#227;o DI mostrou maior m&#233;dia (15,6 mm) na hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica e menor na septal (10 mm), com diferen&#231;a significativa entre os tr&#234;s grupos (p = 0,0280). J&#225; na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1, a onda R n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a em seu tamanho (p = 0,9563).</p>
        <p>A hipertrofia apical mostrou maior amplitude da onda R nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V5 e V6, com m&#233;dias de 26,9 mm e 26 mm, respectivamente, em compara&#231;&#227;o a hipertrofias septal e conc&#234;ntrica, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,0391, p = 0,0148, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>No que diz respeito &#224; repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, a hipertrofia apical correlacionou-se com a maior negatividade de onda T em DI (-3,8 mm), V5 (-10,2 mm) e V6 (-7,9 mm), com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica nas tr&#234;s deriva&#231;&#245;es (p &lt; 0,001). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mediana e percentis para os resultados das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas conforme localiza&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Grupo</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Apical</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Conc&#234;ntrica</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Septal</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">K-W</th>
                <th align="center">AxC</th>
                <th align="center">AxS</th>
                <th align="center">CxS</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">R D1 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana (P25, P75)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (11; 13)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (14; 19,5)</td>
                <td align="center">5,75 (8,5; 13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0280</td>
                <td align="center">0,6870</td>
                <td align="center">0,2717</td>
                <td align="center">0,0444</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">R V1 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana Mediana (P25, P75)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (1,5; 6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 (1,5; 4,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0 ,88 (1,75; 3,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9563</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">R V5 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana (P25, P75)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (22; 35)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (21,5; 27)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (15; 22,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0391</td>
                <td align="center">0,5481</td>
                <td align="center">0,0440</td>
                <td align="center">0,3785</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">R V6 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana (P25, P75)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (25; 31)</td>
                <td align="center">9,75 (19; 21,75)</td>
                <td align="center">8,25 (13; 22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0148</td>
                <td align="center">0,1577</td>
                <td align="center">0,0125</td>
                <td align="center">0,5619</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T D1 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana (P25, P75)</td>
                <td align="center">-4 (-3,5; -2)</td>
                <td align="center">-5,13 (-2,75; -1,88)</td>
                <td align="center">-2 (0; 2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,9725</td>
                <td align="center">0,0032</td>
                <td align="center">0,0010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T V5 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana (P25, P75)</td>
                <td align="center">-12 (-8; -6)</td>
                <td align="center">-6,63 (-4,5; -2)</td>
                <td align="center">-2,5 (2; 3,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,0487</td>
                <td align="center">0,0009</td>
                <td align="center">0,0040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T V6 (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana (P25, P75)</td>
                <td align="center">-9 (-7; -4)</td>
                <td align="center">-6 (-3; -2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">-3 (1; 2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,0685</td>
                <td align="center">0,0016</td>
                <td align="center">0,0072</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>P25: Percentil 25; P75: Percentil 75. P-valores: K-W: teste de Kruskal-Wallis; Compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas entre os grupos: AxC: Apical x Conc&#234;ntrico; AxS: Apical x Septal; CxA: Conc&#234;ntrico x Apical pelo m&#233;todo de Dunn.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise do perfil dos portadores de CMH mostrou predom&#237;nio discreto do sexo feminino (55,9%), o que difere do relatado em outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica encontrada no estudo pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica mostrou predom&#237;nio da localiza&#231;&#227;o septal com 69% dos casos, seguida por 21% conc&#234;ntrica e 10% apical, sendo semelhante &#224; descrita na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Os acometimentos m&#233;dio-ventricular e lateral s&#227;o raros, com preval&#234;ncia de 1% a 2% dos casos, n&#227;o tendo sido identificados neste estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de realce tardio pela resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca confere pior progn&#243;stico ao paciente com CMH. Moon JC et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> em um estudo prospectivo com 53 pacientes com CMH submetidos a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica com gadol&#237;neo, conclu&#237;ram que a presen&#231;a de fibrose est&#225; relacionada com ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares, dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular e morte s&#250;bita. Observou-se que a hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica possui maior massa de fibrose em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros tipos de hipertrofia. A amplitude da onda R em DI foi maior na hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, detectando um poss&#237;vel padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico correlacionado a essa localiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V5 e V6, a amplitude da onda R medida em mil&#237;metros obteve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com a hipertrofia apical, padr&#227;o concordante com o encontrado em outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A m&#233;dia da onda R em V5 e V6 na regi&#227;o apical foi de 26 mm, o que &#233; semelhante ao descrito por Yamaguchi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> nos pacientes com hipertrofia apical confirmada pelo ecocardiograma. A an&#225;lise da onda R em V1 n&#227;o conseguiu demonstrar boa correla&#231;&#227;o com o padr&#227;o anat&#244;mico de acometimento.</p>
        <p>A hipertrofia apical tamb&#233;m foi relacionada &#224; maior negatividade da onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es DI, V5 e V6, com m&#233;dias de -3,8 mm, -10,2 mm e -7,9 mm, respectivamente. Chen X et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> analisaram 118 pacientes com CMH e observaram que ondas T negativas foram associadas &#224; hipertrofia apical (p = 0,009), corroborando o presente estudo. As ondas T gigantes, descritas como invers&#227;o maior ou igual a 10 mm em qualquer deriva&#231;&#227;o anterior, tamb&#233;m foram associadas &#224; hipertrofia apical, sendo essas encontradas nos pacientes do estudo nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V5 e V6.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A mesma rela&#231;&#227;o foi descrita por Song et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> em estudo com 70 pacientes que tamb&#233;m evidenciou correla&#231;&#227;o entre a onda T negativa profunda com a hipertrofia apical pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (p = 0,018).</p>
        <p>A respeito da an&#225;lise do padr&#227;o de <italic>strain</italic> no ECG (altera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e onda T), demonstrou-se que esse achado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico teve 100% de correla&#231;&#227;o com o padr&#227;o anat&#244;mico de acometimento apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Nos pacientes com hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica, foi encontrado esse padr&#227;o de altera&#231;&#227;o de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em 71% dos casos, enquanto na forma septal, apenas 28%, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Kim et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> encontraram nos 864 pacientes analisados com CMH a mesma correla&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic> com hipertrofia apical; no entanto, essa foi avaliada pelo ecocardiograma (p &lt; 0,001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> A an&#225;lise espec&#237;fica desse dado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e sua correla&#231;&#227;o com a resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica em CMH n&#227;o foi encontrada na literatura.</p>
        <p>A sobrecarga ventricular esquerda eletrocardiogr&#225;fica foi mais frequente naqueles com padr&#227;o conc&#234;ntrico (71%) que nas demais hipertrofias (42%), n&#227;o havendo signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre essas correla&#231;&#245;es. Estudos anteriores somente avaliaram a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de sobrecarga ventricular esquerda sem comparar esse achado &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A import&#226;ncia do ECG como uma ferramenta inicial nos pacientes com CMH &#233; confirmada pelo presente estudo que evidenciou padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos que se correlacionam com a localiza&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.</p>
        <p>A maior amplitude de onda R em V5 e V6 e a invers&#227;o de onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es DI, V5 e V6, j&#225; descritas em estudos pr&#233;vios, foram relacionadas de forma significativa com a hipertrofia apical. A presen&#231;a do padr&#227;o <italic>strain</italic> ao ECG, na suspeita de CMH, sugere hipertrofia apical pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.</p>
        <p>A hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica associou-se com ondas R amplas em DI e maior massa de fibrose na avalia&#231;&#227;o pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimento</title>
        <p>Agradecemos ao Dr. Rodrigo Mello Lima pela disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o das imagens da resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
