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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kbdGjyfVVcTXNkxHjKMrCQj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000100007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170181</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Clinical Arrhythmia</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Oral Anticoagulation in Atrial Fibrillation: Development and Evaluation of a Mobile Health Application to Support Shared Decision-Making</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stephan</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Siga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Dytz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Boesche</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ley</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Gaudie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assis</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Val&#233;ria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Addres: Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria</bold> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. Postal Code 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>pesquisa.leiria@gmail.com</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Stephan LS, Almeida ED, Guimar&#227;es RB, Ley AG, Mathias RG, Assis MV, Leiria TLL; Acquisition of data: Stephan LS, Almeida ED, Guimar&#227;es RB, Ley AG; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Stephan LS, Almeida ED, Guimar&#227;es RB, Ley AG, Leiria TLL; Obtaining financing: Stephan LS, Leiria TLL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>7</fpage>
      <lpage>15</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Atrial fibrillation is responsible for one in four strokes, which may be prevented by oral anticoagulation, an underused therapy around the world. Considering the challenges imposed by this sort of treatment, mobile health support for shared decision-making may improve patients&#8217; knowledge and optimize the decisional process.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To develop and evaluate a mobile application to support shared decision about thromboembolic prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We developed an application to be used during the clinical visit, including a video about atrial fibrillation, risk calculators, explanatory graphics and information on the drugs available for treatment. In the pilot phase, 30 patients interacted with the application, which was evaluated qualitatively and by a disease knowledge questionnaire and a decisional conflict scale.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The number of correct answers in the questionnaire about the disease was significantly higher after the interaction with the application (from 4.7 &#177; 1.8 to 7.2 &#177; 1.0, p &lt; 0.001). The decisional conflict scale, administered after selecting the therapy with the app support, resulted in an average of 11 &#177; 16/100 points, indicating a low decisional conflict.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The use of a mobile application during medical visits on anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation improves disease knowledge, enabling a shared decision with low decisional conflict. Further studies are needed to confirm if this finding can be translated into clinical benefit.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants / therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorrhage</kwd>
        <kwd>Medication Adherence</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects 33.5 million people in the world<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and is the cause of 28% of strokes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Prophylaxis with oral anticoagulants (OACs) can reduce the risk of stroke by 60-70%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> with a variable risk of bleeding.</p>
      <p>AF guidelines recommend the use of the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc (for stroke) and HAS-BLED (for bleeding) risk scores to recognize those patients who will benefit the most from anticoagulants.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> More recently, the SAMe-TT<sub>2</sub>R<sub>2</sub> score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> was validated to predict a poor anticoagulation control with coumarins, contributing to the selection of the anticoagulant type. Although many scores are available,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> their use should be done with caution. The current European guideline,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> for example, recommends the use of bleeding scores to identify modifiable risk factors for major bleeding rather than to contraindicate anticoagulation. Besides, these scores do not take into account patients&#8217; worries, objectives and values, and do not evaluate costs, posology, and frequency of visits to physician and exams, which influence adherence to treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The complexity of such decision process is reflected in the suboptimal number of patients who receive an OAC prescription, maintain target coagulation and adhere to drug treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>New approaches for the management of chronic diseases have been patient-centered, in which the patient practices shared treatment decision making, leading to improved outcomes and efficacy of the health system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Patients with AF are likely to benefit from these strategies, due to the importance of patient ownership of decisions that require patient action, such as taking the medication and monitoring of treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Mobile health technology, or just mobile health (mHealth) - seems promising in expanding healthcare coverage, facilitating the decision-making process and improving the management of chronic diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In 2015, more than 3 billion health app downloads were made worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> It is important that this new technology includes other specific groups, such as the elderly and low-income adults with limited access to mobile communication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>.</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In this article, we describe the development of a mHealth application to be used during medical visits, aiming to facilitate the shared decision-making on thromboembolic prophylaxis in AF. The app was tested in low-income patients with low educational attainment by the measurement of disease knowledge before and after its use.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Development of the application</title>
        <p>The development staff was composed by a cardiologist, an electrophysiologist, a software developer and a designer.</p>
        <p>First, the following fundamental aspects were defined: condition/problem to be approached (thromboembolic prophylaxis in AF); target users/population (patients with AF and low socioeconomic and cultural status); initial application targets (increased knowledge about disease and treatment); situation in which the app would be used (during medical visits); device in which the app would be installed (doctor&#8217;s tablet computer) and programming languages (Android and iOS).</p>
        <p>A comprehensive literature review was performed, including the main randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines on AF and OAC, which provided the main scores to be used and relevant information to be conveyed to the users.</p>
        <p>Aiming to translate this information into knowledge to the patient, a simplified navigation through five screens (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>): (1) Knowing the disease - a video about how AF occurs and how it can cause a thromboembolic event; (2) Individualizing the risks - a calculator integrated with the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc, HAS-BLED and SAMe-TT2R2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> scores; (3) Understanding risks and benefits - a screen with pictograms to visualize the percentage of the risk of stroke and bleeding in each treatment option; (4) Knowing the treatment option - a summary of the main characteristics of the drugs available; and (5) Making a choice - the final screen, in which information is saved and the number of patient&#8217;s cell phone may be registered to receive information via Short Message Service (SMS).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Main screens of the aFib app, developed to help in the shared decision about thromboembolic prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0007-70181-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>This navigation format emphasized the main points, providing additional access to more detailed information through the links, according to the users&#8217; needs. For example, in the area of medications, data of posology, approximate costs, advantages and disadvantages of each drug were informed. Also, the official package insert of the drug provided by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency was accessible through a link. Push technology by SMS is a strategy used to enhance the provision of information without overloading the patient with information in only one meeting. In this technology, the patient periodically receives alerts on the importance of adhering to drug therapy and doing some tests, as well as disease information, which can be saved in message box for further reading by the patient.</p>
        <p>We opted for a clean and clear design, with a color code for the risks and the use of graphical information whenever possible to complement the written information. Terminology was adapted to the target users. Personal health information were protected by unique identification and secured by cryptography. A privacy policy was presented prior to the use.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>Intervention study in patients diagnosed with AF in the anticoagulation outpatient service at Porto Alegre Institute of Cardiology, in April and May 2016.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Population and sample characteristics</title>
        <p>The study population comprised patients attending the anticoagulation outpatient service, and the study was carried out during patients&#8217; waiting time for the prothrombin time (PT) test. Before starting their treatment at the anticoagulation outpatient service, each patient receives instructions about AF, the use of OAC, as well as appropriate dose adjustment every 1-3 months. In ten random mornings, all AF patients attending the outpatient center for the PT test were invited for the study and all of them agreed to participate. There was no patient with severe visual disorder, hearing loss or cognitive disorder that would impair patient&#8217;s interaction with the app. Patients with one of these conditions would be excluded from the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pilot study and sample calculation</title>
        <p>In the pilot phase, the beta version of the app was used with 10 patients, who gave their feedback to questions about usability, written and visual language, understanding of information, design and adequacy of time for scrolling the screens. Before the appointment, a questionnaire developed by the investigators was administered to measure the mean level of knowledge about AF in this population. This questionnaire sought to evaluate the minimum essential information required for the patient to understand their condition and adhere to the treatment. Patients were asked to answer each of eight statements with &#8220;true&#8221;, &#8220;false&#8221; or &#8220;don&#8217;t know&#8221;. All statements were true. Mean number of correct answers was 5.9 &#177; 1.37 (73% of correct answers). In a previous study conducted at the same service, 64% of patients had adequate knowledge about the therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Considering that the number of correct answers was estimated to increase to 8 (100% of correct answers) after the explanatory intervention, 18 patients were required for a 5% alpha error and a beta error of 90%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcome measures</title>
        <p>After adjustments made after the feedback of the pilot study patients, the app was tested in a sample of 20 patients.</p>
        <p>As the primary outcome, we analyzed the scores obtained by the patients in the AF knowledge questionnaire before and after the interaction with the app.</p>
        <p>As secondary outcome, we evaluated patients&#8217; scores in the Decisional Conflict Scale in Health (DCSH) by O&#8217;Connor,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> used to evaluate strategies for shared decision-making in health care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> DCSH was validated in Portuguese in 2013 by Martinho et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and included questions on uncertainties, knowledge, values and provided support. The total score varied from 0 (no decisional conflict) to 100 (extremely high decisional conflict). Also as a secondary outcome, we analyzed the perceived risk of stroke and bleeding with the use of OAC. Patients were asked if they believed they had a low, moderate, or high risk of each event. This question was repeated after the interaction with the app, and results were compared with the &#8220;real&#8221; risk, calculated by the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc and HAS-BLED scores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 20.0. Tables of absolute and relative frequencies were used for sample characterization. Normality of data was tested by the Shapiro-Wilk test.</p>
        <p>Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean and standard deviation, and those with non-normal distribution as median and interquartile ranges. Mean knowledge scores about the disease, before and after the intervention, were compared using the paired Student&#8217;s t-test and risk perception was compared with the Wilcoxon test. The level of significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical considerations</title>
        <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Institute of Cardiology University Foundation. Privacy, anonymity and confidentiality of data collected were guaranteed, and informed consent form was presented to the patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Mean age of the 20 patients studied was 67.7 years; most patients were men (60.0%), white (83.3%) and lived with their relatives (53.3%). Self-reported educational level was some secondary education in 73.3% of patients, and 33.3% studied less than 4 years. Family income was lower than 2 minimum wages in 53.3% of patients. Most patients (66.7%) used anticoagulants for at least one year. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the socioeconomic characteristics and clotting time of the study population.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Socioeconomic characteristics of the population and time in anticoagulation therapy</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">67.7 &#177; 9.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex (%)</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White (%)</td>
              <td align="center">83.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Who patients live with</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alone (%)</td>
              <td align="center">16.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Companion (%)</td>
              <td align="center">26.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family (%)</td>
              <td align="center">53.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Institutionalized (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Schooling years</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0-4 years (%)</td>
              <td align="center">33.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">5-8 years (%)</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 8 years (%)</td>
              <td align="center">26.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Family income</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">4-10 minimum wages (%)</td>
              <td align="center">26.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2-4 minimum wages (%)</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 2 minimum wages (%)</td>
              <td align="center">53.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Time in anticoagulation therapy</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 1 month (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1 - 11 months (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1-5 years (%)</td>
              <td align="center">33.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 5 years (%)</td>
              <td align="center">33.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Not in current use</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the prevalence of the main risk factors included in the CHA2DS2-VASc, HAS-BLED and SAMe-TT2R2 scores, and the mean ratings obtained by the patients in these scores. The most prevalent comorbidities were arterial hypertension (80%), diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> (30%), and heart failure (30%). With respect to other factors that may influence the risk of bleeding and anticoagulation, the most common factors were the use of medications that interact with coumarins (43.3%), and the use of antiplatelet or anti-inflammatory drugs (26.7%). Most patients (86.6%) had a CHA2DS2-VASc score equal to or greater than 2 and 76.6% of patients had a SAMe-TT2R2 score equal to or greater than 2.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of the variables present in the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc, HAS-BLED and SAMe-TT2R2 scores and average scores</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="70%"/>
            <col width="30%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic blood pressure &gt; 160 mmHg (%)</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus (%)</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Congestive heart failure and ejection fraction &lt; 40% (%)</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiovascular disease (%)</td>
              <td align="center">23.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke or transient ischemic accident (%)</td>
              <td align="center">16.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Liver disease<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Kidney disease <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref> (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pulmonary disease (%)</td>
              <td align="center">16.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Labile or difficult-to-control INR <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref> (%)</td>
              <td align="center">23.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of or predisposition to major bleeding (%)</td>
              <td align="center">16.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of antiplatelet or anti-inflammatory agents (%)</td>
              <td align="center">26.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of medications that interact with coumarins (%)</td>
              <td align="center">43.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Abusive use of alcohol (%)</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking (%)</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc &#8805; 2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref> (%)</td>
              <td align="center">86.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc per score (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2</td>
              <td align="center">23.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3</td>
              <td align="center">23.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">4</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">5</td>
              <td align="center">13.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">7</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">8</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc</td>
              <td align="center">3 &#177; 1.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean HAS-BLED</td>
              <td align="center">2 &#177; 1.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAMe-TT2R2 &#8805; 2 // (%)</td>
              <td align="center">76.6</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Chronic liver disease (e.g.: cirrhosis), or biochemical evidence of significant liver dysfunction (bilirubin &gt; 2 - 3 times the upper level, transaminase or alkaline phosphatase &gt; 3 times the upper level);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Chronic hemodialysis, kidney transplant, serum creatinine &gt; 2.2 mg/dl;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p> in the target range &lt; 60% of times;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p> A score &#8805; 2 indicates the necessity of anticoagulation;// A score &#8805; indicates patients who require additional interventions to achieve an acceptable anticoagulation control with coumarins.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The number of correct answers in the disease knowledge questionnaire significantly increased after the interaction with the application, from 4.7 (&#177; 1.8) to 7.2 (&#177; 1.0), p &lt; 0.001. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> depicts the mean number of correct answers before and after the interaction.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean number of correct answers in the questionnaire about the disease before (4.7) and after (7.2) the intervention, compared by the paired-sample t test, indicating a significant increase in patients&#8217; knowledge after interacting with the application. Error bars indicate standard deviations, and circles represent the score of each patient.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0007-70181-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>DCSH administered to the patients after selecting the therapy with the aid of the app resulted in an average of 11 &#177; 16/100 points.</p>
      <p>Regarding risk perception, before interacting with the app, 20% of patients had an appropriate perception of their risk of stroke, and 75% believed to have a risk lower than the real risk. After the interaction, adequate perception increased to 30%, with a non-significant p-value (0.608). With respect to the risk of bleeding, before using the app, 45% of patients had a correct perception and 35% believed they had a higher risk than the real one. After using the app, there was a non-significant increase (0.218) in the adequate perception for 60% of patients. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> depicts variations in risk perception.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Risk perception of stroke and bleeding by the patients before and after interacting with the application compared with the real risk, calculated by the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc and HAS-BLED scores, showing a non-significant increase in the adequate perception of the risk. Comparisons were performed by the Wilcoxon test.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0007-70181-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The development of mHealth apps for specific populations and health problems is viable and should be stimulated. This study with low income and low educational level patients demonstrated increased knowledge about AF and anticoagulation after the use of the app, enabling a shared decision-making about anticoagulation, with low decisional conflict. However, the perception of stroke and bleeding risk was not affected by the application use.</p>
      <p>Thromboembolic prophylaxis in AF is a global problem. It is generally underused, of difficult management and known to be prone to poor adherence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> One of the proposed strategies to optimize the use of OAC is the shared decision-making, which is currently recommended in the guidelines as part of an integrated management of the disease, and a clinical performance indicator.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Patients&#8217; understanding of the therapy and their individual risk-benefit analysis is crucial in this process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in this knowledge, even in patients treated for years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several studies have mentioned instruments that facilitate shared decision-making strategies of anticoagulation in AF, by means of behavior change and patients&#8217; education using leaflets, and interventions using videos and softwares. A Cochrane meta-analysis published in 2013 reviewed these studies, and concluded that there is no sufficient evidence that evaluate the impact of these strategies on the International Normalized Ratio in therapeutic range (TTR, time in therapeutic range).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Another recent review concluded that decision-making strategies with patients&#8217; participation are powerful tools to improve the management of AF and that these instruments should be developed and tested.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Subsequently, the TREAT study, a randomized, controlled study of behavioral intervention in patients who had recently initiated warfarin, showed a significant improvement of TTR in six months, compared with usual care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Another study involving a multidisciplinary intervention for patients with AF, which included a decision support software, and was conducted and supervised by nurses and cardiologists, respectively, demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of cardiovascular deaths and hospitalization (14.3 vs. 20.8%; risk ration of 0.65; 95% CI 0.45-0.93).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>These interventions are based on the premise that the healthcare professional is responsible for the provision of essential information to the patient and for stimulating the patient to search for knowledge. In this context, technology shows up as an allied, by improving information access, organization, transmission and retention. In particular, mobile technology introduces a new era of health care, by bringing care closer to the patient and allowing a better doctor-patient interaction.</p>
      <p>In this rapidly expanding market, in 2015, there were 45,000 mHealth publishers and more than 3 billion mHealth app downloads.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Current evaluations are, in general, favorable. A recent analysis of the American Heart Association on mHealth and cardiovascular disease prevention included 69 apps for weight loss, increase in physical activity, smoking cessation, glycemic control, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Despite heterogeneous, positive results were found for the proposed behavioral changes, and future studies using more rigorous methodology, more diversified samples and a long-term follow-up were suggested to evaluate the duration of the effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>With respect to the target populations, the literature highlights the necessity of these technologies to encompass other specific populations - older subjects with age-related changes (e.g. reduced vision or mobility), minorities in need of culturally sensitive contents and interventions, and low-income adults with inconsistent access to mobile communication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>AF is a largely explored subject in mHealth. Most studies have reported the use of home monitoring devices for heart rate. With regards to patients&#8217; education, the American Heart Association and the European Society of Cardiology have high-quality applications and web materials in English that help in the shared decision-making process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> There are also many risk calculation methods available for the clinical practice. However, neither the development process nor the evaluation of these apps is described in the literature. Also, we have not found any support instrument for shared decision-making in AF, be it in mHealth or in other media.</p>
      <p>A strength of our study was the development of the app based on evidence, taking into account many factors mentioned in guidelines of shared decision making and care of anticoagulated patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> The level of patients&#8217; previous knowledge was analyzed, and the learning style was adequate to their preferences of terminology and navigability. The amount and detail of information was adjusted, and could be increased or reduced, according to each individual&#8217;s understanding.</p>
      <p>Another advantage was the fact that patients&#8217; evaluation could be saved for further analyses by other professionals, indicating the role of the instrument as a bridge in the multidisciplinary care. In an integrated outpatient service, for example, the patient could watch the video and have their risk factor evaluated during the screening process and focus on treatment during the medical visit.</p>
      <p>In addition, the selected population was appropriate for implementing a shared decision strategy. Most patients had a SAMe-TT2R2 score equal to or greater than two, suggesting a lower probability to maintain anticoagulation at acceptable levels with coumarins and hence a greater necessity for strategies for an adequate control.</p>
      <p>Results of the analysis of patients&#8217; risk perception showed how this understanding is inappropriate and requires attention. Most patients believed they had a stroke risk lower than the calculated and one third of patients believed they had a bleeding risk with the use of OAC higher than the calculated. Other studies showed similar results on awareness of the risk of stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Such inadequate understanding may lead to poor treatment adherence, since patients do not perceive themselves to be at risk for thromboembolic events and also believe they have a high risk of bleeding using the medication. After interacting with the app, no significant change in risk perception was observed. In attempt to improve such perception, the following observation was added to the second version of the app, currently under test: &#8220;This risk is considered LOW/INTERMEDIATE/HIGH&#8221;, with a color code to each level of risk (green/yellow/red), together with the percentages exhibited on the screen &#8220;Understanding risks and benefits&#8221;.</p>
      <p>Several limitations are inherent to the development of an instrument that utilizes a relatively new technology for our population. Although the screen size, the visual communication methods and the terminology had been carefully considered, they still can be inadequate for some patients. Besides, even though the information provided to the patients had been adapted to the patients, the fact that it had been excessive in some cases and not maintained after some months cannot be ruled out. It is expected that the continuous provision of information by SMS compensate part of this issue. Besides, the interaction with the app may be repeated in other visits whenever necessary.</p>
      <p>The small number of patients studied may also be questioned. Nevertheless, in studies evaluating the usability of apps, the number of subjects involved is usually small and shown sufficient.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Another current limitation is the necessity of a long-term evaluation of the outcomes, such as the TTR, adherence and occurrence of thromboembolic events and bleeding. This limitation is expected to be eliminated with a randomized intervention study, by using the app in the care of our patients attending the anticoagulation outpatient service and comparing the results with the care currently provided.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The use of the mHealth app during the medical visit about anticoagulation in AF improves disease knowledge and the treatment of low-income patients with low educational level, enabling a shared decision with low decisional conflict. Further studies are needed to confirm whether such improvement can be translated into hard outcomes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Laura Siga Stephan, from Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC)</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia under the protocol number 5043/14. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Arritmia Cl&#237;nica</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o Oral na Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Desenvolvimento e Avalia&#231;&#227;o de um Aplicativo de Sa&#250;de M&#243;vel para Suporte &#224; Decis&#227;o Compartilhada</article-title>
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            <surname>Stephan</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Siga</given-names>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Dytz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Raphael Boesche</given-names>
          </name>
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        </contrib>
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            <given-names>Antonio Gaudie</given-names>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assis</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Val&#233;ria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria</bold> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. CEP 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>pesquisa.leiria@gmail.com</email>, <email>editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Stephan LS, Almeida ED, Guimar&#227;es RB, Ley AG, Mathias RG, Assis MV, Leiria TLL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Stephan LS, Almeida ED, Guimar&#227;es RB, Ley AG; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Stephan LS, Almeida ED, Guimar&#227;es RB, Ley AG, Leiria TLL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Stephan LS, Leiria TLL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; causa de um em cada quatro acidentes vasculares cerebrais, que podem ser prevenidos com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, uma terapia subutilizada globalmente. Considerando os desafios desse tratamento, instrumentos de sa&#250;de m&#243;vel para suporte &#224; decis&#227;o compartilhada podem melhorar o conhecimento do paciente e otimizar o processo decis&#243;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Desenvolver e avaliar um aplicativo m&#243;vel para suporte &#224; decis&#227;o compartilhada na profilaxia tromboemb&#243;lica em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foi desenvolvido um aplicativo para ser usado durante a consulta m&#233;dica, contendo um v&#237;deo sobre fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, calculadoras de escores de risco, gr&#225;ficos explicativos e orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre os f&#225;rmacos dispon&#237;veis para o tratamento. Durante o desenvolvimento, 30 pacientes interagiram com o aplicativo, que foi avaliado qualitativamente e pela aplica&#231;&#227;o de um question&#225;rio de conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a e de uma escala de conflito em tomadas de decis&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O n&#250;mero de acertos no question&#225;rio de conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a teve um aumento significativo ap&#243;s a intera&#231;&#227;o com o aplicativo (de 4,7 &#177; 1,8 para 7,2 &#177; 1,0, p &lt; 0,001). A escala de conflito em tomadas de decis&#227;o, aplicada ap&#243;s a escolha da terapia com o suporte do aplicativo, resultou em uma m&#233;dia de 11 &#177; 16/100 pontos, indicando baixo conflito decis&#243;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O uso de um aplicativo m&#243;vel durante a consulta sobre anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial melhora o conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a, permitindo uma escolha compartilhada com baixo conflito decis&#243;rio. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para verificar se isso se traduz em benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes / uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorragia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ades&#227;o &#224; Medica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) afeta 33,5 milh&#245;es de pessoas mundialmente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e &#233; causa de 28% de todos os Acidentes Vasculares Cerebrais (AVC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A profilaxia com anticoagulantes orais (ACO) &#233; capaz de reduzir o risco de AVC em 60-70%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> no entanto com risco de sangramento vari&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>As diretrizes de FA recomendam a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos escores de risco CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc (para AVC) e HAS-BLED (para sangramento), no intuito de reconhecer os pacientes que mais se beneficiar&#227;o dos anticoagulantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Mais recentemente, o escore de SAMe-TT<sub>2</sub>R<sub>2</sub><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> foi validado para predizer um mau controle da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com cumar&#237;nicos, auxiliando na escolha do tipo de anticoagulante. Diversos outros escores tamb&#233;m est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> no entanto, seu uso deve ser criterioso. A atual diretriz europeia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> por exemplo, indica o uso dos escores de sangramento para identificar fatores de risco modific&#225;veis para sangramento maior e n&#227;o para contraindicar a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, os escores n&#227;o levam em considera&#231;&#227;o as preocupa&#231;&#245;es, objetivos e valores dos pacientes, assim como n&#227;o avaliam custos, posologia e periodicidade de consultas e exames, fatores que impactam na ader&#234;ncia medicamentosa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A complexidade desse processo decis&#243;rio reflete-se no n&#250;mero sub&#243;timo de pacientes que recebem prescri&#231;&#227;o de ACO, que mant&#234;m sua anticoagula&#231;&#227;o no alvo e que aderem &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Novas abordagens para o manejo de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas t&#234;m frisado a centraliza&#231;&#227;o no paciente, ao qual s&#227;o fornecidas ferramentas para uma decis&#227;o compartilhada sobre seus tratamentos, melhorando desfechos e a efetividade dos sistemas de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Os pacientes com FA parecem ser especialmente propensos a se beneficiar dessas estrat&#233;gias, dada a import&#226;ncia da apropria&#231;&#227;o do paciente de decis&#245;es que exigem a&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria, como tomar a medica&#231;&#227;o e monitorar o tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A tecnologia de sa&#250;de m&#243;vel - referida mais comumente pelo seu termo em ingl&#234;s, <italic>mobile</italic>
					<italic>health</italic> (<italic>mHealth</italic>) - parece promissora em expandir a cobertura dos cuidados de sa&#250;de, facilitar a tomada de decis&#245;es e melhorar o manejo de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Em 2015, mais de 3 bilh&#245;es de <italic>downloads</italic> de aplicativos (<italic>apps</italic>) de sa&#250;de foram feitos ao redor do mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> &#201; importante que essa nova tecnologia inclua tamb&#233;m grupos espec&#237;ficos como idosos e adultos de baixa renda com acesso limitado &#224; comunica&#231;&#227;o m&#243;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Neste artigo, descrevemos o desenvolvimento de um aplicativo em <italic>mHealth</italic> para ser usado durante a consulta m&#233;dica, com o objetivo de facilitar a decis&#227;o compartilhada sobre a profilaxia tromboemb&#243;lica na FA. O aplicativo foi testado em pacientes de baixa renda e baixa escolaridade medindo-se o conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a antes e ap&#243;s seu uso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenvolvimento do aplicativo</title>
          <p>A equipe de desenvolvimento foi composta por uma cardiologista, um eletrofisiologista, um desenvolvedor de software e uma designer.</p>
          <p>Inicialmente, foram definidos os seguintes aspectos fundamentais: condi&#231;&#227;o/problema a ser abordado (profilaxia tromboemb&#243;lica na FA); usu&#225;rio/popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo (pacientes com FA e baixo n&#237;vel s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mico-cultural); metas iniciais do aplicativo (aumento de conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a e o tratamento); situa&#231;&#227;o na qual o aplicativo seria utilizado (durante a consulta m&#233;dica); dispositivo para a vers&#227;o inicial (<italic>tablet</italic> do m&#233;dico) e linguagens de programa&#231;&#227;o (Android e iOS).</p>
          <p>Foi ent&#227;o realizada ampla revis&#227;o liter&#225;ria, incluindo os principais ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas, metan&#225;lises e diretrizes sobre FA e ACO, de onde foram identificados os principais escores a serem utilizados e as informa&#231;&#245;es mais relevantes a serem transmitidas ao usu&#225;rio.</p>
          <p>Com o intuito de traduzir essa informa&#231;&#227;o em conhecimento para o paciente, foi desenvolvida uma navega&#231;&#227;o simplificada em cinco telas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>): (1) Conhecendo a doen&#231;a - um v&#237;deo sobre como ocorre a FA e como ela pode causar um evento tromboemb&#243;lico; (2) Individualizando os riscos - uma calculadora integrada com os escores de CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc, HAS-BLED e SAMe-TT<sub>2</sub>R<sub>2</sub>;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> (3) Entendendo riscos e benef&#237;cios - uma tela com pictogramas para visualiza&#231;&#227;o das porcentagens de risco de AVC e sangramento com cada op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento; (4) Conhecendo as op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento - um resumo das principais caracter&#237;sticas dos f&#225;rmacos dispon&#237;veis; e (5) Fazendo uma escolha - a tela final, em que as informa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o salvas e o n&#250;mero de celular do paciente pode ser cadastrado para continuar recebendo informa&#231;&#245;es, via <italic>Short Message Service</italic> (SMS).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Telas principais do aplicativo aFib, desenvolvido para auxiliar na decis&#227;o compartilhada sobre profilaxia tromboemb&#243;lica na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0007-70181-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Esse formato de navega&#231;&#227;o priorizou os pontos principais, proporcionando acesso adicional a informa&#231;&#245;es mais detalhadas pelos links, conforme necessidade dos usu&#225;rios. Por exemplo, na &#225;rea das medica&#231;&#245;es, s&#227;o informados posologia, custo aproximado, vantagens e desvantagens de cada f&#225;rmaco e pode-se acessar por um <italic>link</italic> a bula oficial da Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (Anvisa). Tamb&#233;m o uso da tecnologia de <italic>push</italic>, por meio de SMS, &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia para aumentar o fornecimento de informa&#231;&#245;es sem sobrecarregar o paciente em apenas um encontro. Periodicamente, s&#227;o enviados lembretes sobre a import&#226;ncia de aderir &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o, realizar exames, al&#233;m de conte&#250;do sobre a doen&#231;a, que pode ser salvo e consultado na caixa de mensagens.</p>
          <p>Optou-se por um <italic>design</italic> limpo e claro, com um c&#243;digo de cores para os riscos e utilizando informa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica sempre que poss&#237;vel para complementar a informa&#231;&#227;o escrita. A terminologia foi adaptada para se adequar aos usu&#225;rios-alvo. As informa&#231;&#245;es pessoais de sa&#250;de foram protegidas com uma identifica&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica e criptografadas. Uma pol&#237;tica de privacidade foi apresentada ao usu&#225;rio antes do uso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento</title>
          <p>Estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o em pacientes identificados com FA no ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o do Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre, nos meses de abril e maio de 2016.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o e amostra</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada compreendeu pacientes em acompanhamento no ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, durante a espera para a coleta do tempo de protrombina (TP). Antes de iniciar o acompanhamento nesse ambulat&#243;rio, os pacientes recebem as orienta&#231;&#245;es referentes a sua doen&#231;a e ao uso de ACO em consulta com seu m&#233;dico assistente e, ap&#243;s, recebem orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre o ajuste da dose a cada 1 a 3 meses. Em 10 manh&#227;s aleat&#243;rias de aplica&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o, foram convidados a participar do estudo todos os pacientes com FA que compareceram para coleta, sem nenhuma recusa. Nenhum paciente apresentou defici&#234;ncia visual, auditiva ou cognitiva graves que impedissem a intera&#231;&#227;o com o aplicativo, que seriam crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Projeto piloto e c&#225;lculo amostral</title>
          <p>No projeto piloto, a vers&#227;o beta do aplicativo foi usada em consulta com 10 pacientes, que forneceram <italic>feedback</italic> sobre quest&#245;es como usabilidade, linguagem escrita e visual, entendimento das informa&#231;&#245;es, <italic>design</italic> e adequabilidade do tempo para percorrer as telas. Antes da consulta, foi aplicado um question&#225;rio desenvolvido pelos pesquisadores para verificar o n&#237;vel de conhecimento m&#233;dio dessa popula&#231;&#227;o sobre FA. Esse question&#225;rio procurou avaliar o m&#237;nimo de informa&#231;&#245;es essenciais que o paciente precisaria ter para compreender sua condi&#231;&#227;o e aderir ao tratamento. Eram feitas 8 afirma&#231;&#245;es e o paciente podia escolher entre &#8220;verdadeiro&#8221;, &#8220;falso&#8221; ou &#8220;n&#227;o sei&#8221;. Todas as afirma&#231;&#245;es eram verdadeiras. O resultado foi de uma m&#233;dia de 5,9 acertos sobre um total de 8 (73% de acertos), com desvio padr&#227;o de 1,37. Em estudo pr&#233;vio nesse mesmo ambulat&#243;rio, a taxa de acertos em escore de conhecimento havia sido de 64%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Estimando-se que, ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o explanat&#243;ria, esse n&#250;mero de acertos aumentasse para 8 pontos (100% de acertos), foram necess&#225;rios 18 pacientes para um erro alfa de 5% e um erro beta de 90%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos analisados</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s ajustes realizados com o <italic>feedback</italic> dado pelos pacientes no projeto piloto, o aplicativo foi testado em uma amostra de 20 pacientes.</p>
          <p>Como desfecho prim&#225;rio, analisamos a pontua&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes no question&#225;rio de conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a, antes e ap&#243;s a intera&#231;&#227;o com o aplicativo.</p>
          <p>Como desfecho secund&#225;rio, foi avaliada a pontua&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes na Escala de Conflito em Tomadas de Decis&#227;o em Sa&#250;de (ECTDS) de O&#8217;Connor,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> utilizada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de decis&#227;o compartilhada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A ECTDS foi validada para a l&#237;ngua portuguesa em 2013 por Martinho et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e inclui questionamentos sobre incerteza, conhecimento, valores e suporte fornecido. O escore resultante das quest&#245;es varia de 0 (nenhum conflito decisional) a 100 (conflito decisional extremamente alto).</p>
          <p>Ainda como desfecho secund&#225;rio, foi analisada a percep&#231;&#227;o de risco de AVC e de sangramento com o uso de ACO. Os pacientes foram questionados se acreditavam ter um risco baixo, moderado ou alto de cada evento. Essa pergunta foi repetida ap&#243;s a intera&#231;&#227;o com o aplicativo e os resultados foram comparados o risco &#8220;real&#8221;, calculado pelos escores de CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc e HAS-BLED.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados no programa SPSS vers&#227;o 20.0. Foram elaboradas tabelas de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e percentuais para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra. A normalidade dos dados foi testada por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk.</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas em m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o e as com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal em medianas e intervalos interquartis. As m&#233;dias do escore de conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o foram comparadas pelo teste t de <italic>Student</italic> pareado e a percep&#231;&#227;o de risco foi comparada pelo teste de Wilcoxon. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria do Instituto de Cardiologia. Foram mantidos sigilo, privacidade e anonimato dos dados coletados e aplicado termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido aos pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos 20 pacientes estudados foi de 67,7 anos, a maioria era do sexo masculino (60,0%), de cor branca (83,3%) e residiam com familiares (53,3%). A escolaridade foi autorreportada como ensino fundamental incompleto em 73,3% dos casos, sendo que 33,3% estudaram menos de 4 anos. A renda familiar era menor do que 2 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos em 53,3% dos pacientes. A maioria dos pacientes usava anticoagulantes h&#225; pelo menos um ano (66,7%). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> resume as caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e o tempo de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas da popula&#231;&#227;o e tempo de uso de anticoagulantes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">67,7 &#177; 9,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cor branca (%)</td>
                <td align="center">83,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Com quem moram</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sozinhos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Companheiro (a) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fam&#237;lia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">53,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Institui&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0-4 anos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5-8 anos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt;8 anos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Renda Familiar</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4-10 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2-4 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 2 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">53,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tempo de Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 1 m&#234;s (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 - 11 meses (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1-5 anos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 5 anos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o faz uso atualmente</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> mostra as preval&#234;ncias dos principais fatores de risco inclu&#237;dos nos escores CHA2DS2-VASc, HAS-BLED e SAMe-TT2R2, bem como a pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia dos pacientes nesses escores. Entre as comorbidades, as mais prevalentes foram hipertens&#227;o arterial (80%), diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> (30%) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (30%). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros fatores que interferem no risco de sangramento e na anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, os mais comuns foram o uso de medicamentos que interagem com cumar&#237;nicos (43,3%) e o uso de antiplaquet&#225;rios ou anti-inflamat&#243;rios (26,7%). A maioria dos pacientes (86,6%) tinha um CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc maior ou igual a 2 e 76,6% tinham um escore de SAMe-TT2R2 tamb&#233;m maior ou igual a dois.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis presentes nos escores de CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc, HAS BLED e SAMe-TT2R2 e m&#233;dia dos escores</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="70%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt; 160mmHg (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva ou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 40% (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a cardiovascular (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral ou acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio pr&#233;vios (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a renal <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a pulmonar (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RNI de dif&#237;cil controle ou l&#225;bil <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de sangramento maior ou predisposi&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de antiplaquet&#225;rios ou anti-inflamat&#243;rios (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de medicamentos que interagem com cumar&#237;nicos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">43,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso abusivo de &#225;lcool (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc &#8805; 2 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#167;</xref> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">86,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc por escore (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">23,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">23,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5</td>
                <td align="center">13,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc m&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">3 &#177; 1,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS-BLED m&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">2 &#177; 1,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SAMe-TT2R2 &#8805; 2 // (%)</td>
                <td align="center">76,6</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica (ex: cirrose), ou evid&#234;ncia bioqu&#237;mica de disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica significativa (bilirrubinas &gt; 2 a 3 vezes o limite superior, transaminases ou fosfatase alcalina &gt; 3 vezes o limite superior);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Hemodi&#225;lise cr&#244;nica, transplante renal, creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 2,2 mg/dl;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p> Que est&#225; no alvo &lt; 60% das vezes;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p> Um escore &#8805; 2 indica necessidade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o; // Um escore &#8805; sinaliza os pacientes que necessitam de interven&#231;&#245;es adicionais para atingir um controle de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o aceit&#225;vel com cumar&#237;nicos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O n&#250;mero de acertos no question&#225;rio de conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a teve um aumento significativo ap&#243;s a intera&#231;&#227;o com o aplicativo, de 4,7 (&#177; 1,8) para 7,2 (&#177; 1,0), p &lt; 0,001. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref> ilustra os acertos de cada paciente antes e ap&#243;s a intera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>M&#233;dias de acertos no question&#225;rio sobre a doen&#231;a antes (4,7) e ap&#243;s (7,2) a interven&#231;&#227;o, comparadas por teste T de amostras pareadas, mostrando um aumento significativo do conhecimento dos pacientes ap&#243;s a intera&#231;&#227;o com o aplicativo. As barras demonstram o desvio padr&#227;o e os c&#237;rculos a pontua&#231;&#227;o de cada paciente. FA: Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial, App: Aplicativo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0007-70181-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A ECTDS aplicada ap&#243;s a escolha da terapia com o suporte do aplicativo resultou em uma m&#233;dia de 11 &#177; 16/100 pontos.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o de risco, antes da intera&#231;&#227;o com o aplicativo, 20% dos pacientes tinham uma percep&#231;&#227;o adequada do seu risco de AVC e 75% acreditavam ter um risco menor do que o risco real. Ap&#243;s a intera&#231;&#227;o, a percep&#231;&#227;o adequada aumentou para 30%, com p n&#227;o significativo (0,608). No que concerne ao risco de sangramento, antes de receber as informa&#231;&#245;es do app, 45% dos pacientes demonstravam uma percep&#231;&#227;o correta e 35% acreditavam ter um risco maior do que o real. Ap&#243;s o app, houve um aumento n&#227;o significativo (p = 0,218) na percep&#231;&#227;o adequada, para 60%. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref> ilustra as varia&#231;&#245;es nas percep&#231;&#245;es de risco.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Percep&#231;&#227;o de risco de AVC e sangramento pelos pacientes antes e ap&#243;s a intera&#231;&#227;o com o aplicativo, comparada ao seu risco &#8220;real&#8221;, calculado pelos escores de CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc e HAS-BLED, mostrando um aumento n&#227;o significativo na percep&#231;&#227;o adequada de risco. O teste utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o foi o de Wilcoxon. AVC: Acidente Vascular Cerebral, App: Aplicativo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-110-01-0007-70181-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O desenvolvimento de aplicativos em <italic>mHealth</italic> direcionados para popula&#231;&#245;es e problemas de sa&#250;de espec&#237;ficos &#233; vi&#225;vel e deve ser estimulado. Este estudo em pacientes de baixa renda e baixa escolaridade demonstrou aumento do conhecimento sobre FA e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o uso de um aplicativo, possibilitando ao paciente uma escolha compartilhada sobre anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com baixo conflito decis&#243;rio. No entanto, a percep&#231;&#227;o de risco de AVC e sangramento n&#227;o foi alterada pelo uso do aplicativo.</p>
        <p>A profilaxia tromboemb&#243;lica na FA &#233; um problema global, sendo subutilizada, de dif&#237;cil manuten&#231;&#227;o e sabidamente propensa &#224; m&#225; ader&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Uma das estrat&#233;gias propostas para otimizar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos ACO &#233; a decis&#227;o compartilhada, hoje recomendada pelas diretrizes como parte de um manejo integrado da doen&#231;a, sendo indicador de qualidade de desempenho cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> O entendimento do paciente sobre a terapia e sua an&#225;lise individual do risco-benef&#237;cio &#233; crucial nesse processo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> No entanto, existem lacunas significativas nesse conhecimento, mesmo em pacientes em tratamento h&#225; v&#225;rios anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diversos estudos citam instrumentos criados para facilitar as estrat&#233;gias de decis&#227;o compartilhada na anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em FA, atuando por meio de mudan&#231;a de comportamento e educa&#231;&#227;o do paciente na forma de panfletos, folders, interven&#231;&#245;es por v&#237;deo ou softwares. Uma metan&#225;lise da Cochrane de 2013 revisou esses estudos, reportando que n&#227;o existem evid&#234;ncias suficientes para avaliar o impacto dessas estrat&#233;gias no Tempo de Raz&#227;o Normalizada Internacional na faixa terap&#234;utica (<italic>TTR</italic>, <italic>time in therapeutic range</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Outra recente revis&#227;o concluiu que as estrat&#233;gias de decis&#227;o com participa&#231;&#227;o do paciente s&#227;o poderosas ferramentas para melhorar o manejo da FA e que &#233; necess&#225;rio desenvolver e testar esses instrumentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Subsequentemente, o estudo TREAT, um estudo randomizado e controlado de interven&#231;&#227;o comportamental em pacientes que recentemente tinham iniciado varfarina, demonstrou significativa melhora na TTR em 6 meses, comparado com os cuidados usuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Outro estudo com uma interven&#231;&#227;o multiprofissional em cuidados com FA, incluindo suporte de software, conduzida por profissionais da enfermagem e supervisionada por cardiologista, demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no n&#250;mero de mortes cardiovasculares e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es (14,3 vs. 20,8%; raz&#227;o de risco 0,65; CI 95% 0,45-0,93).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Essas interven&#231;&#245;es partem do princ&#237;pio de que &#233; responsabilidade do profissional de sa&#250;de o fornecimento das informa&#231;&#245;es essenciais ao paciente e o est&#237;mulo &#224; continuidade da busca por conhecimento. A tecnologia aparece como aliada nessa quest&#227;o, facilitando o acesso, a organiza&#231;&#227;o, a transmiss&#227;o e a reten&#231;&#227;o da informa&#231;&#227;o. Em especial, a tecnologia m&#243;vel vem inaugurar uma nova era nos cuidados em sa&#250;de, trazendo o cuidado para mais perto do paciente e permitindo intera&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dico-paciente de maior qualidade.</p>
        <p>Com um mercado em franca ascens&#227;o, o segmento <italic>mHealth</italic> contou, em 2015, com cerca de 45 000 editores e mais de 3 bilh&#245;es de downloads de apps.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> As avalia&#231;&#245;es existentes s&#227;o, em geral, favor&#225;veis. Um recente levantamento da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> sobre <italic>mHealth</italic> e preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares incluiu 69 estudos com apps para perda de peso, aumento de atividade f&#237;sica, cessa&#231;&#227;o de tabagismo, controle glic&#234;mico, hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia. Os resultados, apesar de heterog&#234;neos, foram positivos para as mudan&#231;as de comportamento propostas, sendo sugerido que os futuros estudos usem metodologia anal&#237;tica mais rigorosa, amostras mais diversificadas e acompanhamento de longo prazo para verificar a sustentabilidade dos efeitos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sobre a quest&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo, destaca-se, na literatura, a necessidade de essas novas tecnologias abrangerem tamb&#233;m outros grupos populacionais espec&#237;ficos: idosos com altera&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; idade (p.ex.: vis&#227;o ou mobilidade reduzidas), minorias que necessitem de conte&#250;dos e interven&#231;&#245;es culturalmente sens&#237;veis e adultos de baixa renda que podem ter acesso inconsistente &#224; comunica&#231;&#227;o m&#243;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A FA &#233; um tema bastante explorado em <italic>mHealth</italic>. A maioria dos estudos relata experi&#234;ncias sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos que permitem a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o domiciliar do ritmo card&#237;aco. Na quest&#227;o da educa&#231;&#227;o do paciente, a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> e a <italic>European Society of Cardiology,</italic> possuem aplicativos e material na web de excelente qualidade, em l&#237;ngua inglesa, para auxiliar na decis&#227;o compartilhada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Tamb&#233;m est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis diversas calculadoras de risco para uso m&#233;dico. No entanto, n&#227;o se encontra na literatura a descri&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento desses aplicativos, tampouco sua avalia&#231;&#227;o. No Brasil, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontramos nenhum instrumento para suporte &#224; decis&#227;o compartilhada em FA, seja em <italic>mHealth</italic> ou em outras m&#237;dias.</p>
        <p>Como pontos fortes do nosso estudo, citamos que o desenvolvimento do aplicativo foi todo baseado em evid&#234;ncias, levando em conta muitos fatores citados em diretrizes de decis&#227;o compartilhada e de cuidados com o paciente anticoagulado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Foi inclu&#237;da uma avalia&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de conhecimento pr&#233;vio do paciente e o estilo de aprendizagem foi adequado &#224;s suas prefer&#234;ncias de terminologia e navegabilidade. A quantidade e a profundidade das informa&#231;&#245;es discutidas foram adaptadas e poderiam ser ampliadas ou reduzidas, conforme o entendimento de cada indiv&#237;duo.</p>
        <p>Como outra vantagem, a possibilidade de salvar a avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente para uma posterior consulta permite que o instrumento seja uma ponte dentro do cuidado multiprofissional. Em um ambulat&#243;rio integrado, por exemplo, o paciente poderia assistir ao v&#237;deo e ter seus fatores de risco avaliados durante a triagem e, na consulta m&#233;dica, focar na discuss&#227;o dos tratamentos.</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m a popula&#231;&#227;o escolhida foi apropriada para a implementa&#231;&#227;o de uma estrat&#233;gia de decis&#227;o compartilhada. A maioria dos pacientes tinha um escore de SAMe-TT2R2 maior ou igual a dois, indicando menor probabilidade de manter n&#237;veis de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o aceit&#225;veis com o uso de cumar&#237;nicos e, portanto, uma necessidade maior de estrat&#233;gias para controle adequado.</p>
        <p>Os resultados encontrados na an&#225;lise da percep&#231;&#227;o de risco pelo paciente mostram o quanto esse entendimento &#233; inadequado e carece de aten&#231;&#227;o. A maioria dos pacientes acreditava ter um risco de AVC menor do que o calculado e um ter&#231;o acreditava ter um risco de sangramento com o uso de ACO maior do que o calculado. Outros estudos mostraram resultados semelhantes sobre consci&#234;ncia de risco de AVC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Esse discernimento inadequado pode levar a m&#225; ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento, j&#225; que o paciente n&#227;o se percebe em risco para eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e, ao mesmo tempo, acredita ter um risco alto de sangramento com a medica&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a intera&#231;&#227;o com o app, n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;a significativa na percep&#231;&#227;o de risco. Na tentativa de melhorar essa percep&#231;&#227;o, na segunda vers&#227;o do aplicativo, atualmente em teste, foi acrescentada a observa&#231;&#227;o &#8220;Este &#233; um risco considerado BAIXO/INTERMEDI&#193;RIO/ALTO&#8221;, com um c&#243;digo de cores para cada n&#237;vel de risco (verde/amarelo/vermelho), junto &#224;s porcentagens exibidas na tela &#8220;Entendendo riscos e benef&#237;cios&#8221;.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o inerentes &#224; cria&#231;&#227;o de um instrumento que utiliza uma tecnologia relativamente nova para a nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. O tamanho da tela, os m&#233;todos de comunica&#231;&#227;o visual e a terminologia, embora tenham sido pensados com cuidado, podem ainda ser inadequados para alguns pacientes. &#201; poss&#237;vel que a informa&#231;&#227;o fornecida, mesmo adaptada, possa ter sido excessiva em alguns casos e que a reten&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento n&#227;o se mantenha ap&#243;s alguns meses. Espera-se que a continuidade do fornecimento da informa&#231;&#227;o por SMS possa suprir parte dessa quest&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a intera&#231;&#227;o com o app pode ser repetida em outras consultas, sempre que necess&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>O pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes avaliados tamb&#233;m poderia ser questionado. No entanto, para estudos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de usabilidade de aplicativos, esse n&#250;mero &#233; habitualmente pequeno e mostrou-se suficiente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Outra limita&#231;&#227;o atual &#233; a necessidade de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de desfechos de longo prazo, como TTR, ader&#234;ncia e ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e de sangramento. Espera-se que essa limita&#231;&#227;o seja eliminada futuramente, com um estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o randomizado, inserindo o aplicativo no cuidado dos pacientes do nosso ambulat&#243;rio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e o comparando com os cuidados habitualmente fornecidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O uso de um aplicativo em <italic>mHealth</italic> durante a consulta sobre anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em FA melhora o conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a e sobre o tratamento em pacientes de baixa renda e baixa escolaridade, permitindo uma escolha compartilhada com baixo conflito decis&#243;rio. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para verificar se essa melhora no conhecimento se traduz em desfechos duros.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado Laura Siga Stephan. Pelo Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 5043/14. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
