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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yYY675cpjtVTMXZCczYGHBn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001500609</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170184</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 6/2017 - A 28-Year-Old Man with Anasarca And Restrictive Heart Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>609</fpage>
      <lpage>614</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive</kwd>
        <kwd>Pleural Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Pleural Effusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Edema</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The patient was a 28-year-old male, born and living in the city of S&#227;o Paulo, who sought medical care complaining of dyspnea and edema.</p>
    <p>He reported abdominal pain and abdominal volume increase five years before, when he sought medical care. On the occasion a gastroenterological investigation began, and a biopsy was suggested, but refused by the patient, who remained without an etiological diagnosis. One year later, edema of the lower limbs appeared, followed by dyspnea on intermediate exertion two years later. The patient reported worsening of the abdominal volume increase, edema of the lower limbs and dyspnea even at rest in the past two months. He was then referred to our hospital.</p>
    <p>His physical examination (Aug 11, 2005) showed a regular general state of health, heart rate of 120 bpm, and blood pressure of 90/60 mm Hg. His lung auscultation showed rales up to the middle third of the left hemithorax. His heart auscultation showed arrhythmic cardiac sounds and systolic murmur in mitral area and left sternal border. The liver was palpated 4 cm from the right costal margin. There were ascites and edema of the lower limbs.</p>
    <p>His electrocardiogram (Aug 11, 2005) showed atrial fibrillation, low-voltage QRS complexes, parallel S&#194;QRS + 90&#186; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Atrial fibrillation, low-voltage QRS complexes</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0609-70184-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Decompensated heart failure and left pleural effusion were diagnosed, and the patient was hospitalized for treatment.</p>
    <p>His laboratory tests (Aug 13, 2005) revealed: hemoglobin, 14.7 g/dL; hematocrit, 44%; leukocytes, 6400/mm<sup>3</sup>; platelets, 210,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; urea, 30 mg/dL; creatinine, 1.1 mg/dL; potassium, 5.6 mEq/L; sodium, 134 mEq/L; INR, 2.2; TTPA(rel), 1.3; and normal urinalysis.</p>
    <p>His serologies for Chagas disease, hepatitis, HIV and syphilis were negative. His antinuclear antibody and rheumatoid factor tests were negative, as were the tests for the following antibodies: anti-smooth muscle (kidney and stomach), anti-mitochondrial, anti-parietal cell, anti-liver cytosol, anti-microsomal fraction, liver/kidney microsomal. Serum copper was normal, and ceruloplasmin was high.</p>
    <p>His laboratory tests revealed: brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), 192 pg/mL; TSH, 17.7 &#181;U/mL; T4L, 1.1 &#181;g/dL; ferritin, 202 &#181;g/dL; serum iron, 36 &#181;g/dL; iron saturation, 25%; factor V activity, 36%.</p>
    <p>His chest computed tomography (Aug 15, 2005) showed asymmetry of the thoracic cage with left lung volume reduction and mild mediastinal shift to the left. There were pleural thickening and encysted pleural effusion on the left, and atelectasis of adjacent lung portions. The right hemithorax showed small pleural effusion and thickening, in addition to a small nonspecific opacity in the right lung base. His heart was enlarged and showed pericardial calcifications.</p>
    <p>His echocardiogram (Aug 17, 2005) showed septal and posterior wall thickness of 8 mm, and the following diameters: aorta, 25 mm; left atrium, 64 mm; diastolic left ventricle, 54 mm. His left ventricular ejection fraction was 40% (Simpson&#8217;s method), and there was diffuse hypokinesia. The right atrium and ventricle were very dilated, and the right ventricular systolic pressure was estimated at 42 mm Hg. The mitral and tricuspid valves showed moderate regurgitation, and the pericardium showed no change.</p>
    <p>During hospitalization, the edema and the ascites subsided. The pleural effusion persisted, the right lower limb edema worsened, and scrotal edema developed.</p>
    <p>His chest ultrasound (Sept 20, 2005) showed moderate multiseptated pleural effusion on the left side, with pleural thickening, basal atelectasis and immobility of the left dome of the diaphragm. There was no pleuro-pulmonary change on the right side, but the mobility of the right dome of the diaphragm was reduced. A new chest ultrasound (Sept 23, 2005) showed improved mobility of the diaphragm.</p>
    <p>The pleural puncture showed a yellow fluid with total proteins of 0.3 g/dL and lactic dehydrogenase of 41 IU/L. The pleural biopsy revealed chronic pleuritis (Sept 23, 2005).</p>
    <p>His lung tomographic angiography (Sept 25, 2005) evidenced pleural thickening, moderate pleural effusion and atelectasis of the left lung. On the right side, there was a small pleural effusion, including inside the lung fissure, and a 2.2-mm peripheral heterogeneous pulmonary nodule in the apical-posterior segment. Axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes were identified with diameters of up to 1 cm. The pulmonary trunk and branches showed no filling defect, but the pulmonary vascularization was reduced on the left side, due to compression resulting from the effusion and atelectasis.</p>
    <p>The abdominal ultrasound (Sept 27, 2005) showed an enlarged liver and kidneys of preserved dimensions (right kidney, 9 cm, and left kidney, 8.5 cm).</p>
    <p>The patient had fever (Sept 28, 2015), pulmonary infection was diagnosed, and vancomycin introduced.</p>
    <p>The echocardiogram (Sept 28, 2005) showed mild and diffuse hypokinesia, septal and posterior wall thickness of 8 mm, and the following diameters: aorta, 28 mm; left atrium, 70 mm; diastolic left ventricle, 56 mm. The right atrium was markedly dilated, and the ventricle was dilated and moderately hypokinetic. The tricuspid valve was thickened, with impaired coaptation of its leaflets and severe regurgitation. There were indirect signs of pulmonary hypertension and moderate and diffuse impairment of the right ventricle.</p>
    <p>Doppler ultrasound of the lower limbs (Sept 29, 2005) evidenced marked subcutaneous edema of the right lower limb, in addition to inguinal lymph nodes, and no sign of deep venous thrombosis.</p>
    <p>The chest computed tomography (Sept 30, 2005) showed ground glass opacity in the right lung, compatible with edema, and left lung consolidation. There was left encysted pleural effusion with a hyperattenuating component inside, small area of encysted pneumothorax on the left side, mediastinal lymph nodes measuring up to 14 mm, and pericardial calcifications.</p>
    <p>The chest ultrasound (Oct 3, 2005) showed a thick collection and consolidation in the left hemithorax.</p>
    <p>The new chest computed tomography (Oct 7, 2005) showed no lymph node enlargement, a large pleural effusion with gas on the left side and pleural thickening, and hyperattenuating areas compatible with blood or purulent material. In addition, there were bilateral focal consolidation areas, more numerous on the right side.</p>
    <p>The laboratory tests (Oct 13, 2005) revealed: hemoglobin, 8.8 g/dL; hematocrit, 29%; mean corpuscular volume, 91 &#181;m<sup>3</sup>; leukocytes, 6300/mm<sup>3</sup> (95% neutrophils, 2% lymphocytes, and 3% monocytes); platelets, 108,000/mm<sup>3</sup>; potassium, 3.3 mEq/L; sodium, 150 mEq/L; urea, 46 mg/dL; creatinine, 0.7 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>The patient had diarrhea, and underwent colonoscopy (14 out 2005), which showed edematous mucosa with no inflammatory signs.</p>
    <p>On October 16, 2009, the patient had septic shock, acute renal failure, requiring noradrenaline administration. Teicoplanin was introduced and hemodialysis performed. The shock became refractory and the patient died (Oct 18, 2005).</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>The patient was a 28-year-old male with anasarca. There were moderate left systolic dysfunction and marked enlargement of the atria and right ventricle, with mild increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and moderate regurgitation of the atrioventricular valves.</p>
      <p>Apparently diastolic dysfunction and dilatation of the ventricles and systolic dysfunction of the right ventricle predominated, indicating a restrictive heart disease.</p>
      <p>Of the etiological possibilities, constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathies can be considered. The restrictive cardiomyopathies can be classified as non-infiltrative and infiltrative. Non-infiltrative restrictive cardiomyopathies are as follows: idiopathic cardiomyopathy, familial cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiomyopathy of systemic sclerosis, cardiomyopathy in pseudoxanthoma elasticum, and cardiomyopathy of diabetes. Infiltrative restrictive cardiomyopathies are present in the following diseases: amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, Gaucher disease, Hurler disease and fatty infiltration, and storage diseases (hemochromatosis, Fabry disease and glycogen storage diseases). The following endomyocardial diseases should be considered: endomyocardial fibrosis, hypereosinophilic syndrome, carcinoid heart disease, metastatic cancer, post-radiation, anthracycline cardiotoxicity, drugs causing fibrous endocarditis (serotonin, methysergide, ergotamine, mercurial agents, busulfan).</p>
      <p>Of the restrictive cardiomyopathies, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and amyloidosis are easily ruled out in our patient, because of the normal thickness of his left ventricular walls, and amyloidosis still for his lack of proteinuria, which is present in cases related to multiple myeloma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Hemochromatosis seems not to be the cause of this patient&#8217;s heart disease because his ferritin levels were not elevated, and his iron levels were low, although there was hyperkalemia, which might suggest hypoadrenalism, a condition present in hemochromatosis.</p>
      <p>Sarcoidosis can be a cause of restrictive heart disease, but usually presents with ventricular arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia and sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation, and intraventricular conduction block of the stimulus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Our patient had not a clinical course compatible with that diagnosis.</p>
      <p>Regarding endomyocardial fibrosis, no apical amputation of the ventricles was observed on the echocardiogram, a pathognomonic finding of that disease.</p>
      <p>Idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy could also be responsible for his clinical findings, because it has normal or reduced ventricular volumes and increased atria, with normal left ventricular thickness and normal or slightly altered systolic function. However, it is very rare, occurring more frequently in children younger than six years of age. It is caused by at least ten mutations in sarcomeric genes (troponins I and T, actin, myosin and titin), in addition to non-sarcomeric genes (desmin, laminin and transtirretin).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another cause of predominantly right heart failure would be chronic pulmonary thromboembolism, but the tomographic angiography of his pulmonary arteries showed no abnormality.</p>
      <p>Finally, the patient&#8217;s clinical findings could result from constrictive pericarditis.</p>
      <p>Despite the presence of anasarca, dilatation of the atria and biventricular systolic dysfunction, his BNP levels were only slightly elevated (192 pg/mL), while the expected BNP levels for that pathology would exceed 500 pg/mL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, Fernandes et al. have found low levels of BNP in a recently published series of pericarditis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The same has been evidenced by Reddy et al., who have reported a mean BNP level of 116 pg/mL in pericarditis, and of 726 pg/mL in restrictive cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The predominance of pleural effusion on the left side, rather than on the right side, is commonly seen in heart failure. In addition, left pleural effusion has been associated with cases of constrictive pericarditis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although the echocardiogram showed no pericardial involvement, because there was neither pericardial effusion nor thickening, constrictive pericarditis cannot be ruled out, because that test is little sensitive to reveal pericardial thickening in the absence of effusion. Oh et al. have reported pericardial thickening in only 36% of the cases published.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Doppler-echocardiographic findings significantly increase the method&#8217;s sensitivity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Magnetic resonance imaging would have been useful, because it defines precisely the pericardial thickness, which is better seen during the systole and measures 2 to 4 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> By use of gadolinium, magnetic resonance imaging can show either the uniform and smooth thickening compatible with acute or subacute pericarditis or the irregular thickening of chronic constrictive pericarditis, pericardial fibrosis, tumors or metastases. The visualization of the pericardium depends on the presence, amount and extension of the subepicardial fat. Magnetic resonance imaging can outline completely the pericardium on the right ventricle, but only 60% of it on the lateral wall of the left ventricle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although the echocardiogram of our patient showed no pericardial abnormality, his chest tomography evidenced pericardial calcifications that could be attributed to chronic constrictive pericarditis.</p>
      <p>Thus, favoring chronic constrictive pericarditis, we have pericardial calcifications, low BNP levels, and pulmonary arterial pressure levels below 50 mmHg.</p>
      <p>Regarding etiology, the constrictive pericarditis could be idiopathic (probably viral) or due to tuberculosis.</p>
      <p>Chronic liver diseases, due to both viral hepatitis and other causes of cirrhosis, can progress with pulmonary hypertension. Ramsey et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> have reported pulmonary hypertension in 10% of the candidates for liver transplantation. However, our patient had negative serologies for viral hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis was ruled out because of the absence of antinuclear antibodies, and anti-smooth muscle and anti-microsomal antibodies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (Desiderio Favarato, MD)</p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypothesis</bold>: restrictive syndrome due to constrictive pericarditis; final event: septic shock. (Desiderio Favarato, MD)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Postmortem examination</title>
      <p>After opening the chest wall, strong adherence of both lungs to the rib cage and diaphragm was observed, more exuberant on the left side. The parietal and visceral pleurae were fused, whitish and markedly thickened, and incarceration and atelectasis of the left lung were seen (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The pericardium was whitish and thickened, firmly adhered to the epicardium, with calcifications on the antero-superior region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). The histological examination of the pleurae and pericardium evidenced dense fibrosis with areas of hyalinization, neovascularization and isolated foci of mild mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates; there was no granuloma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). The heart weighed 472 g. Both atria were markedly dilated, with a small organizing thrombus attached to the right atrial endocardium. The atrioventricular valve ring was wide, mainly the right one (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). The right ventricle was mildly dilated, and the left ventricle was normal. The histological examination of the myocardium evidenced no abnormality. The inferior vena cava was dilated, with thrombi attached to the endothelium. The pulmonary parenchyma showed chronic passive congestion with histological evidence of pulmonary hypertension, organizing diffuse alveolar damage and foci of bronchopneumonia on the right lung. The abdominal cavity showed signs of chronic ascites, with peritoneal fibrous thickening and intestinal adhesions. The liver and the spleen showed marked chronic passive congestion, and the spleen also had extensive areas of recent infarction. In addition, the kidneys showed acute tubular necrosis, and the liver, foci of hemorrhagic necrosis in the centrilobular region. (Luiz Alberto Benvenuti, MD).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Section of the left lung showing chronic, obliterative pleural fibrosis (asterisks).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0609-70184-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Anterior view of the heart with the pericardial sac opened, evidencing the whitish thickening of the pericardium and epicardium, which are adhered, characterizing constrictive pericarditis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0609-70184-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histological section of the pericardium evidencing marked thickening due to dense fibrosis; absence of inflammatory process or of granuloma (Hematoxylin-Eosin).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0609-70184-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Opened heart showing the right chambers. Note the marked dilatation of the right atrium (RA), with a small thrombus attached to the endocardium (arrow). The right ventricle (RV) shows mild dilatation and normal wall thickness, and dilatation of the tricuspid valve ring.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0609-70184-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnoses</bold> - chronic constrictive pleuropericarditis; mixed hemodynamic shock (cardiogenic and septic); focal bronchopneumonia in the right lung. (Luiz Alberto Benvenuti, MD)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>The patient was a 28-year-old male with heart failure, and pleural effusion and thickening. The postmortem examination showed chronic constrictive pericarditis associated with intense pleural fibrosis and lung incarceration on the left side, characterizing chronic pleuropericarditis. That condition results from the resolution of the pleural and pericardial inflammation, which can have several etiologies, such as tuberculosis, collagen diseases, side effect of drugs or radiotherapy, uremia, inflammatory bowel disease, viral infection, and chest traumas or surgeries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In addition, the more recently characterized IgG4-related disease can be a cause of chronic pleuropericarditis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Classically related to tuberculosis, the constrictive pericarditis etiology in developed countries has changed, with an increase in the idiopathic etiology or that following surgery or radiotherapy. In developing countries, however, tuberculosis remains the most common etiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In the present case, there was neither chronic kidney disease nor a clinical history compatible with the secondary effect of drugs or radiotherapy. There was no clinical evidence of inflammatory bowel disease or collagen disease, and the histological examination of the pleurae and pericardium showed no inflammatory infiltrate rich in plasma cells that could suggest the occurrence of IgG4-related disease; the lesions were essentially fibrotic, with a very mild inflammatory infiltrate. Tuberculosis should be considered, because of its high prevalence among us, but no direct evidence of it, such as granuloma or its remnants, was found. Thus, we concluded that our patient had a chronic idiopathic pleuropericarditis, because its etiology is not clear. In such cases, the viral etiology is a possibility, in addition to tuberculosis itself. The terminal cause of death was mixed hemodynamic shock (cardiogenic and septic), confirmed by the presence of focal necrosis in multiple organs (centrilobular region of the liver, renal tubules and spleen) and areas of bronchopneumonia. (Luiz Alberto Benvenuti, MD).</p>
      <p><bold>Section editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Associated editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 6/2017 - Homem de 28 Anos com Anasarca e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca de Padr&#227;o Restritivo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Restritiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Pleurais</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Derrame Pleural</kwd>
        <kwd>Edema</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Homem de 28 anos de idade, natural e procedente da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, procurou atendimento m&#233;dico com queixa de dispneia e edema.</p>
      <p>H&#225; cinco anos apresentou dor abdominal e aumento de volume abdominal. Procurou atendimento m&#233;dico, sendo iniciada investiga&#231;&#227;o por gastroenterologistas e sugerida biopsia, que foi recusada pelo paciente. A avalia&#231;&#227;o na ocasi&#227;o n&#227;o evoluiu at&#233; o diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico. H&#225; quatro anos surgiu edema de membros inferiores e h&#225; dois anos dispneia desencadeada por m&#233;dios esfor&#231;os. H&#225; dois meses houve agravamento do aumento de volume abdominal, aparecimento de edema membros inferiores e de dispneia mesmo no repouso. Foi ent&#227;o encaminhado para este hospital.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico (11 ago 2005) revelou paciente em regular estado geral, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 120 bpm e press&#227;o arterial de 90/60 mmHg. A semiologia pulmonar revelou estertores at&#233; ter&#231;o m&#233;dio do hemit&#243;rax esquerdo. A semiologia card&#237;aca revelou bulhas card&#237;acas arr&#237;tmicas e sopro sist&#243;lico em &#225;rea mitral e borda esternal esquerda. O f&#237;gado foi palpado a 4 cm do rebordo costal direito. Havia ascite e edema em membros inferiores.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma (11 ago 2005) revelou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, baixa voltagem dos complexos QRS, S&#194;QRS +90&#186; paralelo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, baixa voltagem dos complexos QRS</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0609-70184-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Foram feitos os diagn&#243;sticos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada e derrame pleural esquerdo, sendo o paciente internado para tratamento.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (13 ago 2005) revelaram: hemoglobina, 14,7 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 44%; leuc&#243;citos, 6400/mm<sup>3</sup>; plaquetas, 210000/mm<sup>3</sup>; ureia, 30 mg/dL; creatinina, 1,1 mg/dL; pot&#225;ssio, 5,6 mEq/L; s&#243;dio, 134 mEq/L; INR, 2,2; TTPA(rel), 1,3; e urina I normal.</p>
      <p>Os exames sorol&#243;gicos para doen&#231;a de Chagas, hepatites, HIV e s&#237;filis foram negativos. A pesquisa de fatores antinucleares e fator reumatoide foi negativa. Os anticorpos antim&#250;sculo liso (rim e est&#244;mago), antimitoc&#244;ndria, antic&#233;lula parietal, anticitosol hep&#225;tico, antifra&#231;&#227;o microssomal, antimicrossoma de rim e f&#237;gado foram negativos. O cobre s&#233;rico foi normal e a ceruloplasmina estava alta.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais mostraram: n&#237;veis do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP), 192 pg/mL; TSH, 17,7 &#181;U/mL; T4L, 1,1 &#181;g/dL; ferritina, 202 &#181;g/dL; ferro s&#233;rico, 36 &#181;g/dL; satura&#231;&#227;o de ferro, 25%; atividade do fator V, 36%.</p>
      <p>A tomografia de t&#243;rax (15 ago 2005) revelou assimetria de caixa tor&#225;cica com redu&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica do pulm&#227;o esquerdo e discreto desvio do mediastino para aquele lado. Havia espessamento pleural e derrame encistado &#224; esquerda e atelectasia das por&#231;&#245;es pulmonares adjacentes. No hemit&#243;rax direito, havia pequeno derrame e espessamento pleural, al&#233;m de pequena opacidade inespec&#237;fica na base pulmonar direita. O cora&#231;&#227;o era aumentado de tamanho e havia calcifica&#231;&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (17 ago 2005) revelou espessura de septo e da parede posterior de 8 mm, e os seguintes di&#226;metros: de aorta, 25 mm; de &#225;trio esquerdo, 64 mm; diast&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 54 mm. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo era 40% (m&#233;todo de &#225;rea de Simpson) e havia hipocinesia difusa. O &#225;trio e o ventr&#237;culo direitos eram muito dilatados e a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito foi estimada em 42 mmHg. As valvas mitral e tric&#250;spide apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia moderada e n&#227;o foram constatadas altera&#231;&#245;es no peric&#225;rdio.</p>
      <p>Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, houve regress&#227;o do edema e diminui&#231;&#227;o da ascite. O derrame pleural persistiu e houve piora do edema de membro inferior direito, al&#233;m de edema escrotal.</p>
      <p>A ultrassonografia de t&#243;rax (20 set 2005) revelou derrame pleural moderado multisseptado &#224; esquerda e espessamento pleural, atelectasia basal e imobilidade da c&#250;pula diafragm&#225;tica esquerda. N&#227;o havia altera&#231;&#245;es pleuropulmonares &#224; direita, contudo o diafragma direito tinha mobilidade reduzida. Nova ultrassonografia de t&#243;rax (23 set 2005) revelou melhora da mobilidade diafragm&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>A pun&#231;&#227;o pleural revelou l&#237;quido amarelo citrino com prote&#237;nas totais de 0,3 g/dL e desidrogenase l&#225;tica de 41 UI/L. A bi&#243;psia pleural revelou pleurite cr&#244;nica (23 set 2005).</p>
      <p>A angiotomografia pulmonar (25 set 2005) mostrou espessamento pleural associado a derrame moderado e atelectasia pulmonar esquerda. &#192; direita havia pequeno derrame pleural, inclusive intercisural, al&#233;m de n&#243;dulo pulmonar heterog&#234;neo em segmento apical-posterior perif&#233;rico medindo 2,2 mm. Havia linfonodos axilares e mediastinais com di&#226;metros at&#233; 1 cm. N&#227;o foram observadas falhas de enchimento no tronco pulmonar e seus ramos, contudo havia redu&#231;&#227;o da vasculariza&#231;&#227;o pulmonar &#224; esquerda devido &#224; compress&#227;o por derrame e atelectasia.</p>
      <p>O exame do abdome por ultrassonografia (27 set 2005) revelou f&#237;gado aumentado e rins de dimens&#245;es preservadas (rim direto 9 cm e rim esquerdo 8,5 cm).</p>
      <p>O paciente apresentou febre em 28 setembro. Foi feito o diagn&#243;stico de infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, sendo introduzida vancomicina.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (28 set 2005) revelou hipocinesia discreta e difusa, espessura de septo e parede posterior de 8 mm e os seguintes di&#226;metros: de aorta, 28 mm; de &#225;trio esquerdo, 70 mm; diast&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 56 mm. Havia dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada de &#225;trio direito e o ventr&#237;culo mostrava-se dilatado com hipocinesia moderada. A valva tric&#250;spide era espessada com falta de coapta&#231;&#227;o dos folhetos e apresentava insufici&#234;ncia acentuada. Havia sinais indiretos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e comprometimento moderado e difuso do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
      <p>A ultrassonografia de membros inferiores (29 set 2005) com uso do Doppler revelou membro inferior direito com acentuado edema de subcut&#226;neo com linfonodos inguinais, e n&#227;o havia sinais de trombose venosa profunda.</p>
      <p>A tomografia de t&#243;rax (30 set 2005) revelou opacidade em vidro fosco em pulm&#227;o direito, considerado compat&#237;vel com edema, e consolida&#231;&#227;o no pulm&#227;o esquerdo. Havia derrame pleural esquerdo encistado com componente hiperatenuante no interior, pequena &#225;rea de pneumot&#243;rax encistado &#224; esquerda, linfonodos mediastinais medindo at&#233; 14 mm e calcifica&#231;&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas.</p>
      <p>A ultrassonografia do t&#243;rax (3 out 2005) revelou cole&#231;&#227;o espessa e consolida&#231;&#227;o em hemit&#243;rax esquerdo.</p>
      <p>A nova tomografia de t&#243;rax (7 out 2005) n&#227;o revelou adenomegalias. Havia derrame volumoso &#224; esquerda com espessamento pleural e g&#225;s de permeio, com &#225;reas hiperatenuantes compat&#237;veis com sangue ou material purulento. Havia ainda &#225;reas de consolida&#231;&#245;es focais bilaterais, mais numerosas &#224; direita.</p>
      <p>Os exames de laborat&#243;rio (13 out 2005) revelaram: hemoglobina, 8,8 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 29%; VCM, 91 &#181;m<sup>3</sup>; leuc&#243;citos, 6300/mm<sup>3</sup> (95% neutr&#243;filos, 2% linf&#243;citos e 3% mon&#243;citos); plaquetas, 108.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; pot&#225;ssio, 3,3 mEq/L; s&#243;dio, 150 mEq/L; ureia, 46 mg/dL; creatinina, 0,7 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>O paciente apresentou diarreia. A avalia&#231;&#227;o incluiu colonoscopia (14 out 2005), que revelou mucosa edemaciada sem sinais inflamat&#243;rios.</p>
      <p>Na evolu&#231;&#227;o (16 out 2009), o paciente apresentou choque s&#233;ptico, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda com necessidade de uso de noradrenalina. Foi introduzido teicoplanina e realizada hemodi&#225;lise. O choque tornou-se refrat&#225;rio e o paciente faleceu (18 out 2005).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de homem de 28 anos, em anasarca. Havia disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica esquerda moderada e aumento acentuado de &#225;trios e ventr&#237;culo direito e aumento pouco expressivo da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar coexistindo com insufici&#234;ncias moderadas das valvas atrioventriculares.</p>
        <p>Aparentemente o predom&#237;nio era de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e dilata&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo direito, o que indica estarmos frente a cardiopatia restritiva.</p>
        <p>Dentre as possibilidades etiol&#243;gicas temos a pericardite constritiva e as cardiomiopatias restritivas. Entre essas &#250;ltimas temos as n&#227;o infiltrativas: cardiomiopatia idiop&#225;tica, cardiomiopatia familial, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, cardiomiopatia da esclerose sist&#234;mica, pseudoxantoma el&#225;stico e cardiomiopatia do diabetes. As cardiomiopatias restritivas infiltrativas est&#227;o presentes nas seguintes doen&#231;as: amiloidose, sarcoidose, doen&#231;a de Gaucher, doen&#231;a de Hurler e infiltra&#231;&#227;o gordurosa, doen&#231;as de dep&#243;sito (hemocromatose, doen&#231;a de Fabry e doen&#231;as de dep&#243;sito do glicog&#234;nio). Dentre as doen&#231;as endomioc&#225;rdicas, considerar: endomiocardiofibrose, s&#237;ndrome hiper-eosinof&#237;lica, cardiopatia do tumor carcinoide, c&#226;ncer metast&#225;tico, radia&#231;&#227;o, efeitos t&#243;xicos da antraciclina, drogas causadoras de endocardite fibrosante (serotonina, metisergida, ergotamina, agentes mercuriais, busulfan).</p>
        <p>Dentre as cardiomiopatias restritivas, s&#227;o facilmente afastadas a cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e a amiloidose pela espessura normal das paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, essa &#250;ltima ainda por aus&#234;ncia de protein&#250;ria, presente nos casos relacionados ao mieloma m&#250;ltiplo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A hemocromatose n&#227;o parece ser a causa por n&#227;o haver eleva&#231;&#227;o da ferritina e pelos baixos n&#237;veis de ferro, apesar de haver hipercalemia, que pode sugerir hipoadrenalismo, condi&#231;&#227;o presente na hemocromatose.</p>
        <p>A sarcoidose pode ser causa de cardiopatia com restri&#231;&#227;o, mas geralmente se apresenta com frequentes arritmias ventriculares, entre elas taquicardia ventricular e morte s&#250;bita por fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular do est&#237;mulo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O paciente ora em discuss&#227;o n&#227;o apresentou curso cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel com esse diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; endomiocardiofibrose, n&#227;o foi observada a amputa&#231;&#227;o de ponta dos ventr&#237;culos ao ecocardiograma, achado patognom&#244;nico dessa doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia restritiva idiop&#225;tica tamb&#233;m poderia causar esse quadro cl&#237;nico, pois apresenta volumes normais ou diminu&#237;dos dos ventr&#237;culos e aumento dos &#225;trios, com espessura normal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal ou pouco alterada. Por&#233;m, &#233; muito rara, e ocorre mais em crian&#231;as abaixo dos seis anos de idade. &#201; causada por pelo menos dez muta&#231;&#245;es em genes do sarc&#244;meros (troponinas I e T, actina, miosina e titina), al&#233;m de genes n&#227;o sarcom&#233;ricos (desmina, laminina e transtiretina).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outra causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca predominantemente direita seria o tromboembolismo pulmonar cr&#244;nico, contudo a angiotomografia de art&#233;rias pulmonares n&#227;o revelou altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, o quadro do paciente poderia dever-se &#224; pericardite constritiva.</p>
        <p>Apesar da presen&#231;a de anasarca, dilata&#231;&#227;o de &#225;trios e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica biventricular, os n&#237;veis de BNP estavam pouco elevados (192 pg/mL), enquanto que o esperado seria acima de 500 pg/mL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Contudo, Fernandes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> tamb&#233;m encontraram n&#237;veis baixos de BNP em s&#233;rie de pericardites recentemente publicada. O mesmo foi evidenciado por Reddy et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> que encontraram m&#233;dia de BNP de 116 pg/mL em pericardite e de 726 pg/mL na cardiomiopatia restritiva.</p>
        <p>O predom&#237;nio do derrame pleural era &#224; esquerda, em vez de &#224; direita, comumente visto na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Derrame pleural &#224; esquerda tamb&#233;m j&#225; foi associado a casos de pericardite constritiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de o ecocardiograma n&#227;o revelar envolvimento peric&#225;rdico, por n&#227;o haver derrame ou espessamento peric&#225;rdico, n&#227;o est&#225; descartada pericardite constritiva, pois esse exame &#233; pouco sens&#237;vel para revelar aumento de espessura do peric&#225;rdio na aus&#234;ncia de derrame. Houve espessamento em somente 36% dos casos publicados por Oh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Os achados Doppler-ecocardiogr&#225;ficos aumentam em muito a sensibilidade do m&#233;todo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica teria sido muito &#250;til, pois define com precis&#227;o a espessura do peric&#225;rdio, que &#233; mais bem visto na s&#237;stole e mede habitualmente cerca de 2 a 4 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Com uso de gadol&#237;nio, a resson&#226;ncia pode demonstrar espessamento uniforme e liso compat&#237;vel com pericardite aguda ou subaguda ou o espessamento irregular da pericardite cr&#244;nica constritiva, fibrose peric&#225;rdica, tumores ou met&#225;stases. A visualiza&#231;&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio depende da presen&#231;a, da quantidade e da extens&#227;o da gordura subepic&#225;rdica. A resson&#226;ncia &#233; capaz de delimitar o peric&#225;rdio completamente sobre o ventr&#237;culo direito, mas somente cerca de 60% sobre a parede lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No caso atual o ecocardiograma n&#227;o revelou altera&#231;&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas, contudo a tomografia do t&#243;rax revelou calcifica&#231;&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas que poderiam ser atribu&#237;das &#224; pericardite cr&#244;nica constritiva.</p>
        <p>Assim, a favor de pericardite cr&#244;nica constritiva temos as calcifica&#231;&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas, os baixos n&#237;veis de BNP, os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial pulmonar abaixo de 50 mmHg.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; etiologia da pericardite constritiva, ela pode ser de origem idiop&#225;tica (provavelmente de etiologia viral) ou tuberculosa.</p>
        <p>As hepatopatias cr&#244;nicas, tanto aquelas devido &#224;s hepatites virais ou outras causas de cirrose, podem cursar com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. Ramsey et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> encontraram hipertens&#227;o pulmonar em 10% dos pacientes candidatos a transplante hep&#225;tico. Contudo, no caso atual, as sorologias para hepatites virais foram negativas e a hepatite autoimune foi descartada pela aus&#234;ncia de anticorpos antinucleares, antic&#233;lula muscular lisa e anticorpos antimicrossomal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (Dr. Desiderio Favarato)</p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica</bold>: s&#237;ndrome restritiva por pericardite constritiva; evento final: choque s&#233;ptico. (Dr. Desiderio Favarato)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsia</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s abertura do t&#243;rax, notou-se firme ader&#234;ncia de ambos os pulm&#245;es ao gradeado costal e diafragma, mais exuberante &#224; esquerda. As pleuras parietal e visceral encontravam-se fundidas, esbranqui&#231;adas e acentuadamente espessadas, com encarceramento e atelectasia do pulm&#227;o esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>). O peric&#225;rdio mostrava-se esbranqui&#231;ado e espessado, firmemente aderido ao epic&#225;rdio, havendo calcifica&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o &#226;ntero-superior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>). O exame histol&#243;gico das pleuras e peric&#225;rdio evidenciou fibrose densa com &#225;reas de hialiniza&#231;&#227;o, neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o e focos isolados de discreto infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio mononuclear; n&#227;o havia granulomas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>). O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 472 g. Havia intensa dilata&#231;&#227;o de ambos os &#225;trios, com pequeno trombo em organiza&#231;&#227;o aderido ao endoc&#225;rdio do &#225;trio direito. O anel das valvas atrioventriculares era amplo, principalmente &#224; direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>). O ventr&#237;culo direito apresentava discreta dilata&#231;&#227;o e o esquerdo era normal. O exame histol&#243;gico do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o evidenciou anormalidades. A veia cava inferior mostrava-se dilatada, com trombos aderidos ao endot&#233;lio. O par&#234;nquima pulmonar apresentava congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica com evid&#234;ncias histol&#243;gicas de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, dano alveolar difuso em organiza&#231;&#227;o e focos de broncopneumonia &#224; direita. Na cavidade abdominal havia sinais de ascite cr&#244;nica, com espessamento fibroso do perit&#244;nio e ader&#234;ncia de al&#231;as intestinais. O f&#237;gado e o ba&#231;o apresentavam acentuada congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica, e o ba&#231;o ainda apresentava extensas &#225;reas de infarto recente. Notou-se ainda necrose tubular aguda renal e focos de necrose hemorr&#225;gica na regi&#227;o centrolobular do f&#237;gado. (Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte macrosc&#243;pico do pulm&#227;o esquerdo evidenciando seu encarceramento pela fibrose e espessamento pleural (asteriscos).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0609-70184-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vis&#227;o anterior do cora&#231;&#227;o com o saco peric&#225;rdico aberto sendo evidente o espessamento esbranqui&#231;ado do peric&#225;rdio e epic&#225;rdio, com ades&#227;o entre eles, caracterizando pericardite constritiva.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0609-70184-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte histol&#243;gico do peric&#225;rdio evidenciando acentuado espessamento por fibrose densa; aus&#234;ncia de processo inflamat&#243;rio ou granulomas. Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina-eosina.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0609-70184-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cora&#231;&#227;o aberto expondo as c&#226;maras direitas. H&#225; acentuada dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio direito (AD), com presen&#231;a de pequeno trombo acolado ao endoc&#225;rdio (seta). O ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) apresenta discreta dilata&#231;&#227;o e espessura normal das paredes, estando dilatado o anel da valva tric&#250;spide.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0609-70184-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos -</bold> Pleuropericardite cr&#244;nica constritiva; choque hemodin&#226;mico misto (cardiog&#234;nico e s&#233;ptico); broncopneumonia focal &#224; direita. (Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
        <p>Caso de homem jovem, de 28 anos de idade, com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, derrame e espessamento pleural. A necropsia mostrou tratar-se de pericardite cr&#244;nica constritiva, que se associava a intensa fibrose pleural com encarceramento pulmonar &#224; esquerda, sendo mais correta a designa&#231;&#227;o pleuropericardite cr&#244;nica. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o resulta da cicatriza&#231;&#227;o de comprometimento inflamat&#243;rio das pleuras e do peric&#225;rdio, podendo ter v&#225;rias etiologias como tuberculose, doen&#231;as do col&#225;geno, efeito colateral de medicamentos ou radioterapia, uremia, doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria intestinal, infec&#231;&#227;o viral, traumas ou cirurgias tor&#225;cicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Mais recentemente caracterizada, a doen&#231;a relacionada &#224; IgG4 tamb&#233;m pode constituir causa de pleuropericardite cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Classicamente relacionada &#224; tuberculose, a etiologia da pericardite constritiva tem-se modificado nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos com grande crescimento da etiologia idiop&#225;tica ou ap&#243;s cirurgia ou radioterapia tor&#225;cica. Entretanto, nos pa&#237;ses subdesenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento, a sequela da tuberculose permanece como a etiologia mais comum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> No presente caso, n&#227;o havia doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica nem hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica compat&#237;vel com efeito secund&#225;rio de medicamentos ou radioterapia. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o havia evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas de doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria intestinal ou doen&#231;a do col&#225;geno, e o exame histol&#243;gico das pleuras e peric&#225;rdio n&#227;o evidenciou infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio rico em plasm&#243;citos que pudesse sugerir a ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a relacionada &#224; IgG4; as les&#245;es eram essencialmente fibr&#243;ticas, com infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio muito discreto. A etiologia tuberculosa deve ser considerada, devido &#224; preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a em nosso meio, mas n&#227;o encontramos nenhuma evid&#234;ncia direta dessa patologia, como granulomas ou resqu&#237;cios dos mesmos para que pud&#233;ssemos afirmar tal etiologia. Portanto, conclu&#237;mos tratar-se de pleuropericardite cr&#244;nica idiop&#225;tica, ou seja, em que a etiologia n&#227;o foi esclarecida. Nesses casos a etiologia viral &#233; uma das possibilidades, al&#233;m da pr&#243;pria tuberculose. A causa terminal do &#243;bito foi choque hemodin&#226;mico misto, cardiog&#234;nico e s&#233;ptico, atestado pela necrose focal de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os (regi&#227;o centrolobular hep&#225;tica, t&#250;bulos renais e ba&#231;o) e &#225;reas de broncopneumonia. <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
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