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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fm4LQ5cdtbnYcKk6rGkP6bv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001500615</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170168</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Superior Vena Cava Syndrome after Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Trindade</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luciana Zacarias Hannouche da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Tude</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piveta</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Bonafim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morhy</surname>
            <given-names>Samira Saady</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria Luciana Zacarias Hannouche da Trindade</bold> , Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Hospital Albert Einstein, Setor de Ecocardiografia - Medicina Diagn&#243;stica e Preventiva, Av. Albert Einstein, 627. Postal Code: 05652-900, Morumbi, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. Email: <email>luhannouche@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Trindade MLZH, Scanavacca MI; Acquisition of data: Trindade MLZH, Pisani CF, Scanavacca MI; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Trindade MLZH, Rodrigues ACT, Piveta RB, Morhy SS, Scanavacca MI; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Trindade MLZH, Rodrigues ACT, Pisani CF, Piveta RB, Morhy SS, Scanavacca MI.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>615</fpage>
      <lpage>617</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Superior Vena Cava Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice. Its prevalence increases with age, and it is commonly associated with structural heart diseases, leading to hemodynamic and thromboembolic complications with significant economical implications and increasing morbimortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The AF ablation techniques, when carried out by experienced operators, have proved to be safe and to yield quite satisfactory results, but in some patients it is necessary to approach extra-venous focuses, such as the left atrial appendage, coronary sinus and superior vena cava.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> AF ablation is a complex procedure, not without risks. Important complications have been reported, including cerebrovascular accidents, pulmonary vein stenosis and atrioesophageal fistula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> We report here a case of superior vena cava syndrome after radiofrequency ablation for AF.</p>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case report</title>
        <p>Female patient, 60 years old, with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary and pre-syncope episodes, had her first AF episode in July, 2012 and remained asymptomatic until January, 2013, when she had a new AF episode, reversed with amiodarone. Since then, she had recurrent AF episodes, in spite of the use of amiodarone and beta blockers. She was referred for invasive treatment of AF (radiofrequency ablation of the pulmonary veins) and was thus admitted to hospital to undertake the procedure. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed prior to the procedure and showed mild to moderate dilation of the left atrium, thickened mitral valve with prolapse of both cusps and moderate to important regurgitation. There was mild tricuspid regurgitation, with a maximal systolic pulmonary pressure estimated at 46 mmHg; Both atria and respective appendages were free from thrombi, with the left atrial appendage contracting normally (left atrial appendage velocity was estimated at 0.60 m/s); pulmonary venous anatomy and drainage was normal. The electrophysiological procedure was carried out as usual, with the patient under general anesthesia and with the placement of an esophageal thermometer. After the introduction of 3 multi-pole catheters through the femoral vein, they were placed in the coronary sinus and in the left atrium, after a double transeptal puncture. The patient, who was in AF at the start of the procedure, underwent circumferential isolation of the pulmonary veins using an irrigated catheter (Thermocool, Biosense &amp; Webster) under the guidance of an electroanatomic mapping system (CARTO&#174;). During the applications of radiofrequency (RF) to the right pulmonary veins, the AF was reversed to sinus rhythm. After the isolation of the pulmonary veins, it was decided to attempt isolation of the superior vena cava (SVC). The applications on the superior vena cava were carried out using irrigated catheter, with a potency of 30w. These applications were made in a segmented manner, guided by a Lasso catheter. The phrenic nerve was mapped out with high output stimulation and no applications were made to the capture sites. After the procedure, the patient was awaken from the anesthesia and sent to her room.</p>
        <p>One day after the procedure, the patient presented with facial edema and flushing of the cheeks and edema of the upper limbs. She also reported pressure on her head and neck, with the symptoms exacerbated when laying horizontally and leaning her head forward, suggesting a superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS). A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) was carried out, with similar preprocedural findings, except for the presence of turbulent flow in the SVC at its entry in the right atrium, with Doppler velocity at 136 cm/s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), confirming the hypothesis of a SVCS. The patient was treated with hydrocortisone EV, followed by prednisone 60 mg per day, for 13 days, with complete improvement of the symptoms, and was discharged after 7 days. A TTE performed 2 weeks later did not show increased velocity in the SVC (75 cm/s) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Echocardiographic subcostal view with color flow mapping, showing turbulent flow in SVC, one day after the ablation. B) Continuous wave Doppler tracings showing increased velocity in the SVC. SVC: superior vena cava.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0615-70168-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Subcostal view with color flow mapping showing laminar flow in the SVC, after the treatment. B) Pulsed-wave Doppler tracings showing normal velocity in the SVC. SVC: superior vena cava.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0615-70168-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A year later, the patient underwent a new procedure, that showed evidence of electric reconnection of the superior vena cava and the pulmonary veins, thus isolating pulmonary veins was again attempted . An atrial tachycardia originating from the left atrial appendage was mapped out, with no need for applications to the superior vena cava. No difficulty in manipulating catheters at the superior vena cava was observed.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>SVCS results from any condition that leads to the obstruction of its blood flow. The obstruction may be caused by the invasion or external compression of the SVC by a pathological process involving the right side of the lung, the lymph nodes and other structures of the mediastinum, or due to thrombosis inside the SVC. In some cases, both external compression and thrombosis may coexist.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>More recently, the incidence of SVCS due to thrombosis has increased especially due to the use of intravascular devices, such as central venous catheters and pacemaker wires. Benign causes currently represent 20 to 40% of the SVCS cases.</p>
      <p>The rapidity of onset of symptoms and signs from SVC obstruction is dependent upon the rate at which complete obstruction of the SVC occurs in relation to the recruitment of venous collaterals.</p>
      <p>Interstitial edema of the head and neck is visually impressive, but usually of very little clinical importance. However, the edema may obstruct the lumen of the nasal cavity and of the larynx, and potentially compromise the function of the larynx and pharynx, causing dyspnea, wheezing, cough, hoarseness and dysphagia.</p>
      <p>Vascular complications are among the most common adverse events related to AF ablation, most likely due to the need for anticoagulation during and immediately after the procedure. These complications include hematoma at the site of catheter insertion, pseudo-aneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, or retroperitoneal bleeding.</p>
      <p>Transitory occlusion of the SVC is rare, and has only been reported after catheter ablation of inappropriate sinus tachycardia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> with no reports of this complication resulting from catheter ablation of AF ablation yet. It is assumed that the mechanisms associated with the RF-induced venous occlusion leads to intimal proliferation, substitution of the necrotic muscle by collagen, endovascular contraction and rupture and thickening of the internal elastic lamina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Venous structures of smaller diameter, such as the coronary sinus and the pulmonary veins, may be subject to an even greater risk of occlusion as a result of ablation procedures carried out in the adjacent tissue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this patient, the RF application inside the superior vena cava, performed to eliminate this possible trigger, probably caused the formation of a significant edema in the junction of the SVC with the right atrium. This edema is more marked in the area that receives the RF, but it also occurs throughout its entire circumference, presumably by the propagation of the interstitial edema through the contiguous tissue. This edema of the tissues, resulting in the narrowing of the SVC-right atrium junction, may persist throughout the entire period of time of the ablation procedure, but seems to be resolved within weeks or months. Studies in animals have shown that the thickening of the atrial tissue after RF application increases with time, and persists for at least 150 min.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Even though the complete occlusion of the SVC was not observed in this patient, the characteristics of the Doppler flow observed in the junction between the SVC and the right atrium lead to the conclusion that the edematous tissue induced by the RF is a plausible mechanism for such complication.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Robbins IM, Colvin EV, Doyle TP, Kemp WE, Loyd JE, MacMahon WS. Pulmonary vein stenosis after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 1998;98(17):1769-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Robbins</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colvin</surname>
              <given-names>EV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doyle</surname>
              <given-names>TP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kemp</surname>
              <given-names>WE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loyd</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MacMahon</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulmonary vein stenosis after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <fpage>1769</fpage>
          <lpage>1775</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome da Veia Cava Superior ap&#243;s a Abla&#231;&#227;o de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Trindade</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Luciana Zacarias Hannouche da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Tude</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piveta</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Bonafim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morhy</surname>
            <given-names>Samira Saady</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria Luciana Zacarias Hannouche da Trindade</bold>, Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Hospital Albert Einstein, Setor de Ecocardiografia - Medicina Diagn&#243;stica e Preventiva, Av. Albert Einstein, 627. CEP 05652-900, Morumbi, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. Email: <email>luhannouche@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Trindade MLZH, Scanavacca MI; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Trindade MLZH, Pisani CF, Scanavacca MI; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Trindade MLZH, Rodrigues ACT, Piveta RB, Morhy SS, Scanavacca MI; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Trindade MLZH, Rodrigues ACT, Pisani CF, Piveta RB, Morhy SS, Scanavacca MI.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome da Veia Cava Superior</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca sustentada mais comum na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Sua preval&#234;ncia aumenta com a idade e frequentemente est&#225; associada a doen&#231;as estruturais card&#237;acas, levando a danos hemodin&#226;micos e complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas com grandes implica&#231;&#245;es econ&#244;micas e na morbimortalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> As t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, quando realizadas por operadores experientes, t&#234;m se mostrado seguras e com resultados bastante satisfat&#243;rios, por&#233;m em alguns pacientes &#233; necess&#225;ria a abordagem de focos extra-venosos, como ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, seio coron&#225;rio e veia cava superior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A abla&#231;&#227;o de FA &#233; um procedimento complexo, n&#227;o isento de riscos. Complica&#231;&#245;es importantes t&#234;m sido relatadas, incluindo acidente vascular cerebral, estenose de veias pulmonares e f&#237;stula &#225;trio-esof&#225;gica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Relatamos aqui um caso de s&#237;ndrome de veia cava superior ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA por radiofrequ&#234;ncia.</p>
        <sec sec-type="cases">
          <title>Relato do caso</title>
          <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 60 anos, portadora de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica leve e epis&#243;dios de pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, apresentou o primeiro epis&#243;dio de FA, em julho de 2012 e permaneceu assintom&#225;tica at&#233; janeiro de 2013, quando apresentou novo epis&#243;dio de FA revertida com amiodarona. Desde ent&#227;o vinha apresentando epis&#243;dios recorrentes de FA, apesar do uso de amiodarona e betabloqueador. Optou-se por tratamento invasivo da FA (abla&#231;&#227;o das veias pulmonares), sendo internada para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento. O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE), realizado antes da abla&#231;&#227;o, mostrava dilata&#231;&#227;o discreta a moderada do &#225;trio esquerdo, valva mitral espessada, com prolapso de ambas as c&#250;spides e refluxo moderado a importante com refluxo tric&#250;spide discreto, e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica pulmonar m&#225;xima estimada em 46 mmHg; os &#225;trios e respectivos ap&#234;ndices encontravam-se livres de trombos, com ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo normocontr&#225;til (velocidade do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo estimada em 0,60m/s); a drenagem venosa pulmonar apresentava topografia normal. O procedimento eletrofisiol&#243;gico foi realizado de forma habitual, com a paciente sob anestesia geral, e com posicionamento de term&#244;metro esof&#225;gico. Ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o de 3 cateteres multipolares pela veia femoral, os mesmos foram posicionados no seio coron&#225;rio e no &#225;trio esquerdo ap&#243;s dupla pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal. A paciente apresentava-se em FA no in&#237;cio do procedimento, sendo submetida a isolamento circunferencial das veias pulmonares utilizando cateter irrigado (Thermocool, Biosense &amp; Webster) e mapeamento com sistema eletroanat&#244;mico CARTO<sup>&#174;</sup>. Durante as aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) nas veias pulmonares direitas, a FA foi revertida para ritmo sinusal. Ap&#243;s o isolamento das veias pulmonares, optou-se pelo isolamento da veia cava superior. As aplica&#231;&#245;es em veia cava superior foram realizadas utilizando cateter irrigado, com pot&#234;ncia de 30w. Essas aplica&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas de maneira segmentar, guiada por cateter Lasso. O nervo fr&#234;nico foi mapeado por estimula&#231;&#227;o com sa&#237;da elevada e n&#227;o foram realizadas aplica&#231;&#245;es nos locais de captura. Ap&#243;s o procedimento, a paciente foi despertada da anestesia e encaminhada para o quarto.</p>
          <p>Um dia ap&#243;s o procedimento, a paciente apresentou quadro de edema, rubor de face e edema dos membros superiores. Relatava ainda press&#227;o na cabe&#231;a e no pesco&#231;o, com exacerba&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas em posi&#231;&#227;o horizontal e ao abaixar a cabe&#231;a, sugerindo cl&#237;nica de s&#237;ndrome de veia cava superior (SVCS). Realizado ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT), que se mostrou semelhante ao pr&#233;-procedimento, exceto por apresentar fluxo turbulento na desembocadura da veia cava superior (VCS), com velocidade ao Doppler de 136 cm/s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>), confirmando a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica de SVCS. A paciente foi tratada com hidrocortisona EV seguido de meticorten 60mg ao dia, por 13 dias, com melhora completa dos sintomas, tendo alta hospitalar ap&#243;s 7dias. O ETT realizado ambulatoriamente ap&#243;s 2 semanas n&#227;o mostrou velocidades aumentadas em VCS (velocidade = 75 cm/s) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica em incid&#234;ncia subcostal mostrando fluxo turbulento ao mapeamento de fluxo a cores da VCS, 1 dia ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. B) Tra&#231;ado da curva de Doppler cont&#237;nuo mostrando velocidade aumentada na VCS. VCS: veia cava superior.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0615-70168-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica em incid&#234;ncia subcostal mostrando fluxo laminar ao mapeamento de fluxo a cores da VCS, ap&#243;s o tratamento. B) Tra&#231;ado da curva de Doppler pulsado mostrando velocidade normal na VCS. VCS: veia cava superior.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0615-70168-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Um ano depois, a paciente foi submetida a novo procedimento com evid&#234;ncia de reconex&#227;o el&#233;trica da veia cava superior e das veias pulmonares, sendo submetida a novo isolamento das veias pulmonares e mapeada taquicardia atrial originada no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, sem aplica&#231;&#245;es na veia cava superior. N&#227;o se observou dificuldade na manipula&#231;&#227;o de cateteres junto &#224; veia cava superior.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A SVCS resulta de qualquer condi&#231;&#227;o que leva &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o de seu fluxo sangu&#237;neo. A obstru&#231;&#227;o pode ser causada pela invas&#227;o ou compress&#227;o externa da VCS por um processo patol&#243;gico que envolva o lado do pulm&#227;o direito, os n&#243;dulos linf&#225;ticos e outras estruturas do mediastino, ou por trombose no interior da VCS. Em alguns casos, tanto a compress&#227;o externa quanto a trombose podem coexistir.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Mais recentemente, a incid&#234;ncia da SVCS devido &#224; trombose aumentou, principalmente devido ao aumento do uso de dispositivos intravasculares, como cateteres venosos centrais e fios de marca-passo. Atualmente, causas benignas representam 20% a 40% dos casos de SVCS.</p>
        <p>A rapidez do in&#237;cio dos sintomas e sinais de obstru&#231;&#227;o da VCS depende da velocidade com que ocorre a obstru&#231;&#227;o completa da mesma em rela&#231;&#227;o ao recrutamento de colaterais venosas.</p>
        <p>O edema intersticial da cabe&#231;a e pesco&#231;o &#233; visualmente impressionante, mas geralmente de pouca import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. No entanto, o edema pode limitar o l&#250;men das vias nasais e da laringe e, potencialmente, comprometer a fun&#231;&#227;o da laringe e faringe, causando dispneia, estridor, tosse, rouquid&#227;o e disfagia.</p>
        <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares est&#227;o entre os eventos adversos mais comuns relacionados com a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, provavelmente devido &#224; necessidade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o durante e imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento. Essas complica&#231;&#245;es incluem hematoma nos locais de inser&#231;&#227;o do cateter, pseudo-aneurisma, f&#237;stula arteriovenosa, ou sangramento retroperitoneal.</p>
        <p>A oclus&#227;o transit&#243;ria da VCS &#233; rara, sendo relatada ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de taquicardia sinusal inapropriada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> n&#227;o havendo descri&#231;&#227;o desta complicac&#227;o para abla&#231;&#227;o de FA at&#233; o momento. Presume-se que os mecanismos associados &#224; oclus&#227;o venosa induzida por RF estejam relacionados &#224; prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal, substitui&#231;&#227;o por col&#225;geno do m&#250;sculo necr&#243;tico, contra&#231;&#227;o endovascular e ruptura e espessamento da l&#226;mina el&#225;stica interna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estruturas venosas de menor di&#226;metro, tais como o seio coron&#225;rio e as veias pulmonares, podem estar sujeitas a um risco ainda maior de oclus&#227;o resultantes de procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o realizados no tecido adjacente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Provavelmente nesta paciente, a aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF por dentro da veia cava superior, buscando a elimina&#231;&#227;o desse poss&#237;vel gatilho, fez com que se formasse um edema significativo na jun&#231;&#227;o da VCS com &#225;trio direito. Este edema &#233; mais acentuado na &#225;rea que recebe a RF, mas tamb&#233;m ocorre ao longo de toda a sua circunfer&#234;ncia, presumivelmente pela propaga&#231;&#227;o do edema intersticial pelo tecido cont&#237;guo. Este edema dos tecidos que resulta no estreitamento da jun&#231;&#227;o VCS e &#225;trio direito pode persistir durante todo o intervalo de tempo do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o, mas parece se resolver dentro de semanas a meses. Estudos em animais demonstraram que o espessamento do tecido atrial direito ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF aumenta com o tempo e persiste por, pelo menos, 150 min.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Embora n&#227;o tenha sido observada oclus&#227;o completa da VCS nesta paciente, as caracter&#237;sticas do fluxo do Doppler observadas na jun&#231;&#227;o entre a VCS e o &#225;trio direito levam &#224; conclus&#227;o de que o tecido edemaciado induzido pela RF seja um mecanismo plaus&#237;vel para esta complica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
