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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">tHYcpLTCD4VD8mpDVytq4Xn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000100044</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Cell Physiology</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Melatonin-Induced Protective Effects on Cardiomyocytes Against Reperfusion Injury Partly Through Modulation of IP3R and SERCA2a Via Activation of ERK1</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hu</surname>
            <given-names>Shunying</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhu</surname>
            <given-names>Pingjun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Hao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Ying</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Yundai</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Chinese PLA General Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing - China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Shunying Hu,</bold> 28 Fuxing Road, 100853, Beijing - China. E-mail: <email>hsylily@163.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Hu S, Zhu P, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Chen Y; Acquisition of data: Hu S, Zhu P, Zhou H, Zhang Y; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Hu S, Zhou H; Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript: Hu S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>44</fpage>
      <lpage>51</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Melatonin is a neuroendocrine hormone synthesized primarily by the pineal gland that is indicated to effectively prevent myocardial reperfusion injury. It is unclear whether melatonin protects cardiac function from reperfusion injury by modulating intracellular calcium homeostasis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Demonstrate that melatonin protect against myocardial reperfusion injury through modulating IP3R and SERCA2a to maintain calcium homeostasis via activation of ERK1 in cardiomyocytes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>In vitro experiments were performed using H9C2 cells undergoing simulative hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) induction. Expression level of ERK1, IP3R and SERCA2a were assessed by Western Blots. Cardiomyocytes apoptosis was detected by TUNEL. Phalloidin-staining was used to assess alteration of actin filament organization of cardiomyocytes. Fura-2 /AM was used to measure intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration. Performing in vivo experiments, myocardial expression of IP3R and SERCA2a were detected by immunofluorescence staining using myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) model in rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In vitro results showed that melatonin induces ERK1 activation in cardiomyocytes against H/R which was inhibited by PD98059 (ERK1 inhibitor). The results showed melatonin inhibit apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and improve actin filament organization in cardiomyocytes against H/R, because both could be reversed by PD98059. Melatonin was showed to reduce calcium overload, further to inhibit IP3R expression and promote SERCA2a expression via ERK1 pathway in cardiomyocytes against H/R. Melatonin induced lower IP3R and higher SERCA2a expression in myocardium that were reversed by PD98059.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>melatonin-induced cardioprotection against reperfusion injury is at least partly through modulation of IP3R and SERCA2a to maintain intracellular calcium homeostasis via activation of ERK1.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Melatonin</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Reperfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Myocytes</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
          <award-id>81770237</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (N&#186;.81770237) and partially funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury typically arises in patients presenting with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), in whom the most effective therapeutic intervention for reducing acute myocardial ischemic injury and limiting the size of myocardial infarction (MI) is timely and effective myocardial reperfusion therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> However, the process of myocardial reperfusion can itself induce further myocardial reperfusion injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Myocardial reperfusion injury weakens the benefit of reperfusion therapy and brings to patients larger MI size, more severe heart failure and worse prognosis. Restoration of cardiac circulation is accompanied by cell damages and death (lethal reperfusion injury), reperfusion arrhythmias, myocardial stunning, and no-reflow phenomenon. Lethal reperfusion injury (cardiomyocyte death induced by reperfusion) is a key therapeutic target with anticipated significant impact on the patient&#8217;s prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a neuroendocrine hormone, which is synthesized primarily by the pineal gland.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Melatonin presents profound protective effects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through antioxidant actions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Ca<sup>2+</sup> overload is the primary stimulator to ischemia/reperfusion injury and induce cardiomyocytes apoptosis in ischemia/reperfusion condition. It is unclear whether melatonin protects cardiac function from reperfusion injury by modulating intracellular calcium homeostasis. Yeung et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> suggested that melatonin is cardioprotective against chronic hypoxia-induced myocardial injury because it improves calcium handling in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of cardiomyocytes via an antioxidant mechanism.</p>
      <p>However, the evidence about melatonin&#8217;s effect and underlying mechanism on Ca<sup>2+</sup> overload under acute ischemia/reperfusion is rare. The cardiac inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase (SERCA2a) are key mediators for intracellular calcium handling, contractility and death in cardiac cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> So in the present study we hypothesized melatonin has protective effects on cardiomyocyte against reperfusion injury through modulating IP3R and SERCA2a to maintain intracellular calcium homeostasis. Ischemia-reperfusion has been shown to activate the anti-apoptotic pro-survival kinase signalling cascades including p42/p44 extra-cellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK 1/2) which have been implicated in cellular survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> It is not clear if ERK1 plays important role during modulation of melatonin on calcium homeostasis in cardiomyocytes. The present study aimed to elucidate whether melatonin protects cardiomyocytes against reperfusion injury through modulating IP3R and SERCA2a to reduce calcium overload via ERK1 pathway.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethics statement</title>
        <p>The present study was performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Ethic Committee of Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, China.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>H9C2 Cells culture</title>
        <p>H9C2 cells (derived from the rat embryonic cardiomyoblast) were obtained from Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Shanghai, China) were cultured in Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12, Thermo Fisher Biochemical Products, Beijing, China) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and 100 mg/mL penicillin/streptomycin (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, China).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>H/R injury induction in vitro and melatonin or plus with PD98059 treatment</title>
        <p>Hypoxic conditions were produced using fresh Hanks solution with 95% N<sub>2</sub> and 5 % CO<sub>2</sub>. The pH was adjusted to 6.8 with lactate to mimic ischemic conditions. The dishes were put into a hypoxic incubator (Invivo2-400, Ruskinn) that was equilibrated with 95% N<sub>2</sub> and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>and the actual oxygen concentration was zero. Ambient O<sub>2</sub> levels in the hypoxia incubator were monitored by an O<sub>2</sub> analyzer (series-2000, Alpha Omega Instruments). After hypoxic treatment, the culture medium was rapidly replaced with fresh DMEM with 1% FBS to initiate reoxygenation. Hypoxia/reoxygenation procedure was achieved by 4 h of hypoxia treatment (anoxia) and 4 h of reoxygenation treatment. For melatonin treatment, cultured cells were pre-incubated with melatonin (5 uM) 12 h before hypoxia, or plus with PD98059 with concentration of 10 uM prior to melatonin treatment. The dose of melatonin was chosen according to previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>In vitro TUNEL apoptosis assay of cardiomyocytes by confocal microscopy</title>
        <p>The apoptosis of H9C2 cells was examined by TUNEL assay. Briefly, cultured cardiomyocytes were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) (Millipore, USA) and permeabilized with 1% Triton X-100 (Sigma Aldrich, USA) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (Invitrogen, USA) for 30 minutes, followed by 3 times (3&#215;10 mins) wash with fresh PBS. Then, an Apo-BrdU in Situ DNA Fragmentation Assay Kit (BioVision, USA) was applied for 1 hour, followed by incubating the treated plates with 5 &#181;l anti-BrdUFITC antibody. Fifteen minutes of DAPI immunostaining were performed to identify the nuclei of cardiomyocytes. Then, the images were taken with an inverted Leica TCS-SP2 AOBS confocal laser-scanning microscope (Leica, Germany). Apoptosis was quantified as the percentage of cultured cardiomyocytes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>F-actin study with fluorescent phalloidin and confocal microscopy</title>
        <p>F-actin detection with phalloidin was done according to manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. Briefly, H9C2 were fixed on polylysine-treated glass with 3.7% paraformaldehyde and later washed with 0.1% Triton X-100-PBS. Thereafter they were stained with 0.8unit/ml fluorescent FITC-phalloidin conjugate solution (KeyGen Bio TECH Corp,China) for 10 min at room temperature. Finally, they were washed three times with PBS. Mounted samples were analyzed using confocal microscopy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Detection of intracellular Ca<sup>2 +</sup> concentration</title>
        <p>Intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> was measured using the calcium-dependent fluorescent dye Fura-2 according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. Briefly, H9C2 cultures were transferred to 1 mL fresh DMEM containing 5 &#181;L Fura-2-acetoxy-methylester (AM; 10 &#181;M; Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and incubated in a CO<sub>2</sub> incubator at 37&#186;C for 1 h. Fura-2-loaded cells were then placed on the stage of a confocal microscopy (Olympus) and viewed using a 60&#215; oil immersion objective.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Western blots</title>
        <p>Following the appropriate treatments, cultured cells were lysed with RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime,China) for 30 min and centrifuged at 14,000xg for 30 min. Equal amounts of protein were separated by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Millipore). After being blocked with 5% milk in Tris buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween20 (TBST) at room temperature for 1h, the membrane was incubated at 4&#186;C overnight with the following primary antibodies: t-ERK1(1:2000, Abcam), p-ERK1(1:1000, Abcam), IP3R (1:1000,Abcam), and SERCA2a (1:1000,Ab-cam). After being washed with TBST and further incubated with the appropriate secondary antibody at 37&#186;C for 60 min, the blots were visualized with an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) reagent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model and melatonin treatment</title>
        <p>Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (250 &#177; 10 g) were purchased from the Experimental Animal Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Chinese PLA General Hospital. Rats were divided into the following groups (n = 5 in each group): (1) Control group, (2) I/R group, (3) I/R+Melatonin group, (4) I/R+Melatonin+PD98059. Rats were intraperitoneally anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg). The animals were then incubated and ventilated by a volume- regulated respirator during surgery. After a left lateral thoracotomy and pericardectomy, the left coronary artery was identified and gently ligated with a 6.0 prolene suture. Successful AMI was confirmed by the typical ST segment elevation in electrocardiography. Myocardial ischemia lasted for 30 mins and reperfusion for 2 hours. Freshly prepared melatonin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 20 mg/kg 12 hours prior to MI. PD98059 (ERK1 inhibitor, Sigma,USA) was administered with intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 5 mg/kg 4 hours prior to melatonin treatment. At the end of the reperfusion period, the hearts were excised for the preparation of sections (4 &#181;m thickness) to detect the expression of SERCA2a and IP3R by immunofluorescence staining.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Detection of myocardial SERCA2a and IP3R expression by immunofluorescence staining</title>
        <p>After being treated as above, the heart sections were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 min at room temperature, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 10 min, and then blocked with 5% BSA for 1 h. Then, samples were incubated overnight at 4&#186;C with monoclonal mouse anti-rat SERCA2a antibody (1:100;Abcam, Cambridge, USA). After being washed with PBS for three times, samples were incubated with goat anti-mouse polyclonal IgG (1:400; Abcam,Cambridge, USA) at room temperature in the dark for 2 h. For nuclear counterstaining, samples were incubated with 4&#8217;, 6-diamidino-2-phenylidone (DAPI; Sigma, USA) for 5 min. Finally, the immunofluorescence images were obtained by inverted fluorescence microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data were described as the mean &#177; SD of at least three independent analyzed experiments. The differences among more than 2 groups were evaluated through 1-way ANOVA (all data met the variances homogeneity and normal distribution),and LSD method was used to compare the statistical difference in the post-hoc analysis. A value of P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All of the statistical analyses were performed with SPSS for Windows version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Melatonin promoted activation of ERK1 in cardiomyocytes against H/R</title>
        <p>At 4h after reoxygenation, we investigated the effect of melatonin on phosphorylation of ERK1 (p-ERK1) using Western blot. The expression level of p-ERK1 did not show significant difference between control and H/R group. Melatonin significantly promoted the expression of p-ERK1 in cardiomyocytes which was reversed by PD98059 (ERK1 inhibitor) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Melatonin promoted activation of ERK1 in H9C2 cells against H/R. H9C2 cells incubated in normal condition or in simulated H/R condition, in simulated H/R condition plus pretreatment with melatonin, or in simulated H/R condition plus pretreatment with melatonin and PD98059 (ERK1 inhibitor).The expression levels of phosphorylated ERK1 (p-ERK1) were evaluated by Western blotting (A) and were quantitatively analyzed (B). All values are presented as the mean&#177;SD. n = 3. SSp &lt; 0.01 vs. H/R group; #p &lt; 0.05 vs. H/R+Mel group.(Control: control group; H/R:H/R group; H/R+mel: H/R+ melatonin group; H/R+mel+PD: H/R+ melatonin+PD98059 group)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0044-80008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Melatonin prevents H/R-induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes via ERK1 pathyway in vitro</title>
        <p>The apoptosis of H9C2 cells was detected at 4h after reoxygenation by TUNEL staining. The results demonstrated H/R induce apoptosis of H9C2 cells in vitro. Pretreament with melatonin decreased H/R-induced apoptosis of H9C2. The results showed percentage of apoptotic cells was obviously higher in H/R group compared to control group, however, which was significantly lower in melatonin group than H/R group. PD98059 (ERK1 inhibitor) reduced the effect of melatonin on preventing cardiomyocytes apoptosis against H/R (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Melatonin prevents H9C2 cells apoptosis against H/R via ERK1 in vitro. Apoptosis was assessed by fluorescence TUNEL. Representative TUNEL staining images (A) and quantitative analysis in H9C2 cells(B). bar = 50 &#181;m. All values are presented as the mean&#177;SD. n = 3.**p &lt; 0.01 vs. control group; Sp &lt; 0.05 vs. H/R group; #p &lt; 0.05 vs. H/R+Mel group. (Control: control group; H/R:H/R group; H/R+mel: H/R+ melatonin group; H/R+mel+PD: H/R+ melatonin+PD98059 group)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0044-80008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Melatonin protects F-actin organization in H9C2 cells against H/R via ERK1 pathway</title>
        <p>We investigated F-actin organization in H9C2 cells at 4h after reoxygenation by fluorescent FITC-phalloidin staining. Control cardiomyocytes showed regular and well-defined actin organization, while cardiomyocytes in H/R group showed a more diffuse and irregular F-actin disposition. The differences can be visualized in the representative cardiomyocytes. Pretreatment of melatonin improved F-actin organization in cardiomyocytes compared with H/R group, but PD98059 damaged F-actin organization by inhibiting melatonin&#8217;s effect (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Melatonin protects F-actin organization in H9C2 cells against H/R via ERK1 in vitro. Representative confocal microscopy images show H9C2 cells stained with FITC-phalloidin. The results showed that simulated H/R induced more diffuse and irregular actin disposition compared with control group. Melatonin preserved more regular and well-defined actin organization and PD98059 (ERK1 inhibitor) reduced the protection of melatonin. bar = 20&#181;m. (Control: control group; H/R:H/R group; H/R+mel: H/R+ melatonin group; H/R+mel+PD: H/R+ melatonin+PD98059 group)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0044-80008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Melatonin reduces Ca<sup>2 +</sup> overload in cardiomyocytes against H/R via ERK1</title>
        <p>At 4h after reoxygenation, we investigated effect of melatonin on H/R-induced Ca<sup>2+</sup> overload in cardiomyocytes using the calcium-dependent fluorescent dye Fura-2. The results showed the fluorescence was stronger in H/R group than in control group, meanwhile the fluorescence was decreased in melatonin group compared with H/R group, which indicated that H/R caused a marked increase of cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration and that melatonin pretreatment significantly inhibited H/R-induced increase of cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration which was reduced by PD98059 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Melatonin reduces Ca<sup>2+</sup> overload in H9C2 cells against H/R via ERK1 in vitro. Ca<sup>2+</sup> content was assessed using Fura-2/AM in H9C2 cells incubated in normal condition or in simulated H/R condition, in simulated H/R condition plus pretreatment with melatonin, or in simulated H/R condition plus pretreatment with melatonin and PD98059 (ERK1 inhibitor). The green fluorescence intensity by Fura-2 was obviously stronger in H/R group, and melatonin pretreatment reversed the change which was inhibited by ERK1 inhibitor.bar = 30 &#181;m. All values are presented as the mean &#177; SD. n = 3.**p &lt; 0.01 vs. control group; Sp &lt; 0.05 vs. H/R group; #p &lt; 0.05 vs. H/R+Mel group. (Control: control group; H/R:H/R group; H/R+mel: H/R+ melatonin group; H/R+mel+PD: H/R+ melatonin+PD98059 group)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0044-80008-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Melatonin modulated expression of IP3R and SERCA2a in cardiomyocytes against H/R via ERK1</title>
        <p>At 4h after reoxygenation, we investigated the effect of melatonin on expression of IP3R and SERCA2a in H9C2 by Western blot. The results indicated H/R increase expression of IP3R and reduce expression of SERCA, respectively. Pretreatment of melatonin inhibited expression of IP3R and induced expression of SERCA, which were reversed by PD98059. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Melatonin modulated expression of SERCA2a and IP3R in H9C2 cells against H/R via ERK1 pathway in vitro. The results indicated melatonin inhibited expression of IP3R and promoted expression of SERCA2a which was reduced by PD98059. Representative Western blot images (A) and quantitative analysis (B-C) showed melatonin&#8217;s effect on expression of IP3R and SERCA2a via ERK1 pathway in H9C2 cells against H/R.bar = 30 &#181;m. **p &lt; 0.01 vs. control group; Sp &lt; 0.05 vs. H/R group; #p &lt; 0.05 vs. H/R+Mel group. (Control: control group; H/R:H/R group; H/R+mel: H/R+ melatonin group; H/R+mel+PD: H/R+ melatonin+PD98059 group)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0044-80008-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Melatonin modulated expression of IP3R and SERCA2a via ERK1 pathway in reperfused rat hearts</title>
        <p>In vivo, we investigated the effect of melatonin on expression of IP3R and SERCA2a in reperfused rat hearts. IP3R expression was higher in I/R group compared with control group, and melatonin reversed the change. The results demonstrated expression of SERCA2a was lower in I/R group compared with control group, but expression of SERCA2a was higher in melatonin group than I/R group. The pretreament of PD98059 reduced the effect of melatonin on expression of IP3R and SERCA2a in rat hearts against I/R (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure.6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Melatonin modulated expression of IP3R and SERCA2a via ERK1 pathway in reperfused rat hearts. In reperfused myocardium, expression of IP3R and SERCA2a were assessed by immunofluorescence staining (A) and quantitative analysis (B-C). The results showed that fluorescence intensity of IP3R was increased in I/R group more than in control group, but was lower in melatonin group compared with I/R group. On the contrary, melatonin increased expression of SERCA2a in reperfused myocardium. Both of the effects of melatonin on expression of IP3R and SERCA2a were inhibited by PD98059 (ERK1 inhibitor). bar = 30 &#181;m. All values are presented as the mean &#177; SD. n = 5.*p &lt; 0.05 vs. control group; Sp &lt; 0.05 vs. I/R group; #p &lt; 0.05 vs. I/R+Mel group. (Control: control group; I/R:I/R group; I/R+mel: I/R+ melatonin group; I/R+mel+PD: I/R+ melatonin+PD98059 group).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0044-80008-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Reperfusion-induced death of cardiomyocytes that were viable at the end of the ischemic event is defined as lethal myocardial reperfusion injury (reperfusion infarction).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> The existence of lethal myocardial reperfusion injury has been inferred in both experimental MI models and in patients with STEMI(1). The major contributory factors for reperfusion-induced death of cardiomyocytes include oxidative stress, calcium overload, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, and hypercontracture.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Ca<sup>2+</sup> overload is one of the main actors of this lethal reperfusion injury,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> which results in part from excessive sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) Ca<sup>2+</sup> release and Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx through the plasma membrane.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Although ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are the major cardiac SR/ER Ca<sup>2+</sup>-release channels involved in excitation-contraction coupling and ischemia-reperfusion injury,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> some studies reported an increasing role for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) Ca<sup>2+</sup>-release channels in the modulation of excitation-contraction coupling and cell death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Gomez et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> indicated that inhibition of IP3R Ca<sup>2+</sup> channeling complex limited SR/ER Ca<sup>2+</sup> release and reduced both cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca<sup>2+</sup> overload and inhibited subsequent PTP opening. Meantime, the cardiac SERCA2a is a key pump responsible for intracellular calcium handling and contractility in cardiac cells. Impaired calcium reuptake resulting from decreased expression and activity of SERCA2a is a hallmark of HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> IP3R and SERCA2a have been confirmed to play important roles in maintaining intracellular calcium homeostasis in cardiomyocytes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Melatonin as one type of neuroendocrine hormone, is synthesized primarily by the pineal gland.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Previous studies showed melatonin confers important protective effects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Melatonin administration showed to contribute to the rehabilitation of contractile function on isolated heart during reperfusion and to reduce the sensitivity of mPTP opening to Ca<sup>2+</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Melatonin has also demonstrated to play a role in the mitochondrial adaptive changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Melatonin and its metabolites efficiently interact with various ROS and reactive nitrogen species, and additionally they up regulate antioxidant enzymes and downregulate pro-oxidant enzymes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Previous studies confirmed that melatonin pretreatment attenuated IR injury by reducing oxidative damage and inhibiting mPTP opening. However, the evidence about melatonin&#8217;s effect and underlying mechanism on Ca<sup>2+</sup> overload under acute ischemia/reperfusion is rare. The present study demonstrated that melatonin performs cardioprotection through modulation of IP3R and SERCA2a to maintain calcium homeostasis via ERK1 pathway in cardiomyocytes. ERK1 pathway has been shown to have anti-apoptotic effect during the process of reperfusion injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> It is not clear if melatonin maintains calcium homeostasis through modulating IP3R and SERCA2a via ERK1.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the results showed that melatonin promote phosphorylation of ERK1 in cardiomyocytes against H/R, and pretreatment of PD98059 (ERK1 inhibitor) reduced phosphorylation of ERK1. In vitro results indicated melatonin prevents cardiomyocytes apoptosis against H/R. Meantime, melatonin can preserve structure of cardiomyocytes against reperfusion injury. Moreover, calcium overload induced by H/R is significantly reversed by melatonin. Moreover, the pretreatment of PD98059 inhibited the effect of melatonin on apoptosis, F-actin organization and calcium overload in cardiomyocytes against H/R. To further elucidate the underlying mechanism for protective effect of melatonin cardiomyocytes against H/R, we observed the effects of melatonin on expression of IP3R and SERCA2a. The results showed SERCA2a expression is decreased in H/R group compared with control group, but melatonin promoted SERCA2a expression in cardiomyocytes. Contrarily, H/R induces IP3R expression, and melatonin inhibits the expression of IP3R. Pretreatment of PD98059 reversed the effect of melatonin on expression of IP3R and SERCA2a. In vivo, myocardial IP3R level is reduced and SERCA2a expression is increased by pretreatment of melatonin, however, PD98059 reversed the effect of melatonin on expression of IP3R and SERCA2a. Melatonin in the dose used in the study did not show obvious side effects compared with other groups. In vivo results further confirmed that melatonin regulates the expression of IP3R and SERCA2a via ERK1. From the above results, it is reasonable to infer that melatonin could protect cardiomyocytes against reperfusion injury through affecting IP3R and SERCA2a expression to inhibit calcium overload via ERK1 pathway.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Melatonin can protect cardiomyocytes against reperfusion injury through modulation of IP3R and SERCA2a attenuating calcium overload via ERK1 pathway. Improved calcium homeostasis followed by preserved function and structure of cardiomyocytes can decrease cardiomyocytes apoptosis and improve heart function. The present study provide more evidence for the use of melatonin to protect cardiac function in patients with STEMI undergoing myocardial reperfusion therapy.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (N&#186;.81770237) and partially funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of the Chinese PLA General Hospital.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Fisiologia Celular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos Protetores Induzidos pela Melatonina nos Cardiomi&#243;citos Contra Les&#245;es de Reperfus&#227;o Parcialmente Atrav&#233;s da Modula&#231;&#227;o Dde IP3R e SERCA por Meio da Ativa&#231;&#227;o de ERK1</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hu</surname>
            <given-names>Shunying</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhu</surname>
            <given-names>Pingjun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Hao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Ying</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Yundai</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing - China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Shunying Hu,</bold> 28 Fuxing Road, 100853, Beijing - China. E-mail: <email>hsylily@163.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Hu S, Zhu P, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Chen Y; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Hu S, Zhu P, Zhou H, Zhang Y; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Hu S, Zhou H; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Hu S.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A melatonina &#233; um horm&#244;nio neuroend&#243;crino sintetizado principalmente pela gl&#226;ndula pineal que &#233; indicado para prevenir efetivamente a les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. N&#227;o est&#225; claro se a melatonina protege a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca da les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o atrav&#233;s da modula&#231;&#227;o da homeostase do c&#225;lcio intracelular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Demonstrar que a melatonina protege contra a les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica atrav&#233;s da modula&#231;&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA para manter a homeostase de c&#225;lcio por meio da ativa&#231;&#227;o de ERK1 em cardiomi&#243;citos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram realizados experimentos in vitro usando c&#233;lulas H9C2 submetidas a indu&#231;&#227;o de hipoxia / reoxigena&#231;&#227;o simulada (H/R). O n&#237;vel de express&#227;o de ERK1, IP3R e SERCA foi avaliado por Western Blots. A apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos foi detectada por TUNEL. A colora&#231;&#227;o de faloidina foi utilizada para avaliar a altera&#231;&#227;o da organiza&#231;&#227;o de filamentos de actina dos cardiomi&#243;citos. Fura-2 / AM foi utilizado para medir a concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup>. Realizando experi&#234;ncias in vivo, a express&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de IP3R e SERCA foi detectada por colora&#231;&#227;o com imunofluoresc&#234;ncia usando modelo de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica / reperfus&#227;o (I/R) em ratos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>resultados in vitro mostraram que a melatonina induz a ativa&#231;&#227;o de ERK1 em cardiomi&#243;citos contra H/R que foi inibida por PD98059 (inibidor de ERK1). Os resultados mostraram que a melatonina inibe a apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos e melhora a organiza&#231;&#227;o do filamento de actina em cardiomi&#243;citos contra H/R, pois ambas poderiam ser revertidas pela PD98059. A melatonina mostrou reduzir a sobrecarga de c&#225;lcio, al&#233;m de inibir a express&#227;o de IP3R e promover a express&#227;o de SERCA atrav&#233;s da via ERK1 em cardiomi&#243;citos contra H/R. A melatonina induziu menor IP3R e maior express&#227;o de SERCA no mioc&#225;rdio que foram revertidas pela PD98059.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>a cardioprote&#231;&#227;o induzida pela melatonina contra les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o &#233; pelo menos parcialmente atrav&#233;s da modula&#231;&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA para manter a homeostase de c&#225;lcio intracelular via ativa&#231;&#227;o de ERK1.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Melatonina</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Mi&#243;citos Card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica geralmente ocorre em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (STEMI), em quem a interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica mais efetiva para reduzir a les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio agudo e limitar o tamanho do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (MI) &#233; a terapia de reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica efetiva e feita em tempo oportuno.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No entanto, o processo de reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pode induzir mais les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica diminui o benef&#237;cio da terapia de reperfus&#227;o e traz para os pacientes maior tamanho de IM, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca mais grave e pior progn&#243;stico. A restaura&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; acompanhada de danos e morte celulares (les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o letal), arritmias de reperfus&#227;o, atordoamento mioc&#225;rdico e fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o refluxo. A les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o letal (morte de cardiomi&#243;citos induzida por reperfus&#227;o) &#233; um alvo terap&#234;utico chave com significativo impacto antecipado no progn&#243;stico do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A melatonina (N-acetil-5-metoxitriptamina) &#233; um horm&#244;nio neuroend&#243;crino, que &#233; sintetizado principalmente pela gl&#226;ndula pineal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A melatonina apresenta efeitos protetores profundos contra a les&#227;o por isquemia-reperfus&#227;o no mioc&#225;rdio atrav&#233;s de a&#231;&#245;es antioxidantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A sobrecarga de Ca<sup>2+</sup> &#233; o estimulador prim&#225;rio da les&#227;o por isquemia / reperfus&#227;o e induz a apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos na condi&#231;&#227;o de isquemia / reperfus&#227;o. N&#227;o est&#225; claro se a melatonina protege a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca da les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o atrav&#233;s da modula&#231;&#227;o da homeostase de c&#225;lcio intracelular. Yeung et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> sugeriram que a melatonina &#233; cardioprotectora contra a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica induzida por hip&#243;xia cr&#244;nica porque melhora a regula&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio no ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (RS) dos cardiomi&#243;citos atrav&#233;s de um mecanismo antioxidante.</p>
        <p>No entanto, a evid&#234;ncia sobre o efeito da melatonina e o mecanismo subjacente &#224; sobrecarga de Ca<sup>2+</sup> sob isquemia / reperfus&#227;o aguda &#233; rara. Os receptores card&#237;acos do inositol 1,4,5-trifosfato card&#237;aco (IP3R) e a ATPase do Ca<sup>2+</sup> do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (SERCA) s&#227;o mediadores importantes para a regula&#231;&#227;o intracelular do c&#225;lcio, a contratilidade e morte em c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Portanto, no presente estudo, colocamos a hip&#243;tese de que a melatonina tem efeitos protetores nos cardiomi&#243;citos contra les&#245;es de reperfus&#227;o modulando os IP3R e SERCA para manter a homeostase do c&#225;lcio intracelular. A isquemia-reperfus&#227;o mostrou ativar as cascatas de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o anti-apopt&#243;ticas da quinase de sobreviv&#234;ncia, incluindo as quinases reguladas por sinal extracelular p42/p44 (ERK 1/2) que foram envolvidas na sobreviv&#234;ncia celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> N&#227;o est&#225; claro se o ERK1 tem um papel importante durante a modula&#231;&#227;o da melatonina na homeostase de c&#225;lcio nos cardiomi&#243;citos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo elucidar se a melatonina protege os cardiomi&#243;citos contra les&#245;es de reperfus&#227;o atrav&#233;s da modula&#231;&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA para reduzir a sobrecarga de c&#225;lcio atrav&#233;s da via ERK1.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Declara&#231;&#227;o de &#233;tica</title>
          <p>O presente estudo foi realizado de acordo com as diretrizes do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Geral do Ex&#233;rcito de Liberta&#231;&#227;o do Povo Chin&#234;s, Pequim, China.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cultura das c&#233;lulas H9C2</title>
          <p>As c&#233;lulas H9C2 (derivadas do cardiomioblasto embrion&#225;rio de ratos) foram obtidas da Academia Chinesa de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas (Xangai, China) cultivadas em meio de Eagle modificado por Dulbecco: Mistura Nutritiva F-12 (DMEM/F12, Thermo Fisher Biochemical Products, Pequim, China), complementada com 10% de soro bovino fetal (FBS, Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, EUA) e 100 mg/ml de penicilina / estreptomicina (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, China).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indu&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o H/R in vitro e melatonina ou mais com tratamento PD98059</title>
          <p>As condi&#231;&#245;es hip&#243;xicas foram produzidas usando solu&#231;&#227;o fresca de Hanks com 95% de N<sub>2</sub> e 5% de CO<sub>2</sub>. O pH foi ajustado para 6,8 com lactato para imitar condi&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas. Os pratos foram colocados em uma incubadora hip&#243;xica (Invivo2-400, Ruskinn) que foi equilibrada com 95% de N<sub>2</sub> e 5% de CO<sub>2</sub> e a concentra&#231;&#227;o real de oxig&#234;nio foi zero. Os n&#237;veis ambientais de O<sub>2</sub> na incubadora de hip&#243;xia foram monitorados por um analisador de O<sub>2</sub> (s&#233;rie-2000, Alpha Omega Instruments). Ap&#243;s o tratamento hip&#243;xico, o meio de cultura foi rapidamente substitu&#237;do por DMEM fresco com 1% de FBS para iniciar a reoxigena&#231;&#227;o. O procedimento de hip&#243;xia / reoxigena&#231;&#227;o foi alcan&#231;ado por 4 h de tratamento de hip&#243;xia (an&#243;xia) e 4 h de tratamento de reoxigena&#231;&#227;o. Para o tratamento com melatonina, as c&#233;lulas cultivadas foram pr&#233;-incubadas com melatonina (5 uM) 12 h antes da hip&#243;xia ou mais com PD98059 com concentra&#231;&#227;o de 10 uM antes do tratamento com melatonina. A dose de melatonina foi escolhida de acordo com estudos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ensaio TUNEL in vitro de apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos por microscopia confocal</title>
          <p>A apoptose das c&#233;lulas H9C2 foi examinada pelo ensaio TUNEL. Os cardiomi&#243;citos cultivados foram fixados com 4% de paraformalde&#237;do (PFA) (Millipore, EUA) e permeabilizados com 1% de Triton X-100 (Sigma Aldrich, EUA) em solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS) (Invitrogen, EUA) durante 30 minutos, seguido por 3 vezes (3 x 10 minutos) de lavagem com PBS fresco. Em seguida, aplicou-se um Kit de Ensaio de Fragmenta&#231;&#227;o de ADN in situ Apo-BrdU (BioVision, EUA) durante 1 hora, seguido por incuba&#231;&#227;o das placas tratadas com 5 &#181;l de anticorpo anti-BrdUFITC. Foram realizados 15 minutos de imunocolora&#231;&#227;o DAPI para identificar os n&#250;cleos dos cardiomi&#243;citos. Enseguida, as imagens foram tomadas em um microsc&#243;pio confocal de leitura laser Leica TCS-SP2 AOBS invertido (Leica, Alemanha). A apoptose foi quantificada como a porcentagem de cardiomi&#243;citos cultivados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo de F-actina com faloidina fluorescente e microscopia confocal</title>
          <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o de F-actina com faloidina foi feita de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. As H9C2 foram fixadas em vidro tratado com polilisina com paraformalde&#237;do a 3,7% e depois lavado com 0,1% de Triton X-100-PBS. Posteriormente, foram coradas com solu&#231;&#227;o conjugada FITC-faloidina fluorescente 0,8 unidade/ml (KeyGen Bio TECH Corp, China) durante 10 min &#224; temperatura ambiente. Finalmente, foram lavadas tr&#234;s vezes com PBS. As amostras montadas foram analisadas utilizando microscopia confocal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup></title>
          <p>O Ca<sup>2+</sup> intracelular foi medido usando o corante fluorescente dependente de c&#225;lcio Fura-2 de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. As culturas de H9C2 foram transferidas para 1 mL de DMEM fresco contendo 5 &#181;L de Fura-2-acetoxi-metil&#233;ster (AM; 10 &#181;M; Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, EUA) e incubadas em uma incubadora de CO<sub>2</sub> a 37&#186; C durante 1 h. As c&#233;lulas carregadas com Fura-2 foram ent&#227;o colocadas na platina de um microsc&#243;pio confocal (Olympus) e visualizadas usando uma objetiva de imers&#227;o em &#243;leo de 60 &#215;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Western blots</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s os tratamentos apropriados, as c&#233;lulas cultivadas foram lisadas com tamp&#227;o de lise RIPA (Beyotime, China) durante 30 min e centrifugadas a 14 000 xg durante 30 min. Quantidades iguais de prote&#237;na foram separadas por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida de dodecil sulfato de s&#243;dio ao 10% e transferidas para uma membrana de difluoreto de polivinilideno (Millipore). Ap&#243;s ter sido bloqueada com 5% de leite em solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada com tris contendo 0,05% de Tween20 (TBST) &#224; temperatura ambiente durante 1 h, a membrana foi incubada a 4&#186;C durante a noite com os seguintes anticorpos prim&#225;rios: t-ERK1 (1: 2000, Abcam), p-ERK1 (1: 1000, Abcam), IP3R (1: 1000, Abcam) e SERCA (1: 1000, Ab-cam). Depois de ser lavada com TBST e incubada adicionalmente com o anticorpo secund&#225;rio apropriado a 37&#186;C durante 60 min, as blots foram visualizadas com um reagente de quimioluminisc&#234;ncia melhorada (ECL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Modelo de isquemia / reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (I/R) e tratamento com melatonina</title>
          <p>Ratos machos Sprague-Dawley (SD) (250 &#177; 10 g) foram adquiridos do Centro Animal Experimental, do Hospital Geral PLA da China. Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; Institucional de Cuidados e Uso Animal do Hospital Geral do PLA chin&#234;s. Os ratos foram divididos nos seguintes grupos (n = 5 em cada grupo): (1) Grupo de controle, (2) Grupo I/R, (3) Grupo I/R + Melatonina, (4) I/R + Melatonina + PD98059. Os ratos foram anestesiados intraperitonealmente com pentobarbital s&#243;dico (50 mg/kg). Os animais foram ent&#227;o incubados e ventilados por um respirador regulado por volume durante a cirurgia. Ap&#243;s uma toracotomia lateral esquerda e pericardectomia, a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda foi identificada e ligada suavemente com uma sutura de Prolene 6.0. O IAM bem-sucedido foi confirmado pela eleva&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica do segmento ST na eletrocardiografia. A isquemia mioc&#225;rdica durou 30 minutos e a reperfus&#227;o 2 horas. Melatonina recentemente preparada (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, EUA) foi administrada por via intraperitoneal em uma dose de 20 mg/kg 12 horas antes do IM. PD98059 (inibidor ERK1, Sigma, EUA) foi administrado com inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal em uma dose de 5 mg/kg 4 horas antes do tratamento com melatonina. No final do per&#237;odo de reperfus&#227;o, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram excisados para a prepara&#231;&#227;o de se&#231;&#245;es (4 &#181;m de espessura) para detectar a express&#227;o de SERCA e IP3R por colora&#231;&#227;o de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o de express&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio SERCA e IP3R por imunofluoresc&#234;ncia</title>
          <p>Depois de serem tratadas como foi mencionado acima, as sec&#231;&#245;es do cora&#231;&#227;o foram fixadas com paraformalde&#237;do a 4% em PBS durante 15 minutos &#224; temperatura ambiente, permeabilizadas com 0,1% de Triton X-100 durante 10 min e depois bloqueadas com 5% de BSA durante 1 h. Em seguida, as amostras foram incubadas durante a noite a 4&#186;C com anticorpo monoclonal anti-rato SERCA (1: 100; Abcam, Cambridge, EUA). Depois de serem lavados com PBS por tr&#234;s vezes, as amostras foram incubadas com IgG policlonal de cabra anti-rato (1: 400; Abcam, Cambridge, EUA) &#224; temperatura ambiente no escuro durante 2 h. Para contra-colora&#231;&#227;o nuclear, as amostras foram incubadas com 4', 6-diamidino-2-fenilidona (DAPI, Sigma, EUA) durante 5 min. Finalmente, as imagens de imunofluoresc&#234;ncia foram obtidas por microsc&#243;pio de fluoresc&#234;ncia invertida (Olympus, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram descritos como a m&#233;dia &#177; DP de pelo menos tr&#234;s experimentos independentes analisados. As diferen&#231;as entre mais de dois grupos foram avaliadas atrav&#233;s de ANOVA de 1 via (todos os dados atendiam a homogeneidade de vari&#226;ncias e distribui&#231;&#227;o normal), e o m&#233;todo LSD foi usado para comparar a diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise p&#243;s-hoc. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com SPSS para Windows vers&#227;o 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>A melatonina promoveu ativa&#231;&#227;o de ERK1 em cardiomi&#243;citos contra H/R</title>
          <p>&#192;s 4 horas ap&#243;s a reoxigena&#231;&#227;o, investigamos o efeito da melatonina na fosforila&#231;&#227;o de ERK1 (p-ERK1) usando Western blot. O n&#237;vel de express&#227;o de p-ERK1 n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre o controle e o grupo H/R. A melatonina promoveu significativamente a express&#227;o de p-ERK1 em cardiomi&#243;citos a qual foi revertida por PD98059 (inibidor ERK1) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A melatonina promoveu a ativa&#231;&#227;o de ERK1 em c&#233;lulas H9C2 contra H/R. As c&#233;lulas H9C2 foram incubadas em condi&#231;&#245;es normais ou em condi&#231;&#245;es de H/R simuladas, em condi&#231;&#245;es de H/R simuladas mais pr&#233;-tratamento com melatonina ou em condi&#231;&#245;es de H/R simuladas mais pr&#233;-tratamento com melatonina e PD98059 (inibidor de ERK1). Os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de ERK1 fosforilado (p-ERK1) foram avaliados por Western Blot (A) e foram quantitativamente analisados (B). Todos os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. n = 3. <sup>SS</sup>p &lt; 0,01 vs. grupo H/R; <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo H/R + Mel. (Controle: grupo controle; H/R: grupo H/R, H/R + mel: grupo H/R + melatonina; H/R + mel + PD: H/R + melatonina + grupo PD98059)</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0044-80008-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>A melatonina impede a apoptose induzida por H/R de cardiomi&#243;citos via ERK1 in vitro</title>
          <p>A apoptose das c&#233;lulas H9C2 foi detectada &#224;s 4 h ap&#243;s a reoxigena&#231;&#227;o por colora&#231;&#227;o TUNEL. Os resultados demonstraram que H/R induzem apoptose de c&#233;lulas H9C2 in vitro. O pr&#233;-tratamento com melatonina diminuiu a apoptose induzida por H/R de H9C2. Os resultados mostraram que a porcentagem de c&#233;lulas apopt&#243;ticas foi obviamente maior no grupo H/R em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, por&#233;m, que foi significativamente menor no grupo da melatonina do que o grupo H/R. PD98059 (Inibidor ERK1) reduziu o efeito da melatonina na preven&#231;&#227;o da apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos contra H/R (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A melatonina previne a apoptose das c&#233;lulas H9C2 contra H/R via ERK1 in vitro. A apoptose foi avaliada por TUNEL de fluoresc&#234;ncia. Imagens de colora&#231;&#227;o TUNEL representativas (A) e an&#225;lise quantitativa em c&#233;lulas H9C2 (B). bar = 50 &#181;m. Todos os valores s&#227;o apresentados como a m&#233;dia &#177; DP. n = 3. <sup>**</sup> p &lt;0,01 vs. grupo controle; Sp &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo H/R; <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo H/R + Mel. (Controle: grupo de controle; H/R: grupo H/R; H/R + mel: grupo H/R + melatonina; H/R + mel + PD: grupo H/R + melatonina + PD98059)</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0044-80008-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>A melatonina protege a organiza&#231;&#227;o de F-actina em c&#233;lulas H9C2 contra H/R via ERK1</title>
          <p>Investigamos a organiza&#231;&#227;o da F-actina em c&#233;lulas H9C2 &#224;s 4h ap&#243;s a reoxigena&#231;&#227;o por colora&#231;&#227;o FITC de fluoresc&#234;ncia de faloidina. Os cardiomi&#243;citos de controle mostraram organiza&#231;&#227;o regular e bem definida da actina, enquanto os cardiomi&#243;citos no grupo H/R apresentaram disposi&#231;&#227;o de F-actina mais difusa e irregular. As diferen&#231;as podem ser visualizadas nos cardiomi&#243;citos representativos. O pr&#233;-tratamento da melatonina melhorou a organiza&#231;&#227;o da actina F em cardiomi&#243;citos em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo H/R, mas o PD98059 danificou a associa&#231;&#227;o de F-actina pela inibi&#231;&#227;o do efeito da melatonina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A melatonina protege a organiza&#231;&#227;o da F-actina em c&#233;lulas H9C2 contra H/R via ERK1 in vitro. Imagens representativas de microscopia confocal mostram c&#233;lulas de H9C2 coradas com FITC-faloidina. Os resultados mostraram que a H/R simulada induziu disposi&#231;&#227;o da actina mais difusa e irregular em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. A melatonina preservou a organiza&#231;&#227;o de actina mais regular e bem definida e o PD98059 (inibidor ERK1) reduziu a prote&#231;&#227;o da melatonina. bar = 20 &#181;m. (Controle: grupo de controle; H/R: grupo H/R; H/R + mel: grupo H/R + melatonina; H/R + mel + PD: grupo H/R + melatonina + PD98059)</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0044-80008-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>A melatonina reduz a sobrecarga de Ca <sup>2+</sup> em cardiomi&#243;citos contra H/R via ERK1</title>
          <p>&#192;s 4 horas ap&#243;s a reoxigena&#231;&#227;o, investigamos o efeito da melatonina sobre a sobrecarga de Ca<sup>2+</sup> induzida por H/R em cardiomi&#243;citos usando o corante fluorescente dependente de c&#225;lcio Fura-2. Os resultados mostraram que a fluoresc&#234;ncia foi mais forte no grupo H/R do que no grupo controle, enquanto a fluoresc&#234;ncia diminuiu no grupo da melatonina em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo H/R, o que indicou que H/R causou um aumento acentuado da concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> citos&#243;lica e que o pr&#233;-tratamento de melatonina inibiu significativamente o aumento induzido por H/R da concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> citos&#243;lica que foi reduzida por PD98059 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A melatonina reduz a sobrecarga de Ca<sup>2+</sup> em c&#233;lulas H9C2 contra H/R via ERK1 in vitro. O conte&#250;do de Ca<sup>2+</sup> foi avaliado utilizando Fura-2 / AM em c&#233;lulas H9C2 incubadas em condi&#231;&#245;es normais ou em condi&#231;&#245;es de H / R simuladas, em condi&#231;&#245;es de H / R simuladas, mais pr&#233;-tratamento com melatonina ou em condi&#231;&#245;es simuladas de H/R mais pr&#233;-tratamento com melatonina e PD98059 (Inibidor de ERK1). A intensidade de fluoresc&#234;ncia verde por Fura-2 foi obviamente mais forte no grupo H/R, e o pr&#233;-tratamento de melatonina reverteu a altera&#231;&#227;o que foi inibida pelo inibidor ERK1.bar = 30 &#181;m. Todos os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. n = 3. <sup>**</sup> p &lt; 0,01 vs. grupo controle; <sup>s</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo H/R; <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo H / R + Mel. (Controle: grupo de controle; H/R: grupo H/R; H/R + mel: grupo H/R + melatonina; H/R + mel + PD: grupo H/R + melatonina + PD98059)</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0044-80008-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Melatonina modulou a express&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA em cardiomi&#243;citos contra H/R via ERK1</title>
          <p>&#192;s 4 horas ap&#243;s a reoxigena&#231;&#227;o, investigamos o efeito da melatonina na express&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA em H9C2 por Western blot. Os resultados indicaram que H/R aumentam a express&#227;o de IP3R e reduzem a express&#227;o de SERCA, respectivamente. O pr&#233;-tratamento da melatonina inibiu a express&#227;o de IP3R e induziu express&#227;o de SERCA que foi revertida por PD98059. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Express&#227;o de SERCA e IP3R modulada por melatonina em c&#233;lulas H9C2 contra H/R via ERK1 in vitro. Os resultados indicaram que a melatonina inibiu a express&#227;o de IP3R e promoveu a express&#227;o de SERCA que foi reduzida por PD98059. As imagens de Western blot representativas (A) e a an&#225;lise quantitativa (B-C) mostraram o efeito da melatonina na express&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA atrav&#233;s da via ERK1 em c&#233;lulas H9C2 contra H / R.bar = 30 &#181;m. <sup>**</sup> p &lt; 0,01 vs. grupo de controle; <sup>s</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo H/R; <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo H/R + Mel. (Controle: grupo de controle; H/R: grupo H/R; H/R + mel: grupo H/R + melatonina; H/R + mel + PD: grupo H/R + melatonina + PD98059)</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0044-80008-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Melatonina modulou a express&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA atrav&#233;s da via ERK1 em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos reperfundidos</title>
          <p>In vivo, investigamos o efeito da melatonina na express&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos reperfundidos. A express&#227;o de IP3R foi maior no grupo I/R em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, e a melatonina reverteu a mudan&#231;a. Os resultados demonstraram que a express&#227;o de SERCA foi menor no grupo I/R em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, mas a express&#227;o de SERCA foi maior no grupo da melatonina do que o grupo I/R. O pr&#233;-tratamento de PD98059 reduziu o efeito da melatonina na express&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA em cora&#231;&#245;es de rato contra I/R (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>Figura 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Express&#227;o modulada de melatonina de IP3R e SERCA atrav&#233;s da via ERK1 em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos reperfundidos. No mioc&#225;rdio reperfundido, a express&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA foi avaliada por colora&#231;&#227;o com imunofluoresc&#234;ncia (A) e an&#225;lise quantitativa (B-C). Os resultados mostraram que a intensidade de fluoresc&#234;ncia do IP3R aumentou no grupo I/R mais do que no grupo controle, mas foi menor no grupo da melatonina em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo I/R. Pelo contr&#225;rio, a melatonina aumentou a express&#227;o de SERCA no miocardio reperfundido. Ambos os efeitos da melatonina na express&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA foram inibidos pelo PD98059 (inibidor ERK1). bar = 30 &#181;m. Todos os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. n = 5. <sup>*</sup> p &lt; 0,05 versus grupo controle; <sup>s</sup>p &lt; 0,05 versus grupo I/R; <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo I/R + Mel. (Controle: grupo de controle; I/R: grupo I/R; I/R + mel: grupo I/R + melatonina; I/R + mel + PD: grupo I/R + melatonina + PD98059).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0044-80008-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A morte induzida por reperfus&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos que eram vi&#225;veis no final do evento isqu&#234;mico &#233; definida como les&#227;o letal de reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (infarto de reperfus&#227;o).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A exist&#234;ncia de les&#227;o letal de reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi inferida em modelos experimentais de IM e em pacientes com STEMI (1). Os principais fatores contributivos para a morte induzida por reperfus&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos incluem estresse oxidativo, sobrecarga de c&#225;lcio, abertura de poros de transi&#231;&#227;o de permeabilidade mitocondrial (mPTP) e hipercontractura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> A sobrecarga de Ca<sup>2+</sup> &#233; um dos principais atores desta les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o letal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> o que resulta em parte do ret&#237;culo sarco / endoplasm&#225;tico excessivo (RS/RE), libera&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> e fluxo de Ca<sup>2+</sup> atrav&#233;s da membrana plasm&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Embora os receptores de rianodina (RyRs) sejam os principais canais card&#237;acos de libera&#231;&#227;o RS/RE Ca<sup>2+</sup> envolvidos no acoplamento excita&#231;&#227;o-contra&#231;&#227;o e les&#227;o isquemia-reperfus&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> alguns estudos relataram um papel crescente dos receptores de inositol 1,4,5-trisfosfato (IP3R) e os canais de libera&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> na modula&#231;&#227;o do acoplamento excita&#231;&#227;o-contra&#231;&#227;o e a morte celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Gomez et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> indicaram que a inibi&#231;&#227;o do complexo de canais IP3R Ca<sup>2+</sup> limitou a libera&#231;&#227;o RS/RE Ca<sup>2+</sup> e reduziu a sobrecarga de Ca<sup>2+</sup> citos&#243;lica e mitocondrial e inibiu a subsequente abertura de PTP. Enquanto isso, o SERCA card&#237;aco &#233; uma bomba chave respons&#225;vel pelo regula&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio intracelular e a contratilidade em c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas. A recapta&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio prejudicada resultante da diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o e atividade do SERCA &#233; uma marca registrada de IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> IP3R e SERCA t&#234;m confirmado desempenhar pap&#233;is importantes na manuten&#231;&#227;o da homeostase do c&#225;lcio intracelular em cardiomi&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A melatonina como um tipo de horm&#244;nio neuroend&#243;crino &#233; sintetizada principalmente pela gl&#226;ndula pineal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram que a melatonina tem importantes efeitos protetores contra a les&#227;o por isquemia e reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A administra&#231;&#227;o de melatonina mostrou contribuir para a reabilita&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til no cora&#231;&#227;o isolado durante a reperfus&#227;o e reduzir a sensibilidade da abertura de mPTP a Ca<sup>2+</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A melatonina tamb&#233;m demonstrou desempenhar um papel nas mudan&#231;as adaptativas mitocondriais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> A melatonina e seus metab&#243;litos interagem eficientemente com v&#225;rias esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio e nitrog&#234;nio reativo e, al&#233;m disso, suprarregulam as enzimas antioxidantes e infrarregulam as enzimas pr&#243;-oxidantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Estudos pr&#233;vios confirmaram que o pr&#233;-tratamento da melatonina atenuou a les&#227;o por IR reduzindo o dano oxidativo e inibindo a abertura do mPTP. No entanto, a evid&#234;ncia sobre o efeito da melatonina e o mecanismo subjacente &#224; sobrecarga de Ca<sup>2+</sup> sob isquemia / reperfus&#227;o aguda &#233; rara.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que a melatonina realiza cardioprote&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da modula&#231;&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA para manter a homeostase de c&#225;lcio via ERK1 em cardiomi&#243;citos. A via ERK1 demonstrou ter efeito anti-apopt&#243;tico durante o processo de les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> N&#227;o est&#225; claro se a melatonina mant&#233;m a homeostase de c&#225;lcio atrav&#233;s da modula&#231;&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA via ERK1.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, os resultados mostraram que a melatonina promove a fosforila&#231;&#227;o de ERK1 em cardiomi&#243;citos contra H/R, e que o pr&#233;-tratamento de PD98059 (inibidor de ERK1) reduziu a fosforila&#231;&#227;o de ERK1. Os resultados in vitro indicaram que a melatonina previne a apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos contra H/R. No entanto, a melatonina pode preservar a estrutura dos cardiomi&#243;citos contra les&#245;es de reperfus&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a sobrecarga de c&#225;lcio induzida por H / R &#233; significativamente revertida pela melatonina. No entanto, o pr&#233;-tratamento de PD98059 inibiu o efeito da melatonina na apoptose, organiza&#231;&#227;o de actina F e na sobrecarga de c&#225;lcio em cardiomi&#243;citos contra H/R. Para elucidar ainda mais o mecanismo subjacente do efeito protetor dos cardiomi&#243;citos de melatonina contra H/R, observamos os efeitos da melatonina na express&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA. Os resultados mostraram que a express&#227;o de SERCA diminuiu no grupo H/R em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, mas a melatonina promoveu a express&#227;o de SERCA em cardiomi&#243;citos. Ao contr&#225;rio, H/R induz a express&#227;o de IP3R, e a melatonina inibe a express&#227;o de IP3R. O pr&#233;-tratamento de PD98059 reverteu o efeito da melatonina na express&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA. In vivo, o n&#237;vel de IP3R do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; reduzido e a express&#227;o de SERCA &#233; aumentada pelo pr&#233;-tratamento da melatonina, no entanto, o PD98059 reverteu o efeito da melatonina na express&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA. A melatonina na dose utilizada no estudo n&#227;o mostrou efeitos colaterais evidentes em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros grupos. Os resultados in vivo confirmaram ainda a melatonina para regular a express&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA atrav&#233;s da via ERK1. A partir dos resultados acima, &#233; razo&#225;vel inferir que a melatonina poderia proteger os cardiomi&#243;citos contra a les&#227;o por reperfus&#227;o, afetando a express&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA para inibir a sobrecarga de c&#225;lcio atrav&#233;s da via ERK1.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A melatonina pode proteger os cardiomi&#243;citos contra les&#245;es de reperfus&#227;o atrav&#233;s da modula&#231;&#227;o de IP3R e SERCA atenuando a sobrecarga de c&#225;lcio atrav&#233;s da via ERK1. A homeostase de c&#225;lcio melhorada, seguida de fun&#231;&#227;o preservada e estrutura de cardiomi&#243;citos, pode diminuir a apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos e melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. O presente estudo fornece mais evid&#234;ncias para o uso da melatonina para proteger a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com STEMI submetidos a terapia de reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo National Natural Science Foundation of China (N&#186;.81770237) e parcialmente financiado pelo China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal do Chinese PLA General Hospital.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
