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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xHfk7yD79LvWf6jKrzjnkdQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000100024</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170175</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Cardiogeriatrics</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Accuracy of the GRACE Score in Octogenarians and Nonagenarians with Acute Coronary Syndromes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Mauricio dos Santos</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Gondim dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Menezes Barbosa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Calixto de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alexandre</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Kalil Beir&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sodr&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriella Sant&#8217;Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Suerdieck</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Gonzalez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Maria Noya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Lu&#237;s Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia</bold> Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402. Postal Code 40150-080, Gra&#231;a, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cerqueira Junior AMS, Pereira LGS, Souza TMB, Correia VCA, Alexandre FKB, Suerdieck JG, Ferreira F, Rabelo MMN, Correia LCL; Acquisition of data: Cerqueira Junior AMS, Pereira LGS, Souza TMB, Correia VCA, Sodr&#233; GA, Suerdieck JG, Ferreira F, Correia LCL; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cerqueira Junior AMS, Pereira LGS, Souza TMB, Correia VCA, Sodr&#233; GA, Suerdieck JG, Ferreira F, Rabelo MMN, Correia LCL; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Cerqueira Junior AMS, Pereira LGS, Souza TMB, Correia VCA, Alexandre FKB, Sodr&#233; GA, Suerdieck JG, Ferreira F, Rabelo MMN, Correia LCL; Obtaining financing: Rabelo MMN, Correia LCL; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cerqueira Junior AMS, Souza TMB, Correia VCA, Alexandre FKB, Sodr&#233; GA, Suerdieck JG, Ferreira F, Rabelo MMN, Correia LCL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>24</fpage>
      <lpage>29</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The GRACE Score was derived and validated from a cohort in which octogenarians and nonagenarians were poorly represented.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To test the accuracy of the GRACE score in predicting in-hospital mortality of very elderly individuals with acute coronary syndromes (ACS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective observational study conducted in the intensive coronary care unit of a tertiary center from September 2011 to August 2016. Patients consecutively admitted due to ACS were selected, and the very elderly group was defined by age &#8805; 80 years. The GRACE Score was based on admission data and its accuracy was tested regarding prediction of in-hospital death. Statistical significance was defined by p value &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 994 individuals was studied, 57% male, 77% with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction and 173 (17%) very elderly patients. The mean age of the sample was 65 &#177; 13 years, and the mean age of very elderly patients subgroup was 85 &#177; 3.7 years. The C-statistics of the GRACE Score in very elderly patients was 0.86 (95% CI = 0.78 - 0.93), with no difference when compared to the value for younger individuals 0.83 (95% CI = 0.75 - 0.91), with p = 0.69. The calibration of the score in very elderly patients was described by &#967;<sup>2</sup> test of Hosmer-Lemeshow = 2.2 (p = 0.98), while the remaining patients presented &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 9.0 (p = 0.35). Logistic regression analysis for death prediction did not show interaction between GRACE Score and variable of very elderly patients (p = 0.25).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The GRACE Score in very elderly patients is accurate in predicting in-hospital ACS mortality, similarly to younger patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged 80 years and over</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Data Reliability</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are an important cause of in-hospital death in the Western world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Due to the great heterogeneity of clinical and prognostic presentation of ACS, risk stratification is essential so that more aggressive actions can be adopted toward patients at higher risk. In this context, the GRACE Score is the most accurate predictor of hospital death in ACS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, the derivation and validation of the GRACE Score were conducted in a low representative cohort of octogenarians or nonagenarians.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Provided that old age is an important risk indicator, which accumulates aspects of constitutional fragility and higher prevalence of comorbidities, there are reasons to question whether the GRACE Score has modified accuracy in very elderly people.</p>
      <p>The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that the GRACE Score has a satisfactory accuracy in predicting in-hospital death when applied to octogenarian and nonagenarian individuals with ACS. The cohort of Prospective Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes was used in order to answer this question, comparing the discriminatory capacity and calibration of GRACE among individuals aged &#8805; 80 years old <italic>versus</italic> &lt; 80 years old.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample selection</title>
        <p>Patients consecutively admitted to the coronary unit of the tertiary hospital between September 2011 and August 2016, due to suspected ACS (unstable angina and myocardial infarction) were screened for the study. The inclusion criteria were precordial discomfort within 48 hours prior to admission associated with at least one of the following criteria:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Positive myocardial necrosis marker, defined by troponin T &#8805; 0.01 ug/L or troponin I &gt; 0.034 g/L, which corresponds to values above 99 percent;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Ischemic electrocardiographic alteration, consisting of inversion of the T wave (&#8805; 0.1 mV) or alterations of the ST segment (&#8805; 0.05 mV); and</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Previously documented coronary artery disease, defined by a history of myocardial infarction with Q wave or previous angiography demonstrating coronary obstruction &#8805; 70%.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>The protocol is in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki, released by the Research Ethic Committee of the institution and all patients evaluated signed the Informed Consent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>GRACE Score</title>
        <p>The clinical data of each patient&#8217;s admission in the emergency unit, electrocardiograms performed within the first 6 hours of treatment, troponin T and troponin I dosage in the first 12 hours of treatment and the value of the first plasma creatinine were used to calculate the GRACE Score. The increased myocardial necrosis marker as a component of the scores was defined as troponin over 99 percent. The GRACE Score consists of eight variables: five semi-quantitative ones, <italic>i.e.</italic>, different weight for each age range (systolic blood pressure, heart rate, plasma creatinine and Killip class); and three dichotomic ones (ST segment depression, elevation of myocardial necrosis marker and cardiac arrest at the moment of admission). The final score can range from 0 to 372.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>The accuracy of the GRACE Score was evaluated by discrimination and calibration analyses, which were compared between two groups: one referred to as &#8220;very elderly&#8221; and the other as &#8220;not very elderly&#8221;; the first one defined by individuals &#8805; 80 years old. The GRACE Score has its performance evaluated by the ability to predict death by any given cause during the hospitalization period.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Numerical variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation when presenting normal distribution or a small deviation from normality, whilst median and interquartile interval were preferable in the presence of at least a moderate deviation from normality. The analysis of normality was performed through combined visualization of the histogram and Q-Q plots, description of <italic>skewness</italic> and <italic>kurtosis</italic> with confidence intervals, and normality tests (Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov). Continuous variables were compared by the Student&#8217;s t-test or Wilcoxon test when they presented normal and non-normal distribution, respectively. Categorical variables were expressed in proportion and compared through the &#967;<sup>2</sup> test .</p>
        <p>The discriminatory capacity of the GRACE Score for mortality was evaluated by the area below the curve of receiver operator characteristics - ROC (statistic-C), which was compared between the two groups by the unpaired Hanley-McNeil test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The calibration of the scores had a hypothesis test carried out by the Hosmer-Lemeshow technique and was described by the comparison between mortality predicted by GRACE and the one observed in each prediction quartile. The influence of age in the performance of GRACE was tested by the p-value of the interaction by logistic regression analysis.</p>
        <p>The SPSS software, version 21, was used. The statistical significance was defined by two-tailed p-value lower than 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of the sample</title>
        <p>A total of 994 individuals were studied, of which 57% were male and 77% had non-ST elevation ACS. The mean age of the sample was 65 &#177; 13 years old, of which 173 (17%) were classified as very elderly for being 80 years old or older. The mean age of the very elderly was 85 &#177; 3.7 years old, compared to 61 &#177; 11 years of age in the rest of the sample (p &lt; 0.001). The GRACE Score for very elderly patients was 162 &#177; 34, significantly higher than the one of other patients (115 &#177; 35; p &lt; 0.001). This higher score in GRACE for very elderly people is due to the difference not only in age, but also in the variables troponin, non-ST elevation, Killip and blood pressure. Percutaneous revascularization during hospitalization was similar in both groups, while surgical revascularization was less frequent in the group of the very elderly. During hospitalization, in-hospital mortality was 5.8% of the total sample, being significantly higher in the group of very elderly people in relation to patients with less than 80 years of age (16% <italic>versus</italic> 3.7%; p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of clinical characteristics, laboratory characteristics, GRACE Score and mortality between very elderly versus not very elderly</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Age &#8805; 80</th>
                <th align="center">Age &lt; 80</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sample size</td>
                <td align="center">173 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">821 (83%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">85 &#177; 3.7</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">82 (47.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">487 (59.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.004<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Non-ST elevation ACS</td>
                <td align="center">23 (13.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">205 (25.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">60 (35.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">300 (37.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.613<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Non-ST elevation</td>
                <td align="center">55 (32.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">308 (37.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.155<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Positive troponin</td>
                <td align="center">123 (71.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">557 (68.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.403<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Classification of Killip</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Killip I</td>
                <td align="center">127 (73.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">724 (88.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Killip II</td>
                <td align="center">21 (12.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (6.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Killip III</td>
                <td align="center">23 (13.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (5.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Killip IV</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (0.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systolic pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">151 &#177; 32</td>
                <td align="center">155 &#177; 30</td>
                <td align="center">0.098<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart rate</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">0.519<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Serum Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.669<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobin at admission</td>
                <td align="center">13 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">14 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triarterial or LMD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">38 (30.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">126 (18.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Percutaneous Coronary Intervention<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold></td>
                <td align="center">66 (39.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">368 (45.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.129<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Revascularization surgery<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold></td>
                <td align="center">4 (2.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (11.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GRACE Score</td>
                <td align="center">162 &#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center">115 &#177; 35</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">In-hospital death</td>
                <td align="center">28 (16.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (4.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>ACS: acute coronary syndrome;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Coronariography performed during hospitalization; LMD: left main disease;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Myocardial revascularization treatments during hospitalization;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Compared through Student's t-test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>Compared through &#967;<sup>2</sup> test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Discriminatory ability of the GRACE Score</title>
        <p>In the total sample, the GRACE Score had statistic-C of 0.87 (95% CI = 0.82 - 0.92) in predicting hospital death. GRACE&#8217;s statistic-C among the very elderly was 0.86 (95% CI = 0.78 - 0.93), without difference in relation to the value found in patients aged less than 80 years old (statistic-C = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.75 - 0.91), with p = 0.69 in the comparison of both curves (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). In the logistic regression in which GRACE and very elderly people were simultaneously inserted in the prediction model, there was no interaction between these two variables (p = 0.25). In addition, GRACE remained an independent predictor of age (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curves of the GRACE Score for the prediction of in-hospital mortality in patients aged &#8805; 80 years old versus &lt; 80 years old with acute coronary syndromes. Area below the curve in very elderly was 0.86 (95% CI = 0.78 - 0.93), with no difference in relation to the value found in patients aged &lt; 80 years old (statistic-C = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.75 - 0.91), with p = 0.69 in the comparison between both curves.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0024-70175-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>According to the ROC curve, the cutoff score in GRACE with best performance in the group of not very elderly was 134, with sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 76%. Among the very elderly, the cutoff point is displaced upward, with a value of 184, corresponding to the sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 87%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Calibration of the GRACE Score</title>
        <p>In the prediction of the incidence of death during hospitalization, the Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed satisfactory calibration in both groups, very elderly (&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 2.2; p = 0.98) and not very elderly (&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 9.0; p = 0.35). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>presents the stratified analysis per quartile of the probability predicted by GRACE for hospital death, comparing the predicted and the observed within both age groups. Only the fourth quartile had an underestimated predicted mortality compared to the one observed, in both groups.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Calibration of the GRACE Score in the prediction of in-hospital mortality in patients aged &#8805; 80 years old versus &lt; 80 years old with acute coronary syndromes. The graphics represent the comparison between predicted and observed mortality, in quartiles of probability predicted by the GRACE Score.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0024-70175-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study demonstrates that the GRACE Score presents satisfactory accuracy in predicting hospital death of very elderly individuals with ACS (octogenarian and nonagenarian ones). The comparison with individuals aged less than 80 years old did not show loss of discriminatory capacity or GRACE&#8217;s calibration as the age progressed. Statistic-C values above 0.80 with narrow confidence intervals, in addition to linear growth of mortality observed in the different quartiles of mortality predicted by GRACE, are clear evidence of maintenance of the performance of this score in very elderly. Although the fourth quartile of predicted mortality has underestimated the risk in relation to what was observed, this difference did not compromise the categorization of the fourth larger groups of risk, once that both the observed and the predicted were in mortality ranges considered high for ACS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> There was no interaction between the adequacy of GRACE&#8217;s model and the age range group defined by the cutoff point of 80 years of age, confirming GRACE&#8217;s accuracy among elderly.</p>
      <p>Age is the marker of greater influence on the probability of hospital death in patients hospitalized with ACS, with exponential risk growth as the value of this variable increases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The uncertainty of GRACE&#8217;s accuracy among very elderly individuals comes from the possibility that there could be less variability of important predicting values within a very advanced age range. For instance, the uniformity of advanced age in this sample may deprive this variable of its discriminatory power, which would not depict great contrast among the individuals. The inclination of this risk function may be lower when there are only very elderly patients. The same may occur with other variables which may be systematically altered in a very elderly sample. Also, the calibration of the score in estimating the numerical risk of death may be different for these patients, once the alpha constant (intercept) tends to be greater in samples with the highest risk. This could explain the need for recalibration of the score.</p>
      <p>This uncertainty becomes greater when realized that octogenarian patients were not well represented by the sample which derived and validated the GRACE Score as a hospital death predictor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The median age of that sample was 66 years old, with upper limit of 75 years of age for the interquartile interval, indicating that 3/4 of patients were less than 75 years old, with no description as to who were the octogenarian or the nonagenarian ones. Due to the uncertainty of this age range, &#8220;very elderly&#8221; was defined in our method as people from 80 years of age on, when the occurrence of fragility and comorbidities become more prevalent. Our findings are in agreement with preliminary studies which evaluated the GRACE Score in very elderly, respectively, two European works (Portugal and Spain), and two Chinese ones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Therefore, our results support the literature, being the first to compare the sample of very elderly with individuals aged less than 80 years old. That is, not only do we present an accurate score, but also the suggestion that there is no loss of accuracy.</p>
      <p>A risk-treatment paradox depending on age has been described in ACS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> that is, individuals with higher risk being treated in a more conservative way due to the fear of complications, while lower-risk and young individuals receive more aggressive treatment. The use of risk scores in elderly will potentially prevent this paradox, once it allows estimating greater magnitude of the benefit when more aggressive strategies are applied in patients with higher absolute risk derived from GRACE.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, it should be recognized that provided the mortality is an outcome resulting from cardiovascular protection <italic>versus</italic> complications in procedures, the greatest benefit in very elderly may be antagonized by greater incidence of complications. Therefore, we emphasize this age range needs validation of the GRACE Score as for the prediction of benefits of more aggressive therapeutic strategies. This is a gap to be filled by future studies.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, the present study represents a favorable evidence to the accurate use of the GRACE Score in the prediction of in-hospital death among octogenarian and nonagenarian patients hospitalized with ACS.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by FAPESB.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Antonio Mauricio dos Santos Cerqueira Junior, from Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital S&#227;o Rafael under the protocol number 35/11. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Cardiogeriatria</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acur&#225;cia Progn&#243;stica do Escore GRACE em Octogen&#225;rios e Nonagen&#225;rios com S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Mauricio dos Santos</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Gondim dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Menezes Barbosa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Calixto de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alexandre</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Kalil Beir&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sodr&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriella Sant&#8217;Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Suerdieck</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Gonzalez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Maria Noya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lu&#237;s Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia</bold> Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402. CEP 40150-080, Gra&#231;a, Salvador, BA - Brasil E-mail: <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cerqueira Junior AMS, Pereira LGS, Souza TMB, Correia VCA, Alexandre FKB, Suerdieck JG, Ferreira F, Rabelo MMN, Correia LCL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cerqueira Junior AMS, Pereira LGS, Souza TMB, Correia VCA, Sodr&#233; GA, Suerdieck JG, Ferreira F, Correia LCL; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:Cerqueira Junior AMS, Pereira LGS, Souza TMB, Correia VCA, Sodr&#233; GA, Suerdieck JG, Ferreira F, Rabelo MMN, Correia LCL; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cerqueira Junior AMS, Pereira LGS, Souza TMB, Correia VCA, Alexandre FKB, Sodr&#233; GA, Suerdieck JG, Ferreira F, Rabelo MMN, Correia LCL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Rabelo MMN, Correia LCL; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cerqueira Junior AMS, Souza TMB, Correia VCA, Alexandre FKB, Sodr&#233; GA, Suerdieck JG, Ferreira F, Rabelo MMN, Correia LCL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O Escore GRACE foi derivado e validado por coorte de question&#225;vel representatividade de indiv&#237;duos octogen&#225;rios e nonagen&#225;rios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Testar a acur&#225;cia do Escore GRACE na predi&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito hospitalar em indiv&#237;duos muito idosos com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCAs).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Coleta prospectiva realizada em unidade coronariana de hospital terci&#225;rio, durante o per&#237;odo de setembro de 2011 a agosto de 2016. Indiv&#237;duos consecutivamente internados com SCA foram selecionados e o grupo muito idoso definido por idade &#8805; 80 anos. A acur&#225;cia do Escore GRACE foi testada quanto &#224; predi&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito hospitalar. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida por valor p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 994 indiv&#237;duos, sendo 57% do sexo masculino, 77% com SCA sem supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST e 173 pacientes muito idosos. A m&#233;dia geral de idade foi 65 &#177; 13 anos, e a m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes muito idosos, 85 &#177; 3,7 anos. A estat&#237;stica-C do Escore GRACE em indiv&#237;duos muito idosos foi de 0,86 (95% IC = 0,78 - 0,93), sem diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos mais jovens (0,83; 95% IC = 0,75 - 0,91), com p = 0,69. A calibra&#231;&#227;o do escore em muito idosos foi descrita por Teste &#967;<sup>2</sup> de Hosmer-Lemeshow = 2,2 (p = 0,98), enquanto os demais pacientes apresentaram &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 9,0 (p = 0,35). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para predi&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito n&#227;o revelou intera&#231;&#227;o entre Escore GRACE e a vari&#225;vel muito idoso (p = 0,25).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O Escore GRACE em indiv&#237;duos muito idosos &#233; acurado para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade hospitalar em SCA, semelhante para indiv&#237;duos mais jovens.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso de 80 anos ou mais</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Confiabilidade dos Dados</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>S&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCAs) constituem uma importante causa de &#243;bito intra-hospitalar no mundo ocidental.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Em virtude da grande heterogeneidade de apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e progn&#243;stica de SCA, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco &#233; indispens&#225;vel para que condutas mais agressivas sejam direcionadas a pacientes de risco mais alto. Nesse contexto, o Escore GRACE &#233; o mais acurado modelo preditor de morte hospitalar em SCA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, a deriva&#231;&#227;o e a valida&#231;&#227;o do Escore GRACE foram realizadas em coorte de baixa representatividade de indiv&#237;duos octogen&#225;rios ou nonagen&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Sendo a idade avan&#231;ada um importante marcador de risco, que acumula aspectos de fragilidade constitucional e maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades, h&#225; raz&#227;o para se questionar se o Escore GRACE tem a acur&#225;cia modificada em muito idosos.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo se prop&#244;s a testar a hip&#243;tese de que o Escore GRACE mant&#233;m acur&#225;cia satisfat&#243;ria na predi&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito hospitalar quando aplicado a indiv&#237;duos octogen&#225;rios e nonagen&#225;rios com SCAs. Para responder a essa quest&#227;o, utilizamos a coorte do Registro Prospectivo de S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas, comparando a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria e a calibra&#231;&#227;o do GRACE entre indiv&#237;duos com idade &#8805; 80 anos <italic>versus</italic> &lt; 80 anos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra</title>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos consecutivamente admitidos na unidade coronariana de um hospital terci&#225;rio, entre setembro de 2011 e agosto de 2016, devido &#224; suspeita de SCA (angina inst&#225;vel e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio) foram triados para o estudo. O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o foi desconforto precordial nas 48 horas anteriores &#224; admiss&#227;o, associado a pelo menos um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica positivo, definido por troponina T &#8805; 0,01 ug/L ou troponina I &gt; 0,034 g/L, o que corresponde a valores acima do percentil 99;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica isqu&#234;mica, consistindo de invers&#227;o de onda T (&#8805; 0,1 mV) ou altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST (&#8805; 0,05 mV); e</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>doen&#231;a arterial coronariana previamente documentada, definida por hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com onda Q ou angiografia pr&#233;via demonstrando obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana &#8805; 70%.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>O protocolo est&#225; em conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, liberado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o, e todos os pacientes avaliados assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Escore GRACE</title>
          <p>Para c&#225;lculo do Escore GRACE, foram utilizados dados cl&#237;nicos da admiss&#227;o de cada paciente na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia, eletrocardiogramas realizados nas primeiras 6 horas de atendimento, dosagens de troponina T ou troponina I referentes &#224;s primeiras 12 horas de atendimento e o valor da primeira creatinina plasm&#225;tica. A eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica como componente dos escores foi definida como troponina acima do percentil 99. O Escore GRACE &#233; formado por oito vari&#225;veis: cinco semiquantitativas, ou seja, diferente peso para cada estrato de idade (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, creatinina plasm&#225;tica e classe de Killip); e tr&#234;s dicot&#244;micas (infradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST, eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica e parada card&#237;aca na admiss&#227;o). O escore final pode variar de 0 a 372.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>A acur&#225;cia do Escore GRACE foi avaliada pelas an&#225;lises de discrimina&#231;&#227;o e calibra&#231;&#227;o, que foram comparadas entre dois grupos: um denominado &#8220;muito idosos&#8221; e outro, &#8220;n&#227;o muito idosos&#8221;, sendo o primeiro definido por idade &#8805; 80 anos. O Escore GRACE teve seu desempenho avaliado pela capacidade de predizer o desfecho morte por qualquer causa durante o per&#237;odo de internamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o quando apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou pequeno desvio da normalidade, enquanto mediana e intervalo interquartil foram preferidos na presen&#231;a de desvio pelo menos moderado da normalidade. A an&#225;lise de normalidade foi feita pelo combinado da visualiza&#231;&#227;o do histograma e Q-Q <italic>plots</italic>, descri&#231;&#227;o de <italic>skewness</italic> e <italic>kurtosis</italic> com intervalos de confian&#231;a, e testes de normalidade (Shapiro-Wilk e Kolmogorov-Smirnov). Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas pelo teste T de Student ou teste de Wilcoxon quando apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e n&#227;o normal, respectivamente. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em propor&#231;&#227;o e comparadas pelo teste<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>.</p>
          <p>A capacidade discriminat&#243;ria do Escore GRACE para mortalidade foi avaliada pela &#225;rea abaixo da curva <italic>receiver operator characteristics</italic> - ROC (estat&#237;stica-C), sendo comparada entre os dois grupos pelo teste n&#227;o pareado de Hanley-McNeil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A calibra&#231;&#227;o dos escores teve teste de hip&#243;tese realizado pela t&#233;cnica de Hosmer-Lemeshow e foi descrita pela compara&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade predita pelo GRACE com a observada em cada quartil de predi&#231;&#227;o. A influ&#234;ncia da idade no desempenho do GRACE foi testada pelo valor p da intera&#231;&#227;o por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</p>
          <p>Foi utilizado o <italic>software</italic> SPSS vers&#227;o 21. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida por valor p bicaudal menor que 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 994 indiv&#237;duos, dos quais 57% eram do sexo masculino e 77% apresentaram SCA sem supradesn&#237;vel do ST. Am&#233;dia de idade da amostra total foi 65 &#177; 13 anos, sendo 173 (17%) caracterizados como muito idosos por terem 80 anos ou mais. A m&#233;dia de idade dos muito idosos foi 85 &#177; 3,7 anos, comparado a 61 &#177; 11 anos no restante da amostra (p &lt; 0,001). A pontua&#231;&#227;o do Escore GRACE nos pacientes muito idosos foi de 162 &#177; 34, significativamente maior do que nos demais pacientes (115 &#177; 35; p &lt; 0,001). Essa maior pontua&#231;&#227;o do GRACE nos muito idosos deveu-se &#224; diferen&#231;a n&#227;o apenas da idade, mas tamb&#233;m das vari&#225;veis troponina, infradesn&#237;vel do ST, Killip e press&#227;o arterial. Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea durante o internamento foi semelhante nos dois grupos, enquanto revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi menos frequente no grupo de muito idosos. Durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, a mortalidade hospitalar foi de 5,8% na amostra total, sendo significativamente maior no grupo de muito idosos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com menos de 80 anos (16% <italic>versus</italic> 3,7%; p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, das caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais, do Escore GRACE e da mortalidade entre muito idosos versus n&#227;o muito idosos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Idade &#8805; 80</th>
                  <th align="center">Idade &lt; 80</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tamanho amostral</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">821 (83%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 &#177; 3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (47,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">487 (59,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SCA com supradesn&#237;vel ST</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (13,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">205 (25,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (35,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">300 (37,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,613<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infradesn&#237;vel do ST</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (32,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">308 (37,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,155<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Troponina positiva</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (71,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">557 (68,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,403<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Killip I</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (73,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">724 (88,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Killip II</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (12,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (6,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Killip III</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (13,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (5,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Killip IV</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (0,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">151 &#177; 32</td>
                  <td align="center">155 &#177; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,098<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">80 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">80 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,519<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,669<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemoglobina da admiss&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">13 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">14 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Triarterial ou TCE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (30,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (18,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold></td>
                  <td align="center">66 (39,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">368 (45,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,129<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold></td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (11,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore GRACE</td>
                  <td align="center">162 &#177; 34</td>
                  <td align="center">115 &#177; 35</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#211;bito hospitalar</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (16,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (4,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#167;</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Coronariografia realizada durante o internamento; TCE: tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Tratamentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica durante o internamento;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>Comparadas pelo teste T de Student;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>&#167;</label>
                <p>Comparadas pelo teste &#967;<sup>2</sup>.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Capacidade discriminat&#243;ria do Escore GRACE</title>
          <p>Na amostra total, o Escore GRACE apresentou estat&#237;stica-C de 0,87 (95% IC = 0,82 - 0,92) na predi&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito hospitalar. A estat&#237;stica-C do GRACE nos muito idosos foi de 0,86 (95% IC = 0,78 - 0,93), sem diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor encontrado nos pacientes com menos de 80 anos (estat&#237;stica-C = 0,83; 95% IC = 0,75 - 0,91), com p = 0,69 na compara&#231;&#227;o das duas curvas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Em an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica em que GRACE e muito idosos foram inseridos simultaneamente no modelo preditor, n&#227;o houve intera&#231;&#227;o (modifica&#231;&#227;o de feito) entre essas duas vari&#225;veis (p = 0,25). Al&#233;m disso, o GRACE permaneceu preditor independente da idade (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <p>De acordo com a curva ROC, o ponto de corte do Escore GRACE de melhor desempenho no grupo de n&#227;o muito idosos foi 134, com sensibilidade de 83% e especificidade de 76%. Nos muito idosos, o ponto de corte &#233; deslocado para cima, com valor de 184, correspondendo &#224; sensibilidade de 77% e especificidade de 87%.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas ROC do Escore GRACE para a predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes &#8805; 80 anos versus &lt; 80 anos com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas. &#193;rea abaixo da curva nos muito idosos foi de 0,86 (95% IC = 0,78 - 0,93), sem diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor encontrado nos pacientes &lt; 80 anos (estat&#237;stica-C = 0,83; 95% IC = 0,75 - 0,91), com p = 0,69 na compara&#231;&#227;o das duas curvas.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0024-70175-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Calibra&#231;&#227;o do Escore GRACE</title>
          <p>Na predi&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de &#243;bito durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, o teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow mostrou calibra&#231;&#227;o satisfat&#243;ria em ambos os grupos, muito idosos (&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 2,2; p = 0,98) e n&#227;o muito idosos (&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 9,0; p = 0,35). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref> apresenta uma an&#225;lise estratificada por quartis de probabilidade prevista pelo GRACE para &#243;bito hospitalar, comparando-se previsto e observado nos dois grupos et&#225;rios. Percebe-se que a incid&#234;ncia observada acompanhou a prevista de forma proporcional nos dois grupos et&#225;rios. Apenas no quarto quartil houve subestimativa da mortalidade prevista em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; observada, em ambos os grupos.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Calibra&#231;&#227;o do Escore GRACE na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes &#8805; 80 anos versus &lt; 80 anos com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas. Os gr&#225;ficos representam a compara&#231;&#227;o entre mortalidade predita e observada, em quartis de probabilidade prevista pelo Escore GRACE.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0024-70175-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo demonstra que o Escore GRACE possui acur&#225;cia satisfat&#243;ria na predi&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito hospitalar em indiv&#237;duos muito idosos com SAC (octogen&#225;rios e nonagen&#225;rios). A compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos com menos de 80 anos n&#227;o evidenciou perda da capacidade discriminat&#243;ria ou de calibra&#231;&#227;o do GRACE com o progredir da idade. Valores de estat&#237;stica-C maiores que 0,80 com estreitos intervalos de confian&#231;a, al&#233;m do linear crescimento de mortalidade observada nos diferentes quartis de mortalidade predita pelo GRACE, s&#227;o claras evid&#234;ncias de manuten&#231;&#227;o do desempenho desse escore em muito idosos. Embora no quarto quartil de mortalidade prevista tenha havido subestimativa de risco em rela&#231;&#227;o ao observado, essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o comprometeu a categoriza&#231;&#227;o do quarto maior grupo de risco, pois tanto o observado quanto o predito estavam em faixas de mortalidade consideradas altas para SCAs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Confirmando a acur&#225;cia do GRACE em idosos, n&#227;o houve intera&#231;&#227;o entre adequa&#231;&#227;o do modelo GRACE e grupo et&#225;rio definido pelo ponto de corte de 80 anos.</p>
        <p>Idade &#233; o marcador de maior for&#231;a de influ&#234;ncia na probabilidade de &#243;bito hospitalar em pacientes internados com SCA, observando-se crescimento exponencial de risco na medida em que o valor dessa vari&#225;vel aumenta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A origem da incerteza quanto &#224; acur&#225;cia do GRACE em indiv&#237;duos muito idosos deriva da possibilidade de que haja menor variabilidade dos valores de importantes preditores dentro de uma faixa et&#225;ria muito avan&#231;ada. Por exemplo, pode ser que a uniformidade de idade avan&#231;ada nesta amostra ampute o poder discriminat&#243;rio dessa vari&#225;vel, que n&#227;o apresentaria muito contraste entre os indiv&#237;duos. A inclina&#231;&#227;o dessa fun&#231;&#227;o de risco pode ser menor quando temos apenas pacientes muito idosos. O mesmo pode ocorrer com outras vari&#225;veis que podem estar sistematicamente alteradas em amostra muito idosa. Al&#233;m disso, a calibra&#231;&#227;o do escore em estimar o risco num&#233;rico de morte pode ser diferente nesses pacientes, visto que a constante alfa (<italic>intercept</italic>) tende a ser maior em amostras de mais alto risco. Isso poderia implicar na necessidade de recalibra&#231;&#227;o do escore.</p>
        <p>Essa incerteza se torna maior quando percebemos que indiv&#237;duos octogen&#225;rios n&#227;o foram bem representados pela amostra que derivou e validou o Escore GRACE como preditor de &#243;bito hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Naquela amostra, a mediana de idade foi 66 anos, com limite superior do intervalo interquartil de 75 anos, indicando que 3/4 dos pacientes tinham menos que 75 anos, sem descri&#231;&#227;o de quantos eram octogen&#225;rios ou nonagen&#225;rios. Devido &#224; incerteza dessa faixa et&#225;ria, definimos em nosso m&#233;todo o &#8220;muito idoso&#8221; a partir de 80 anos de idade, quando fen&#244;menos de fragilidade e comorbidades se tornam mais prevalentes. Nossos achados est&#227;o de acordo com estudos preliminares que avaliaram o Escore GRACE em muito idosos, respectivamente, dois trabalhos europeus (Portugal e Espanha), e dois chineses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Portanto, nossos resultados respaldam a impress&#227;o da literatura, sendo o primeiro a comparar a amostra de muito idosos com indiv&#237;duos com menos de 80 anos. Ou seja, n&#227;o s&#243; demonstramos um escore acurado, como trazemos a sugest&#227;o de que n&#227;o h&#225; perda de acur&#225;cia.</p>
        <p>Em SCAs t&#234;m sido descrito um paradoxo risco-tratamento dependente da idade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> ou seja, indiv&#237;duos de maior risco sendo tratados de forma mais conservadora devido ao temor de complica&#231;&#245;es, enquanto indiv&#237;duos de menor risco e mais jovens recebem tratamento de maior agressividade. O uso de escores de risco em idosos potencialmente prevenir&#225; esse paradoxo, pois permite estimar maior magnitude de benef&#237;cio quando estrat&#233;gias mais agressivas s&#227;o aplicadas em pacientes com maior risco absoluto derivado do GRACE.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, devemos reconhecer que sendo mortalidade um desfecho l&#237;quido resultante de prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular <italic>versus</italic> complica&#231;&#245;es de procedimentos, o maior benef&#237;cio no muito idoso pode ser antagonizado por maior incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es. Portanto, salientamos que nessa faixa et&#225;ria faz-se necess&#225;rio demonstrar valida&#231;&#227;o do Escore GRACE quanto &#224; predi&#231;&#227;o de benef&#237;cio de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas mais agressivas. Essa &#233; uma lacuna a ser preenchida por futuros estudos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o presente estudo representa uma evid&#234;ncia favor&#225;vel &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o acurada do Escore GRACE para predi&#231;&#227;o de morte hospitalar em octogen&#225;rios e nonagen&#225;rios internados com SCA.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FAPESB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Antonio Mauricio dos Santos Cerqueira Junior pela Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital S&#227;o Rafael sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 35/11. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
