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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Pj8Tyfqcr5h6v7w3XYp5Ftf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001500606</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170169</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Lung Ultrasound: The Cardiologists' New Friend</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miglioranza</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Haertel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline de Souza Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gargani</surname>
            <given-names>Luna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Tiradentes</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de e Ambiente</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de e Ambiente da Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Tiradentes</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Fisiologia Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa de Pisa</institution>
        <country country="IT">Italy</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Fisiologia Cl&#237;nica - Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa de Pisa - Italy</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcos Antonio Almeida-Santos</bold>, Av. Gon&#231;alo Prado Rollemberg, 211 Sala 210. Postal Code 49010-410, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Aracaju, SE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>maasantos@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marcosalmeida2010@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Miglioranza MH, Sousa ACS, Araujo CSC, Almeida-Santos MA, Gargani L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>606</fpage>
      <lpage>608</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Ultrasonography</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Edema</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis, Differential</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>About 200 years ago, French physician Theophile Hyacinthe La&#235;nnec (1781-1826) invented the stethoscope (from the Greek <italic>stethos</italic> = thorax, and <italic>skopein</italic> = to explore). Initially, the medical community was skeptical of the usefulness of the stethoscope and there was initial resistance to its use: &lt;that it would be widely used, despite its value, is extremely doubtful, as its beneficial application takes a lot of time and causes many problems for both the patient and the physician&gt;. However, in a short period of time, the stethoscope became a key component of the physical examination, and auscultation gained an outstanding value, promoting great advances in the diagnosis and management of patients with heart and lung diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Given the importance of this instrument, the stethoscope became iconic, constituting a symbol of the knowledge of the Hippocratic art - it is difficult to recognize another symbol that identifies the physician as strongly as a stethoscope adorning the neck of its user.</p>
    <p>Several decades have passed, and now we are faced with a similar scenario: another paradigm to be changed. Over a long period, the scientific community believed that the lungs would be outside the scope of ultrasonic investigation: &lt;because ultrasound energy dissipates rapidly into the air, ultrasonographic imaging is not useful for the assessment of lung parenchyma&gt;. This statement is true under normal physiological conditions. However, the occurrence of water in the pulmonary structure creates an acoustic window that allows the echocardiographer to identify the presence of congestion, as well as to perform a semiquantitative analysis on it. Point-of-care ultrasonography (centered examination, that is, performed at the patient&#8217;s own care site, often by the physician/care provider) emerged as an extension of the physical examination, and lung ultrasonography was proposed as part of it to detect and to estimate interstitial pulmonary edema. Therefore, cardiologists may now have this ultrasound technology as part of the clinical examination, which can be applied both at the bedside and in the office, and proposes to answer specific questions in a decision-making approach.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>The role of pulmonary congestion in heart failure and the limits of the traditional clinical examination</title>
      <p>Pulmonary congestion, such as low cardiac output, is a preponderant element in patients with heart failure (HF), which is considered an important cause of hospital admissions and death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Thus, the identification of pulmonary extravascular fluid in patients with HF can be used as an aid in strategies to optimize clinical therapy.</p>
      <p>Traditionally, assessment of pulmonary congestion has been based on the patient&#8217;s clinical status and physical examination. However, this evaluation presents limitations even for skilled professionals, showing high specificity, but low sensitivity for the detection of pulmonary congestion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Thus, cases of decompensation are often recognized at a very late stage of clinical congestion, so frequent hospitalizations are not avoided. In the cascade of congestion, the clinical manifestation represents a final stage, different from hemodynamic congestion (increase in left ventricular filling pressure), which is pulmonary and systemic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Pulmonary congestion corresponds specifically to the presence of extravascular pulmonary fluid, which can be evaluated by lung ultrasound.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>The added value of lung ultrasonography</title>
      <p>Lung ultrasound has emerged as an additional assessment to the tests and strategies already used in the clinical setting. However, many studies have shown that this test has comparable results to traditional complementary methods, and therefore can be used as a substitute. In fact, it is difficult to claim the full applicability and &#8220;sufficiency&#8221; of a single complementary method alone. An example of this is the restriction of the use of radiological examination during management and the difficulty in bearing the costs of the BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) dosage. However, lung echocardiography, considering that the echocardiograph is already available in a given institution, becomes a plausible alternative to be used alone or in face of the restrictions pointed out for radiographic examinations and sophisticated biochemical measurements.</p>
      <p>Detection of B lines (previously referred to as lung comets) through lung ultrasound has been proposed as a simple, noninvasive and semiquantitative tool to evaluate the presence of extravascular pulmonary fluid.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> When the lung is normally aerated, no B line is visible and the image is &#8220;black&#8221;. On the other hand, when the pulmonary vessels become engorged and the fluid transpires into the interstitium, the B lines begin to appear and the image becomes &#8220;black and white&#8221;. With alveolar edema, the image is completely &#8220;white&#8221;, full of B lines (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). This signal was initially proposed for the differential diagnosis of acute dyspnea, it is now part of the recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology for the pre- and in-hospital management of acute HF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and is also part of the recommendations of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and of the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association on the use of echocardiography in intensive cardiovascular care<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and emergency care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Several studies have demonstrated the relationship between B lines and pulmonary extravascular fluid, pulmonary capillary filling pressure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> NT-proBNP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and E/e' ratio in patients with HF.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Lung ultrasound images showing a normal lung and a lung with signs of congestion. On the right, we see an aerated lung and the only structure that can be identified is the pleura, appearing in the image as a horizontal hyperechogenic line. From the pleural line, we see several horizontal lines at regular intervals (A lines). On the left, we see a lung with interstitial edema; the acoustic discrepancy between the air and the surrounding tissues changes, generating a vertical reverberation artifact (B lines).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0606-70169-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Lung ultrasound can also identify clinically silent pulmonary edema<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and is an independent predictor of events in patients with acute HF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> chronic HF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> acute coronary syndromes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> hemodialysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> or acute dyspnea and/or chest pain,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> suggesting its additional value for improving the hemodynamic profile and optimizing treatment.</p>
      <p>The sensitivity and specificity of pulmonary echocardiography for the detection of B lines have ranged from 85 to 98%, and from 83 to 93%, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Advantages and limitations</title>
      <p>The implantation of lung ultrasound requires a learning curve, as it usually occurs in several complementary exams. On the other hand, implantation is highly accessible, and can be performed from basic ultrasound technology, including pocket devices. It is a fast, inexpensive, non-invasive and radiation-free procedure that allows for use in stable and unstable patients, as well as simultaneously to physical examination, and in resuscitation and hemodynamic stabilization.</p>
      <p>However, to avoid erroneous interpretations of B lines, the key is to contextualize with the clinical status, as this sign does not necessarily imply a cardiogenic etiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> When the presence or persistence of B lines does not show a correlation with the clinical status of HF, other diagnostic possibilities, such as pulmonary fibrosis in users of amiodarone, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema or interstitial lung disease, should be considered.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, lung ultrasonography may contribute to the development of new prognostic scores in patients with heart failure, since pulmonary congestion is one of the main predictors of fatal events in this group of individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The use of lung ultrasonography is therefore promising as a complementary method in cardiology. In this article, the main arguments for its use in everyday clinical practice were presented. Just as the introduction of the stethoscope has ushered in a new era in clinical diagnosis, we believe that the incorporation of point-of-care ultrasound has enough potential to expand the boundaries of traditional physical examination and, through a new praxis, broaden the physician&#8217;s senses.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ultrassonografia Pulmonar: O Novo Amigo do Cardiologista</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miglioranza</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Haertel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline de Souza Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gargani</surname>
            <given-names>Luna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de e Ambiente da Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Fisiologia Cl&#237;nica - Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa de Pisa - Italy</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcos Antonio Almeida-Santos</bold>, Av. Gon&#231;alo Prado Rollemberg, 211 Sala 210. CEP 49010-410, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Aracaju, SE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>maasantos@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marcosalmeida2010@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Miglioranza MH, Sousa ACS, Araujo CSC, Almeida-Santos MA, Gargani L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Ultrassonografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Edema Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico Diferencial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>H&#225; cerca de 200 anos, o m&#233;dico franc&#234;s Theophile Hyacinthe La&#235;nnec (1781-1826) inventou o estetosc&#243;pio (do Grego <italic>stethos</italic> = t&#243;rax, e <italic>skopein</italic> = explorar). Inicialmente, a comunidade m&#233;dica estava c&#233;tica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; utilidade do estetosc&#243;pio e houve resist&#234;ncia inicial ao uso: &lt;que ele venha a ter ampla utiliza&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o obstante seu valor, &#233; extremamente duvidoso; porque a sua aplica&#231;&#227;o ben&#233;fica requer muito tempo e d&#225; um bocado de problemas tanto para o paciente como para o m&#233;dico&gt;. No entanto, em curto per&#237;odo de tempo, o estetosc&#243;pio tornou-se um componente-chave do exame f&#237;sico, e a ausculta passou a ter valor destacado, promovendo grande avan&#231;o no diagn&#243;stico e manejo de pacientes com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e pulmonares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Dada a import&#226;ncia desse instrumento, o estetosc&#243;pio tornou-se ic&#244;nico, passando a constituir s&#237;mbolo do conhecimento da arte de Hip&#243;crates - &#233; dif&#237;cil reconhecer outro que identifique t&#227;o fortemente o m&#233;dico quanto um estetosc&#243;pio adornando o pesco&#231;o de seu usu&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rias d&#233;cadas se passaram, e agora estamos diante de cen&#225;rio semelhante: outro paradigma a ser mudado. Durante um longo per&#237;odo de tempo, a comunidade cient&#237;fica acreditou que o pulm&#227;o estaria fora do escopo da investiga&#231;&#227;o ultrass&#244;nica: &lt;porque a energia do ultrassom &#233; rapidamente dissipada no ar, a imagem ultrassonogr&#225;fica n&#227;o &#233; &#250;til para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do par&#234;nquima pulmonar&gt;. Essa afirma&#231;&#227;o &#233; verdadeira em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas normais; todavia, a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#225;gua na estrutura pulmonar cria uma janela ac&#250;stica que permite ao ecocardiografista identificar a presen&#231;a de congest&#227;o e, tamb&#233;m, efetuar an&#225;lise semiquantitativa da mesma. A ultrassonografia <italic>point-of-care</italic> (exame centrado, ou seja, realizado no pr&#243;prio local de atendimento do paciente, muitas vezes pelo m&#233;dico/provedor de atendimento) emergiu como extens&#227;o do exame f&#237;sico, e a ultrassonografia pulmonar foi proposta como parte dela para detectar e estimar o edema pulmonar intersticial. Portanto, os cardiologistas podem dispor agora dessa tecnologia do ultrassom como parte do exame cl&#237;nico, a qual pode ser aplicada tanto na beira do leito, como no consult&#243;rio, e se prop&#245;e a responder a perguntas espec&#237;ficas em abordagem de tomada de decis&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>O papel da congest&#227;o pulmonar na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e os limites do exame cl&#237;nico tradicional</title>
        <p>A congest&#227;o pulmonar, a exemplo do baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, &#233; elemento preponderante nos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), a qual &#233; considerada importante causa de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e de morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Assim, a identifica&#231;&#227;o do l&#237;quido extravascular pulmonar em portadores de IC pode ser utilizada como aux&#237;lio em estrat&#233;gias de otimiza&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Tradicionalmente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o pulmonar tem sido baseada no estado cl&#237;nico e no exame f&#237;sico do paciente. Entretanto, essa avalia&#231;&#227;o apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es mesmo para profissionais habilidosos, mostrando alta especificidade, mas baixa sensibilidade para a detec&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Assim, os casos de descompensa&#231;&#227;o muitas vezes s&#227;o reconhecidos em uma fase muito tardia de congest&#227;o cl&#237;nica, de modo que n&#227;o s&#227;o evitadas as frequentes hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es. Na cascata da congest&#227;o, a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica representa um est&#225;gio final, diferente da congest&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica (aumento da press&#227;o de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo), pulmonar e sist&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A congest&#227;o pulmonar corresponde especificamente &#224; presen&#231;a de l&#237;quido extravascular pulmonar, o qual pode ser avaliado por ultrassom pulmonar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O valor agregado da ultrassonografia pulmonar</title>
        <p>O ultrassom pulmonar surgiu como uma avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional sobre os testes e as estrat&#233;gias j&#225; utilizadas no ambiente cl&#237;nico. Contudo, muitos estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que esse exame apresenta resultados compar&#225;veis a m&#233;todos complementares tradicionais, pass&#237;vel, portanto, de ser utilizado como substituto. Com efeito, &#233; dif&#237;cil postular a plena aplicabilidade e &#8220;sufici&#234;ncia&#8221; de um &#250;nico m&#233;todo complementar isoladamente. Exemplo disso, a restri&#231;&#227;o de uso de exame radiol&#243;gico durante a gest&#227;o e a dificuldade em arcar com os custos da dosagem de BNP (<italic>brain natriuretic peptide</italic>). Entretanto, a ecocardiografia pulmonar, considerando-se que o ecocardi&#243;grafo j&#225; se encontra dispon&#237;vel em determinada institui&#231;&#227;o, torna-se uma alternativa plaus&#237;vel de ser utilizada isoladamente ou diante das restri&#231;&#245;es apontadas para os exames radiogr&#225;ficos e dosagens bioqu&#237;micas sofisticadas.</p>
        <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o ultrassonogr&#225;fica pulmonar das linhas B (anteriormente denominadas de cometas pulmonares) tem sido proposta como uma ferramenta simples, n&#227;o invasiva e semiquantitativa para avaliar a presen&#231;a de l&#237;quido extravascular pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Quando o pulm&#227;o est&#225; normalmente arejado, nenhuma linha B &#233; vis&#237;vel e a imagem &#233; &#8220;preta&#8221;. Por outro lado, quando os vasos pulmonares ficam ingurgitados e o l&#237;quido transuda para o interst&#237;cio, as linhas B come&#231;am a aparecer e a imagem torna-se &#8220;preta e branca&#8221;. Com edema alveolar, a imagem &#233; completamente &#8220;branca&#8221;, cheia de linhas B (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Esse sinal foi inicialmente proposto para o diagn&#243;stico diferencial da dispneia aguda; agora se encontra inclu&#237;do nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia para o manejo pr&#233; e intra-hospitalar da IC aguda,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> bem como nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es das Associa&#231;&#245;es Europeia de Imagem Cardiovascular e de Cuidados Cardiovasculares Cr&#237;ticos sobre o uso de ecocardiografia em cuidados cardiovasculares intensivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e na emerg&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as linhas B e o l&#237;quido extravascular pulmonar, press&#227;o de enchimento capilar pulmonar,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> NT-proBNP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' em pacientes com IC.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imagens de ultrassonografia pulmonar mostrando um pulm&#227;o normal e um pulm&#227;o com sinais de congest&#227;o. &#192; direita, vemos um pulm&#227;o aerado e a &#250;nica estrutura que pode ser identificada &#233; a pleura, aparecendo na imagem como uma linha horizontal hiperecog&#234;nica. A partir da linha pleural, vemos diversas linhas horizontais em intervalos regulares (linhas A). &#192; esquerda, vemos um pulm&#227;o com edema intersticial; a discrep&#226;ncia ac&#250;stica entre o ar e os tecidos circundantes muda, gerando um artefato de reverbera&#231;&#227;o vertical (linhas B).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0606-70169-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A ultrassonografia pulmonar tamb&#233;m pode identificar edema pulmonar clinicamente silencioso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e &#233; um preditor independente de eventos em pacientes com IC aguda,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> IC cr&#244;nica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> hemodi&#225;lise<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> ou dispneia aguda e/ou dor tor&#225;cica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> sugerindo seu valor adicional para melhorar o perfil hemodin&#226;mico e a otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento.</p>
        <p>A sensibilidade e a especificidade da ecocardiografia pulmonar para a detec&#231;&#227;o de linhas B t&#234;m variado de 85 a 98%, e de 83 a 93%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vantagens e limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A implanta&#231;&#227;o do ultrassom pulmonar requer uma curva de aprendizagem, como costuma ocorrer em diversos exames complementares. Por outro lado, a implanta&#231;&#227;o &#233; altamente acess&#237;vel, podendo ser realizada a partir de tecnologia de ultrassom b&#225;sico, incluindo dispositivos de bolso. &#201; procedimento r&#225;pido, de baixo custo, n&#227;o invasivo e sem radia&#231;&#227;o, que permite utiliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes est&#225;veis e inst&#225;veis, e tamb&#233;m a realiza&#231;&#227;o em paralelo ao exame f&#237;sico, na ressuscita&#231;&#227;o e estabiliza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
        <p>No entanto, para evitar interpreta&#231;&#245;es err&#244;neas das linhas B, a chave &#233; a contextualizar com o quadro cl&#237;nico, j&#225; que esse sinal n&#227;o implica necessariamente uma etiologia cardiog&#234;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Quando a presen&#231;a ou persist&#234;ncia de linhas B n&#227;o exibe correla&#231;&#227;o com o quadro cl&#237;nico de IC, devemos aventar outras possibilidades diagn&#243;sticas, tais como: fibrose pulmonar em usu&#225;rios de amiodarona, edema pulmonar n&#227;o cardiog&#234;nico ou doen&#231;a pulmonar intersticial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, a ultrassonografia pulmonar pode contribuir para a elabora&#231;&#227;o de novos escores progn&#243;sticos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, uma vez que a congest&#227;o pulmonar figura entre os principais preditores de eventos fatais nesse grupo de indiv&#237;duos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>&#201; promissor, portanto, o emprego da ultrassonografia pulmonar como m&#233;todo complementar na cardiologia. Neste artigo, foram apresentados os principais argumentos para sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica cotidiana. Assim como a introdu&#231;&#227;o do estetosc&#243;pio iniciou uma nova era no diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico, acreditamos que a incorpora&#231;&#227;o do ultrassom <italic>point-of-care</italic> possui suficiente potencial para expandir as fronteiras do exame f&#237;sico tradicional e, mediante uma nova pr&#225;xis, ampliar os sentidos do m&#233;dico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
