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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KrrgfQbFzb5GPkJDVxBRFcK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000100036</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170178</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Epidemiology</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Leisure-Time Physical Activity, but not Commuting Physical Activity, is Associated with Cardiovascular Risk among ELSA-Brasil Participants</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pitanga</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Jos&#233; Gondim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila M.A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Concei&#231;&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Sandhi Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aquino</surname>
            <given-names>Estela M. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz da Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Francisco Jos&#233; Gondim Pitanga</bold> Rua Artur Gomes de Carvalho, 537, apto. 303. CEP 4000-000, Pituba, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>pitanga@lognet.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Alvim S, Almeida MC, Aquino EML; Acquisition of data and Obtaining financing: Alvim S, Almeida MC, Barreto SM, Aquino EML; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pitanga FJG, Alvim S, Almeida MC, Aquino EML; Statistical analysis: Pitanga FJG, Almeida MC; Writing of the manuscript: Pitanga FJG; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pitanga FJG, Alvim S, Almeida MC, Barreto SM, Aquino EML.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>36</fpage>
      <lpage>43</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Despite reports in the literature that both leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and commuting physical activity (CPA) can promote health benefits, the literature lacks studies comparing the associations of these domains of physical activity with cardiovascular risk scores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the association between LTPA and CPA with different cardiovascular risk scores in the cohort of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health ELSA-Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study with data from 13,721 participants of both genders, aged 35-74 years, free of cardiovascular disease, from ELSA Brazil. Physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Five cardiovascular risk scores were used: Framingham score - coronary heart disease (cholesterol); Framingham score - coronary heart disease (LDL-C); Framingham score - cardiovascular disease (cholesterol); Framingham score - cardiovascular disease (body mass index, BMI); and pooled cohort equations for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Associations adjusted for confounding variables between physical activity and different cardiovascular risk scores were analyzed by logistic regression. Confidence interval of 95% (95%CI) was considered.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>LTPA is inversely associated with almost all cardiovascular risk scores analyzed, while CPA shows no statistically significant association with any of them. Dose-response effect in association between LTPA and cardiovascular risk scores was also found, especially in men.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>LTPA was shown to be associated with the cardiovascular risk scores analyzed, but CPA not. The amount of physical activity (duration and intensity) was more significantly associated, especially in men, with cardiovascular risk scores in ELSA-Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Movement Techniques</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / prevention &amp; control</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil</funding-source>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia</funding-source>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0010.00RS</award-id>
          <award-id>01 06 0212.00BA</award-id>
          <award-id>01 06 0300.00ES</award-id>
          <award-id>01 06 0278.00MG</award-id>
          <award-id>01 06 0115.00SP</award-id>
          <award-id>01 06 0071.00RJ</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil, Minist&#233;rio de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil and CNPq, process n&#186; 01 06 0010.00RS, 01 06 0212.00BA, 01 06 0300.00ES, 01 06 0278.00MG, 01 06 0115.00SP, 01 06 0071.00RJ.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Physical activity (PA) is inversely associated with all-cause mortality, especially with cardiovascular mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Several studies have shown that PA, especially when considered in leisure-time domain, has a protective effect against chronic diseases and cardiovascular risk factors, including diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and inflammatory markers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular risk scores are algorithms that have been proposed to stratify coronary and/or cardiovascular risks in order to estimate the probability of developing such diseases in ten years from the calculation in a given population. The first to be developed was presented by Wilson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>, focusing on coronary artery disease risk and based on the Framingham score. Afterwards, D'Agostino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> developed an assessment tool that would allow the identification of patients at high risk for all and any initial atherosclerotic event in ten years from the test application (coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular diseases, peripheral vascular disease, and heart failure) by means of measures readily available in clinical practice. More recently, the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> suggested new pooled equations to assess the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (within ten years), defined as the first occurrence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, death from coronary artery disease, and fatal/nonfatal stroke.</p>
      <p>Despite reports in the literature that both leisure-time physical activity (LTPA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and commuting physical activity (CPA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> can benefit health, there is a lack of studies analyzing and comparing the association of both PA domains with cardiovascular risk scores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The main explanations for associations found between PA and cardiovascular risk scores are related to the favorable changes caused that PA causes in blood pressure, lipid profile, and glycemic levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Establishing a quantitative relation between LTPA and/or CPA with cardiovascular risk scores can help public health authorities in best spreading messages that encourage the society to practice physical activities.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this paper was to verify the association between LTPA and/or CPA with different cardiovascular risk scores in the cohort from Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population and sample</title>
        <p>ELSA-Brasil is a cohort study of 15,105 economically active or retired people of both genders, aged 35-74, from six teaching and research institutions in the cities of Salvador, Vit&#243;ria, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, S&#227;o Paulo, and Porto Alegre, whose methodological details have been previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> For the present study, all baseline participants (2008-2010) who answered the questionnaires about PA were selected, as long as they had the information required to calculate cardiovascular risk scores. After excluding participants who reported previous myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and heart failure, the sample was formed with 13,721 participants (45.3% males, 54.7% females).</p>
        <p>ELSA-Brasil was approved by the National Commission for Research Ethics (CONEP) and by all Ethics Committees of the research centers involved. All participants signed the informed consent form, assuring secrecy and confidentiality to data.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data production</title>
        <p>Data were collected by a team of interviewers and trained evaluators, all of them certified by a quality control committee<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and able to carry out the study protocol at the ELSA-Brasil Research Center. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with standardized and previously validated questionnaires.</p>
        <p>Evaluation of physical activity</p>
        <p>The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was applied to identify and quantify PA, consisting of questions about the frequency and duration of physical activities at work (moderate and vigorous walking), while commuting, in domestic activities, and in leisure time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> ELSA-Brasil only addressed leisure time and commuting activities. PA was measured in minutes per week by multiplying weekly frequency by each event&#8217;s duration of each.</p>
        <p>For the purpose of this study, participants were classified as to leisure-time activities as follows:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>sedentary (&lt; 10 min/week, any PA);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>(&#8805; 10 min to &lt; 150 min/week of walking, moderate PA and/or 10 min to &lt; 60 min/week of vigorous PA and/or 10 min to &lt; 150 min/week of any combination of walking, moderate and vigorous PA);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>physically active (&#8805; 150 min/week of walking, moderate PA and/or &#8805; 60 min/week of vigorous PA and/or &#8805; 150 min/week of any combination of walking, moderate and vigorous PA);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>very active (&#8805; 150 min/week of vigorous PA, or &#8805; 60 min/week of vigorous PA plus 150 min/week of any combination of walking and moderate PA).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>For dichotomized analyzes, participants sorted as sedentary and not very active were considered insufficiently active, and active participants were those sorted as physically active and very active.</p>
        <p>Commuting PA was categorized as insufficiently active (&lt; 150 min/week of walking and/or cycling) and physically active (150 min/week of walking and/or cycling).</p>
        <p>Evaluation of cardiovascular risk</p>
        <p>Five cardiovascular risk scores were used. Two of them were proposed by Wilson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and aimed to estimate the risk of coronary artery disease. Variables used were: age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), diabetes, smoking, and total cholesterol in the first; and age, systolic and diastolic BP, HDL-C, diabetes, smoking and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) in the second. The third and fourth scores, proposed by D'Agostino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> aimed to identify patients at high risk for any initial atherosclerotic event (coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, peripheral vascular disease, and heart failure), using following variables: age, treated and untreated systolic and diastolic BP, HDL-C, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, smoking, and total cholesterol in the third; and age, treated and untreated systolic and diastolic BP, HDL-C, diabetes, smoking, and BMI in the fourth. The fifth score, indicated by ACC and AHA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> aimed at estimating the risk for atherosclerotic diseases. The variables used were: age, treated and non-treated systolic BP, total cholesterol, HDL-C, smoking, and diabetes. All cardiovascular risk scores were calculated for ELSA-Brasil participants, with detailed scoring scheme previously reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Participants with scores &#8805; 20% were considered at high risk for future cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of covariables</title>
        <p>BP was obtained with a validated oscillometric device (Omron HEM-705CPINT) after a five-minute rest, with the subject sitting in a quiet and temperature-controlled room (20-24&#176;C). Three measurements were taken at 1-min intervals each. The mean of the last two BP measurements was calculated and used in our analysis.</p>
        <p>Definition of diabetes was based on self-reported information and laboratory exams. Patients were considered to have been diagnosed if they had been previously informed by a physician that they had diabetes or if they had used medication for diabetes in the last two weeks. Patients not previously diagnosed with diabetes were classified as having diabetes when fasting plasma glucose level was &#8805; 7.0 mmol/L, two-hour post-load glucose was &#8805; 11.1 mmol/L, or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was &#8805; 6.5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Participants were sorted as hypertensive if systolic blood pressure (SBP) was &#8805; 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was &#8805; 90 mmHg or if they had taken any medication to treat hypertension in the last two weeks.</p>
        <p>Total cholesterol and HDL-C were determined by the enzymatic colorimetric method. LDL-C was calculated by the Friedewald equation.</p>
        <p>Obesity was identified by BMI, being applied the equation BMI = weight(kg)/height(m)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and adopted the following cutoff point: obesity = 0 if BMI &lt;30.0 and obesity = 1 if BMI &#8805; 30.0.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis procedures</title>
        <p>Descriptive measures (proportions) were calculated for all categorized variables. Analyzes were stratified by gender at first. The differences between men and women as to variables were identified by the chi-square test. Associations between dependent (different cardiovascular risk scores) and independent variables (LTPA and CPA) were analyzed by logistic regression. The following were considered as potential confounding variables: age, obesity, family income, educational level, and functional status. Variables presenting simultaneous evaluation (tetrameric matrix) of correlation coefficient rho &lt; 0.60 and p &#8804; 0.05 upon bivariate analysis were selected as model.</p>
        <p>Analysis of confounding variables was made by comparing Odds Ratio (OR) of the crude association and adjusted association for possible confounders. The parameter used to identify the difference between associations was 10%. Then logistic regression analysis was performed, starting with the complete model and then removing each of the possible confounding variables that resulted in alteration equal to or greater than 10% in the association between LTPA/CPA and cardiovascular risk scores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The modeling process did not identify effect-modifying variables, and variables age, obesity and educational level were considered confounders for men, while only age and education were identified as confounders for women. Therefore, the best model to analyze the association between LTPA/CPA with cardiovascular risk scores was adjusted for age, obesity, and educational level for males and for age and educational level for females.</p>
        <p>Dose-response effect was also assessed for the association between LTPA and cardiovascular risk scores. Dummy variables were created for comparison between the reference group (sedentary) and each strata of the PA variable (not very active, active, very active). The Mantel Haenszel test was used to evaluate homogeneity of OR values between variables&#8217; strata, with a significance level set at 0.05. The confidence interval was set at 95% (95%CI), and the statistical software Stata version 12.0 was used.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 6,222 men (45.3%) and 7,499 women (54.7%) were included in the study. Sample characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The former were reported as higher family income, more active in free time and while commuting, with higher values for cardiovascular risk scores analyzed, while the latter were found to be more educated and more frequently obese. There was a higher percentage of retired women and no statistically significant differences between men and women as to age.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline sample characteristics: Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2010</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Males (n = 6,222)</th>
              <th align="center">Females (n = 7,499)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age (years)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">34-50</td>
              <td align="center">3,112 (49.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">3,675 (48.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">51-60</td>
              <td align="center">1,941 (30.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">2,437 (32.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 60</td>
              <td align="center">1,261 (20.0%)</td>
              <td align="center">1,500 (19.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Family income (Minimum wages)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Up to 2</td>
              <td align="center">72 (1.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">101 (1.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2 to 8</td>
              <td align="center">2,496 (39.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">2,968 (39.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">8 to 18</td>
              <td align="center">2,100 (33.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">2,927 (38.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Above 18</td>
              <td align="center">1,619 (25.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">1,582 (20.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Education</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Incomplete elementary school</td>
              <td align="center">489 (7.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">265 (3.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete elementary school</td>
              <td align="center">515 (8.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">388 (5.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete high school</td>
              <td align="center">2,116 (33.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">2,723 (35.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete higher education/post-graduation</td>
              <td align="center">3,194 (50.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">4,236 (55.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Work situation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Retired</td>
              <td align="center">879 (13.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">1,615 (21.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active</td>
              <td align="center">5,431 (86.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">5,991 (78.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Obesity</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">4,985 (78.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">5,755 (75.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">1,329 (21.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">1,857 (24.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Commuting physical activity</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insufficiently active</td>
              <td align="center">3,955 (63.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">5,081 (67.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active</td>
              <td align="center">2,267 (36.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">2,418 (32.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Leisure-time physical activity</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary</td>
              <td align="center">2,308 (37.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">3,572 (47.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insufficiently active</td>
              <td align="center">1,166 (18.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">1,366 (18.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active</td>
              <td align="center">1,562 (25.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">1,690 (22.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Very active</td>
              <td align="center">1,186 (19.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">871 (11.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Cardiovascular risk scores</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Framingham score - coronary heart disease (Cholesterol)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Score &lt; 20%</td>
              <td align="center">5,481 (86.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">7,484 (98.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Score &#8805; 20%</td>
              <td align="center">833 (13.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">128 (1.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Framingham score - coronary heart disease (LDL-C)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Score &lt; 20%</td>
              <td align="center">5,792 (91.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">7,435 (97.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Score &#8805; 20%</td>
              <td align="center">522 (8.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">177 (2.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Framingham score - cardiovascular disease (cholesterol)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Score &lt; 20%</td>
              <td align="center">4,742 (75.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">7,194 (94.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Score &#8805; 20%</td>
              <td align="center">1,554 (24.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">408 (5.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Framingham score - cardiovascular disease (BMI)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Score &lt; 20%</td>
              <td align="center">4,355 (69.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">6,997 (92.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Score &#8805; 20%</td>
              <td align="center">1,938 (30.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">603 (7.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Pooled cohort equations for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Score &lt; 20%</td>
              <td align="center">5,480 (88.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">7,304 (97.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Score &#8805; 20%</td>
              <td align="center">728 (11.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">219 (2.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.00</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein. Values for both males and females were compared with chi-square test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The association between LTPA/CPA and cardiovascular risk scores in males and females are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>. LTPA is inversely associated with almost all cardiovascular risk scores analyzed, while CPA is not significantly associated with none of them. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref> show us the existence of a dose-response effect in association between LTPA and cardiovascular risk scores, especially among men.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between leisure-time or commuting physical activity and cardiovascular risk scores for males: Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2010</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Cardiovascular risk score</th>
              <th align="center">Leisure-time physical activity (n = 6,222)</th>
              <th align="center">Commuting physical activity (n = 6,222)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Framingham score - coronary heart disease (cholesterol)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.72 (0.60-0.85)</td>
              <td align="center">0.99 (0.84-1.19)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Framingham score - coronary heart disease (LDL-C) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.72 (0.58-0.88)</td>
              <td align="center">1.04 (0.84-1.28)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Framingham score - cardiovascular disease (cholesterol)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.76 (0.65-0.88)</td>
              <td align="center">0.97 (0.83-1.17)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Framingham score - cardiovascular disease (BMI)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.68 (0.59-0.79)</td>
              <td align="center">0.96 (0.83-1.11)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pooled cohort equations for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.78 (0.65-0.95)</td>
              <td align="center">0.95 (0.79-1.15)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Adjusted for age, obesity, and educational level;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>Adjusted for age and educational level.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between leisure-time or commuting physical activity and cardiovascular risk scores for females: Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2010</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Cardiovascular risk score</th>
              <th align="center">Leisure-time physical activity (n = 7,499)</th>
              <th align="center">Commuting physical activity (n = 7,499)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Framingham score - coronary heart disease (cholesterol)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.64 (0.42-0.97)</td>
              <td align="center">1.26 (0.87-1.82)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Framingham score - coronary heart disease (LDL-C)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.60 (0.42-0.86)</td>
              <td align="center">1.14 (0.83-1.58)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Framingham score - cardiovascular disease (cholesterol)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.63 (0.50-0.81)</td>
              <td align="center">1.13 (0.90-1.41)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Framingham score - cardiovascular disease (BMI)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.78 (0.64-0.96)</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 (0.84-1.24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pooled cohort equations for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.85 (0.63-1.16)</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 (0.73-1.32)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Adjusted for age and educational level.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dose-response effect in association between leisure-time physical activity and cardiovascular risk scores for females: Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2010</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Leisure-time physical activity<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Framingham score - coronary heart disease (cholesterol)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Framingham score - coronary heart disease (LDL-C)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Framingham score - cardiovascular disease (cholesterol)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Framingham score - cardiovascular disease (BMI)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">#</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Pooled cohort equations for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Not very active</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 (0.68-1.08)</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 (0.78-1.34)</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 (0.87-1.33)</td>
              <td align="center">0.99 (0.81-1.20)</td>
              <td align="center">1.03 (0.80-1.32)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active</td>
              <td align="center">0.81 (0.65-0.99)</td>
              <td align="center">0.79 (0.61-1.03)</td>
              <td align="center">0.91 (0.75-1.10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.85 (0.71-1.02)</td>
              <td align="center">0.87 (0.68-1.10)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Very active</td>
              <td align="center">0.43 (0.32-0.58)</td>
              <td align="center">0.52 (0.37-0.74)</td>
              <td align="center">0.55 (0.43-0.69)</td>
              <td align="center">0.47 (0.38-0.59)</td>
              <td align="center">0.62 (0.46-0.84)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Adjusted for age, obesity, and educational level;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>Adjusted for age and educational level.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dose-response effect in association between leisure-time physical activity and cardiovascular risk scores for females: Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2010</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Leisure-time physical activity<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Framingham score - coronary heart disease (cholesterol)</th>
              <th align="center">Framingham score - coronary heart disease (LDL-C)</th>
              <th align="center">Framingham score - cardiovascular disease (cholesterol)</th>
              <th align="center">Framingham score - cardiovascular disease (BMI)</th>
              <th align="center">Pooled cohort equations for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Not very active</td>
              <td align="center">1.20 (0.76-1.91)</td>
              <td align="center">1.04 (0.69-1.56)</td>
              <td align="center">1.07 (0.80-1.43)</td>
              <td align="center">0.92 (0.71-1.19)</td>
              <td align="center">1.17 (0.80-1.72)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active</td>
              <td align="center">0.71 (0.43-1.16)</td>
              <td align="center">0.61 (0.40-0.94)</td>
              <td align="center">0.70 (0.52-0.93)</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 (0.64-1.03)</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 (0.72-1.44)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Very active</td>
              <td align="center">0.63 (0.29-1.37)</td>
              <td align="center">0.64 (0.34-1.20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.52 (0.32-0.83)</td>
              <td align="center">0.67 (0.46-0.95)</td>
              <td align="center">0.66 (0.37-1.23)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Adjusted for age and educational level.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study analyzed the association between LTPA/CPA with different cardiovascular risk scores. LTPA was shown to be inversely associate with risk scores analyzed, while CPA was not. These results, especially regarding LTPA, were similar to those found among 41,053 male and female Finns when moderate or high LTPA levels among both men and women, and daily walking or cycling for work only among women were found to be associated with reduced risk for coronary events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another study which analyzed healthy behaviors, including PA measured by accelerometry, and showed an inverse dose-response association between healthy positive behaviors and risk for atherosclerotic diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> In our study, we also found a dose-response effect in the association between LTPA and cardiovascular risk scores, mainly for males. That is, the higher the level of PA, the lower the risk of cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>The dose-response effect we found in this study has been reported for a long time. Kohl,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> has shown, in a vast literature review, the inverse dose-response association between PA and cardiovascular events, especially coronary heart disease, in different longitudinal studies. Important to note that the classification adopted in this study had the amount of LTPA calculated based on both its duration and intensity. In other studies conducted by our research group,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> in which PA was classified by intensity alone, only moderate PA was shown to hold relation with absence of hypertension and diabetes. Thus, one can assume that increasing physical activity levels to achieve greater health benefits should be suggested, bearing in mind both their intensity and duration.</p>
      <p>Results found in the association between LTPA and cardiovascular risk scores are expected, considering that the main variables composing scores are separately associated with LTPA. Studies have pointed out that LTPA is inversely associated with high BP levels,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> diabetes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> lipid changes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and risk of coronary heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> According to our results, the associations reported in previous studies are more consistent among men than among women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding CPA, we could not demonstrate associations with cardiovascular risk scores, although previous studies have found a relationship between this type of activity and diabetes and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Important to note that these associations, when it comes to mortality by cardiovascular disease, have lost significance after additional adjustments for LTPA and CPA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> These findings most probably show that the instrument used in our study to assess PA (IPAQ) does not distinguish CPA intensity-walking or cycling, for example. Thus, if subjects&#8217; displacement is done slowly, health benefits may not be significant.</p>
      <p>In this sense, a recent publication with data from ELSA-Brasil reported that the association between CPA and arterial hypertension was positive in women, but not statistically significant in men, while the association between LTPA and arterial hypertension was inverse for both gender.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Data from ELSA-Brasil which are unpublished yet suggest that active commuting, more common in less privileged social strata, is more likely to reflect inequalities in urban mobility across Brazilian cities than a healthy habit.</p>
      <p>The mechanisms by which PA reduces BP, blood glucose, and lipid profile remain speculative. Recent studies have emphasized the need for further research to better understand the cellular and molecular aspects involved in the main health benefits induced by PA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Relevant evidence for PA, according to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> is: a) decrease in insulin levels with consequent reduction of renal sodium retention and basal sympathetic tone; b) reduction of catecholamine release levels; c) release of vasodilator substances in circulation by skeletal muscles.</p>
      <p>As to lipid profile, there is little information about the mechanisms responsible for the reduction of LDL-C levels and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-C) dosage. However, the main reason for evaluating HDL-C is the greater action of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in response to exercise: LPL accelerates VLDL-C decomposition, thus moving triglycerides from bloodstream to muscles; This causes cholesterol and other substances to be transferred to HDL-C, thereby increasing its concentration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> PA also seems to play an important role in reducing blood glucose levels because it promotes proliferation of capillaries, increasing LPL activity in the muscles - which in turn increases insulin sensitivity. In addition, higher levels of PA may increase oxidative muscle fibers, which are more sensitive to insulin and can reduce glycemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A highlight of the study is that the sample was a cohort of volunteers consisting of public servants; although they do not represent the general population, there was a significant number of participants from six Brazilian capitals. Calculation of different cardiovascular risk scores is another strong point, for it allowed us to analyze the association between them and both LTPA and CPA.</p>
      <p>A possible limitation of the study (memory bias) can be attributed to information about PA obtained through questionnaires, even though this is an instrument widely used in national and international studies. It is important to mention that ELSA-Brasil was a longitudinal study, therefore it is expected to incorporate a more objective measure - the accelerometry - which may increase the validity of information about PA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>LTPA was shown to be associated with the cardiovascular risk scores analyzed, but CPA was not. The amount of physical activity (duration and intensity) was more significantly associated with cardiovascular risk scores in ELSA Brazil.</p>
      <p>Our results can bring important contributions to public health, since the management of public policies that promote PA can be influenced by the knowledge about type of PA that bring more health benefits. Knowing that LTPA is associated with cardiovascular risk decrease while CPA is not should be taken to public health authorities so that actions encouraging exercises in leisure and free time can be implemented.</p>
      <p>Important to note that, although association between CPA and cardiovascular risk was not established, active commuting - such as walking and cycling - should be encouraged in certain population groups, especially when displacement to work is made at moderate intensities. Furthermore, considering dose-response effects found, especially in men, the population should be encouraged to practice more PA to maximize health benefits.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil, Minist&#233;rio de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil and CNPq, process n&#186; 01 06 0010.00RS, 01 06 0212.00BA, 01 06 0300.00ES, 01 06 0278.00MG, 01 06 0115.00SP, 01 06 0071.00RJ.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva da UFBA under the protocol number 027.06/CEP-ISC. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
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            <subject>Epidemiologia</subject>
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      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atividade F&#237;sica no Tempo Livre, por&#233;m n&#227;o Atividade F&#237;sica no Deslocamento, est&#225; Associada com Risco Cardiovascular em Participantes do ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pitanga</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Jos&#233; Gondim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila M.A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Concei&#231;&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Sandhi Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aquino</surname>
            <given-names>Estela M. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz da Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Francisco Jos&#233; Gondim Pitanga</bold> Rua Artur Gomes de Carvalho, 537, apto. 303. CEP 4000-000, Pituba, Salvador, BA - Brasil E-mail: <email>pitanga@lognet.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Alvim S, Almeida MC, Aquino EML; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Alvim S, Almeida MC, Barreto SM, Aquino EML; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pitanga FJG, Alvim S, Almeida MC, Aquino EML; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pitanga FJG, Almeida MC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pitanga FJG; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pitanga FJG, Alvim S, Almeida MC, Barreto SM, Aquino EML.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Apesar dos relatos na literatura de que tanto a atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre (AFTL) quanto a atividade f&#237;sica no deslocamento (AFDESL) promovem benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de, estudos comparando a associa&#231;&#227;o desses dom&#237;nios da atividade f&#237;sica com escores de risco cardiovascular s&#227;o escassos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e AFDESL com escores de risco cardiovascular na coorte Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com dados da linha de base de 13.721 participantes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 35 e 74 anos, livres de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, do ELSA-Brasil. A atividade f&#237;sica foi mensurada por meio do <italic>International Physical Activity Questionnary</italic> (IPAQ). Foram utilizados cinco escores de risco cardiovascular: escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a coronariana (colesterol); escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a coronariana (lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade - LDL-C); escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a cardiovascular (colesterol); escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a cardiovascular (&#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea - IMC); e equa&#231;&#245;es de coorte agrupadas para doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica. As associa&#231;&#245;es ajustadas por vari&#225;veis de confundimento foram analisadas por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Utilizou-se intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Com quase todos os escores de risco cardiovascular analisados, a AFTL apresenta-se inversamente associada, enquanto a AFDESL n&#227;o demonstra associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante com nenhum deles. Observou-se, ainda, a exist&#234;ncia de efeito dose-resposta na associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e escores de risco cardiovascular principalmente em homens.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A AFTL, por&#233;m n&#227;o a AFDESL, apresenta associa&#231;&#227;o com os escores de risco cardiovascular analisados. A maior quantidade de atividade f&#237;sica (dura&#231;&#227;o e intensidade) est&#225; associada de forma mais significativa, principalmente em homens, aos escores de risco cardiovascular em participantes da coorte ELSA-Brasil. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Exerc&#237;cio de Movimento</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / preven&#231;&#227;o &amp; controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil</funding-source>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil</funding-source>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0010.00RS</award-id>
          <award-id>01 06 0212.00BA</award-id>
          <award-id>01 06 0300.00ES</award-id>
          <award-id>01 06 0278.00MG</award-id>
          <award-id>01 06 0115.00SP</award-id>
          <award-id>01 06 0071.00RJ</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil, Minist&#233;rio de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil e CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa), processos n&#186; 01 06 0010.00RS, 01 06 0212.00BA, 01 06 0300.00ES, 01 06 0278.00MG, 01 06 0115.00SP, 01 06 0071.00RJ.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A atividade f&#237;sica (AF) est&#225; inversamente associada com mortalidade por todas as causas e principalmente com mortalidade cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Al&#233;m disso, diversos estudos comprovam que a AF, sobretudo quando analisada no dom&#237;nio do tempo livre, apresenta efeito de prote&#231;&#227;o contra doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e fatores de risco cardiovascular, incluindo diabetes, dislipidemias, hipertens&#227;o arterial e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os escores de risco cardiovascular s&#227;o algoritmos propostos com o objetivo de estratificar o risco coronariano e/ou cardiovascular para estimar a probabilidade do desenvolvimento desses agravos no per&#237;odo de 10 anos ap&#243;s o c&#225;lculo em determinado grupo populacional. O primeiro a ser desenvolvido, com foco no risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, foi apresentado por Wilson et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> tendo como base a coorte de Framingham. Posteriormente, D&#8217;Agostino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> desenvolveram ferramenta de avalia&#231;&#227;o que permitiria identificar candidatos de alto risco para todos e quaisquer eventos ateroscler&#243;ticos iniciais dentro de 10 anos subsequentes &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste (doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) usando medidas prontamente dispon&#237;veis na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Mais recentemente, o <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> (ACC) e a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> sugeriram novas equa&#231;&#245;es agrupadas para estimativa de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ateroscler&#243;ticas (em 10 anos), definidas como a primeira ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, morte por doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e acidente vascular cerebral fatal e n&#227;o fatal.</p>
        <p>Apesar dos relatos na literatura de que tanto a atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre (AFTL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> quanto a atividade f&#237;sica no deslocamento (AFDESL)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> podem promover benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de, estudos que analisam e comparam a associa&#231;&#227;o desses dom&#237;nios da AF com os escores de risco cardiovascular s&#227;o escassos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os principais mecanismos que podem explicar as associa&#231;&#245;es encontradas entre AF e os escores de risco cardiovascular podem ser atribu&#237;dos &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es favor&#225;veis provocadas pela AF nos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, perfil lip&#237;dico e n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estabelecimento de rela&#231;&#227;o quantitativa entre AFTL e/ou AFDESL com os escores de risco cardiovascular pode ajudar os gestores em sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no sentido de que as mensagens de incentivo &#224; pr&#225;tica de AF possam ser mais bem divulgadas na sociedade.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e/ou AFDESL com diferentes escores de risco cardiovascular na coorte Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e amostra</title>
          <p>O ELSA-Brasil &#233; um estudo de coorte de 15.105 servidores p&#250;blicos ativos ou aposentados de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 35 e 74 anos, de seis institui&#231;&#245;es de ensino e pesquisa, localizadas nas cidades de Salvador, Vit&#243;ria, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, S&#227;o Paulo e Porto Alegre, cujos detalhes metodol&#243;gicos foram descritos previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Para o presente estudo, foram selecionados todos os participantes da linha de base (2008-2010) que responderam aos question&#225;rios sobre AF e com as informa&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias para os c&#225;lculos dos escores de risco cardiovascular. Ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o dos participantes que reportaram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a amostra ficou constitu&#237;da de 13.721 participantes (45,3% homens e 54,7% mulheres).</p>
          <p>O ELSA-Brasil foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP) e tamb&#233;m em todos os Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica em Pesquisa dos seis centros de investiga&#231;&#227;o envolvidos. Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE), sendo garantidos o sigilo e a confidencialidade dos dados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Produ&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
          <p>Os dados foram coletados por uma equipe de entrevistadores e aferidores treinados e certificados por um comit&#234; de controle de qualidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> capacitados a executar o protocolo do estudo em qualquer Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o ELSA-Brasil. Realizaram-se entrevistas face a face com question&#225;rios padronizados e validados.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Para identifica&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da AF, foi utilizado o <italic>International Physical Activity Questionnary</italic> (IPAQ), que &#233; constitu&#237;do de quest&#245;es relativas &#224; frequ&#234;ncia e &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o de atividades f&#237;sicas (caminhada moderada e vigorosa) desenvolvidas no trabalho, no deslocamento, nas atividades dom&#233;sticas e no tempo livre.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> No ELSA-Brasil apenas os dom&#237;nios do tempo livre e do deslocamento foram avaliados. A AF foi mensurada em minutos/semana por meio da multiplica&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia semanal pela dura&#231;&#227;o de cada uma das atividades realizadas.</p>
          <p>Para efeito deste estudo, os participantes foram classificados quanto &#224; pr&#225;tica da AF no tempo livre como:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>sedent&#225;rio/a (&lt; 10 min/semana de qualquer AF);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>pouco ativo/a (&#8805; 10 min a &lt; 150 min/semana de caminhada/AF moderada e/ou de 10 min a &lt; 60 min/semana de AF vigorosa e/ou de 10 min a &lt; 150 min/semana de qualquer combina&#231;&#227;o de caminhada, AF moderada e vigorosa);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>fisicamente ativo/a (&#8805; 150 min/semana de caminhada/AF moderada e/ou &#8805; 60 min/semana de AF vigorosa e/ou &#8805; 150 min/semana de qualquer combina&#231;&#227;o de caminhada, AF moderada e vigorosa);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>muito ativo/a (&#8805; 150 min/semana de AF vigorosa, ou &#8805; 60 min/semana de AF vigorosa mais 150 min/semana de qualquer combina&#231;&#227;o entre caminhada e AF moderada).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>Para as an&#225;lises dicotomizadas, foram considerados como insuficientemente ativos aqueles classificados como sedent&#225;rios e pouco ativos, e como ativos aqueles classificados como fisicamente ativos e muito ativos.</p>
          <p>A AF no deslocamento foi categorizada como: insuficientemente ativo (&lt; 150 min/semana em AF de caminhada e/ou bicicleta); e fisicamente ativo (&#8805; 150 min/semana em AF de caminhada e/ou bicicleta).</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Utilizaram-se cinco escores de risco cardiovascular. Os dois primeiros foram propostos por Wilson et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e tiveram como objetivo estimar o risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. As vari&#225;veis usadas foram: idade, press&#227;o arterial (PA) sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), diabetes, tabagismo e colesterol total no primeiro; e idade, PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, HDL-C, diabetes, tabagismo e lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) no segundo. O terceiro e quarto escores, propostos por D&#8217;Agostino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> tiveram como objetivo identificar candidatos de alto risco para todos e quaisquer eventos ateroscler&#243;ticos iniciais (doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca). As vari&#225;veis usadas foram: idade, PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica tratada e n&#227;o tratada, HDL-C, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), diabetes, tabagismo e colesterol total no terceiro; e idade, PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica tratada e n&#227;o tratada, HDL-C, IMC, diabetes, tabagismo e IMC no quarto. O quinto escore, indicado pelo ACC e pela AHA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> objetivou fazer a estimativa de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ateroscler&#243;ticas. As vari&#225;veis usadas foram: idade, PA sist&#243;lica com e sem tratamento, colesterol total, HDL-C, tabagismo e diabetes. Todos os escores de risco cardiovascular foram calculados para os participantes do ELSA-Brasil, e o esquema de pontua&#231;&#227;o detalhado foi previamente relatado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Os participantes com escores &#8805; 20% foram considerados de alto risco para futuros eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o das covari&#225;veis</title>
          <p>A PA foi obtida utilizando-se um dispositivo oscilom&#233;trico validado (Omron HEM-705CPINT) ap&#243;s 5 min de repouso com o sujeito em posi&#231;&#227;o sentada numa sala silenciosa e com temperatura controlada (20-24&#176;C). Foram feitas tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es a intervalos de 1 min entre cada uma delas. A m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medidas de PA foi calculada e utilizada para nossas an&#225;lises.</p>
          <p>Diabetes foi definido com base em informa&#231;&#245;es autorreferidas e medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais. Considerou-se que o participante tinha diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de diabetes se ele/ela tivesse sido previamente informado por um m&#233;dico que tinha diabetes ou se tinha usado medica&#231;&#227;o para diabetes nas duas &#250;ltimas semanas. Os participantes sem diabetes previamente diagnosticada foram classificados como tendo diabetes se o n&#237;vel de glicose plasm&#225;tica em jejum foi &#8805; 7,0 mmol/L, glicemia p&#243;s-carga de 2 h foi &#8805; 11,1 mmol/L, ou hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) foi &#8805; 6,5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> O participante foi classificado como hipertenso se a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) fosse &#8805; 140 mmHg, a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) fosse &#8805; 90 mmHg ou tivesse tomado algum medicamento para tratar a hipertens&#227;o nas duas &#250;ltimas semanas.</p>
          <p>O colesterol total e o HDL-C foram determinados pelo m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico enzim&#225;tico. O LDL-C foi calculado pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald.</p>
          <p>A obesidade foi identificada por meio do IMC aplicando-se a equa&#231;&#227;o IMC = peso (kg)/altura(m)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e adotando-se o seguinte ponto de corte: obesidade = 0 se IMC &lt; 30,0 e obesidade = 1 se IMC &#8805; 30,0.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos de an&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>As medidas descritivas (propor&#231;&#245;es) foram calculadas para todas as vari&#225;veis categorizadas. Todas as an&#225;lises foram estratificadas por sexo <italic>a priori</italic>. As diferen&#231;as entre homens e mulheres quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis analisadas no estudo foram identificadas por meio do teste de qui-quadrado. As associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis dependentes (diferentes escores de risco cardiovascular) e as vari&#225;veis independentes (AFTL e AFDESL) foram analisadas por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Consideraram-se como potenciais confundidoras as seguintes vari&#225;veis: idade, obesidade, renda familiar, escolaridade e situa&#231;&#227;o funcional. Foram selecionadas para modelagem as vari&#225;veis que na etapa bivariada apresentaram na avalia&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea (matriz tetrac&#243;rica) coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o rho &lt; 0,60 e p &#8804; 0,05.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise para confundimento foi feita comparando a <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) da associa&#231;&#227;o bruta com aquela da associa&#231;&#227;o ajustada para os poss&#237;veis confundidores. O par&#226;metro usado para identificar a diferen&#231;a entra as associa&#231;&#245;es foi de 10%. Ent&#227;o a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada, iniciando-se pelo modelo completo e retirando-se cada uma das vari&#225;veis poss&#237;veis confundidoras que causaram altera&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a 10% na associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e AFDESL e os diferentes escores de risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> No processo de modelagem n&#227;o foram identificadas vari&#225;veis modificadoras de efeito, e as vari&#225;veis idade, obesidade e escolaridade foram identificadas como confundidoras em homens, enquanto entre as mulheres apenas idade e escolaridade foram identificadas com confundidoras. Portanto, o melhor modelo para analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e AFDESL com os diferentes escores de risco cardiovascular foi o ajustado por idade, obesidade e escolaridade em homens e o modelo ajustado por idade e escolaridade em mulheres.</p>
          <p>Foi tamb&#233;m analisado o efeito dose-resposta na associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e escores de risco cardiovascular. Para essa an&#225;lise, criaram-se vari&#225;veis <italic>dummies</italic> para compara&#231;&#227;o entre o grupo de refer&#234;ncia (sedent&#225;rios) e cada um dos outros estratos da vari&#225;vel AF (pouco ativos, ativos, muito ativos). Foi utilizado o teste de Mantel Haenszel para avaliar a homogeneidade dos valores do OR entre os estratos de cada vari&#225;vel com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05. O intervalo de confian&#231;a foi estabelecido em 95% (IC95%). Empregou-se o programa estat&#237;stico Stata vers&#227;o 12.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise 6.222 homens (45,3%) e 7.499 mulheres (54,7%). As caracter&#237;sticas da amostra est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>. Os primeiros t&#234;m maior renda familiar, s&#227;o mais ativos no tempo livre e no deslocamento e apresentam maiores valores nos escores de risco cardiovascular analisados, enquanto elas s&#227;o mais escolarizadas e mais obesas. Constata-se ainda maior percentual de mulheres aposentadas, al&#233;m de n&#227;o existirem diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre homens e mulheres com rela&#231;&#227;o a idade.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra na linha de base. The Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Homens (n = 6.222)</th>
                <th align="center">Mulheres (n = 7.499)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade (anos) - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">34-50</td>
                <td align="center">3.112 (49,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3.675 (48,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">51-60</td>
                <td align="center">1.941 (30,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2.437 (32,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 60</td>
                <td align="center">1.261 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1.500 (19,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Renda familiar (sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo) - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">At&#233; 2</td>
                <td align="center">72 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">101 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">De 2 at&#233; 8</td>
                <td align="center">2.496 (39,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2.968 (39,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">De 8 at&#233; 18</td>
                <td align="center">2.100 (33,4)</td>
                <td align="center">2.927 (38,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acima de 18</td>
                <td align="center">1.619 (25,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1.582 (20,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escolaridade - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fundamental incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">489 (7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">265 (3,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fundamental completo</td>
                <td align="center">515 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">388 (5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dio completo</td>
                <td align="center">2.116 (33,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2.723 (35,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Superior completo/ P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">3.194 (50,6)</td>
                <td align="center">4.236 (55,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Situa&#231;&#227;o funcional - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aposentado</td>
                <td align="center">879 (13,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1.615 (21,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">5.431 (86,1)</td>
                <td align="center">5.991 (78,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Obesidade - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">4.985 (78,9)</td>
                <td align="center">5.755 (75,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1.329 (21,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1.857 (24,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica no deslocamento - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insuficientemente Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">3.955 (63,6)</td>
                <td align="center">5.081 (67,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">2.267 (36,4)</td>
                <td align="center">2.418 (32,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">2.308 (37,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3.572 (47,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insuficientemente Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">1.166 (18,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1.366 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">1.562 (25,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1.690 (22,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Muito Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">1.186 (19,1)</td>
                <td align="center">871 (11,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escores de risco cardiovascular</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escore de Framingham - Doen&#231;a Coronariana (Colesterol) - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore &lt; 20%</td>
                <td align="center">5.481 (86,8)</td>
                <td align="center">7.484 (98,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore &#8805; 20%</td>
                <td align="center">833 (13,2)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (1,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escore de Framingham - Doen&#231;a Coronariana (LDL-C) - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore &lt; 20%</td>
                <td align="center">5.792 (91,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7.435 (97,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore &#8805; 20%</td>
                <td align="center">522 (8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">177 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escore de Framingham - Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular (Colesterol) - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore &lt; 20%</td>
                <td align="center">4.742 (75,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7.194 (94,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore &#8805; 20%</td>
                <td align="center">1.554 (24,7)</td>
                <td align="center">408 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escore de Framingham - Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular (IMC) - n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore &lt; 20%</td>
                <td align="center">4.355 (69,2)</td>
                <td align="center">6.997 (92,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore &#8805; 20%</td>
                <td align="center">1.938 (30,8)</td>
                <td align="center">603 (7,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Equa&#231;&#245;es de coorte agrupadas para doen&#231;a cardiovascular</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ateroscler&#243;tica Escore &lt; 20%</td>
                <td align="center">5.480 (88,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7.304 (97,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore &#8805; 20%</td>
                <td align="center">728 (11,7)</td>
                <td align="center">219 (2,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>Valores para homens e mulheres foram comparados por meio do teste qui-quadrado. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e AFDESL e os diferentes escores de risco cardiovascular em indiv&#237;duos dos sexos masculino e feminino &#233; apresentada nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">3</xref> Com quase todos os escores de risco cardiovascular analisados, a AFTL apresenta-se inversamente associada, enquanto a AFDESL n&#227;o se associa de modo estatisticamente significante com nenhum deles. Nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabelas 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">5</xref> podemos observar a exist&#234;ncia de efeito dose-resposta na associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e escores de risco cardiovascular principalmente em homens.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre e no deslocamento e escores de risco cardiovascular em homens: Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Escores de risco cardiovascular</th>
                <th align="center">Atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre (n = 6.222)</th>
                <th align="center">Atividade f&#237;sica no deslocamento (n = 6.222)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a coronariana (colesterol)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 (0,60-0,85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,84-1,19)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a coronariana (LDL-C)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 (0,58-0,88)</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (0,84-1,28)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a cardiovascular (colesterol)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 (0,65-0,88)</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 (0,83-1,17)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a cardiovascular (IMC)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">#</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,68 (0,59-0,79)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,83-1,11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Equa&#231;&#245;es de coorte agrupadas para doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 (0,65-0,95)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 (0,79-1,15)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Ajustado por idade, obesidade e escolaridade;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>ajustado por idade e escolaridade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre e no deslocamento e escores de risco cardiovascular em mulheres: Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Escores de risco cardiovascular</th>
                <th align="center">Atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre (n = 7.499)</th>
                <th align="center">Atividade f&#237;sica no deslocamento (n = 7.499)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a coronariana (colesterol)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,64 (0,42-0,97)</td>
                <td align="center">1,26 (0,87-1,82)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a coronariana (LDL-C)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,60 (0,42-0,86)</td>
                <td align="center">1,14 (0,83-1,58)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a cardiovascular (Colesterol)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 (0,50-0,81)</td>
                <td align="center">1,13 (0,90-1,41)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a cardiovascular (IMC)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 (0,64-0,96)</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (0,84-1,24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Equa&#231;&#245;es de coorte agrupadas para doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 (0,63-1,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,73-1,32)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Ajustado por idade e escolaridade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeito dose-resposta na associa&#231;&#227;o entre atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre e escores de risco cardiovascular em homens: Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil), 2008-2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a coronariana (colesterol)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a coronariana (LDL-C)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a cardiovascular (colesterol)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a cardiovascular (IMC)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">#</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Equa&#231;&#245;es de coorte agrupadas para doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pouco ativo</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 (0,68-1,08)</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (0,78-1,34)</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (0,87-1,33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,81-1,20)</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,80-1,32)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 (0,65-0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 (0,61-1,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 (0,75-1,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 (0,71-1,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,68-1,10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Muito ativo</td>
                <td align="center">0,43 (0,32-0,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52 (0,37-0,74)</td>
                <td align="center">0,55 (0,43-0,69)</td>
                <td align="center">0,47 (0,38-0,59)</td>
                <td align="center">0,62 (0,46-0,84)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Ajustado por idade, obesidade e escolaridade;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>ajustado por idade e escolaridade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Efeito dose-resposta na associa&#231;&#227;o entre atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre e escores de risco cardiovascular em mulheres: Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA Brasil), 2008-2010</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a coronariana (colesterol)</th>
                <th align="center">Escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a coronariana (LDL-C)</th>
                <th align="center">Escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a cardiovascular (colesterol)</th>
                <th align="center">Escore de Framingham - doen&#231;a cardiovascular (IMC)</th>
                <th align="center">Equa&#231;&#245;es de coorte agrupadas para doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pouco ativo</td>
                <td align="center">1,20 (0,76-1,91)</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (0,69-1,56)</td>
                <td align="center">1,07 (0,80-1,43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,92 (0,71-1,19)</td>
                <td align="center">1,17 (0,80-1,72)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">0,71 (0,43-1,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,61 (0,40-0,94)</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 (0,52-0,93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 (0,64-1,03)</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (0,72-1,44)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Muito ativo</td>
                <td align="center">0,63 (0,29-1,37)</td>
                <td align="center">0,64 (0,34-1,20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52 (0,32-0,83)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67 (0,46-0,95)</td>
                <td align="center">0,66 (0,37-1,23)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Ajustado por idade e escolaridade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O estudo analisou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e AFDESL com os diferentes escores de risco cardiovascular. A AFTL, por&#233;m n&#227;o a AFDESL, apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o inversa com os escores de risco analisados. Esses resultados, principalmente com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; AFTL, foram similares &#224;queles encontrados em 41.053 finlandeses quando foi observado que n&#237;veis moderados ou altos de atividade f&#237;sica no tempo livre entre homens e mulheres, e, caminhadas di&#225;rias ou de bicicleta para o trabalho apenas entre as mulheres estavam associadas a risco reduzido para eventos coronarianos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em outro estudo, quando foram analisados comportamentos saud&#225;veis, entre eles a AF mensurada por acelerometria, observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o inversa com efeito dose-resposta entre os comportamentos saud&#225;veis positivos e o risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ateroscler&#243;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> No nosso trabalho, tamb&#233;m constatamos a exist&#234;ncia de efeito dose-resposta na associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e escores de risco cardiovascular principalmente em indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino. Ou seja, quanto mais AF, menor o risco de eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>O efeito dose-resposta verificado no presente estudo vem sendo reportado j&#225; h&#225; bastante tempo. Kohl,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> evidenciou, por meio de vasta revis&#227;o de literatura, em diferentes estudos longitudinais, a exist&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o inversa na forma dose-resposta entre AF e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, sobretudo doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. &#201; importante ressaltar que, na classifica&#231;&#227;o adotada neste trabalho, a quantidade de AFTL foi calculada com base tanto na dura&#231;&#227;o quanto na intensidade da AF. Em outros estudos do nosso grupo de pesquisa,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> nos quais a AF foi classificada considerando-se apenas a intensidade, foi poss&#237;vel averiguar que somente a AF moderada se apresentou como discriminadora da aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o e diabetes. Assim, pode-se supor que o aumento da quantidade de atividade f&#237;sica para proporcionar maiores benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de deve ser sugerido, levando-se em conta tanto a sua intensidade quanto a sua dura&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os resultados encontrados na associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e os escores de risco cardiovascular s&#227;o esperados considerando-se que as principais vari&#225;veis que comp&#245;em esses escores apresentam isoladamente associa&#231;&#227;o com AFTL. V&#225;rios estudos salientam que a AFTL est&#225; inversamente associada com n&#237;veis elevados de PA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> diabetes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Ainda de acordo com nossos resultados, as associa&#231;&#245;es demonstradas em estudos pr&#233;vios mostram-se de forma mais consistente em homens do que em mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; AFDESL, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar associa&#231;&#245;es com os escores de risco cardiovascular, embora estudos pr&#233;vios tenham encontrado rela&#231;&#227;o entre AFDESL e diabetes, bem como com mortalidade cardiovascular em indiv&#237;duos com diabetes tipo 2. Importante ressaltar que essas associa&#231;&#245;es, no caso da mortalidade cardiovascular, perderam a signific&#226;ncia ap&#243;s ajustes adicionais para AFTL e AF ocupacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Esses achados, provavelmente, refletem o fato de que o instrumento utilizado no nosso estudo para avaliar AF, o IPAQ, n&#227;o distingue a intensidade do deslocamento, quer seja a p&#233;, quer seja de bicicleta. Assim, se o deslocamento for feito de forma lenta, talvez os benef&#237;cios para a sa&#250;de n&#227;o ocorram de modo significativo.</p>
        <p>Nesse sentido, em recente publica&#231;&#227;o com dados do ELSA-Brasil foi observado que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFDESL e hipertens&#227;o arterial foi positiva em mulheres e sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre homens, enquanto a associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFTL e hipertens&#227;o arterial foi inversa em ambos os sexos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Resultados de dados tamb&#233;m do ELSA-Brasil e ainda n&#227;o publicados sugerem que o deslocamento ativo, mais frequente nos estratos sociais menos privilegiados, em vez de refletir a ado&#231;&#227;o de um h&#225;bito saud&#225;vel, provavelmente decorre de desigualdades na mobilidade urbana em cidades brasileiras.</p>
        <p>Os mecanismos pelos quais a AF reduz os n&#237;veis de PA, glicemia e perfil lip&#237;dico permanecem especulativos. Recente publica&#231;&#227;o enfatizou a necessidade de novos estudos para melhor compreens&#227;o dos aspectos celulares e moleculares envolvidos nos principais benef&#237;cios para a sa&#250;de induzidos pela AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Quanto &#224; PA, conforme o <italic>American College of Sports Medicine</italic> (ACSM),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> as principais evid&#234;ncias apontam: a) diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de insulina, com consequente redu&#231;&#227;o da reten&#231;&#227;o do s&#243;dio renal e t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico basal; b) redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis das catecolaminas; c) libera&#231;&#227;o, pela musculatura esquel&#233;tica, de subst&#226;ncias vasodilatadoras na circula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil lip&#237;dico, existem poucas informa&#231;&#245;es a respeito dos mecanismos respons&#225;veis pela redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de LDL-C e de dosagem da lipoprote&#237;na de muito baixa densidade (VLDL-C). Entretanto, a principal raz&#227;o para a eleva&#231;&#227;o do HDL-C &#233; a maior a&#231;&#227;o da lipoprote&#237;na lipase (LPL) em resposta ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico: a LPL acelera a decomposi&#231;&#227;o do VLDL-C, removendo os triglicer&#237;deos da corrente sangu&#237;nea para os m&#250;sculos; isso resulta numa transfer&#234;ncia de colesterol e outras subst&#226;ncias para o HDL-C aumentando, consequentemente, a concentra&#231;&#227;o deste.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> No que diz respeito aos n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos, a AF parece desempenhar importante papel na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de glicose sangu&#237;nea, porque promove prolifera&#231;&#227;o de capilares, aumentando a atividade da LPL no m&#250;sculo - o que, por sua vez aumenta a sensibilidade &#224; insulina. Al&#233;m disso, maiores n&#237;veis de pr&#225;tica de AF podem aumentar o n&#250;mero de fibras musculares oxidativas, mais sens&#237;veis &#224; insulina, promovendo assim redu&#231;&#227;o na glicemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Como ponto forte do estudo, ressalta-se que a amostra se constitui de uma coorte de volunt&#225;rios de servidores p&#250;blicos que, apesar de n&#227;o ser representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o de modo geral, apresenta um n&#250;mero expressivo de participantes de seis capitais brasileiras. Outro ponto forte refere-se ao fato de terem sido calculados os valores de diferentes escores de risco cardiovascular, o que permitiu a an&#225;lise da associa&#231;&#227;o destes tanto com a AFTL quanto com a AFDESL.</p>
        <p>Uma poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo (vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria) pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224; informa&#231;&#227;o sobre AF que foi obtida por meio de question&#225;rios, o qual no entanto &#233; um instrumento largamente utilizado em estudos nacionais e internacionais. &#201; importante dizer que o ELSA-Brasil &#233; um estudo longitudinal e est&#225; prevista a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de medida mais objetiva, a acelerometria, o que poder&#225; aumentar a validade das informa&#231;&#245;es sobre AF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A AFTL, por&#233;m n&#227;o a AFDESL, apresenta associa&#231;&#227;o com os escores de risco cardiovascular analisados. A maior quantidade de AFTL (dura&#231;&#227;o e intensidade) est&#225; associada de forma mais significativa aos escores de risco cardiovascular em participantes da coorte (ELSA-Brasil).</p>
        <p>Os resultados do estudo podem trazer importantes contribui&#231;&#245;es para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, na medida em que o gerenciamento das pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas de promo&#231;&#227;o da AF pode ser balizado pelo conhecimento do tipo de AF que mais benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de pode provocar. A informa&#231;&#227;o de que a AFTL, por&#233;m n&#227;o a AFDESL, aponta associa&#231;&#227;o com o risco cardiovascular deve ser levada aos gestores de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica para que a&#231;&#245;es de incentivo &#224; pr&#225;tica de AF, principalmente nos momentos de lazer e no tempo livre, possam ser implementadas.</p>
        <p>Importante salientar que, apesar de n&#227;o se ter sido encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o entre AFDESL e risco cardiovascular, as atividades de deslocamento ativo, tanto a p&#233; quanto de bicicleta, devem ser incentivadas em grupos populacionais, sobretudo quando esse deslocamento &#233; realizado em intensidades moderadas. Al&#233;m disso, considerando o efeito dose-resposta encontrado, principalmente em homens, sugere-se que a popula&#231;&#227;o seja incentivada para a pr&#225;tica de maior quantidade de AF para que os benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de sejam maximizados.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil, Minist&#233;rio de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil e CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa), processos n&#186; 01 06 0010.00RS, 01 06 0212.00BA, 01 06 0300.00ES, 01 06 0278.00MG, 01 06 0115.00SP, 01 06 0071.00RJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva da UFBA sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 027.06/CEP-ISC. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
