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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">r6ddTqHTCwDR4YCr5zCJGsH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018000100005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardioprotective Effects of Melatonin in Reperfusion Injury</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laurindo</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco R. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Biologia Vascular - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Francisco R. M. Laurindo,</bold> Laborat&#243;rio de Biologia Vascular do InCor - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. Email: <email>francisco.laurindo@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>110</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>5</fpage>
      <lpage>6</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Melatonin / pharmacology</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Reperfusion / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Reperfusion / prevention &amp; control</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidants / pharmacology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2013/07937-8</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Research in the author's laboratory is supported by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP), CEPID-Redoxoma grant 2013/07937-8.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The possibility of limiting ischemic myocardial injury has been a major focus of cardiovascular research over 4 decades and literally thousands of interventions have been tested in this direction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Unfortunately, this has been a long, unsolved saga, and, apart from reperfusion, most interventions have been largely unsuccessful at the clinical arena.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> With the advent of clinical forms of reperfusion, the goal of these studies has slightly changed to identify adjuvant therapies that protect the myocardium from reperfusion injury. However, essentially no interventions have yet come to a realistic clinical testing scenario, although cellular therapies and other emerging interventions such as mitochondrial transplantation have concrete possibilities to bring a novel perspective to cardioprotection. The overall worldwide investments in cardioprotection research by funding agencies alone can be estimated to be over US$ 1 billion so far.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Thus, it is plausible to ask whether it is reasonable to keep pursuing this type of investigation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> To this end, the National Institutes of Health in the USA has created a consortium to perform a rigorous preclinical assessment of cardioprotective therapies (CAESAR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> At present, the answer to these questions in the ischemia/reperfusion setting has yet to wait results of ongoing studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Meanwhile, it is likely that understanding the mechanisms whereby specific interventions afford cardioprotection in reperfusion injury can have additional mechanistic implications in other areas. For example, several abnormalities of calcium handling observed in ischemia/reperfusion can be relevant to understand the pathophysiology of heart failure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and signaling pathways associated with hypoxia responses can modulate several aspects of vascular response to injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Therefore, the investigation of nontoxic affordable interventions that provide cardiomyocyte protection, and in particular the identification of underlying associated mechanisms, can be relevant in diverse aspects.</p>
    <p>The article by Hu S et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> in this issue, brings a contribution to this scenario. The authors show that pharmacological concentrations of the pineal hormone melatonin (N-acetyl-5-metoxytriptamine) support cardioprotection. They first used an <italic>in vitro</italic> cardiomyocyte culture model submitted to hypoxia/reperfusion and showed that melatonin pretreatment results in decreased cell death and improved organization of the actin cytoskeleton. The authors interrogated whether these protective mechanisms could be associated with improved calcium handling. Indeed, melatonin incubation promoted decrease in cellular calcium overload and prevented the hypoxia/reperfusion-associated increase in the expression of the inositol trisphosphate receptor, as well the associated decrease in the expression of SERCA (sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase). The latter two alterations were reproduced in a rat model of ischemia/ reperfusion. Together, they indicate that the handling of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum was improved, allowing the inference of a possible mechanism of cardioprotection. Of additional interest, melatonin incubation increased the phosphorylation of ERK1 (i.e., activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1) and pharmacological inhibition of ERK1 with the compound PD98059 negated the protective effects of melatonin on cell survival, actin organization and calcium handling. Thus, preservation of ERK1 activation is a likely mechanism of the protective effects of melatonin.</p>
    <p>This study adds to other reports indicating a cardioprotective effect of melatonin by an array of antioxidant mechanisms,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> which include the preservation of mitochondrial integrity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> It is likely that such antioxidant effect may have contributed to the improved calcium handling. Altogether, these data suggest that the mechanisms associated with melatonin-dependent cardioprotection deserve further investigation that may lead to the development of affordable non-toxic interventions. These, in turn, might have multiple implications, including showing that cardioprotection is not yet dead.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of support</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Research in the author's laboratory is supported by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP), CEPID-Redoxoma grant 2013/07937-8.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos Cardioprotetores da Melatonina na Les&#227;o de Reperfus&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laurindo</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco R. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Biologia Vascular - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Francisco R. M. Laurindo,</bold> Laborat&#243;rio de Biologia Vascular do InCor - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>francisco.laurindo@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Melatonina / farmacologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica / preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidantes / farmacologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2013/07937-8</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>A pesquisa realizada no laborat&#243;rio do autor recebe o apoio financeiro da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP), CEPID-Redoxoma grant 2013/07937-8.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A possibilidade de se limitar uma les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isqu&#234;mica tem sido um importante foco de pesquisa cardiovascular ao longo de 4 d&#233;cadas e, literalmente, milhares de interven&#231;&#245;es foram testadas nesse sentido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Infelizmente, essa tem sido uma longa saga n&#227;o conclu&#237;da e, com exce&#231;&#227;o da reperfus&#227;o, a maioria das interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram bem-sucedidas na &#225;rea cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Com o advento das formas cl&#237;nicas de reperfus&#227;o, o objetivo desses estudos passou a ser identificar terapias adjuvantes que protejam o mioc&#225;rdio da les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o. Contudo, praticamente nenhuma interven&#231;&#227;o conseguiu alcan&#231;ar, de fato, um cen&#225;rio realista de teste cl&#237;nico, apesar de terapias celulares e outras interven&#231;&#245;es emergentes, tais como o transplante mitocondrial, apresentar possibilidades concretas de trazer uma nova perspectiva de cardioprote&#231;&#227;o. Estima-se que o total de investimentos mundiais em pesquisa sobre cardioprote&#231;&#227;o realizados por ag&#234;ncias de financiamento tenha ultrapassado 1 bilh&#227;o de d&#243;lares americanos at&#233; o momento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Portanto, &#233; plaus&#237;vel questionar se &#233; justific&#225;vel insistir nesse tipo de investiga&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Com esse intuito, o Instituto Nacional da Sa&#250;de dos EUA (<italic>National Institutes of Health</italic>) criou um cons&#243;rcio para realizar uma rigorosa avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica das terapias cardioprotetoras (CAESAR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Hoje, a resposta para essas quest&#245;es na &#225;rea de isquemia/reperfus&#227;o depende dos resultados dos estudos em andamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Enquanto isso, &#233; poss&#237;vel que compreender os mecanismos pelos quais interven&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas promovam cardioprote&#231;&#227;o na les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o tenha implica&#231;&#245;es mecan&#237;sticas em outras &#225;reas. Por exemplo, v&#225;rias anormalidades relacionadas &#224; regula&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio na isquemia/reperfus&#227;o podem ser relevantes para compreender a fisiopatologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o associadas com respostas &#224; hip&#243;xia podem modular muitos aspectos da resposta vascular &#224; les&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Portanto, a investiga&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es acess&#237;veis e n&#227;o t&#243;xicas, que promovam prote&#231;&#227;o ao cardiomi&#243;cito e em particular a identifica&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos associados, pode ser relevante em diversos aspectos.</p>
      <p>O artigo de Hu S et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, traz uma contribui&#231;&#227;o a esse cen&#225;rio. Os autores demonstram que as concentra&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas do horm&#244;nio melatonina (N-acetil-5-metoxitriptamina), produzido pela gl&#226;ndula pineal, promove cardioprote&#231;&#227;o. Primeiramente, os autores utilizaram um modelo de cultura de uma linhagem de cardiomi&#243;citos submetidos &#224; hip&#243;xia/reperfus&#227;o, e mostraram que o pr&#233;-tratamento com melatonina resulta em redu&#231;&#227;o na morte celular e melhor organiza&#231;&#227;o do citoesqueleto da actina. Os autores questionaram se esses mecanismos protetores poderiam estar associados a uma melhor regula&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio. De fato, a incuba&#231;&#227;o com melatonina promoveu uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na sobrecarga de c&#225;lcio intracelular. Ainda, preveniu o aumento na express&#227;o do receptor inositol trifosfato e a diminui&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> -ATPase do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (SERCA), ambos associados &#224; hip&#243;xia/reperfus&#227;o. Esses dois &#250;ltimos foram reproduzidos em um modelo de isquemia/reperfus&#227;o em ratos. Esses resultados indicam uma melhora na regula&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio pelo ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico, e consequentemente a exist&#234;ncia de um poss&#237;vel mecanismo de cardioprote&#231;&#227;o. Ainda, vale mencionar que a incuba&#231;&#227;o com melatonina causou um aumento na fosforila&#231;&#227;o de ERK1 (isto &#233;, ativa&#231;&#227;o da quinase 1 regulada por sinal extracelular) e a inibi&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica do ERK1 na presen&#231;a do composto PD98059 anulou os efeitos protetores da melatonina sobre a sobreviv&#234;ncia celular, organiza&#231;&#227;o da actina e regula&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio. Assim, a preserva&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o da ERK1 &#233; um mecanismo prov&#225;vel dos efeitos protetores da melatonina.</p>
      <p>Este estudo soma-se a outros trabalhos, indicando um efeito cardioprotetor da melatonina por uma gama de mecanismos antioxidantes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> que inclui a preserva&#231;&#227;o da integridade mitocondrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> &#201; prov&#225;vel que tal efeito antioxidante possa ter contribu&#237;do para a melhor regula&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio. Todos esses dados sugerem que os mecanismos associados com cardioprote&#231;&#227;o dependente de melatonina merecem mais estudos, os quais podem resultar no desenvolvimento de interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o t&#243;xicas e acess&#237;veis. Essas, por sua vez, podem ter muitas implica&#231;&#245;es, inclusive mostrar que a cardioprote&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o est&#225; morta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
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            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
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          <p>A pesquisa realizada no laborat&#243;rio do autor recebe o apoio financeiro da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP), CEPID-Redoxoma grant 2013/07937-8.</p>
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