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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VPwWs59YRGSbjWK9tFtHFty</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001500590</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170172</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X201700502110</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Valvular Heart Diseases</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Progression and Prognosis of Paravalvular Regurgitation After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneguz-Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Auristela Isabel de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zumarraga</surname>
            <given-names>Mayra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David Le</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Dimytri Alexandre de Alvim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Antonio Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Guerra de Moraes Rego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>J. Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP; - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lagarto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Lagarto, SE; - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, S&#227;o Paulo, SP- Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rafael Alexandre Meneguz-Moreno,</bold> Av. Onze de Junho, 99 apto 113 A. Postal Code 04041-050, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rafael.meneguz@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Meneguz-Moreno RA, Castro-Filho A, Ramos AIO, Zumarraga M, Le Bihan D, Barretto R, Siqueira DAA, Abizaid AAC; Acquisition of data: Meneguz-Moreno RA, Zumarraga M, Le Bihan D, Barretto R, Siqueira DAA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Meneguz-Moreno RA, Castro-Filho A, Ramos AIO; Statistical analysis: Castro-Filho A; Writing of the manuscript: Meneguz-Moreno RA, Ramos AIO; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Meneguz-Moreno RA, Ramos AIO, Le Bihan D, Barretto R, Siqueira DAA, Abizaid AAC, Sousa AGMR, Sousa JE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dr. Dimytri A. Siqueira and Dr. Alexandre Abizaid are consultants in Edwards, Medtronic and Symetis. The other authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>590</fpage>
      <lpage>598</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The impact of paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) following transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) remains uncertain.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the impact of PVR on mortality and hospital readmission one year after TAVI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Between January 2009 and June 2015, a total of 251 patients underwent TAVI with three different prostheses at two cardiology centers. Patients were assessed according to PVR severity after the procedure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>PVR was classified as absent/trace or mild in 92.0% (n = 242) and moderate/severe in 7.1% (n = 18). The moderate/severe PVR group showed higher levels of aortic calcification (22% vs. 6%, p = 0.03), higher serum creatinine (1.5 &#177; 0.7 vs. 1.2 &#177; 0.4 mg/dL, p = 0.014), lower aortic valve area (0.6 &#177; 0.1 vs. 0.7 &#177; 0.2 cm<sup>2</sup>, p = 0.05), and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (49.2 &#177; 14.8% vs. 58.8 &#177; 12.1%, p = 0.009). Patients with moderate/severe PVR had more need for post-dilatation (p = 0.025) and use of larger-diameter balloons (p = 0.043). At one year, all-cause mortality was similar in both groups (16.7% vs. 12%, p = 0.08), as well as rehospitalization (11.1% vs. 7.3%, p = 0.915). PVR grade significantly reduced throughout the first year after the procedure (p &lt; 0.01). The presence of moderate/severe PVR was not associated with higher one-year mortality rates (HR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.27-2.13, p = 0.864), rehospitalization (HR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.25-4.69, p=0.915), or composite outcome (HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.28-2.13, p = 0.613).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In this sample, moderate/severe PVR was not a predictor of long-term mortality or rehospitalization. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Insufficiency / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Patients with symptomatic, severe aortic stenosis, at high risk for surgery, treated with transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), have shown a favorable outcome, as described in several randomized studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although the TAVI technique has reached relative maturity, paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) remains a possible complication. It is not well established whether or not the presence of PVR is directly associated with worse prognosis after TAVI or whether the relationship between PVR and TAVI is merely an association.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the PARTNER (Placement of aortic transcatheter valve) trial, the presence of moderate/severe PVR in inoperable patients had a negative impact on one-year all-cause mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> On the other hand, in the group of patients at high risk, even the presence of mild PVR post-TAVI was associated with increased mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, in another randomized study, the CoreValve U.S. Pivotal Trial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> PVR severity decreased after one year, and only severe PVR was associated with mortality.</p>
      <p>The present study aimed to evaluate the presence and the progression of PVR one year after TAVI, and its impact on adverse clinical outcomes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Classification of aortic stenosis by echocardiography</title>
        <p>Analysis of aortic valve area (AVA) and aortic regurgitation was performed by echocardiography in all patients using the multiparametric method according to published guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients&#8217; selection and indication for procedure</title>
        <p>For risk estimation, we used the STS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> (Society of Thoracic Surgeons) recommendations, the logistic EuroSCORE (European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and the EuroSCORE II.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>All symptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis (valve area &#8804; 1.0 cm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>), at high surgical risk, who had undergone TAVI in two excellence centers in cardiology in Brazil between January 2009 and June 2015 were included in this analysis. The multidisciplinary team was similar in both centers.</p>
        <p>All data were collected from the institutions&#8217; databases using standardized forms developed for the study, and organized in spreadsheets.</p>
        <p>Assessment of clinical and echocardiographic data was performed at 30 days, 6 months and 1 year, during medical visits and telephone contact, according to the clinical routine of each center.</p>
        <p>Patients were included in this prospective study after signing the informed consent form. The protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of each institution according to the Helsinki declaration.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Implantation technique and procedures</title>
        <p>The self-expanding, percutaneous CoreValve (Medtronic, Minneapolis, USA) prosthesis, the Acurate (Symetis SA, Lausanne, Switzerland) prosthesis, or the balloon-expandable Edwards Sapien-XT (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, EUA) valve prosthesis were used, at the interventional cardiologist&#8217;s discretion.</p>
        <p>Most procedures were performed under general anesthesia and with transesophageal echocardiography. Transfemoral vascular access was indicated in all patients who had a favorable vascular access. Arterial hemostasis was performed using a specific device, mediated by the Perclose ProGlide&#174; Suture-Mediated Closure System (Abbott Vascular&#8482;, Santa Clara, USA) or surgical access. When transfemoral access was not possible, the transapical, transaortic or the subclavian accesses were used as alternatives. Both predilatation and postdilatation were performed at the intervention team&#8217;s discretion. Whenever possible, patients were extubated in the operating room and kept in observation in the intensive care unit during 24-48 hours. Hospital discharge occurred according to patient&#8217;s clinical progress after TAVI. Hemodynamic data were obtained during the TAVI procedure and by echocardiography before hospital discharge.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definitions</title>
        <p>The use of TAVI device was considered successful if the prosthesis was correctly implanted, without a prosthesis-patient mismatch, with an aortic valve mean gradient &lt; 20 mmHg and absence of moderate or severe aortic regurgitation, according to echocardiography results.</p>
        <p>Primary outcomes were defined according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC-2) criteria<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and systematically evaluated by two experienced cardiologists. Primary outcome was established by an outcome composed of global mortality and rehospitalization due to cardiac causes. Secondary outcomes were death for cardiac reasons, NYHA (New York Heart Association) classification for dyspnea, acute myocardial infarction and stroke.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical follow-up</title>
        <p>Clinical and echocardiographic follow-up was performed at 30 days after discharge and every six months.</p>
        <p>Dual antiplatelet therapy was started with a loading dose of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel 24 hours before TAVI procedure; clopidogrel at 75 mg/day was maintained up to 6 months thereafter and ASA 100mg/day was continuously maintained.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic follow-up</title>
        <p>Evaluation of the aortic prosthesis was performed according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC-1), the American Society of Echocardiography, and the European Society of Echocardiography criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Echocardiography was performed by two experienced technicians, and patients were classified according to PVR degree as &#8216;absent/trace&#8217;, &#8216;mild&#8217;, &#8216;moderate&#8217; or &#8216;severe&#8217; regurgitation, using a semiquantitative criteria, as previously described by Hahn et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables were described as mean and standard deviation, and compared using the one-way ANOVA after being tested for normality by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical variables were described as absolute numbers and percentage, and were analyzed by the chi-squared test or the Fisher exact test, as appropriate. For analysis of PVR progression based on post-TARVI PVR, distribution homogeneity in each PVR subgroup over time was tested using the Stuart-Maxwell test (generalized McNemar test). Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the difference between the PVR subgroups was compared using the log-rank test. A p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using the R program version 3.1 (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) and the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science, Chicago, EUA) program version 20.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>A total of 259 patients underwent TAVI during the study period. Six patients died during the procedure and two patients were lost to follow-up, and hence, excluded from the study. Among the remaining 251 patients, the echocardiographic study performed before hospital discharge identified 18 patients (7.1%) with moderate PVR (group 1) and 233 patients (92.8%) in Group 2, with absent/trace of PVR (n = 145) or mild PVR (n = 88). There was no case of severe PVR in the sample.</p>
        <p>Mean age of participants was 82.16&#177;6.70 years, and more than half of patients (55.5%) were women. In 224 patients (89.2%), TAVI was performed via the transfemoral access. Mean STS score was 6.62 &#177; 4.78%, and 78.9% had NYHA class III or IV heart failure. As compared with group 2, group 1 showed a higher degree of aortic valve calcification than group 2 (22.0% vs. 6.0%; p=0.03), higher creatinine levels (1.53 &#177; 0.71 vs. 1.18 &#177; 0.43 mg/dL; p = 0.014), lower AVA (0.61&#177;0.12 vs. 0.69 &#177; 0.17 cm<sup>2</sup>; p = 0.05) and more severe left ventricular dysfunction (49.17 &#177; 14.79% vs. 58.82 &#177; 12.14%; p = 0.009). Baseline characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">All patients (n = 251)</th>
                <th align="center">Moderate/severe PVR (n = 18)</th>
                <th align="center">Absent / trace or mild PVR (n = 233)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Clinical characteristics</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">82.16 &#177; 6.70</td>
                <td align="center">80.50 &#177; 7.96</td>
                <td align="center">82.28 &#177; 6.59</td>
                <td align="center">0.680</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female sex</td>
                <td align="center">138 (55.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (33.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">132 (56.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.083</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">68.42 &#177; 12.87</td>
                <td align="center">67.33 &#177; 12.69</td>
                <td align="center">68.51 &#177; 12.91</td>
                <td align="center">0.592</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26.44 &#177; 4.49</td>
                <td align="center">25.43 &#177; 4.32</td>
                <td align="center">26.52 &#177; 4.50</td>
                <td align="center">0.320</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Syncope/Presyncope</td>
                <td align="center">52 (20.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (27.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (20.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.442</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td align="center">85 (33.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (27.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (34.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.571</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insulin-dependent DM</td>
                <td align="center">21 (8.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (8.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.654</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">COPD</td>
                <td align="center">36 (14.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (14.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.684</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">159 (63.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (66.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">147 (63.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.761</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">208 (82.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (83.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">193 (82.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.956</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">44 (17.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (22.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (17.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.586</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PVD</td>
                <td align="center">54 (21.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (22.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (21.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.939</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carotid artery disease</td>
                <td align="center">44 (17.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (22.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (17.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.586</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.138</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous stroke</td>
                <td align="center">14 (5.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (5.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.996</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Neurologic sequelae</td>
                <td align="center">13 (5.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (5.2%</td>
                <td align="center">0.940</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CAD &#8805; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">131 (52.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (52.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.846</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CABG</td>
                <td align="center">52 (20.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (22.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (20.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.771</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous PCI</td>
                <td align="center">62 (24.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (25.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.573</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AMI</td>
                <td align="center">43 (17.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (27.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (16.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.213</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AMI &lt; 30 days</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous pacemaker</td>
                <td align="center">28 (11.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (11.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.702</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous ICD</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.861</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.841</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">11 (4.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">11 (4.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">41 (16.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (17.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">159 (65.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (77.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">145 (64.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IV</td>
                <td align="center">33 (13.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (13.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Porcelain aorta</td>
                <td align="center">13 (5.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (4.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.238</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous valve repair surgery</td>
                <td align="center">17 (6.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (6.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.111</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1.21 &#177; 0.47</td>
                <td align="center">1.53 &#177; 0.71</td>
                <td align="center">1.18 &#177; 0.43</td>
                <td align="center">0.014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GFR (mL/min.1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">42.97 &#177; 26.58</td>
                <td align="center">38.3 &#177; 13.53</td>
                <td align="center">43.3 &#177; 27.39</td>
                <td align="center">0.374</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine cl &lt; 50 mLmin.1.73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">142 (56.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (77.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (54.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Log. EuroSCORE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21.5 &#177; 11.96</td>
                <td align="center">25.17 &#177; 13.26</td>
                <td align="center">21.21 &#177; 11.83</td>
                <td align="center">0.211</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EuroSCORE II (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7.57 &#177; 6.30</td>
                <td align="center">7.5 &#177; 6.19</td>
                <td align="center">8.34 &#177; 7.77</td>
                <td align="center">0.849</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6.62 &#177; 4.78</td>
                <td align="center">6.35 &#177; 2.46</td>
                <td align="center">6.64 &#177; 4.92</td>
                <td align="center">0.462</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:medium;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:medium">
                <td align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Echocaridographic variables</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVA (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0.69 &#177; 0.17</td>
                <td align="center">0.61 &#177; 0.12</td>
                <td align="center">0.69 &#177; 0.17</td>
                <td align="center">0.056</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aortic valve annulus (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">22.32 &#177; 5.25</td>
                <td align="center">20.93 &#177; 8.99</td>
                <td align="center">22.43 &#177; 4.86</td>
                <td align="center">0.287</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">58.11 &#177; 12.58</td>
                <td align="center">49.17 &#177; 14.79</td>
                <td align="center">58.82 &#177;12.14</td>
                <td align="center">0.009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mean gradient (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">53.58 &#177; 15.62</td>
                <td align="center">52.44 &#177; 20.51</td>
                <td align="center">53.67 &#177; 15.22</td>
                <td align="center">0.471</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maximum gradient (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">86.45 &#177; 23.34</td>
                <td align="center">85.94 &#177; 31.24</td>
                <td align="center">86.49 &#177; 22.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.701</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Continuation</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEDD (mm), mean &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">50.81 &#177; 7.28</td>
                <td align="center">54.76 &#177; 8.04</td>
                <td align="center">50.51 &#177; 7.16</td>
                <td align="center">0.030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAP (mmHg), mean &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">49.14 &#177; 14.0</td>
                <td align="center">51.18 &#177; 13.22</td>
                <td align="center">48.97 &#177; 14.08</td>
                <td align="center">0.451</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Extensive calcification of the aorta valve</td>
                <td align="center">18 (7.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (22.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (6.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Degree of aortic regurgitation &#8805; 2</td>
                <td align="center">25 (7.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (6.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.297</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Degree of mitral regurgitation &#8805; 2</td>
                <td align="center">47 (17.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (27.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (16.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.395</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; SD or absolute number and percentage as appropriate. AMI: acute myocardial infarction; AVA: aortic valve area; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; Creat cl: creatinine clearence calculated by the Cockroft-Gault formula; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; EuroSCORE: European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LVEDD: left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; PAP: pulmonary artery pressure; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Data of transcatheter aortic valve implantation procedure</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">All patients (n = 251)</th>
                <th align="center">Moderate/severe PVR (n = 18)</th>
                <th align="center">Absent/trace or mild PVR (n = 233)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Time of procedure (min)</td>
                <td align="center">97.55 &#177; 47.32</td>
                <td align="center">125.06 &#177; 39.97</td>
                <td align="center">95.41 &#177; 47.25</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Contrast volume (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">128.31 &#177; 74.32</td>
                <td align="center">123.75 &#177; 35.19</td>
                <td align="center">128.64 &#177; 76.45</td>
                <td align="center">0.479</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Type of prosthesis</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.350</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sapien-XT</td>
                <td align="center">96 (38.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (22.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (39.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CoreValve</td>
                <td align="center">95 (37.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (36.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acurate</td>
                <td align="center">60 (23.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (27.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (23.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">General anesthesia</td>
                <td align="center">242 (96.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">224 (96.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.395</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Access route</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.680</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Femoral</td>
                <td align="center">224 (89.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (94.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">207 (88.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Transapical</td>
                <td align="center">10 (4.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">10 (4.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Transaortic</td>
                <td align="center">13 (5.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (5.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Subclavian</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemostatic compression device</td>
                <td align="center">170 (75.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (72.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">177 (76%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.792</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valve repair before or during the procedure</td>
                <td align="center">185 (73.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (88.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">169 (72.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.128</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valve repair before or during the procedure (balloon diameter)</td>
                <td align="center">19.31 &#177; 6.37</td>
                <td align="center">18.17 &#177; 8.48</td>
                <td align="center">19.42 &#177; 6.14</td>
                <td align="center">0.556</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Post-dilatation</td>
                <td align="center">80 (31.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (55.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Post-dilatation (balloon diameter)</td>
                <td align="center">23.19 &#177; 1.94</td>
                <td align="center">24.2 &#177; 0.92</td>
                <td align="center">23.04 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0.043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">New permanent pacemaker</td>
                <td align="center">29 (11.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (11.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.953</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:medium;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:medium">
                <td align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Post-procedure echocardiographic variables</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVA (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1.88 &#177; 0.29</td>
                <td align="center">1.89 &#177; 0.23</td>
                <td align="center">1.88 &#177; 0.30</td>
                <td align="center">0.742</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">58.61 &#177; 13.54</td>
                <td align="center">51.56 &#177; 19.73</td>
                <td align="center">59.2 &#177; 12.77</td>
                <td align="center">0.175</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEDD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">49.48 &#177; 10.53</td>
                <td align="center">51.94 &#177; 15.11</td>
                <td align="center">49.26 &#177; 10.07</td>
                <td align="center">0.027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mean gradient (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">10.70 &#177; 4.70</td>
                <td align="center">11.00 &#177; 3.79</td>
                <td align="center">10.67 &#177; 4.77</td>
                <td align="center">0.684</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maximum gradient (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">20.18 &#177; 8.30</td>
                <td align="center">20.56 &#177; 7.28</td>
                <td align="center">20.15 &#177; 8.40</td>
                <td align="center">0.847</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">45.83 &#177; 16.74</td>
                <td align="center">53.67 &#177; 18.78</td>
                <td align="center">45.05 &#177; 16.37</td>
                <td align="center">0.225</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; SD or absolute number and percentage, as appropriate. AVA: aortic valve area; LVEDD: left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; PAP: pulmonary arterial pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Patients with moderate/severe PVR had a greater need for postdilatation (p = 0.025), and for using larger-diameter balloons (p = 0.043). Characteristics of the TAVI procedure are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up</title>
        <p>At the end of one year, 134 patients had two echocardiographic analyses (post-TARVI and at one year); 111 patients (82.8%) showed an improvement of PVR grade or no changes (p &lt; 0.01), and 23 (17.1%) patients had a worsening of PVR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Of 18 patients with moderate and severe PVR before hospital discharge, 16 (88.9%) showed an improvement of at least one grade at one year of follow-up, and no patient had severe PRV.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribution of patients with different paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) severity grades according to serial echocardiography analysis immediately after the procedure and at 6 months and 12 months after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) *echocardiography before hospital discharge</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0590-70172-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Mean follow-up period was 13.2 months (interquartile range: 1.15-13.08). At the end of 1 year, all-cause mortality (16.7% vs. 12.0%; p = 0.081) and rehospitalization due to cardiac causes (11.1% vs. 7.3%; p = 0.915) were similar in both groups. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR: 0.76; 95%CI: 0.27-2.13; p = 0.864), rehospitalization due to cardiac causes (RR: 1.08; 95%CI: 0.25-4.69; p = 0.915) or composite outcome (RR: 1.06; 95%CI: 0.54-2.06; p = 0.873) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Also, no differences were found in the other clinical outcomes between the groups after 1 year (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Kaplan-Meier curves showing the comparison of cumulative death-free survival or necessity of rehospitalization due to cardiac causes over the first year after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in patients with absent/trace or mild paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) in comparison with patients with moderate to severe PVR</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0590-70172-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Event rate one year after transcatheter aortic valve implantation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">All patients (n = 251)</th>
                <th align="center">Moderate/severe PVR (n = 18)</th>
                <th align="center">Absent/trace or mild PVR (n = 233)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Events</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Composite primary outcome</td>
                <td align="center">54 (21.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (22.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (21.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.614</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">All-cause mortality</td>
                <td align="center">31 (12.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (12.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.811</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Death from cardiovascular causes</td>
                <td align="center">22 (8.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (13.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (8.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.218</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rehospitalization due to cardiovascular causes</td>
                <td align="center">19 (7.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (11.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (7.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.915</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke</td>
                <td align="center">8 (3.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AMI</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Data expressed as mean &#177; SD or absolute number and percentage, as appropriate. AMI: acute myocardial infarction; TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>With respect to dyspnea symptoms, no differences were detected between the NYHA groups at six months (p = 0.861), whereas at the end of one year, the group of patients with moderate/severe PVR were more symptomatic (0.047) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). Considering only the functional classes III and IV, no differences were found between groups 1 and 2 at 6 months (0% in group 1 <italic>vs</italic>. 4.7% in group 2, p = 0.99) or at 1 year (6.7% in group 1 <italic>vs</italic>. 0.9% in group 2; p = 0.22) between groups 1 and 2.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Bar graph showing the distribution of patients with different paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) grades and NYHA (New York Heart Association) functional class immediately after the procedure and at 6 months and 12 months after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) *echocardiography before hospital discharge</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0590-70172-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Analysis of this sample of patients added to the knowledge about PVR following TAVI: 1) despite relatively frequent, PVR occurs in mild degree in most of the cases (92.6%); 2) the echocardiographic findings showed a regression in PVR severity grade at the end of the first year; 3) our findings did not show a relationship between moderate/severe PVR and a worse prognosis, although these patients had more symptoms of heart failure at the end of one year.</p>
      <p>The frequency of PVR after TAVI varies between studies (50-85%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> particularly due to technical difficulties in the diagnosis and the learning curve, in addition to different modalities of imaging exams, including transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, angiography, computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The largest meta-analysis on the theme reported an incidence of 7.4% of moderate to severe PVR, with the use of first-generation devices (Sapien-XT e CoreValve).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>With the use of more recent prosthesis, such as SAPIEN-3 (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, EUA) and CoreValve Evolut-R (Medtronic, Minneapolis, EUA), the incidence of moderate/severe PVR at 30 days was 2.0-3.4%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Such incidence tends to decrease, as the use of TAVI has been extended to lower-risk patients and included new, repositionable prostheses: the Edwards CENTERA (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, USA), JenaValve (JenaValve Technology Inc., Irvine, USA), Lotus Valve&#8482; System (Boston Scientific, Massachusetts, USA) and Portico&#8482; (St. Jude Medical Inc., Minnesota, EUA) prostheses, which involves new mechanisms aimed at reducing the incidence of PVR, such as anchorage mechanism, or sealing skirts in its lower part to conform to the irregular surfaces of the aortic annulus.</p>
      <p>In patients with moderate/severe regurgitation, there was a greater need for post-dilatation and larger-diameter balloons, probably due to more severe valvular calcification and larger aortic annulus, in addition to longer procedure time, although we did not perform an analysis of independent predictors of moderate to severe PVR. In previous studies, larger aortic annulus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and important calcification were associated with higher PVR rates after the procedure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> which is corroborated by our results showing that the group 2 was composed of more severely impaired patients, with lower AVA, greater left ventricular dysfunction and worse renal function. Taken together, these findings suggest that PVR patients are more likely to be more severe patients prior to the TAVI procedure.</p>
      <p>Moderate to severe PVR has been known to be associated with poor short- and long-term clinical outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> However, there are few data on PVR progression over time and its association with clinical outcomes and symptoms worsening. Studies with a longer follow-up have shown a reduction in moderate/severe PVR, but this effect may be attributed to death of more severe patients at higher risk. The reduction in the severity of regurgitation may also be related to aortic annulus remodeling, expansion of nitinol and change in the left ventricular geometry.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the CoreValve US Pivotal Trial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> PVR improved over one year, and only severe PVR after TAVI was associated with increased mortality rates, which may be associated with aortic root remodeling. In that study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> at one year after discharge, 44% of patients showed an improvement of PVR of at least one grade, and 18% of patients, most of them with mild PVR, showed a worsening of the condition. Similar to our results, in the study by Oh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> 83% of patients with moderate PVR patients improved in up to one grade after one year of follow-up. In the PARTNER study, 31.9% of patients had an improvement in PVR severity grade after two years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The association between symptoms according to the NYHA classification and PVR severity grade has not been investigated yet. One recent study showed that patients with more severe PVR showed less improvement in NYHA class at 6 months compared with patients with none or mild PVR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In our study, although patients with moderate PVR did not have a worse NYHA functional class at six months, this was observed at one year of follow-up. Nevertheless, such difference was not detected when only classes III and IV were considered, and this phenomenon needs to be further elucidated.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This was a retrospective, observational study with its obvious limitations. Our sample size was small, which limits the conclusions that can be drawn regarding clinical outcomes and analysis of predictors, with insufficient power to make firm conclusions especially about mortality. Besides, the existence of only one method available to evaluate PVR (echocardiography), quantification of PVR grade, technical difficulties, and the use of different assessment methods for different prosthesis should be considered. Echocardiographic analyses were not performed by an independent Core-lab, and not all patients had available echocardiographic data at the different times of follow-up. For this reason, a paired analysis was performed. The study proposes a hypothesis and suggests future research on the theme.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>PVR after TAVI remains a frequent condition, with differences in baseline clinical and echocardiographic characteristics between the groups of different severity. In our sample, the presence of moderate or severe PVR was not a predictor of mortality or rehospitalization due to cardiac causes in the medium term, which may be attributed to the improvement in regurgitation severity grade over the first year after TAVI. For future research, the authors believe that it is crucial to identify patients at higher risk of worsening or lack of improvement of PVR and its related mechanism, and to conduct a longer follow-up of these patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Valvopatias</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o e Progn&#243;stico da Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Paravalvar Ap&#243;s Implante de Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneguz-Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Auristela Isabel de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zumarraga</surname>
            <given-names>Mayra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David Le</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Dimytri Alexandre de Alvim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Antonio Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Guerra de Moraes Rego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>J. Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Lagarto, SE;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rafael Alexandre Meneguz-Moreno,</bold> Av. Onze de Junho, 99 apto 113 A. CEP 04041-050, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rafael.meneguz@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Meneguz-Moreno RA, Castro-Filho A, Ramos AIO, Zumarraga M, Le Bihan D, Barretto R, Siqueira DAA, Abizaid AAC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Meneguz-Moreno RA, Zumarraga M, Le Bihan D, Barretto R, Siqueira DAA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Meneguz-Moreno RA, Castro-Filho A, Ramos AIO; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Castro-Filho A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Meneguz-Moreno RA, Ramos AIO; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Meneguz-Moreno RA, Ramos AIO, Le Bihan D, Barretto R, Siqueira DAA, Abizaid AAC, Sousa AGMR, Sousa JE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dr. Dimytri A. Siqueira &#233; consultor das empresas Edwards, Medtronic e Symetis. O Dr. Alexandre Abizaid &#233; consultor das empresas Edwards, Medtronic e Symetis. Os demais autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses relacionado a este manuscrito.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O impacto da regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvular (RPV) ap&#243;s implante de valva a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVI) permanece incerto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar o impacto da RPV na mortalidade e re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o 1 ano ap&#243;s o TAVI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Entre janeiro de 2009 e junho de 2015, 251 pacientes foram submetidos ao TAVI em dois centros cardiol&#243;gicos com 3 diferentes pr&#243;teses. Os pacientes foram analisados de acordo com a gravidade da RPV p&#243;s-procedimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>RPV foi classificada como ausente/m&#237;nima ou discreta em 92,0% (n=242) dos pacientes e moderada/grave em 7,1% (n = 18). Os pacientes com RPV moderada/importante apresentaram maior grau de calcifica&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (22,0% vs. 6,0%; p = 0,03), creatinina s&#233;rica (1,53 &#177; 0,71 vs. 1,18 &#177; 0,43 mg/dL; p = 0,01), menor &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica (0,61 &#177; 0,12 vs. 0.69 &#177; 0,17 cm<sup>2</sup>; p = 0,05) e menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (49,17&#177;14,79% vs. 58,82&#177;12,14%; p = 0,009). Nos pacientes com RPV moderada/importante a necessidade de p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o foi maior (p = 0,025) e eventualmente com bal&#227;o de di&#226;metro maior (p = 0,04). Ao final de 1 ano, a mortalidade por todas as causas foi similar em ambos os grupos (16,7% vs. 12,0%; p = 0,08), assim como re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (11,1% vs. 7,3%; p = 0,91). O grau de RPV ao longo do primeiro ano reduziu progressivamente (p &lt; 0,01). A presen&#231;a de RPV moderada/importante n&#227;o foi associada a maiores taxas de mortalidade em 1 ano [RR (risco relativo): 0,76; IC (intervalo de confian&#231;a) 95%: 0,27-2,13; p = 0,864)], re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (RR: 1,08; IC 95%: 0,25-4,69; p = 0,915) ou desfecho combinado (RR: 0,77; IC 95%: 0,28-2,13; p = 0,61).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nesta amostra, a presen&#231;a de regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvular moderada/importante n&#227;o foi um preditor de mortalidade ou reinterna&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva A&#243;rtica / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante de Pr&#243;tese de Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica grave, sintom&#225;ticos, de alto risco cir&#250;rgico, tiveram uma evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel, quando tratados com implante de pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVI), conforme descrito em v&#225;rios estudos randomizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de essa t&#233;cnica ter alcan&#231;ado relativa maturidade, a regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar (RPV) continua sendo uma poss&#237;vel complica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-TAVI. Ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claramente definido se a presen&#231;a de RPV est&#225; diretamente relacionada a pior progn&#243;stico, ou trata-se simplesmente de uma associa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No grupo de pacientes inoper&#225;veis do estudo PARTNER (<italic>Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves</italic>), a presen&#231;a de RPV moderada/grave teve um impacto negativo na mortalidade por todas as causas em 1 ano de seguimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Por outro lado, no grupo de pacientes com alto risco, mesmo a presen&#231;a de RPV discreta p&#243;s-TAVI foi associada com aumento de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No entanto, em outro estudo randomizado entitulado <italic>CoreValve U.S. Pivotal Trial</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> observou-se uma gradual redu&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da RPV no decorrer de um ano, e apenas a RPV grave foi associada com mortalidade.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; avaliar a presen&#231;a e evolu&#231;&#227;o do grau de RPV ao longo do primeiro ano p&#243;s-TAVI, e seu impacto nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos adversos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da estenose a&#243;rtica pela ecocardiografia</title>
          <p>O exame de ecocardiograma, com an&#225;lise da &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica (AVA) e regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, era realizado em todos os pacientes utilizando o m&#233;todo multiparam&#233;trico conforme as diretrizes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e indica&#231;&#227;o do procedimento</title>
          <p>Para a estimativa de risco, foram utilizados as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do STS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> (<italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons</italic>), o EuroSCORE<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> (<italic>European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation</italic>) log&#237;stico e o EuroSCORE II.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica grave (&#225;rea valvar &#8804;1,0 cm<sup>2</sup>), sintom&#225;ticos e com alto risco cir&#250;rgico, que foram submetidos ao TAVI entre janeiro de 2009 e junho de 2015 em dois centros cardiol&#243;gicos brasileiros de refer&#234;ncia foram inclu&#237;dos nesta an&#225;lise. A equipe multidisciplinar foi semelhante em ambos os centros.</p>
          <p>Os dados foram coletados do banco de dados de cada institui&#231;&#227;o, registrados em formul&#225;rios apropriados desenvolvidos para o estudo e armazenados em planilhas eletr&#244;nicas.</p>
          <p>O seguimento cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado em 30 dias, 6 meses e 1 ano, com visitas m&#233;dicas e contato telef&#244;nico, conforme a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de cada centro.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos nesse estudo prospectivo ap&#243;s a assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa de cada institui&#231;&#227;o em conformidade com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimento e t&#233;cnica de implante</title>
          <p>As pr&#243;teses percut&#226;neas utilizadas foram as auto-expans&#237;veis CoreValve (Medtronic, Minneapolis, EUA) e a Acurate (Symetis SA, Lausanne, Su&#237;&#231;a), al&#233;m da pr&#243;tese bal&#227;o-expans&#237;vel Edwards Sapien-XT (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, EUA) cuja escolha era realizada pelo operador.</p>
          <p>A maioria dos procedimentos foi feita sob anestesia geral e com o uso do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico durante o procedimento. O acesso vascular transfemoral foi indicado em todos os pacientes com acesso vascular favor&#225;vel, sendo utilizado o dispositivo hemost&#225;tico espec&#237;fico de fechamento arterial mediado por sutura Perclose Proglide&#174; (Abbott Vascular&#8482;, Santa Clara, EUA) ou acesso cir&#250;rgico. Em caso da impossibilidade da via transfemoral, utilizou-se o acesso transapical, transa&#243;rtico ou a via subcl&#225;via. A pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o, assim como a p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o, foi realizada a crit&#233;rio da equipe de interven&#231;&#227;o. Quando poss&#237;vel, os pacientes foram extubados ainda na sala do procedimento e mantidos em observa&#231;&#227;o na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva por 24-48h. A alta hospitalar ocorreu de acordo com a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica p&#243;s-TAVI. Os dados hemodin&#226;micos ap&#243;s o implante foram obtidos intra-procedimento e por meio do ecocardiograma antes da alta hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Foi considerado sucesso do dispositivo: implante de uma &#250;nica pr&#243;tese em local planejado, com aus&#234;ncia de despropor&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;tese-paciente (<italic>mismatch</italic>), obten&#231;&#227;o de gradiente transvalvar a&#243;rtico m&#233;dio &lt; 20 mmHg e aus&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica maior ou igual a moderada, conforme resultado do ecocardiograma.</p>
          <p>Os desfechos prim&#225;rios foram definidos de acordo com os crit&#233;rios <italic>Valve Academic Research Consortium</italic> (VARC-2)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e sistematicamente avaliados por dois cardiologistas experientes. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi composto por mortalidade global e re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o devido a causa card&#237;aca. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios considerados foram &#243;bito de origem card&#237;aca, classifica&#231;&#227;o de dispneia da NYHA (<italic>New York Heart Association</italic>), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimento cl&#237;nico</title>
          <p>O seguimento cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi feito em 30 dias ap&#243;s a alta e a cada seis meses.</p>
          <p>A terapia dupla de antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria foi iniciada com uma dose de ataque de clopidogrel e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) 24h antes do procedimento, mantendo-se clopidogrel 75 mg/dia at&#233; 6 meses e AAS 100 mg/dia cont&#237;nuo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimento ecocardiogr&#225;fico</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica foi realizada de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do <italic>Valve Academic Research Consortium</italic> (VARC-1), Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia e Sociedade Europ&#233;ia de Ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O ecocardiograma foi realizado por dois ecocardiografistas experientes e os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com o grau de RPV em ausente/m&#237;nimo, discreto, moderado ou grave utilizando crit&#233;rio semi-quantitativo, como previamente descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o e comparadas usando um teste ANOVA (<italic>one-way</italic>) ap&#243;s testar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como n&#250;meros absolutos e percentuais e foram analisadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher quando apropriado. Para se analisar a magnitude da evolu&#231;&#227;o da RPV a partir da RPV p&#243;s-procedimento, a homogeneidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o em cada subgrupo da RPV ao longo do tempo foi testada pelo teste de Stuart-Maxwell (Teste de McNemar generalizado). A an&#225;lise de sobrevida foi realizada por meio do m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e a diferen&#231;a entre os subgrupos de RPV foi comparada usando o teste de <italic>log-rank</italic>. Os valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Para realiza&#231;&#227;o das an&#225;lises, foram utilizados o programa R, vers&#227;o 3.1 (<italic>The R Foundation for Statistical Computing</italic>, Viena, &#193;ustria) e o programa SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for the Social Science</italic>, Chicago, EUA) vers&#227;o 20.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>No per&#237;odo estudado, um total de 259 pacientes foram submetidos ao TAVI. Seis pacientes morreram durante o procedimento e dois pacientes perderam o seguimento e, portanto, foram exclu&#237;dos dessa pesquisa. Dos 251 restantes, o estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico realizado antes da alta hospitalar, identificou 18 pacientes (7,1%) com RPV moderada (Grupo 1) e 233 pacientes (92,8%) do Grupo 2, com RPV ausente/m&#237;nima (n = 145) ou discreta (n = 88). N&#227;o houve nenhum caso de RPV grave nessa amostra.</p>
          <p>A m&#233;dia das idades foi de 82,16 &#177; 6,70 anos, e mais da metade dos pacientes (55,5%) era do sexo feminino. Em 224 pacientes (89,2%), o TAVI foi realizado pelo acesso transfemoral. A m&#233;dia do STS escore foi de 6,62 &#177; 4,78%, e 78,9% apresentavam-se com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe funcional NYHA III ou IV. O grupo 1 apresentava valva a&#243;rtica com maior grau de calcifica&#231;&#227;o (22,0% vs. 6,0%; p = 0,03), n&#237;veis de creatinina mais elevados (1,53 &#177; 0,71 vs. 1,18 &#177; 0,43 mg/dL; p = 0,014), AVA menor (0,61 &#177; 0,12 vs. 0,69 &#177; 0,17 cm<sup>2</sup>; p = 0,05) e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda mais acentuada (49,17 &#177; 14,79% vs. 58,82 &#177; 12,14%; p = 0,009). As caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Todos (n = 251)</th>
                  <th align="center">RPV moderada/grave (n = 18)</th>
                  <th align="center">RPV ausente/m&#237;nima ou leve (n = 233)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">82,16 &#177; 6,70</td>
                  <td align="center">80,50 &#177; 7,96</td>
                  <td align="center">82,28 &#177; 6,59</td>
                  <td align="center">0,680</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (55,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">132 (56,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,083</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,42 &#177; 12,87</td>
                  <td align="center">67,33 &#177; 12,69</td>
                  <td align="center">68,51 &#177; 12,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,592</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,44 &#177; 4,49</td>
                  <td align="center">25,43 &#177; 4,32</td>
                  <td align="center">26,52 &#177; 4,50</td>
                  <td align="center">0,320</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#237;ncope/Pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (20,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (27,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (20,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,442</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DM</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (33,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (27,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (34,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,571</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DM insulino-dependente</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (8,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (8,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,654</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (14,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (14,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,684</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">159 (63,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (66,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">147 (63,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,761</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">208 (82,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (83,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">193 (82,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,956</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (17,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (17,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,586</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DVP</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (21,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (21,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,939</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (17,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (17,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,586</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,138</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (5,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (5,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,996</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sequela neurol&#243;gica</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (5,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (5,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,940</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DAC &#8805; 50%</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (52,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (52,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,846</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CRM</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (20,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (20,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,771</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ICP pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (24,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (16,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (25,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,573</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (17,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (27,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (16,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,213</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM &lt; 30 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">MP pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (11,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (11,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,702</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CDI pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,861</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NYHA</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,841</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">I</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (4,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (4,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">II</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (16,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (17,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">III</td>
                  <td align="center">159 (65,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (77,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (64,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IV</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (13,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (13,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aorta em porcelana</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (5,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (4,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,238</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Valvuloplastia pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (6,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (16,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (6,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,111</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21 &#177; 0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">1,53 &#177; 0,71</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18 &#177; 0,43</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TFG (mL/min.1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,97 &#177; 26,58</td>
                  <td align="center">38,3 &#177; 13,53</td>
                  <td align="center">43,3 &#177; 27,39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,374</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cl. Creat. &lt; 50 mLmin.1.73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">142 (56,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (77,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (54,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Log. EuroSCORE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,5 &#177; 11,96</td>
                  <td align="center">25,17 &#177; 13,26</td>
                  <td align="center">21,21 &#177; 11,83</td>
                  <td align="center">0,211</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EuroSCORE II (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,57 &#177; 6,30</td>
                  <td align="center">7,5 &#177; 6,19</td>
                  <td align="center">8,34 &#177; 7,77</td>
                  <td align="center">0,849</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">STS (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,62 &#177; 4,78</td>
                  <td align="center">6,35 &#177; 2,46</td>
                  <td align="center">6,64 &#177; 4,92</td>
                  <td align="center">0,462</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:medium;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:medium">
                  <td align="left" colspan="5">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVA (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69 &#177; 0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61 &#177; 0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69 &#177; 0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,056</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anel valvar a&#243;rtico (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,32 &#177; 5,25</td>
                  <td align="center">20,93 &#177; 8,99</td>
                  <td align="center">22,43 &#177; 4,86</td>
                  <td align="center">0,287</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,11 &#177; 12,58</td>
                  <td align="center">49,17 &#177; 14,79</td>
                  <td align="center">58,82 &#177;12,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gradiente m&#233;dio (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">53,58 &#177; 15,62</td>
                  <td align="center">52,44 &#177; 20,51</td>
                  <td align="center">53,67 &#177; 15,22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,471</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gradiente m&#225;ximo (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">86,45 &#177; 23,34</td>
                  <td align="center">85,94 &#177; 31,24</td>
                  <td align="center">86,49 &#177; 22,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,701</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Continua&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DDFVE (mm), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">50,81 &#177; 7,28</td>
                  <td align="center">54,76 &#177; 8,04</td>
                  <td align="center">50,51 &#177; 7,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAP (mmHg), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">49,14 &#177; 14,0</td>
                  <td align="center">51,18 &#177; 13,22</td>
                  <td align="center">48,97 &#177; 14,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,451</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Calcifica&#231;&#227;o de valva a&#243;rtica de grau acentuado</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (7,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (6,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica &#8805; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (7,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (16,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (6,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,297</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral &#8805; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (17,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (27,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (16,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,395</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Dados s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n&#250;mero absoluto e porcentagem, se apropriado. AVA: &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; Cl-Creat: clearance de creatinina calculado pela f&#243;rmula Cockroft-Gault; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; DM: diabetes mellitus; EuroSCORE: european system for cardiac operative risk evaluation; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; CDI: cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel; MP: marcapasso; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DVP: doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; PAP: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar; STS: Society of Thoracic Surgeons; NYHA: classe funcional New York Heart Association.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Nos pacientes com RPV moderada/grave, houve uma maior necessidade de p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,025), assim como eventualmente a necessidade de uso de bal&#245;es de di&#226;metros maiores (p = 0,043). Os dados e caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento de TAVI est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dados do procedimento de implante de valva a&#243;rtica transcateter</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Todos (n = 251)</th>
                  <th align="center">RPV moderada/grave (n = 18)</th>
                  <th align="center">RPV ausente/m&#237;nima ou leve (n = 233)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de procedimento (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">97,55 &#177; 47,32</td>
                  <td align="center">125,06 &#177; 39,97</td>
                  <td align="center">95,41 &#177; 47,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume de contraste (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">128,31 &#177; 74,32</td>
                  <td align="center">123,75 &#177; 35,19</td>
                  <td align="center">128,64 &#177; 76,45</td>
                  <td align="center">0,479</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tipo de pr&#243;tese</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,350</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sapien-XT</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (38,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (39,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CoreValve</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (37,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (36,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Acurate</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (23,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (27,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (23,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anestesia geral</td>
                  <td align="center">242 (96,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">224 (96,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,395</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Via de acesso</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,680</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Femoral</td>
                  <td align="center">224 (89,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (94,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">207 (88,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Transapical</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (4,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (4,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Transa&#243;rtica</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (5,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (5,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Subcl&#225;via</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dispositivos de compress&#227;o hemost&#225;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">170 (75,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (72,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">177 (76%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,792</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Valvuloplastia pr&#233;, intra-procedimento</td>
                  <td align="center">185 (73,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (88,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">169 (72,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,128</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Valvuloplastia pr&#233;, intra-procedimento (di&#226;metro do bal&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,31 &#177; 6,37</td>
                  <td align="center">18,17 &#177; 8,48</td>
                  <td align="center">19,42 &#177; 6,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,556</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (31,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (55,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o (di&#226;metro do bal&#227;o)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,19 &#177; 1,94</td>
                  <td align="center">24,2 &#177; 0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">23,04 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Necessidade de MP definitivo</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (11,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (11,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,953</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:medium;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:medium">
                  <td align="left" colspan="5">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas p&#243;s-procedimento</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVA (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,88 &#177; 0,29</td>
                  <td align="center">1,89 &#177; 0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">1,88 &#177; 0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,742</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,61 &#177; 13,54</td>
                  <td align="center">51,56 &#177; 19,73</td>
                  <td align="center">59,2 &#177; 12,77</td>
                  <td align="center">0,175</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DDFVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,48 &#177; 10,53</td>
                  <td align="center">51,94 &#177; 15,11</td>
                  <td align="center">49,26 &#177; 10,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,027</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gradiente m&#233;dio (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,70 &#177; 4,70</td>
                  <td align="center">11,00 &#177; 3,79</td>
                  <td align="center">10,67 &#177; 4,77</td>
                  <td align="center">0,684</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gradiente m&#225;ximo (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,18 &#177; 8,30</td>
                  <td align="center">20,56 &#177; 7,28</td>
                  <td align="center">20,15 &#177; 8,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,847</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,83 &#177; 16,74</td>
                  <td align="center">53,67 &#177; 18,78</td>
                  <td align="center">45,05 &#177; 16,37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,225</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Dados s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n&#250;mero absoluto e porcentagem se apropriado. AVA: &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; PAP: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar; MP: marca-passo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimento</title>
          <p>Ao final de um ano, 134 pacientes apresentavam duas an&#225;lises ecocardiogr&#225;fica (p&#243;s-procedimento e 1 ano), e desses, houve uma melhora de pelo menos 1 grau de RPV ou sem mudan&#231;as em 111 (82,8%) pacientes (p &lt; 0,01) e uma piora em 23 (17,1%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Dos 18 pacientes com RPV moderada e grave antes da alta hospitalar, 16 (88,9%) apresentaram uma melhora de pelo menos 1 grau em 1 ano de seguimento e nenhum paciente evoluiu com RPV grave.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com diferentes graus de regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar (RPV) ao longo de 1 ano ap&#243;s implante transcateter de valva a&#243;rtica (TAVI) com an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica seriada. *avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica antes da alta hospitalar.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0590-70172-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>O seguimento m&#233;dio dos pacientes foi de 13,2 meses (intervalo interquartil: 1,15-13,08). Ao final de 1 ano, a mortalidade por todas as causas foi similar em ambos os grupos (16,7% vs. 12,0%; p = 0,081), assim como a re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por causa card&#237;aca (11,1% vs. 7,3%; p = 0,915). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os grupos na mortalidade por todas as causas (RR: 0,76; IC 95%: 0,27-2,13; p = 0,864), re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por causa card&#237;aca (RR: 1,08; IC 95%: 0,25-4,69; p = 0,915), ou ao desfecho combinado (RR: 1,06; IC 95%: 0,54-2,06; p = 0,873) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>). Da mesma forma, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros desfechos cl&#237;nicos ao longo de 1 ano (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curvas de Kaplan-Meier demonstrando a compara&#231;&#227;o da taxa de sobrevida acumulada livre de &#243;bito por todas as causas ou necessidade de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por causa card&#237;aca ao longo do primeiro ano ap&#243;s implante transcateter de valva a&#243;rtica (TAVI) em pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar (RPV) ausente/m&#237;nima ou discreta em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com RPV moderada a grave</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0590-70172-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Taxa de eventos um ano ap&#243;s implante de valva a&#243;rtica transcateter</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Todos (n = 251)</th>
                  <th align="center">RPV moderada/grave (n = 18)</th>
                  <th align="center">RPV ausente/m&#237;nima ou leve (n = 233)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Eventos</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Desfecho prim&#225;rio combinado</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (21,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (21,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,614</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mortalidade por todas as causas</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (12,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (16,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (12,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,811</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Morte de causa cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (8,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (8,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,218</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por causa card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (7,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (7,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,915</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (3,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (3,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,124</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>Dados s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n&#250;mero absoluto (%), se apropriado. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; TAVI: implante de valva a&#243;rtica transcateter.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o a sintomas de dispneia, aos 6 meses n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos NYHA (p = 0,861), enquanto que ao final de 1 ano o grupo de RPV moderada/grave apresentou-se mais sintom&#225;tico (p = 0,047) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>). Considerando apenas as classes funcionais III e IV, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a ao final de 6 meses (0% no grupo 1 vs. 4,7% no grupo 2, p = 0,99) ou 1 ano (6,7% no grupo 1 vs. 0,9% no grupo 2; p = 0,22).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico de barras mostrando a distribui&#231;&#227;o da propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com diferentes graus de regurgita&#231;&#227;o paravalvar (RPV) e classe funcional NYHA (New York Heart Association) p&#243;s-procedimento e ao longo de 1 ano ap&#243;s implante transcateter de valva a&#243;rtica (TAVI) *avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica antes da alta hospitalar</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0590-70172-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise desta amostra de pacientes adiciona alguns aprendizados acerca da RPV p&#243;s-TAVI: 1) a ocorr&#234;ncia de RPV &#233; relativamente frequente, por&#233;m discreta em sua maioria (92,6%); 2) os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos apontaram para uma involu&#231;&#227;o do grau de RPV ao longo do primeiro ano; 3) os dados n&#227;o demonstraram que a RPV moderada/grave esteja relacionada com pior progn&#243;stico, apesar de que, ao final de 1 ano, esses pacientes tiveram mais sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de RPV p&#243;s-TAVI &#233; bastante vari&#225;vel (50-85%) entre os estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> principalmente devido &#224; dificuldade t&#233;cnica para o diagn&#243;stico e &#224; curva de aprendizado, al&#233;m das diferentes modalidades de exame de imagem, como ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica e transeof&#225;gica, angiografia, angiotomografia computadorizada e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A maior metan&#225;lise no assunto relata a incid&#234;ncia em torno de 7,4% de RPV moderada a grave, com pr&#243;teses consideradas de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o (Sapien-XT e CoreValve).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com as pr&#243;teses mais recentes, como a SAPIEN-3 (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, EUA) e a CoreValve Evolut-R (Medtronic, Minneapolis, EUA) a incid&#234;ncia de RPV moderada/grave aos 30 dias foi em torno de 2,0-3,4%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Da mesma forma, com a expans&#227;o do TAVI para grupos de menor risco cir&#250;rgico e o uso das novas pr&#243;teses reposicion&#225;veis como a Edwards CENTERA (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, EUA), JenaValve (JenaValve Technology Inc., Irvine, EUA), Lotus Valve&#8482; System (Boston Scientific, Massachusetts, EUA) e Portico&#8482; (St. Jude Medical Inc., Minnesota, EUA), o objetivo &#233; uma redu&#231;&#227;o cada vez maior. A estrutura inclui novos mecanismos para reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de RPV, como mecanismo de ancoragem ou saias adaptadas na parte inferior da pr&#243;tese que promovem uma selagem das superf&#237;cies irregulares com o anel a&#243;rtico.</p>
        <p>Nos pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada/importante a necessidade de p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o acabou sendo maior e eventualmente com bal&#245;es de di&#226;metros maiores, muito provavelmente por calcifica&#231;&#227;o valvar mais acentuada e anel valvar maior, al&#233;m do maior tempo do procedimento, apesar de n&#227;o ter sido feita uma an&#225;lise de preditores independentes de RPV moderada a grave. Em outras s&#233;ries j&#225; publicadas, um anel a&#243;rtico mais largo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e calcifica&#231;&#227;o importante tamb&#233;m foram associados a maiores taxas de RPV ap&#243;s procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> De forma semelhante, o grupo 2 associou-se a uma amostra de pacientes mais debilitados, com uma menor AVA, maior disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e fun&#231;&#227;o renal mais deteriorada, o que gera uma tend&#234;ncia aos pacientes com RPV serem de maior gravidade antes do procedimento.</p>
        <p>Classicamente, a RPV moderada a grave mostrou-se associada com desfechos cl&#237;nicos ruins a curto e a longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> No entanto, pouco se tem relatado sobre a progress&#227;o da RPV em fun&#231;&#227;o do tempo e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com desfechos cl&#237;nicos e piora dos sintomas. Os estudos iniciais com seguimento mais prolongado mostram uma redu&#231;&#227;o da RPV moderada/grave, mas esse efeito pode ser atribu&#237;do ao &#243;bito dos pacientes mais graves e com maior risco de &#243;bito. A redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva da gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o pode estar tamb&#233;m relacionada ao remodelamento do anel a&#243;rtico, expans&#227;o das bordas de nitinol e da altera&#231;&#227;o da geometria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No estudo <italic>CoreValve U.S. Pivotal Trial</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> houve uma melhora progressiva do grau de RPV ao longo de 1 ano e apenas a RPV grave p&#243;s-TAVI teve associa&#231;&#227;o com taxas de mortalidade mais elevadas, o que poderia ser atribu&#237;do ao remodelamento da raiz a&#243;rtica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Nesse estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> entre a alta hospitalar e 1 ano de seguimento, 44% dos pacientes mostraram uma melhora da RPV em pelo menos 1 grau, e 18% pioraram, sendo a maioria com RPV discreta. No estudo de Oh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> dos pacientes com RPV moderada, 83% melhoraram em at&#233; 1 grau at&#233; 1 ano de seguimento, similar aos nossos resultados. No estudo PARTNER, 31,9% dos pacientes tiveram uma melhora no grau de RPV ao longo de 2 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas por meio da classifica&#231;&#227;o NYHA com o grau de RPV n&#227;o foi um fen&#244;meno explorado nos estudos. H&#225; um &#250;nico estudo recente que mostrou que pacientes com maior gravidade na RPV apresentaram menor incremento na classe funcional NYHA do que os pacientes com RPV leve ou ausente aos 6 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Em nosso estudo, aos 6 meses, os pacientes que permaneceram com RPV moderada n&#227;o se apresentaram com pior classe funcional NYHA, sendo que com 1 ano ocorreu o contr&#225;rio. No entanto, considerando apenas as classes III e IV, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a e esse fen&#244;meno precisa ser melhor elucidado.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este foi um estudo retrospectivo e observacional, tendo, portanto, limita&#231;&#245;es &#243;bvias. A amostra de pacientes &#233; pequena, o que limita conclus&#245;es quanto aos desfechos cl&#237;nicos e an&#225;lise de preditores, sem poder suficiente para conclus&#245;es definitivas sobre an&#225;lise de mortalidade principalmente. Al&#233;m disso, o m&#233;todo &#250;nico para avalia&#231;&#227;o da RPV (ecocardiografia), a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do seu grau, a dificuldade t&#233;cnica, e o fato da avalia&#231;&#227;o ser diferentes para pr&#243;teses diferentes, s&#227;o quest&#245;es a serem consideradas. As an&#225;lises ecocardiogr&#225;ficas n&#227;o foram realizadas por um <italic>Core-lab</italic> independente, e os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos tamb&#233;m n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis em todos os pacientes nos diferentes per&#237;odos de seguimento. Dessa forma, analisamos os dados aos pares. O estudo est&#225; bem representado como gerador de hip&#243;tese e sugere estudos complementares futuros sobre o tema.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A RPV ap&#243;s TAVI permanece frequente, e h&#225; diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas basais cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas entre os grupos de diferente gravidade. Nessa amostra, a presen&#231;a de RPV moderada e grave ap&#243;s procedimento n&#227;o foi um preditor de mortalidade ou reinterna&#231;&#227;o de causa card&#237;aca a m&#233;dio prazo, o que &#233; de certa forma atribu&#237;do &#224; melhora do grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o ao longo do primeiro ano p&#243;s TAVI. Para estudos futuros, os autores acreditam que &#233; crucial a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com maior risco de piora ou de n&#227;o melhora da RPV, assim como do mecanismo relacionado, al&#233;m de um seguimento mais prolongado desses pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
