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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SFMbKvZnKprcvQHLQ4sz5QH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000100030</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170180</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Epidemiology</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence of Dyslipidemias in Three Regions in Venezuela: The VEMSOLS Study Results</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonz&#225;lez-Rivas</surname>
            <given-names>Juan P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nieto-Mart&#237;nez</surname>
            <given-names>Ramfis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brajkovich</surname>
            <given-names>Imperia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ugel</surname>
            <given-names>Eunice</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>R&#237;squez</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">The Andes Clinic of Cardio-Metabolic Studies</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Miami</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">FL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">The Andes Clinic of Cardio-Metabolic Studies, Miami, FL - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research &amp; Education</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Education and Clinical Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Miami</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">FL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC) and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research &amp; Education, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University Centro-Occidental &#8220;Lisandro Alvarado&#8221;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Physiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Barquisimeto</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="VE">Venezuela</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Physiology - School of Medicine - University Centro-Occidental &#8220;Lisandro Alvarado&#8221; and Cardio-metabolic Unit 7, Barquisimeto, Venezuela</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Central de Venezuela</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">University Hospital of Caracas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">School of Medicine &#8220;Luis Razetti&#8221;</institution>
        <country country="VE">Venezuela</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Internal Medicine B - School of Medicine &#8220;Luis Razetti&#8221; - University Hospital of Caracas - Universidad Central de Venezuela</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Central de Venezuela</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad CentroOccidental &#8220;Lisandro Alvarado&#8221;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Preventive Medicine</institution>
        <country country="VE">Venezuela</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Preventive Medicine - School of Medicine - Universidad CentroOccidental &#8220;Lisandro Alvarado&#8221;</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Central de Venezuela</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Social and Preventive Medicine</institution>
        <country country="VE">Venezuela</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Social and Preventive Medicine - School of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Central de Venezuela</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Juan P. Gonz&#225;lez-Rivas,</bold> Av. Miranda. The Andes Clinic of Cardio-Metabolic Studies. 3112, Timotes, M&#233;rida. E-mail: <email>juanpgonzalezr@hotmail.com</email>, <email>juanpgonzalezr79@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Gonz&#225;lez-Rivas JP, Nieto-Mart&#237;nez R, Brajkovich I, R&#237;squez A; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gonz&#225;lez-Rivas JP, Nieto-Mart&#237;nez R, Ugel E; Statistical analysis: Gonz&#225;lez-Rivas JP, Ugel E; Obtaining financing: Nieto-Mart&#237;nez R; Writing of the manuscript: Gonz&#225;lez-Rivas JP, Nieto-Mart&#237;nez R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gonz&#225;lez-Rivas JP, Nieto-Mart&#237;nez R, Brajkovich I, Ugel E, R&#237;squez A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>30</fpage>
      <lpage>35</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of dyslipidemia in multiple regions of Venezuela is unknown. The Venezuelan Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (VEMSOLS) was undertaken to evaluate cardiometabolic risk factors in Venezuela.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia in five populations from three regions of Venezuela.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>During the years 2006 to 2010, 1320 subjects aged 20 years or older were selected by multistage stratified random sampling from all households in five municipalities from 3 regions of Venezuela: Lara State (Western region), Merida State (Andean region), and Capital District (Capital region). Anthropometric measurements and biochemical analysis were obtained from each participant. Dyslipidemia was defined according to the NCEP/ATPIII definitions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mean age was 44.8 &#177; 0.39 years and 68.5% were females. The prevalence of lipids abnormalities related to the metabolic syndrome (low HDL-c [58.6%; 95% CI 54.9 - 62.1] and elevated triglycerides [39.7%; 36.1 - 43.2]) were the most prevalent lipid alterations, followed by atherogenic dyslipidemia (25.9%; 22.7 - 29.1), elevated LDL-c (23.3%; 20.2 - 26.4), hypercholesterolemia (22.2%; 19.2 - 25.2), and mix dyslipidemia (8.9%; 6.8 - 11.0). Dyslipidemia was more prevalent with increasing body mass index.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Dyslipidemias are prevalent cardiometabolic risk factors in Venezuela. Among these, a higher prevalence of low HDL is a condition also consistently reported in Latin America.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias / epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In Venezuela, cardiovascular disease (CVD), represented by ischemic heart disease (16.3%) and stroke (7.7%), was the major cause of death in 2012.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Both are strongly related with modifiable risk factors. According to the INTERHEART<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and the INTERSTROKE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> studies, dyslipidemias, assessed as increased levels of apolipoprotein (ApoB/ApoA1 ratio), represented the 49.2% and the 25.9% of the attributable risk for acute myocardial infarction and stroke, respectively. Randomized controlled clinical trials have consistently demonstrated that a reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with statin therapy reduces the incidence of heart attack and ischemic stroke. For every 38.6 mg/dL LDL-c reduction, the annual rate of major vascular events decreases to one-fifth.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies evaluating the prevalence of dyslipidemias in Venezuela have been compiled.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, most of them have small samples, and only two are representative of a city or a state. In 1,848 adults from the city of Barquisimeto, in the western region of the country, the Cardiovascular Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation in Latin America (CARMELA) study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> reported the lowest prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (cholesterol &#8805; 240 mg/dL) observed in Latin America (5.7%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In 3,108 adults from the state of Zulia, Florez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> documented the prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidemia (high triglycerides and low levels of high- density lipoprotein of cholesterol [HDL-c]) in 24.1%. This number was higher in men than women, and increased with age. No study in Venezuela has included more than one region, prompting the design of the Venezuelan Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (VEMSOLS). This paper presents the results of VEMSOLS, specifically the prevalence of dyslipidemia in five populations of three regions in Venezuela.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Design and Subjects</title>
        <p>An observational, cross-sectional study was designed to determine the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors in a sub-national sample of Venezuela. Five municipalities from three regions were evaluated: Palavecino, in Lara State (urban), from the Western region; Ejido (Merida city), in Merida State (urban), and Rangel (P&#225;ramo area), in Merida State (rural), both from the Andes region; Catia La Mar, in Vargas state (urban), and Sucre, in the Capital District (urban), both from the Capital region. From 2006 to 2010, a total of 1,320 subjects aged 20 years or more, who had lived in their houses for at least six months, were selected by a two-stage random sampling. Three different geographic regions of the country - Andes, mountains at the south; Western, llanos in the middle; and the Capital District, coast at the north - were assessed. Each region was stratified by municipalities and one was randomly selected. A map and a census of each location were required to delimit the streets or blocks, and to select the households to visit in each municipality. After selecting the sector to be surveyed in each location, the visits to households started from number 1 onwards, skipping every two houses. Pregnant women and participants unable to stand up and/or communicate verbally were excluded. All participants signed the informed consent form for participation.</p>
        <p>The sample size was calculated to detect the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (the lowest prevalent condition reported in Venezuela) in 5.7%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>, with standard deviation of 1.55%, which allows to calculate the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The minimal estimated number of subjects to be evaluated was 830. Overall, 1,320 subjects were evaluated (89.4% from the urban and 10.6% from the rural area).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical and biochemical data</title>
        <p>All subjects were evaluated in their households or in a nearby health center by a trained health team according to a standardized protocol. Each home was visited twice. In the first visit, the participants received information about the study and signed the written informed consent form. Demographic and clinical information was obtained using a standardized questionnaire. Weight was measured with as few clothes as possible, without shoes, using a calibrated scale. Height was measured using a metric tape on the wall. Waist circumference was measured with a metric tape at the iliac crest at the end of the expiration. Body mass index was calculated (BMI: weight[kg]/height[m]<sup>2</sup>).</p>
        <p>In the second visit, blood samples were drawn after 12 hours of overnight fasting. Then, they were centrifuged for 15 minutes at 3000 rpm, within 30-40 minutes after collection, and transported with dry ice to the central laboratory, where they were properly stored at -40&#186;C until analysis. Data from participants who were absent during the first visit were collected. Total cholesterol,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> triglycerides,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> LDL-c, and HDL-c<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> were determined by standard enzymatic colorimetric methods.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Categorization of variables</title>
        <p>Dyslipidemia was defined according the National Cholesterol Education Program /Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATPIII)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, being categorized in 6 types. Of these, four were isolated dyslipidemias: Low HDL-c (hyperalphalipoproteinemia) &lt; 40 mg/dL in men and &lt; 50 mg/dL in women; high triglycerides: &#8805; 150 mg/dL; hypercholesterolemia (&#8805; 240 mg/dL of total cholesterol); high LDL-c &#8805; 160 mg/dL; and two were combined dyslipidemias: atherogenic dyslipidemia (triglycerides &#8805; 150 mg/dL + low HDL-c) and mixed dyslipidemia (triglycerides &#8805; 150 mg/dL + total cholesterol &#8805; 240 mg/dL). Additionally, individuals were classified according to BMI as normal weight (BMI &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), overweight (BMI &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), or obese (BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Abdominal obesity was established by waist circumference &#8805; 94 cm in men and &#8805; 90 cm in women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All calculations were performed using the SPSS 20 software (IBM corp. Released 2011. Armonk, NY: USA). It was verified that all variables had normal distribution using a normality test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov). All variables were continuous and data were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). Differences between mean values were assessed with the t-test. Proportions of subjects with dyslipidemia were presented as prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals (CI). A Chi-square test was applied to compare different frequencies by gender, nutritional status and abdominal obesity. P-value of &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of the subjects</title>
        <p>Two thirds of the study subjects were female. Men had higher triglycerides, waist circumference and lower HDL-c than women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Age, BMI, total cholesterol and LDL-c were similar.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Subject Characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Men</th>
                <th align="center">Women</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
                <th align="center">Significance</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Participants (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">412 (31.2)</td>
                <td align="center">908 (68.8)</td>
                <td align="center">1320 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">45.8 &#177; 14.8</td>
                <td align="center">44.4 &#177; 14.0</td>
                <td align="center">44.8 &#177; 14.3</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27.7 &#177; 5.0</td>
                <td align="center">27.6 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center">27.6 &#177; 5.2</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">96.6 &#177; 13.2</td>
                <td align="center">89.8 &#177; 12.3</td>
                <td align="center">91.9 &#177; 13.0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">High density lipoprotein (HDL-c) (mg/dL) *</td>
                <td align="center">43.2 &#177; 10.4</td>
                <td align="center">47.2 &#177; 10.9 </td>
                <td align="center">45.9 &#177; 10.9</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL) </td>
                <td align="center">175.3 &#177; 154.7</td>
                <td align="center">140.0 &#177; 87.3</td>
                <td align="center">151.0 &#177; 114.3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">207.7 &#177; 46.5</td>
                <td align="center">206.3 &#177; 47.6</td>
                <td align="center">206.7 &#177; 47.2</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">131.0 &#177; 43.4 </td>
                <td align="center">131.4 &#177; 43.8</td>
                <td align="center">131.3 &#177; 43.7</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Data are mean &#177; SD. Gender differences according t-test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prevalence of dyslipidemia</title>
        <p>Low HDL-c was the most prevalent lipid change present in nearly seven of ten women, and in about four of ten men (p &lt; 0.01), followed by high triglycerides that were present in half of the men and in one third of women (p &lt; 0.01). Their combination, atherogenic dyslipidemia, was observed in 25.9% of subjects, followed in frequency by increasing LDL-c and total cholesterol levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Mixed dyslipidemia was observed in only 8.9% of the subjects, and was higher among men than in women. An increasing prevalence of all types of dyslipidemias was found when individuals were classified according to BMI and at the presence of abdominal obesity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, high LDL-c and mixed dyslipidemia were similar in overweight and obese subjects, but higher than those found in the normal weight group.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prevalence of Dyslipidemias by Gender</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Men</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Women</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Total</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Significance</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">412</th>
                <th align="center">908</th>
                <th align="center">1320</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Low HDL-c (&lt; 40 mg/dL in men and &lt; 50 mg/dL in women)</td>
                <td align="center">42.2 (38.6 &#8211; 45.8)</td>
                <td align="center">66.0 (62.5 &#8211; 69.4)</td>
                <td align="center">58.6 (54.9 &#8211; 62.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elevated triglycerides (&#8805; 150 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">49.5 (45.8 &#8211; 53.1)</td>
                <td align="center">35.2 (31.7 &#8211; 38.7)</td>
                <td align="center">39.7 (36.1 &#8211; 43.2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypercholesterolemia (&#8805; 240 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">23.8 (20.7 &#8211; 26.8)</td>
                <td align="center">21.5 (18.5 &#8211; 24.5)</td>
                <td align="center">22.2 (19.2 &#8211; 25.2)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Elevated LDL-c (&#8805; 160 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">22.8 (19.8 &#8211; 25.9)</td>
                <td align="center">23.5 (20.5 &#8211; 26.6)</td>
                <td align="center">23.3 (20.2 &#8211; 26.4)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atherogenic dyslipidemia (triglycerides &#8805; 150 mg/dL + low HDL-c)</td>
                <td align="center">25.2 (22.1 28.0)</td>
                <td align="center">26.2 (23.0 &#8211; 29.4)</td>
                <td align="center">25.9 (22.7 &#8211; 29.1)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mixed dyslipidemia (triglycerides &#8805; 150 + cholesterol &#8805; 240 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">12.4 (9.9 &#8211; 14.7)</td>
                <td align="center">7.4 (5.5 &#8211; 9.3)</td>
                <td align="center">8.9 (6.8 &#8211; 11.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Data are showed in percentage (95% CI). Gender differences according to the Chi-square test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Prevalence of dyslipidemia by nutritional status.</title>
              <p>*Difference in the prevalence of dyslipidemia according to nutritional status using Chi-square (p &lt; 0.01). High triglycerides: 150 mg/dL; low HDL-c: &lt; 40 mg/dL in men and &lt; 50 mg/dL in women; atherogenic dyslipidemia: triglycerides = 150 mg/dL + low HDL-c; hypercholesterolemia: total cholesterol = 240 mg/dL; elevated LDL-c: = 160 mg/dL; mixed dyslipidemia: triglycerides = 150 + total cholesterol = 240 mg/dL.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0030-70180-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Prevalence of dyslipidemias by abdominal obesity (waist circumference = 94 cm in men and = 90 cm in women).</title>
              <p>Significant difference of the prevalence of dyslipidemia between abdominal obesity or normal waist circumference *(p &lt; 0.001) &#8224;(p = 0.002). High triglycerides = 150 mg/dL; Low HDL-c &lt; 40 mg/dL in men and &lt; 50 mg/dL in women; Atherogenic dyslipidemia triglycerides =150 mg/dL + low HDL-c; Hypercholesterolemia =240 mg/dL; Elevated LDL-c = 160 mg/dL; Mix dyslipidemia triglycerides = 150 + cholesterol = 240 mg/dL.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0030-70180-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study reports that the most prevalent lipid abnormality in our sub-national sample of adults in Venezuela is the low HDL-c (58.6%), followed by high triglycerides (38.7%), whereas the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (22%) and its combination with hypertriglyceridemia (8.9%) were lower. Similar findings have been reported in earlier studies, both in Venezuela (Zulia state, Low HDL-c 65.3%, high triglycerides 32.3%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and Mexico (Low-HDL 48.4% and high triglycerides 42.3%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Using a cut-off point similar to that in our study, an extremely high prevalence of hypoalphalipoproteinemia has been also observed in Valencia city (90%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and the Junquito municipality (81.1%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> both in the central region of Venezuela. Similarly to the observed in men in our study (49.5%), the aforementioned studies in Valencia and Junquito also reported high prevalence of elevated triglycerides (51%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Most of these results are consistent with previous findings in the Latin America region. In a systematic review of metabolic syndrome in Latin America, the most frequent change was low HDL-c in 62.9% of the subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although hypercholesterolemia (22.2%) is significantly less common compared with the aforementioned alterations, it was higher than the CARMELA study (5.7%) in Barquisimeto,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and similar to that observed in Valencia (19.0%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Therefore, hypercholesterolemia remains as a cardiovascular risk factor to be considered when implementing public health measures in the Venezuelan population. Other of our findings are consistent with previous studies reporting that the prevalence of dyslipidemia increases with adiposity, and subjects with overweight/obesity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and abdominal obesity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> show worse lipid profiles than subjects of normal weight. As in our study, higher figures of elevated triglycerides in male,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and no differences between overweight and obese subjects when grouped according to BMI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> have been reported.</p>
      <p>Dyslipidemias can be caused by both genetic and environmental factors (obesity, smoking, low physical activity). In our study, the prevalence of low HDL-c without other lipid abnormalities was 29.2% (male 15%, female 35.7%). Of these, those with low HDL-c and normal weight (total 10.6%, male 5.3%, female 13.0%) could suggest the proportion of cases of hypoalphalipoproteinemia that could be associated with genetic factors. Also, part of the prevalence of low HDL-c in this population can be explained by metabolic factors (i.e., insulin resistance), a condition that produces modifications in more than one lipid sub-fraction. In fact, the prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidemia (25.9%) in our study was significant and remarkably similar to that reported by Florez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> in the Zulia region (24.1%). Atherogenic dyslipidemia is the pattern most frequently observed in subjects with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, and both abnormalities are components of the metabolic syndrome definition. Besides genetic or metabolic factors, environmental adverse conditions are also important in Venezuela. The factors involving nutritional transition promoted inappropriate eating and lifestyle patterns in Venezuela and other Latin American countries, clearly contributing with the incidence of non-communicable diseases, especially those related to obesity and diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A follow-up survey of food consumption, based on the food purchase, reported that caloric intake and the selection of foods with lower quality have increased in Venezuela.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A high rate of physical inactivity (68%) has also been reported in Venezuela in two studies involving 3,422 adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Successful dietary strategies to reduce dyslipidemias and other metabolic syndrome components should include energy restriction and weight loss, manipulation of dietary macronutrients, and adherence to dietary and lifestyle patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet and diet/exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> After the evaluation of the typical food-based eating and physical activity pattern in the Venezuelan population, culturally-sensitive adaptations of the Mediterranean diet with local foods and physical activity recommendations have been proposed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Specific recommendations for patients with dyslipidemia have been also included in local clinical practice guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Some limitations can be observed in the present study. The sample did not represent the entire population of the country; only three of the eight regions of Venezuela were included. Additionally, in the VEMSOLS, eating pattern and physical activity were not investigated. The cut-off point for low HDL and triglycerides used was established for the metabolic syndrome definition, which can limit the comparison with other studies using a level below 35<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> or 40<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> mg/dL to define hypoalphalipoproteinemia. However, despite these limitations, this study is the first report of dyslipidemias in more than one region of Venezuela. A national survey in Venezuela in ongoing (Estudio Venezolano de Salud Cardiometab&#243;lica, EVESCAM study). Data collection will be completed in 2017.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>This is the first report presenting the prevalence of dyslipidemia in more than one region of Venezuela. The results observed are consistent with other Latin American studies, reporting low HDL-c as the most frequent lipid alteration in the region. Additionally, high levels hypercholesterolemia were observed. Both conditions could be related with CVD, which represent a major public health problem in the region. A suggestion resulting from our findings is to monitor a complete lipid profile during medical check-ups, because in some Latin-American countries it is common to check only total cholesterol. The triggers of these changes need to be determined in future studies. The implementation of strategies focused in proper nutrition, more physical activity and avoiding weight gain is imperative.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Epidemiologia</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de Dislipidemias em Tr&#234;s Regi&#245;es na Venezuela: Resultados do Estudo VEMSOLS</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonz&#225;lez-Rivas</surname>
            <given-names>Juan P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nieto-Mart&#237;nez</surname>
            <given-names>Ramfis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brajkovich</surname>
            <given-names>Imperia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ugel</surname>
            <given-names>Eunice</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>R&#237;squez</surname>
            <given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">6</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">The Andes Clinic of Cardio-Metabolic Studies, Miami, FL - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC) and South Florida Veterans Affairs Foundation for Research &amp; Education, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Physiology - School of Medicine - University Centro-Occidental &#8220;Lisandro Alvarado&#8221; and Cardio-metabolic Unit 7, Barquisimeto, Venezuela</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Internal Medicine B - School of Medicine &#8220;Luis Razetti&#8221; - University Hospital of Caracas - Universidad Central de Venezuela</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Preventive Medicine - School of Medicine - Universidad CentroOccidental &#8220;Lisandro Alvarado&#8221;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Social and Preventive Medicine - School of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Juan P. Gonz&#225;lez-Rivas,</bold> Av. Miranda. The Andes Clinic of Cardio-Metabolic Studies. 3112, Timotes, M&#233;rida. E-mail: <email>juanpgonzalezr@hotmail.com</email>, <email>juanpgonzalezr79@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Gonz&#225;lez-Rivas JP, Nieto-Mart&#237;nez R, Brajkovich I, R&#237;squez A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gonz&#225;lez-Rivas JP, Nieto-Mart&#237;nez R, Ugel E; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Gonz&#225;lez-Rivas JP, Ugel E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Nieto-Mart&#237;nez R; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gonz&#225;lez-Rivas JP, Nieto-Mart&#237;nez R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gonz&#225;lez-Rivas JP, Nieto-Mart&#237;nez R, Brajkovich I, Ugel E, R&#237;squez A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia em v&#225;rias regi&#245;es da Venezuela &#233; desconhecida. A S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica venezuelana, Obesidade e Estilo de Vida Estudo (VEMSOLS) foram realizados para avaliar os fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico na Venezuela.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia em cinco popula&#231;&#245;es de tr&#234;s regi&#245;es da Venezuela.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Durante os anos de 2006 a 2010, 1320 indiv&#237;duos com 20 anos ou mais foram selecionados por amostragem aleat&#243;ria estratificada de v&#225;rios est&#225;gios de todas as fam&#237;lias em cinco munic&#237;pios a partir de 3 regi&#245;es da Venezuela: Estado Lara (regi&#227;o Oeste), Estado de M&#233;rida (regi&#227;o andina) e Capital Distrito (regi&#227;o Capital). medidas antropom&#233;tricas e an&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica foram obtidas de cada participante. Dislipidemia foi definida de acordo com as defini&#231;&#245;es NCEP / ATPIII.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi de 44,8 &#177; 0,39 anos, e 68,5% eram do sexo feminino. A preval&#234;ncia de l&#237;pidos anormalidades relacionadas &#224; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (HDL-c baixo [58,6%; IC95% 54,9-62,1] e triglicer&#237;deos elevados [39,7%; 36,1-43,2]) foram as altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas mais prevalente, seguida pela dislipidemia aterog&#234;nica ( 25,9%; 22,7-29,1), LDL-C elevado (23,3%; 20,2-26,4), hipercolesterol&#234;mica (22,2%; 19,2-25,2), e misturar dislipidemia (8,9%; 6,8-11,0). Dislipidemia foi mais prevalente com o aumento do &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>As dislipidemias s&#227;o fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico prevalentes na Venezuela. Entre elas, uma maior preval&#234;ncia de baixo HDL &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m consistentemente relatada na Am&#233;rica Latina.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias / epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na Venezuela, a doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV), representada pela doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica (16,3%) e pelo acidente vascular cerebral (7,7%), foi a principal causa de &#243;bito em 2012.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Ambos est&#227;o fortemente relacionados a fatores de risco modific&#225;veis. De acordo com os estudos INTERHEART<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e INTERSTROKE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>, as dislipidemias, avaliadas como n&#237;veis elevados de apolipoprote&#237;na (raz&#227;o ApoB/ApoA1), representaram os 49,2% e os 25,9% do risco atribu&#237;vel ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e ao acidente vascular cerebral, respectivamente. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos controlados randomizados demonstraram que uma redu&#231;&#227;o no colesterol das lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade (LDL-c) com terapia com estatinas diminui a incid&#234;ncia de ataque card&#237;aco e AVC isqu&#234;mico. Para cada 38,6 mg/dL de LDL-C reduzido, a taxa anual de eventos vasculares maiores diminui para um quinto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Realizou-se uma compila&#231;&#227;o de estudos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemias na Venezuela.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No entanto, a maioria apresenta amostras pequenas, sendo que apenas duas representam uma cidade ou estado. Em 1.848 adultos da cidade de Barquisimeto, na regi&#227;o ocidental do pa&#237;s, o estudo sobre a Avalia&#231;&#227;o M&#250;ltipla do Fator de Risco Cardiovascular na Am&#233;rica Latina (CARMELA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> (colesterol &#8805; 240 mg/dL) apontou a menor preval&#234;ncia de hipercolesterolemia (colesterol &#8805; 240 mg/dL) na Am&#233;rica Latina (5,7%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Em 3.108 adultos do estado de Zulia, Florez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> documentaram uma preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia aterog&#234;nica (altos n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos e baixos n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade de colesterol [HDL-c]) de 24,1%. Esse n&#250;mero foi maior em homens do que mulheres, e aumentou com a idade. Nenhum estudo na Venezuela incluiu mais de uma regi&#227;o, resultando no Estudo da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica Venezuelana, Obesidade e Estilo de Vida (VEMSOLS). Este artigo apresenta os resultados do VEMSOLS, especificamente a preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia em cinco popula&#231;&#245;es de tr&#234;s regi&#245;es da Venezuela.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho e indiv&#237;duos</title>
          <p>Realizou-se um estudo de observa&#231;&#227;o transversal para determinar a preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos em uma amostra sub-nacional da Venezuela. Foram avaliados cinco munic&#237;pios de tr&#234;s regi&#245;es: Palavecino, no estado de Lara (urbano), da regi&#227;o ocidental; Ejido (cidade de M&#233;rida), no estado de M&#233;rida (urbano) e Rangel (&#225;rea de P&#225;ramo), no estado de M&#233;rida (rural), ambos na regi&#227;o dos Andes; Catia La Mar, no estado de Vargas (urbano) e Sucre, no Distrito Capital (urbano), ambos na regi&#227;o da capital. De 2006 a 2010, foram selecionados total de 1.320 indiv&#237;duos com idade igual ou maior que 20 anos, vivendo h&#225; pelo menos seis meses em suas casas, por uma amostragem aleat&#243;ria de duas etapas. Avaliaram-se tr&#234;s regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas diferentes do pa&#237;s: Andes, montanhas ao sul; Ocidental, plan&#237;cies ao centro; e o Distrito Capital, costa ao norte. Cada regi&#227;o foi estratificada por munic&#237;pios, e um deles foi selecionado aleatoriamente. Foram necess&#225;rios um mapa e um recenseamento de cada local para delimitar as ruas ou quadras, e para selecionar as fam&#237;lias a visitar em cada munic&#237;pio. Ap&#243;s determinar a regi&#227;o a ser pesquisada em cada local, as visitas come&#231;aram a partir do n&#250;mero 1 em diante, pulando cada duas casas. Gestantes e participantes incapazes de se levantar e/ou se comunicar verbalmente foram exclu&#237;dos. Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento para participa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Calculou-se o tamanho da amostra para detectar a preval&#234;ncia de 5,7% de hipercolesterolemia (a condi&#231;&#227;o prevalente mais baixa relatada na Venezuela)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>, com desvio padr&#227;o de 1,55%, resultando em um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%). O n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo estimado de indiv&#237;duos a serem avaliados foi de 830. No geral, foram avaliados 1.320 indiv&#237;duos (89,4% da &#225;rea urbana e 10,6% da &#225;rea rural).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos e bioqu&#237;micos</title>
          <p>Uma equipe de profissionais de sa&#250;de avaliou todos os indiv&#237;duos em suas casas ou em um centro de sa&#250;de pr&#243;ximo, de acordo com o protocolo padronizado. Cada casa foi visitada duas vezes. Na primeira visita, os participantes receberam informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o estudo e assinaram o termo de consentimento. As informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas foram obtidas atrav&#233;s de um question&#225;rio padronizado. O peso foi medido com o menor n&#250;mero poss&#237;vel de roupas, sem cal&#231;ados, usando uma balan&#231;a calibrada. A altura foi medida com uma fita m&#233;trica na parede. A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foi medida com uma fita m&#233;trica na crista il&#237;aca no final da expira&#231;&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m foi calculado o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC: peso [kg]/altura [m]<sup>2</sup>).</p>
          <p>Na segunda visita, extra&#237;ram-se amostras de sangue ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum durante a noite. Posteriormente, elas foram centrifugadas durante 15 minutos a 3.000 rpm, dentro de 30-40 minutos ap&#243;s a coleta, e transportadas com gelo seco ao laborat&#243;rio central, onde foram devidamente armazenadas a -40&#186;C at&#233; a an&#225;lise. Coletaram-se os dados dos participantes que estavam ausentes durante a primeira visita. O colesterol total,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> triglicer&#237;deos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> LDL-c, e HDL-c<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> foram determinados por m&#233;todos colorim&#233;tricos enzim&#225;ticos padr&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Categoriza&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis</title>
          <p>A dislipidemia foi definida de acordo com o National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATPIII)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>, sendo categorizada em seis tipos. Destes, quatro foram dislipidemias isoladas: HDL-c baixo (hiperalfalipoproteinemia): &lt; 40 mg/dL em homens e &lt; 50 mg/dL em mulheres; triglicer&#237;deos elevados: &#8805; 150 mg/dL; hipercolesterolemia (&#8805; 240 mg/dL do colesterol total); LDL-c elevado &#8805; 160 mg/dL; e duas foram dislipidemias combinadas: dislipidemia aterog&#234;nica (triglicer&#237;deos &#8805; 150 mg/dL + HDL-c baixo) e dislipidemia mista (triglicer&#237;deos &#8805; 150 mg/dL + colesterol total &#8805;240 mg/dL). Al&#233;m disso, os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados de acordo com o IMC de peso normal (IMC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), sobrepeso (IMC &#8805; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), ou obesos (IMC &#8805;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Estabeleceu-se a obesidade abdominal pela circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura &#8805; 94 cm em homens e &#8805; 90 cm em mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os c&#225;lculos foram realizados usando o software SPSS 20 (IBM corp. lan&#231;ado em 2011. Armonk, Nova York, EUA). Verificou-se que todas as vari&#225;veis tinham distribui&#231;&#227;o normal usando um teste de anormalidade (Kolmogorov-Smirnov). Todas as vari&#225;veis foram cont&#237;nuas e os dados foram apresentados como m&#233;dios &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). As diferen&#231;as entre os valores m&#233;dios foram avaliadas com o teste t. Apresentaram-se as propor&#231;&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos com dislipidemia como taxas de preval&#234;ncia e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC). Aplicou-se o teste do Qui-quadrado para comparar diferentes frequ&#234;ncias por g&#234;nero, estado nutricional e obesidade abdominal. O valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente relevante.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos indiv&#237;duos</title>
          <p>Dois ter&#231;os dos participantes do estudo eram do sexo feminino. Os homens apresentaram triglicer&#237;deos e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura mais elevados, al&#233;m de menor HDL-c do que as mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). Idade, IMC, colesterol total e LDL-c foram semelhantes.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos indiv&#237;duos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Homens</th>
                  <th align="center">Mulheres</th>
                  <th align="center">Total</th>
                  <th align="center">Relev&#226;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Participantes (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">412 (31,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">908 (68,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1320 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,8 &#177; 14,8</td>
                  <td align="center">44,4 &#177; 14,0</td>
                  <td align="center">44,8 &#177; 14,3</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,7 &#177; 5,0</td>
                  <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">96,6 &#177; 13,2</td>
                  <td align="center">89,8 &#177; 12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">91,9 &#177; 13,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c) (mg/dL)*</td>
                  <td align="center">43,2 &#177; 10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">47,2 &#177; 10,9 </td>
                  <td align="center">45,9 &#177; 10,9</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">175,3 &#177; 154,7</td>
                  <td align="center">140,0 &#177; 87,3</td>
                  <td align="center">151,0 &#177; 114,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">207,7 &#177; 46,5</td>
                  <td align="center">206,3 &#177; 47,6</td>
                  <td align="center">206,7 &#177; 47,2</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">131,0 &#177; 43,4 </td>
                  <td align="center">131,4 &#177; 43,8</td>
                  <td align="center">131,3 &#177; 43,7</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>Os dados referem-se &#224; m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero de acordo com o teste t.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia</title>
          <p>O HDL-c baixo foi a mudan&#231;a de lip&#237;dios mais prevalente em quase sete mulheres, e em cerca de quatro dos dez homens (p &lt; 0,01), seguido por triglicer&#237;deos elevados presentes em metade dos homens e em um ter&#231;o das mulheres (p &lt; 0,01). Sua combina&#231;&#227;o, dislipidemia aterog&#234;nica, foi observada em 25,9% dos indiv&#237;duos, seguida por n&#237;veis elevados de LDL-c e colesterol total (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). A dislipidemia mista foi observada em apenas 8,9% dos indiv&#237;duos e foi maior entre homens do que mulheres. Encontrou-se uma preval&#234;ncia crescente de todos os tipos de dislipidemias quando os indiv&#237;duos foram classificados de acordo com o IMC e obesidade abdominal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). A preval&#234;ncia de hipercolesterolemia, LDL-c elevado e dislipidemia mista foi semelhante em indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e obesidade, mas maior do que a encontrada no grupo de peso normal.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemias por g&#234;nero</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Homens</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Mulheres</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Total</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
									</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">412</th>
                  <th align="center">908</th>
                  <th align="center">1320</th>
                  <th align="center">Relev&#226;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HDL-c baixo (&lt; 40 mg/dL em homens e &lt; 50 mg/dL em mulheres)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,2 (38,6 &#8211; 45,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">66,0 (62,5 &#8211; 69,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,6 (54,9 &#8211; 62,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos elevados (&#8805; 150 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,5 (45,8 &#8211; 53,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,2 (31,7 &#8211; 38,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">39,7 (36,1 &#8211; 43,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipercolesterolemia (&#8805; 240 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,8 (20,7 &#8211; 26,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,5 (18,5 &#8211; 24,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,2 (19,2 &#8211; 25,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LDL-c elevado (&#8805; 160 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,8 (19,8 &#8211; 25,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,5 (20,5 &#8211; 26,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,3 (20,2 &#8211; 26,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dilipidemia aterog&#234;nica (triglicer&#237;deos &#8805; 150 mg/dL + HDL-c baixo)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,2 (22,1 28,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,2 (23,0 &#8211; 29,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,9 (22,7 &#8211; 29,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia mista (triglicer&#237;deos &#8805; 150 + colesterol &#8805; 240 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,4 (9,9 &#8211; 14,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4 (5,5 &#8211; 9,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,9 (6,8 &#8211; 11,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Dados em porcentagem (IC95%). Diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero de acordo com o teste Qui-quadrado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia por estado nutricional.</title>
                <p>*Diferen&#231;a na preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia de acordo com o estado nutricional utilizando o Qui-quadrado (p&lt;0,01). Triglicer&#237;deos elevados: 150 mg/dL; HDL-c baixo: &lt; 40 mg/dL em homens e &lt; 50 mg/dL em mulheres; dislipidemia aterog&#234;nica: triglicer&#237;deos = 150 mg/dL + HDL-c baixo; hipercolesterolemia: colesterol total = 240 mg/dL; LDL-c elevado: = 160 mg/dL; dislipidemia mista: triglicer&#237;deos = 150 + colesterol total = 240 mg/dL..</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0030-70180-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemias por obesidade abdominal (circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura = 94 cm nos homens e 90 cm nas mulheres).</title>
                <p>Diferen&#231;a significativa da preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia entre obesidade abdominal ou circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura normal* (p &lt; 0,001) &#8224; (p = 0,002). Triglicer&#237;deos elevados = 150 mg/dL; HDL-c baixo &lt; 40 mg/dL em homens e &lt; 50 mg/dL em mulheres; triglicer&#237;deos de dislipidemia aterog&#234;nica = 150 mg/dL + HDL-c baixo; hipercolesterolemia = 240 mg/dL; LDL-c elevado = 160 mg/dL; mistura dislipidemia triglicer&#237;deos = 150 + colesterol = 240 mg/dL.</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0030-70180-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Segundo o estudo, a anormalidade lip&#237;dica mais prevalente na amostra subnacional de adultos da Venezuela &#233; o HDL-c baixo (58,6%), seguido de triglicer&#237;deos (38,7%), enquanto que a preval&#234;ncia de hipercolesterolemia (22%) e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com hipertrigliceridemia (8,9%) foram menores. Achados semelhantes foram relatados em estudos anteriores, tanto na Venezuela (estado de Zulia, 65,3% de HDL-c baixo, 32,3% de triglicer&#237;deos elevados),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e no M&#233;xico (48,4% de HDL baixo e 42,3% de triglicer&#237;deos elevados).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Usando um corte semelhante ao de nosso estudo, observou-se uma preval&#234;ncia extremamente alta de hipoalfalipoproteinamia na cidade de Valencia (90%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e no munic&#237;pio de Junquito (81,1%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> na regi&#227;o central da Venezuela. De forma semelhante ao que se observou em homens em nosso estudo (49,5%), os estudos acima mencionados em Valencia e Junquito tamb&#233;m relataram alta preval&#234;ncia de triglicer&#237;deos elevados (51%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> A maioria desses resultados &#233; consistente com achados anteriores na regi&#227;o da Am&#233;rica Latina. Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica na Am&#233;rica Latina, a mudan&#231;a mais frequente foi HDL-c baixo em 62,9% dos indiv&#237;duos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora a hipercolesterolemia (22,2%) seja significativamente menor em compara&#231;&#227;o com as altera&#231;&#245;es mencionadas acima, ela foi superior ao estudo CARMELA (5,7%) em Barquisimeto,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> e similar ao observado em Valencia (19,0%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Portanto, a hipercolesterolemia permanece como fator de risco cardiovascular a ser considerado na implementa&#231;&#227;o de medidas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na popula&#231;&#227;o venezuelana. Outros achados s&#227;o consistentes com estudos pr&#233;vios que relatam que a preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia aumenta com a adiposidade. Indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso/obesidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e obesidade abdominal<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> apresentam perfis lip&#237;dicos mais baixos do que os indiv&#237;duos com peso normal. Como em nosso estudo, relatou-se maior n&#250;mero de triglicer&#237;deos elevados em homens,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e nenhuma diferen&#231;a entre indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e obesidade quando agrupados de acordo com o IMC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dislipidemias podem ser causadas por fatores gen&#233;ticos e ambientais (obesidade, tabagismo, baixa atividade f&#237;sica). Em nosso estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de HDL-c baixo sem outras anormalidades lip&#237;dicas foi de 29,2% (15% homens, 35,7% mulheres). Destes, aqueles com baixo HDL-c e peso normal (10,6% total, 5,3% homens e 13,0% mulheres) poderiam sugerir que a propor&#231;&#227;o de casos de hipoalfalipoproteinemia poderia estar associada a fatores gen&#233;ticos. Al&#233;m disso, parte da preval&#234;ncia de HDL-c baixo nesta popula&#231;&#227;o pode ser explicada por fatores metab&#243;licos (isto &#233;, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina), uma condi&#231;&#227;o que produz modifica&#231;&#245;es em mais de uma sub-fra&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica. De fato, a preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia aterog&#234;nica (25,9%) em nosso estudo foi significante e notavelmente similar &#224; relatada por Florez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> na regi&#227;o de Zulia (24,1%). A disfun&#231;&#227;o isqu&#234;mica &#233; o padr&#227;o mais frequente em indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, e ambas as anormalidades comp&#245;em a defini&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Al&#233;m disso, os fatores gen&#233;ticos ou metab&#243;licos e as condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais adversas tamb&#233;m s&#227;o relevantes na Venezuela. Os fatores que envolvem a transi&#231;&#227;o nutricional promoveram padr&#245;es inadequados de alimenta&#231;&#227;o e estilo de vida na Venezuela e em outros pa&#237;ses latino-americanos, contribuindo claramente para a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, especialmente as relacionadas a obesidade e diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Uma pesquisa de acompanhamento de consumo e compra de alimentos informou que a ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica e a sele&#231;&#227;o de alimentos com qualidade inferior aumentaram na Venezuela.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Um alto padr&#227;o de inatividade f&#237;sica (68%) tamb&#233;m foi relatado em dois estudos envolvendo 3.422 adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As estrat&#233;gias alimentares para reduzir as dislipidemias e outros componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica devem incluir restri&#231;&#227;o de energia e perda de peso, manipula&#231;&#227;o de macronutrientes diet&#233;ticos e ades&#227;o a padr&#245;es alimentares e de estilo de vida, como a dieta mediterr&#226;nea e dieta/exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o alimentar e de atividade f&#237;sica da popula&#231;&#227;o venezuelana, fez-se uma proposta de adapta&#231;&#245;es culturais para a dieta mediterr&#226;nea com alimentos locais e recomenda&#231;&#245;es de atividade f&#237;sica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;das recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para pacientes com dislipidemia nas diretrizes de pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica local.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ademais, observam-se algumas limita&#231;&#245;es no presente estudo. A amostra n&#227;o representou toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do pa&#237;s; apenas tr&#234;s das oito regi&#245;es da Venezuela foram inclu&#237;das. Al&#233;m disso, no VEMSOLS, o padr&#227;o alimentar e a atividade f&#237;sica n&#227;o foram investigados. O ponto de corte para HDL e triglicer&#237;deos baixos foi estabelecido pela defini&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, que pode limitar a compara&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos usando um n&#237;vel inferior a 35<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> ou 40<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> mg/dL para definir hipoalfalipoproteinemia. No entanto, apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, este estudo &#233; o primeiro relat&#243;rio de dislipidemias em mais de uma regi&#227;o da Venezuela. Uma pesquisa nacional est&#225; em curso no pa&#237;s, com conclus&#227;o prevista para 2017 (Estudo Venezuelano de Sa&#250;de Cardiometab&#243;lica, estudo EVESCAM).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo que apresenta a preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia em mais de uma regi&#227;o da Venezuela. Os resultados observados s&#227;o consistentes com outros estudos latino-americanos, relatando HDL-c baixo como a altera&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica mais frequente na regi&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se alto n&#237;vel de hipercolesterolemia. Ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es podem estar relacionadas a DCV, o que configura um grande problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na regi&#227;o. Uma sugest&#227;o resultante de nossos achados &#233; monitorar um perfil lip&#237;dico completo durante exames m&#233;dicos, pois em alguns pa&#237;ses latino-americanos &#233; comum verificar somente o colesterol total. Os fatores desencadeantes dessas mudan&#231;as devem ser determinados em estudos futuros. A implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias focadas em nutri&#231;&#227;o adequada, mais atividade f&#237;sica e que evitem ganho de peso &#233; fundamental.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
