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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Pw8jXxdhQLkrf9KDsFgJpRp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001500579</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170176</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Cell Therapy</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) from Diabetic and Nondiabetic Rats Have Similar Therapeutic Potentials</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jos&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Vit&#243;ria Sant&#243;rio de S&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monnerat</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paredes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kasai-Brunswick</surname>
            <given-names>Tais Hanae</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medei</surname>
            <given-names>Emiliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gustavo Monnerat</bold>, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, Bloco G sala G2-45. Postal Code 21941-590, 21941-590, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. Email: <email>gmc@biof.ufrj.br</email>, <email>monnerat1988@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Equal contribution</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Jos&#233; VSS, Monnerat G, Medei E; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Jos&#233; VSS, Monnerat G, Guerra B, Paredes BD, Kasai-Brunswick TH, Medei E; Obtaining financing: Carvalho ACC, Medei E; Writing of the manuscript: Jos&#233; VSS, Monnerat G, Carvalho ACC, Medei E; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Monnerat G, Carvalho ACC, Medei E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>579</fpage>
      <lpage>589</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Diabetes mellitus is a severe chronic disease leading to systemic complications, including cardiovascular dysfunction. Previous cell therapy studies have obtained promising results with the use bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells derived from healthy animals (MSCc) in diabetes animal models. However, the ability of MSC derived from diabetic rats to improve functional cardiac parameters is still unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To investigate whether bone-marrow-derived MSC from diabetic rats (MSCd) would contribute to recover metabolic and cardiac electrical properties in other diabetic rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats with streptozotocin. MSCs were characterized by flow cytometry, morphological analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Cardiac electrical function was analyzed using recordings of ventricular action potential. Differences between variables were considered significant when p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In vitro properties of MSCc and MSCd were evaluated. Both cell types presented similar morphology, growth kinetics, and mesenchymal profile, and could differentiate into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. However, in an assay for fibroblast colony-forming units (CFU-F), MSCd formed more colonies than MSCc when cultured in expansion medium with or without hydrocortisone (1 &#181;M). In order to compare the therapeutic potential of the cells, the animals were divided into four experimental groups: nondiabetic (CTRL), diabetic (DM), diabetic treated with MSCc (DM + MSCc), and diabetic treated with MSCd (DM + MSCd). The treated groups received a single injection of MSC 4 weeks after the development of diabetes. MSCc and MSCd controlled hyperglycemia and body weight loss and improved cardiac electrical remodeling in diabetic rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>MSCd and MSCc have similar in vitro properties and therapeutic potential in a rat model of diabetes induced with streptozotocin.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Mesenchymal Stromal Cells</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Electrophysiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cell and Tissue-Based Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease mainly characterized by chronic hyperglycemia leading to several complications in different organs and systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Despite insulin therapy, exercise programs, and nutritional interventions, most patients with diabetes are unable to maintain blood glucose levels within the normal range, resulting in pathological complications. Even though diabetes is a systemic disease, cardiac complications are the main cause of morbidity and mortality related to this condition. Over 75% of all deaths in patients with diabetes are caused by cardiovascular complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In this context, diabetic cardiomyopathy leads to cardiac electrical abnormalities, including increased QT and QTc intervals and QT dispersion. Indeed, these proarrhythmic electrocardiographic abnormalities are triggered by a prolongation of the action potential (AP) duration as a consequence of the cardiac electrical remodeling that occurs in the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A small population of mononuclear bone marrow cells named mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) is an attractive source of cells to treat diabetes and related cardiovascular complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> MSC have clonogenic potential<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and under specific culture conditions are able to differentiate into cells of various mesenchymal lineages such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Additionally, MSC are multipotent stem cells with immunomodulatory properties able to regulate several physiological responses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Inflammation control is a potential therapeutic intervention for several autoimmune diseases, as well as sterile inflammatory processes such as diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of MSC are mainly due to their secretion of paracrine factors, stimulated by hyperglycemic and inflammatory microenvironments. Indeed, MSC have been described as secreting cardioprotective factors that may improve cardiac function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Additionally, the therapeutic potential of MSC in rescuing metabolic control in mice with diabetes has been demonstrated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> A previous study from our group has shown that rats with diabetes transplanted with bone marrow MSC derived from healthy rats (MSCc) showed improved metabolic regulation and reversal of diabetes-induced cardiac electrical and mechanical abnormalities through systemic immunomodulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several studies have reported that bone marrow MSC derived from healthy donors are beneficial in the treatment of diabetes, based on the immunomodulatory and regenerative properties of these cells. However, the possibility of MSC autotransplantation would simplify the clinical application of this cell therapy in patients with diabetes, considering that autologous cell transplantation minimizes complications for the recipient such as rejection, immunosuppressive treatment, and transmission of infectious agents.</p>
      <p>Based on this clinical perspective, the purpose of the present work was to verify whether the transplantation of bone marrow MSC from donor diabetic rats (MSCd) could contribute to recovering the metabolic and cardiac functions of other diabetic rats. In order to achieve that, a comparative study between MSCc and MSCd derived from rats was performed.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals and protocols</title>
        <p>All animal procedures were carried out in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Institutes of Health [NIH], USA) and approved by our local institutional committee under the number IBCCF 217-09/16. In this study, 1-month-old male Wistar rats (100 &#177; 20 g) were housed under controlled temperature (23 &#177; 2&#186;C) with 12-hour light cycles and fed standard chow and water <italic>ad libitum</italic>. Diabetes was induced as described below. Four weeks after diabetes was established, the animals were divided into four experimental groups: (a) nondiabetic rats receiving only the vehicle (CTRL; n = 7); (b) diabetic rats receiving only the vehicle (DM; n = 7), (c) diabetic rats transplanted with bone marrow MSC derived from healthy rats (DM + MSCc; n = 7); and (4) diabetic rats transplanted with bone marrow MSC derived from other diabetic rats (DM + MSCd; n = 8). Both vehicle and cells were injected into the animals&#8217; retroocular plexus. Body weight and blood glucose levels were measured weekly during 4 weeks after cell therapy in all four experimental groups. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the study design.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Experimental study design. (A) Animals were treated with vehicle and streptozotocin (STZ) at week 0. Bone marrow cells were harvested on the 4th week for culture and in vitro analyses. (B) MSC therapy scheme. Diabetic animals (STZ) were divided into two groups: the first one received 5 x 106 cells from healthy rats (DM + MSCc) and the second received the same quantity of cells from diabetic rats (DM + MSCd) after 4 weeks of disease. The cells were injected into the animals&#8217; retroocular plexus. Blood glucose levels and body weight were evaluated during 4 weeks after transplantation. At the end of the protocol, the animals were sacrificed, and their hearts were isolated for potential recording.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0579-70176-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diabetes induction and glucose measurement</title>
        <p>Diabetes was induced with a single intravenous streptozotocin dose (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) 80 mg/kg diluted in citrate buffer (0.05 M) in anesthetized animals (isoflurane, Baker Norton, UK).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Nondiabetic animals (CTRL group) received only the vehicle. At 72 hours after induction, the animals fasted for 5 hours during early morning and had their blood glucose levels measured. Only animals with glucose levels higher than 250 mg/dL were considered to have diabetes. Blood glucose levels were analyzed with a standard glucometer (Contour TS, Bayer HealthCare LLC, USA). The blood samples were obtained from the tail vein of unanesthetized animals.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mesenchymal stromal cell: isolation and culture</title>
        <p>The animals were anesthetized and then sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Their legs were cleaned with alcohol 70%, and their tibial and femoral bones were isolated and centrifuged at 1,000 xg for 3 min at 4&#186;C for collection of marrow cells. The cell suspension was diluted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and centrifuged at 300 xg for 5 min at 4&#186;C. Pelleted cells were diluted in Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle medium (DMEM, Gibco-Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and centrifuged in Histopaque gradient (1.083 g/mL, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) at 400 xg for 30 min. Mononuclear cells were collected from the interface and washed three times with PBS, and their viability was checked using 0.4 % trypan blue solution (Sigma-Aldrich). Finally, the cells were plated at a density of 1.2 x 10<sup>6</sup>cells/cm<sup>2</sup> and maintained at 37&#186;C in a 5% CO<sub>2</sub> atmosphere. The medium (DMEM supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum [Gibco-Invitrogen, USA] and penicillin G/streptomycin 1% [Gibco-Invitrogen]) was changed twice weekly, preserving only the adherent cells. When 80-90% confluence was reached, the adherent cells were detached from the culture plates with 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (Sigma-Aldrich) and expanded at a density of 1.2 x 10<sup>4</sup> cells/cm<sup>2</sup> until passage 3, as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Immunophenotypic characterization</title>
        <p>For the immunophenotypic analysis, third passage MSCc and MSCd were dissociated and suspended in blocking solution containing cold PBS supplemented with 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA). The cells were treated with rat Fc block (CD32, Cat#550271; BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) for 20 minutes before incubation with antibodies. The following antibodies conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), phycoerythrin (PE), or biotin were used: CD29 (clone Ha2/5, Cat#555005, dilution 1:50; BD Biosciences), CD90-1 (clone OX-7, Cat#551401, dilution 1:25; BD Biosciences), CD45 (clone 30-F11, Cat#553077, dilution 1:50; BD Biosciences), and CD34 (clone RAM34, Cat#551387, dilution 1:50; BD Biosciences). The corresponding isotypes (BD Biosciences) were used as nonspecific binding controls. After incubation at 4&#186;C for 20 minutes, the cells were washed with PBS/0.5% BSA, centrifuged at 300 xg for 5 minutes, and suspended in PBS for data acquisition. DAPI 0.1 &#181;g/mL (Cat# D9452, Sigma-Aldrich) was added to exclude dead cells. The samples were acquired in a BD FACSAria II flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and the resulting data were analyzed using the software FlowJo, version 10.1.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation</title>
        <p>Third passage MSCc (n = 3) and MSCd (n = 3) were plated in a 6-well plate at 3 x 10<sup>4</sup> cells per well. The media was changed twice a week, and no passages were made during the differentiation protocols. In order to induce adipogenic differentiation, the expansion medium was supplemented with dexamethasone 1 &#181;M (Sigma-Aldrich), IBMX 0.5 mM (Sigma-Aldrich), insulin 10 &#181;g/mL (Sigma-Aldrich), and indomethacin 200 &#181;M (Vetec Qu&#237;mica Fina, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil). The cells were incubated at 37 &#186;C in a 5% CO<sub>2</sub> atmosphere for 21 days and then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 minutes, while cytoplasmic lipid droplets were stained with 0.5% oil red O. Osteogenic differentiation was performed by culturing MSCc and MSCd in expansion medium supplemented with dexamethasone 1 &#181;M (Sigma-Aldrich), &#946;-glycerophosphate 10 mM (Sigma-Aldrich), and ascorbic acid 0.5 &#181;M (Sigma-Aldrich) for 21 days. The cells were then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 minutes, and extracellular calcium deposits were stained after incubation with 1% alizarin red in water.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Population doubling time (PDT)</title>
        <p>For evaluation of growth kinetics, MSCc and MSCd (passage 3) were cultured in 35-mm cell culture dishes with a 2-mm grid (Sarstedt, Newton, NC, USA) at a density of 1.2 x 10<sup>3</sup> cells/cm<sup>2</sup>. The cells were maintained in expansion medium and incubated at 37&#186;C in a 5% CO<sub>2</sub> atmosphere for 7 days. Four random grids were counted daily, and the mean number of cells per mm<sup>2</sup> was calculated. The obtained values were used to build a cell/mm<sup>2</sup>
					<italic>versus</italic> time curve. Linear regression was performed with base-2 logarithm transformation of the cell/mm<sup>2</sup> axis, in which the inverse of the angular coefficient &#945; was used to calculate the PDT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fibroblast colony-forming units (CFU-F)</title>
        <p>In order to perform this experiment, freshly isolated mononuclear cells derived from diabetic (MSCd; n = 3) and nondiabetic (MSCc; n = 3) rats were isolated and seeded into 6-well plates at a density of 2.08 x 10<sup>5</sup> cells/cm<sup>2</sup> in each well. The cells were cultured in expansion medium with and without hydrocortisone 1 &#181;M. After 16 days, the cells were fixed with methanol PA (Vetec Qu&#237;mica Fina) for 5 minutes, and the number of colonies was counted manually after Giemsa (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) staining.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cell therapy protocol</title>
        <p>Diabetic rats were transplanted with 5 x 10<sup>6</sup> MSCc from healthy rats (DM + MSCc; n = 7) or 5 x 10<sup>6</sup> MSCd from diabetic rats (DM + MSCd; n = 8). The cells were transplanted into the retroocular plexus (200 L). Blood glucose levels and body weight were evaluated for 4 weeks after the transplantation. At the end of the protocol, the animals were sacrificed, and their hearts were isolated for AP recording. Control and diabetic rats received retroocular injections with the same volume of saline solution.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Action potential recording</title>
        <p>For AP recording, left ventricular cardiac muscle strips were obtained and pinned to the bottom of a Sylgard-coated tissue bath to expose the endocardial side. The strips were continuously perfused with oxygenated Tyrode solution at 37&#186;C. The composition of the Tyrode solution (mM) was: 150.8 NaCl, 5.4 KCl, 1.8 CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 1.0 MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 11.0 D-glucose, and 10.0 HEPES (pH 7.4 adjusted with NaOH at 37.0 &#177; 0.5&#186;C). The tissue was stimulated at a basic cycle length of 1,000 ms. The transmembrane potential was recorded using glass microelectrodes (10-40 M&#937; DC resistance) filled with 2.7 M KCl, connected to a high input impedance microelectrode amplifier (MEZ7200, Nihon Kohden, Japan). Amplified signals were digitized (1440 Digidata A/D interface, Axon Instrument, Inc., Sunnyvale, USA) and stored in a computer for later analysis using the software LabChart, 7.3 (ADInstruments, Bella Vista, Australia). The following AP parameters were analyzed: resting membrane potential, AP amplitude (APA), and AP duration at 90% of repolarization (APD<sub>90</sub>), as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Values are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). For <italic>in vitro</italic> assays, comparisons between MSCc and MSCd were performed using unpaired Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test, and for <italic>in vivo</italic> analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, followed by the Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons. Data showing non-Gaussian distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn&#8217;s multiple comparison test. Differences between variables were considered significant when p &lt; 0.05. All analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). The sample size was not predetermined with statistical methods and was estimated on the basis of sample availability and previous experimental cardiovascular studies using stem cell treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>MSCc and MSCd morphology and surface phenotype</title>
        <p>MSCc and MSCd adhered to plastic and presented a fibroblast-like morphology 3-4 days after being seeded onto culture flasks. Nonadherent cells seen on primary cultures were discarded with media changes. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref> shows third passage MSCc and MSCd. The mesenchymal profile of MSCc and MSCd was evaluated by surface expression of key markers on third passage cells by flow cytometry. Both types of cells were positive for the MSC-related markers (CD29 and CD90, &gt; 90%) and negative for hematopoietic markers (CD45 and CD34, &#8804; 2.5%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2C</xref>). MSCc and MSCd phenotypes were similar.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Characterization of MSC profile on third passage. (A) Similar fibroblast-like morphology of MSCc and MSCd 4 days after the cells were seeded onto culture dishes. (B) Flow cytometry analysis of MSC derived from healthy animals (MSCc) and (C) MSC derived from diabetic animals (MSCd). Color histograms showing high expression of mesenchymal surface proteins (CD29 and CD90) and low expression of hematopoietic markers (CD34 and CD45). The gray histograms represent the isotype controls.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0579-70176-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation</title>
        <p>During the adipogenic differentiation process, lipid droplet formation was already observed in the first week (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3A</xref>). Adipogenic differentiation remained for 21 days. During this period, the droplets showed increasing volume and number. At the end of the protocol, lipid-rich vacuoles were stained with oil red O.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation assays. The adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation assays were performed during 21 days using MSCc and MSCd. We started the protocol with 60% confluence culture. (A) In the adipogenic assay, small lipid droplets were present in both MSCc and MSCd at day 7 and increased in volume and number on day 14. At day 21, the cultures were stained with oil red O, and the lipid droplets were stained in red. Both MSCc and MSCd differentiated into adipocytes at the end of the protocol. (B) In the osteogenic assay, we observed dramatic morphologic changes starting at day 7 in both MSCc and MSCd, accentuating at day 14. At day 21, the cultures were stained with alizarin red and the calcium deposits stained in red. Both MSCc and MSCd generated a mineralized matrix at the end of the protocol.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0579-70176-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Osteogenic differentiation of both MSCc and MSCd also started during the first week (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3B</xref>). Both experimental groups showed fast morphologic changes, which remained until 21 days later, at the end of the experiment. At 21 days after alizarin red staining, calcium deposits were observed, characterizing matrix mineralization.</p>
        <p>As controls for both differentiation protocols, cultures of cells were obtained from diabetic and healthy animals and cultivated with expansion medium during the entire protocol and, as expected, showed no formation of lipid vacuoles or calcium deposits.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Growth kinetics</title>
        <p>In order to evaluate the growth kinetics of MSCc and MSCd, the cells were plated in dishes and observed until reaching 100% confluence on day 7. The proliferation rate was determined by daily monitoring of the culture dishes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4A</xref>). As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4B</xref>, MSC from both healthy and diabetic rats showed similar grow kinetic characteristics.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Growth kinetic evaluation by population doubling time (PDT) assay. (A) The number of MSC was counted daily (cells/mm<sup>2</sup>) after plating 104 cells at day zero for 7 days. (B) Linear regression of logarithmic cell growth (cells/mm<sup>2</sup>). There was no statistic difference between groups. The results are represented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). Abbreviations: MSCc - MSC derived from healthy animals; MSCd - MSC: derived from diabetic animals.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0579-70176-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clonogenic properties</title>
        <p>In order to assess the capacity of colony formation of each group, CFU-F assays of MSCc and MSCd in DMEM/high in the presence and absence of hydrocortisone (1 &#181;M) were performed. Both cell types were able to generate CFU-F under both conditions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figures 5A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">5B</xref>). However, the number of colonies was greater in the cultures with medium supplemented with hydrocortisone in both experimental groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5B</xref>). Additionally, MSCd formed more CFU-F than MSCc, regardless of the protocol used (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figures 5D</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">5E</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fibroblast colony-forming units (CFU-F) assay. (A) Representative photomicrographs of colonies from MSCc and MSCd obtained after CFU-F assay using two different conditions, with and without hydrocortisone. (B) Macroscopic view of CFU-F formation after cells were cultured with no hydrocortisone condition. MSCc formed fewer CFU-F colonies than did MSCd. (C) Macroscopic view of CFU-F formation after cells were cultured with a 1 <italic>&#956;</italic>M hydrocortisone condition. Once again, MSCc formed fewer CFU-F colonies than did MSCd. (D-E) Quantitative comparisons between the numbers of CFU-F colonies forming a greater number in MSCd than MSCc in both conditions. The results are represented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and * represents p &lt; 0.05.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0579-70176-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Metabolic improvement after MSC transplantation</title>
        <p>In order to assess the therapeutic potential of both cell types, 4 weeks after establishing the diabetic rat model, MSCc or MSCd (5 x 10<sup>6</sup> cells) were transplanted with a single injection into diabetic rats. MSCd and MSCc showed similar therapeutic potentials, with improvement of glucose levels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6A</xref>). In both cell-treated groups, blood glucose levels were lower than those in the placebo group but higher than those in rats without diabetes. Body weight loss in the diabetic groups was also partially rescued by both MSCc and MSCd transplantation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Metabolic profile after MSC transplantation. (A) Blood glucose levels were monitored during the 8 weeks of the protocol. Both cell types improved glucose levels compared with placebo but were unable to restore glucose levels to those of control animals. (B) Body weight improvement through the 60 days of the protocol. Both cell types were able to increase the animals&#8217; body weight 30 days after cell injection when compared with placebo but were unable to restore their weights to those of control animals. Results are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), *** represents p &lt; 0.001 versus CTRL; # represents p &lt; 0.05 versus DM and p &lt; 0.01 versus CTRL.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0579-70176-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>MSCd improves the cardiac action potential profile</title>
        <p>Previous results from our group have shown that MSCc transplantation was able to reverse diabetes-induced prolongation of the cardiac AP at 90% of repolarization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In the present study, we observed that MSCd transplantation was also able to reverse the AP prolongation at 90% of repolarization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figures 7A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">7B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>MSCc and MSCd improved cardiac remodeling 4 weeks after MSC transplantation. (A) Representative action potential traces from left ventricle endocardial tissue for all experimental groups. (B) Action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APA90). (C) Resting membrane potential (RMP) and action potential amplitude (APA), respectively. Results are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and *** represents p &lt; 0.01 versus other groups.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0579-70176-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The potential of MSCc therapy in DM has been demonstrated by several groups, showing metabolic benefits such as improvements in blood glucose levels,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> renal function,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> neuropathy,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> microvascular complications,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> and cardiac function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, most of these studies have used allogeneic MSC. Therefore, the use of autologous MSC from donors with diabetes should be performed to evaluate the effect on a diabetic animal model.</p>
      <p>Our first goal was to determine how similar MSCc and MSCd were phenotypically and functionally by using <italic>in vitro</italic> analyses. Since both cell types could be isolated and cultivated, a full characterization was performed. These cells showed to be quite similar in several aspects, maintaining their morphological fibroblast-like shapes, mesenchymal profiles, growth kinetics, and differentiation capabilities, even at 4 weeks after diabetes induction. Aligned with our findings, previous studies have demonstrated that bone marrow MSC derived from healthy individuals compared with those derived from patients with diabetes share similar properties.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Since changes in glucose levels could interfere with the clonogenic potential<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> of the cells, CFU-F assays were performed. Our findings showed that cells derived from rats with diabetes had higher clonogenic potential than those derived from healthy ones. These data are in agreement with the results obtained in a previous study that demonstrated that the total number of CFU-F in diabetic male Wistar rats were higher compared with that in nondiabetic rats 4 weeks after diabetes establishment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Considering that the ability to generate clones correlates with the number of stem cells in the original sample, our data suggest that diabetic rats have a greater number of MSC than healthy rats.</p>
      <p>The beneficial metabolic effects attributed to MSC therapy from healthy animals in a diabetic animal model have been well demonstrated by us and several other groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Our findings show that MSC obtained from diabetic rats were also able to improve the metabolic profile of other diabetic rats, highlighting the therapeutic potential of these cells. As mentioned, the main causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes are cardiovascular complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Thus, a previous study from our group aimed to investigate whether MSC from nondiabetic rats would reverse cardiac electrical changes induced by diabetes. The results obtained demonstrated that MSCc were able to improve diabetes-induced cardiac electrical abnormalities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In line with these results, the data presented here demonstrated that MSCd are also able to rescue cardiac AP properties impaired by the diabetic condition.</p>
      <p>Even though the present study has a translational potential, some limitations must be considered. First, the animal model of type 1 diabetes used in this study does not exactly mimic the disease in humans. Second, the ion current contributing to ventricular repolarization in rats is different from that in humans. Third, the pathway used to deliver the vehicle in the present study (retroocular) would certainly not be appropriate for translational purposes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>We characterized and showed several similarities between MSCc and MSCd derived from rats. Despite a superior clonogenic potential by MSCd, both cell types presented similar ability to restore blood glucose levels and body weight. In addition, both cells were able to reverse cardiac AP prolongation induced by diabetes. These combined <italic>in vivo</italic> and <italic>in vitro</italic> data demonstrate that MSC from diabetic animals can be an option for transplantation in diabetic animal models, indicating a potential application for humans as well.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPQ and FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the undergratuate thesis submitted by Vit&#243;ria Sant&#243;rio de S&#227;o Jos&#233;, from Instituto federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Terapia Celular</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>C&#233;lulas Estromais Mesenquimais (CEM) Derivadas de Medula &#211;ssea de Ratos com e sem Diabetes t&#234;m Potencial Terap&#234;utico Similar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jos&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Vit&#243;ria Sant&#243;rio de S&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monnerat</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paredes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kasai-Brunswick</surname>
            <given-names>Tais Hanae</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Campos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medei</surname>
            <given-names>Emiliano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gustavo Monnerat</bold>, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, Bloco G sala G2-45. CEP 21941-590, 21941-590, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. Email: <email>gmc@biof.ufrj.br</email>, <email>monnerat1988@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn2">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Equal contribution</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Jos&#233; VSS, Monnerat G, Medei E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Jos&#233; VSS, Monnerat G, Guerra B, Paredes BD, Kasai-Brunswick TH, Medei E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Carvalho ACC, Medei E; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Jos&#233; VSS, Monnerat G, Carvalho ACC, Medei E; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Monnerat G, Carvalho ACC, Medei E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>O diabetes mellitus &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica grave que leva a complica&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas, como a disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. Estudos anteriores de terapia celular obtiveram resultados promissores com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas estromais mesenquimais (CEM) derivadas de medula &#243;ssea de animais saud&#225;veis (CEMc) em modelos de animais diab&#233;ticos. No entanto, a capacidade das CEM derivadas de ratos diab&#233;ticos em melhorar par&#226;metros card&#237;acos funcionais &#233; ainda desconhecida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Investigar se CEM derivadas de medula &#243;ssea de ratos diab&#233;ticos (CEMd) poderiam contribuir para a recupera&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica e de propriedades el&#233;tricas card&#237;acas em outros ratos tamb&#233;m com diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>O diabetes foi induzido em ratos Wistar com estreptozotocina. As CEM foram caracterizadas por citometria de fluxo, an&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica e imunohistoqu&#237;mica. A fun&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica card&#237;aca foi analisada atrav&#233;s de registro do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o ventricular. As diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis foram consideradas significativas quando p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As propriedades <italic>in vitro</italic> das CEMc e CEMd foram avaliadas. Ambos os tipos celulares apresentaram morfologia, cin&#233;tica de crescimento e perfil mesenquimal semelhante, e puderam ser diferenciadas em linhagens adipog&#234;nica e osteog&#234;nica. No entanto, em ensaios para unidades formadoras de col&#244;nias de fibroblastos (UFC-F), as CEMd formaram mais col&#244;nias em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s CEMc quando cultivadas em meio com ou sem hidrocortisona (1 &#181;M). Para comparar o potencial terap&#234;utico das c&#233;lulas, os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais: n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos (CTRL), diab&#233;ticos (DM), diab&#233;ticos tratados com CEMc (DM + CEMc) e diab&#233;ticos tratados com CEMd (DM + CEMd). Os grupos tratados receberam uma &#250;nica inje&#231;&#227;o de CEM 4 semanas ap&#243;s o estabelecimento do diabetes. Ambas CEMc e CEMd controlaram a hiperglicemia e a perda de peso corporal e melhoraram o remodelamento el&#233;trico card&#237;aco em ratos com diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>As CEMd e CEMc possuem propriedades <italic>in vitro</italic> e potencial terap&#234;utico semelhante em um modelo de rato com diabetes induzido por estreptozotocina. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; 109(6):579-589)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#233;lulas Mesenquimais Estromais</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrofisiologia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Baseada em Transplante de C&#233;lulas e Tecidos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O diabetes mellitus &#233; uma doen&#231;a metab&#243;lica caracterizada principalmente por hiperglicemia cr&#244;nica, que ocasiona diversas complica&#231;&#245;es em diferentes &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Apesar de terapia com insulina, programas de exerc&#237;cio e interven&#231;&#245;es nutricionais, a maioria dos pacientes com diabetes &#233; incapaz de manter os n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos dentro da faixa normal, levando a complica&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas. Embora o diabetes seja uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica, as principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade relacionadas a esta condi&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o as complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. Mais de 75% de todas as mortes em pacientes com diabetes s&#227;o causadas por complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Neste contexto, a cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica ocasiona altera&#231;&#245;es el&#233;tricas card&#237;acas, incluindo aumento dos intervalos QT e QTc e dispers&#227;o do QT. De fato, estas anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmicas s&#227;o desencadeadas por um prolongamento da dura&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o (AP) como consequ&#234;ncia do remodelamento el&#233;trico card&#237;aco que ocorre na doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma pequena popula&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea denominada c&#233;lulas estromais mesenquimais (CEM) &#233; uma fonte atraente de c&#233;lulas para tratar o diabetes e suas complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> As CEM t&#234;m potencial clonog&#234;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e sob condi&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas de cultura, s&#227;o capazes de se diferenciar em c&#233;lulas de diferentes linhagens mesenquimais como osteoblastos, condr&#243;citos e adip&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Al&#233;m disso, as CEM s&#227;o c&#233;lulas-tronco multipotentes com propriedades imunomoduladoras capazes de regular diversas respostas fisiol&#243;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O controle da inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma potente interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para v&#225;rias doen&#231;as autoimunes, bem como processos inflamat&#243;rios est&#233;reis como o diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os mecanismos subjacentes aos efeitos terap&#234;uticos das CEM s&#227;o principalmente devidos &#224; sua secre&#231;&#227;o de fatores par&#225;crinos, estimulada por microambientes hiperglic&#234;micos e inflamat&#243;rios. Com efeito, as CEM t&#234;m sido descritas como secretoras de fatores cardioprotetores que podem melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o potencial terap&#234;utico das CEM na restaura&#231;&#227;o do controle metab&#243;lico em ratos com diabetes j&#225; foi demonstrado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Um estudo pr&#233;vio do nosso grupo demonstrou que ratos diab&#233;ticos transplantados com CEM de medula &#243;ssea de ratos sadios (CEMc) apresentou melhora da regula&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica e revers&#227;o de anormalidades el&#233;tricas e mec&#226;nicas card&#237;acas induzidas pelo diabetes atrav&#233;s de imunomodula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m relatado que as CEM de medula &#243;ssea derivadas de doadores saud&#225;veis s&#227;o ben&#233;ficas no tratamento do diabetes, com base nas propriedades imunomoduladoras e regenerativas dessas c&#233;lulas. No entanto, a possibilidade do autotransplante de CEM simplificaria a aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desta terapia celular em pacientes com diabetes, considerando que o transplante de c&#233;lulas aut&#243;logas minimiza complica&#231;&#245;es para o recipiente como a rejei&#231;&#227;o, tratamento imunossupressor e transmiss&#227;o de agentes infecciosos.</p>
        <p>Com base nesta perspectiva cl&#237;nica, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se o transplante de CEM de medula &#243;ssea de ratos doadores diab&#233;ticos (CEMd) poderia contribuir para a recupera&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e card&#237;acas de outros ratos igualmente diab&#233;ticos. A fim de conseguir isso, um estudo comparativo entre CEMc e CEMd foi realizado em ratos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais e protocolos</title>
          <p>Todos os procedimentos em animais foram realizados de acordo com o Guia para Cuidados e Uso de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio (<italic>National Institutes of Health</italic> [NIH], EUA) e aprovado pelo nosso comit&#234; institucional local sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo IBCCF 217-09/16. Neste estudo, ratos Wistar machos (100 &#177; 20 g) com 1 m&#234;s de idade foram alojados sob temperatura controlada (23 &#177; 2&#186;C) com ciclos luminosos de 12 horas e alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o e &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic>. O diabetes foi induzido como descrito abaixo. Quatro semanas ap&#243;s o estabelecimento do diabetes, os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais: (A) ratos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos que receberam apenas o ve&#237;culo (CTRL; n = 7), (b) ratos diab&#233;ticos que receberam apenas o ve&#237;culo (DM; n = 7), (c) ratos diab&#233;ticos transplantados com CEM de medula &#243;ssea de animal saud&#225;vel (DM + CEMc; n = 7) e (4) ratos diab&#233;ticos transplantados com CEM de medula &#243;ssea de outros ratos diab&#233;ticos (DM + CEMd; n = 8). O ve&#237;culo e as c&#233;lulas foram injetados no plexo retro-ocular dos animais. O peso corporal e os n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos foram medidos semanalmente durante 4 semanas ap&#243;s a terapia com as c&#233;lulas em todos os quatro grupos experimentais. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 1</xref> ilustra o delineamento do estudo.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Delineamento do estudo experimental. (A) Os animais foram tratados com o ve&#237;culo e estreptozotocina (STZ) na semana 0. C&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea foram coletadas na semana 4 para cultura e an&#225;lises in vitro. (B) Esquema de terapia com CEM. Animais diab&#233;ticos (STZ) foram divididos em dois grupos: o primeiro recebeu 5 x 106 c&#233;lulas de ratos sadios (DM + CEMc) e o segundo recebeu a mesma quantidade de c&#233;lulas obtidas de ratos diab&#233;ticos (DM + CEMd) com 4 semanas de doen&#231;a. As c&#233;lulas foram injetadas no plexo retro-ocular dos animais. Os n&#237;veis de glicemia e o peso corporal foram avaliados durante 4 semanas ap&#243;s o transplante. Ao final do protocolo, os animais foram sacrificados e os cora&#231;&#245;es foram isolados para grava&#231;&#227;o de potencial.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0579-70176-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indu&#231;&#227;o do diabetes e medidas de glicose</title>
          <p>O diabetes foi induzido com uma dose intravenosa &#250;nica de estreptozotocina (Sigma-Aldrich, EUA) 80 mg/kg dilu&#237;da em tamp&#227;o citrato (0,05 M) administrada a animais anestesiados (isoflurano, Baker Norton, Reino Unido).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Animais n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos (grupo CTRL) receberam apenas o ve&#237;culo. Ap&#243;s 72 horas da indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica, os animais foram mantidos em jejum por 5 horas durante o in&#237;cio da manh&#227; e tiveram seus n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos medidos. Apenas animais com glicemia acima de 250 mg/dL foram considerados diab&#233;ticos. Os n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos foram analisados com um glicos&#237;metro padr&#227;o (Contour TS, Bayer Healthcare LLC, EUA). As amostras de sangue foram obtidas a partir da veia da cauda de animais n&#227;o anestesiados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>C&#233;lulas estromais mesenquimais: isolamento e cultura</title>
          <p>Os animais foram anestesiados e sacrificados por deslocamento cervical. As pernas dos animais foram limpas com &#225;lcool a 70% e as t&#237;bias e f&#234;mures foram isolados e centrifugados a 1.000 xg por 3 min a 4&#186;C para coleta de c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea. A suspens&#227;o de c&#233;lulas foi dilu&#237;da em solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS) e centrifugada a 300 xg por 5 min a 4&#186;C. Os grupamentos celulares foram dilu&#237;dos em meio de Eagle modificado por Dulbecco (DMEM, Gibco-Invitrogen, EUA) e centrifugados em gradiente Histopaque (1,083 g/mL, Sigma-Aldrich, EUA) a 400 xg por 30 minutos. As c&#233;lulas mononucleares foram coletadas da interface e lavadas tr&#234;s vezes em PBS e suas viabilidades foram verificadas com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o de azul de tripano a 0,4% (Sigma-Aldrich). Por fim, as c&#233;lulas foram plaqueadas a uma densidade de 1,2 x 10<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> c&#233;lulas/cm<sup>2</sup>e mantidas a 37&#186;C em uma atmosfera de CO<sub>2</sub> de 5%. O meio (DMEM suplementado com 20% de soro fetal bovino [Gibco-Invitrogen, EUA] e penicilina G/estreptomicina 1% [Gibco-Invitrogen]) foi mudado duas vezes por semana, preservando apenas as c&#233;lulas aderentes. Quando 80-90% de conflu&#234;ncia foi alcan&#231;ada, as c&#233;lulas aderentes foram destacadas das placas de cultura com tripsina-EDTA 0,25% (Sigma-Aldrich) e expandidas a uma densidade de 1,2 x 10<sup>4</sup> c&#233;lulas/cm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> at&#233; a terceira passagem, como descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o imunofenot&#237;pica</title>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise imunofenot&#237;pica, CEMc e CEMd em terceira passagem foram dissociadas e suspensas em solu&#231;&#227;o bloqueadora contendo PBS gelado suplementado com albumina de soro bovino (BSA) a 0,5%. As c&#233;lulas foram tratadas com Fc Block (Cat#550271; BD Biosciences, EUA) durante 20 minutos antes da incuba&#231;&#227;o com anticorpos. Os seguintes anticorpos conjugados com isotiocianato de fluoresce&#237;na (FITC), ficoeritrina (PE), ou biotina foram utilizados: CD29 (clone Ha2/5, Cat#555005, dilui&#231;&#227;o 1:50; BD Biosciences), CD90-1 (clone OX-7, Cat#551401, dilui&#231;&#227;o 1:25; BD Biosciences), CD45 (clone 30-F11, Cat#553077, dilui&#231;&#227;o 1:50; BD Biosciences) e CD34 (clone RAM34, Cat#551387, dilui&#231;&#227;o 1:50; BD Biosciences). Os isotipos correspondentes (BD Biosciences) foram utilizados como controles de liga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o espec&#237;fica. Ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o a 4&#186;C durante 20 minutos, as c&#233;lulas foram lavadas com PBS / 0,5% BSA, centrifugadas a 300 xg por 5 minutos e suspensas em PBS para aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados. DAPI 0,1 &#181;g/mL (Cat# D9452, Sigma-Aldrich) foi adicionado para excluir c&#233;lulas mortas. As amostras foram obtidas com citometria de fluxo BD FACSAria II (BD Biosciences) e os dados obtidos foram analisados com o programa FlowJo, vers&#227;o 10.1.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diferencia&#231;&#227;o adipog&#234;nica e osteog&#234;nica</title>
          <p>CEMc (n = 3) e CEMd (n = 3) em terceira passagem foram plaqueadas em uma placa de seis po&#231;os a 3 x 10<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> c&#233;lulas por po&#231;o. O meio foi alterado duas vezes por semana e nenhuma passagem foi realizada durante os protocolos de diferencia&#231;&#227;o. Para a diferencia&#231;&#227;o adipog&#234;nica, o meio de cultivo foi suplementado com dexametasona 1 &#181;M (Sigma-Aldrich), IBMX 0,5 mM (Sigma-Aldrich), insulina 10 &#181;g/mL (Sigma-Aldrich) e indometacina 200 &#181;M (Vetec Qu&#237;mica Fina, Brasil). As c&#233;lulas foram incubadas a 37&#186;C em uma atmosfera de CO<sub>2</sub> a 5% por 21 dias e em seguida fixadas com paraformalde&#237;do a 4% por 15 minutos, enquanto as got&#237;culas de lip&#237;deos citoplasm&#225;ticos foram coradas com &#243;leo vermelho O a 0,5%. A diferencia&#231;&#227;o osteog&#234;nica foi realizada com cultura de CEMc e CEMd em meio de cultivo suplementado com dexametasona 1 &#181;M (Sigma-Aldrich), b-glicerofosfato 10 mM (Sigma-Aldrich) e &#225;cido asc&#243;rbico 0,5 &#181;M (Sigma-Aldrich) por 21 dias. As c&#233;lulas foram ent&#227;o fixadas com paraformalde&#237;do a 4% por 15 minutos e dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio extracelular foram corados ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o com vermelho de alizarina a 1% em &#225;gua.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tempo de duplica&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o (TDP)</title>
          <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da cin&#233;tica de crescimento, CEMc e CEMd (passagem 3) foram cultivadas em pratos para cultura celular de 35 mm com uma grade de 2 mm (Sarstedt, EUA) a uma densidade de 1,2 x 10<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> c&#233;lulas/cm<sup>2</sup>. As c&#233;lulas foram mantidas em meio de cultivo e incubadas a 37&#186;C em uma atmosfera de CO<sub>2</sub> a 5% por 7 dias. Quatro grades aleat&#243;rias foram contadas diariamente e o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de c&#233;lulas por mm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> foi calculado. Os valores obtidos foram utilizados para construir uma curva de c&#233;lula/mm<sup>2</sup>
						<italic>versus</italic> tempo. Foi realizada regress&#227;o linear com transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica na base 2 do eixo c&#233;lula/mm<sup>2</sup>, no qual o inverso do coeficiente angular a foi utilizado para calcular a TDP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Unidades formadoras de col&#244;nias de fibroblastos (UFC-F)</title>
          <p>A fim de realizar este experimento, c&#233;lulas mononucleares recentemente isoladas derivadas de ratos diab&#233;ticos (CEMd; n = 3) e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos (CEMc; n = 3) foram isoladas e plaqueadas em placas de seis po&#231;os a uma densidade de 2,08 x 10<sup>5</sup> c&#233;lulas/cm<sup>2</sup> em cada po&#231;o. As c&#233;lulas foram cultivadas em meio de cultivo suplementado ou n&#227;o com hidrocortisona 1 &#181;M. Ap&#243;s 16 dias, as c&#233;lulas foram fixadas com metanol PA (Vetec Qu&#237;mica Fina) por 5 minutos e as col&#244;nias foram contadas manualmente ap&#243;s colora&#231;&#227;o com Giemsa (Merck, Alemanha).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de terapia celular</title>
          <p>Ratos diab&#233;ticos foram transplantados com 5 x 10<sup>6</sup> CEMc de ratos sadios (DM + CEMc; n = 7) ou 5 x 10<sup>6</sup> CEMd de ratos diab&#233;ticos (DM + CEMd; n = 8). As c&#233;lulas foram transplantadas atrav&#233;s do plexo retro-ocular (200 &#181;L). Os n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos e o peso corporal foram avaliados por 4 semanas ap&#243;s o transplante. Ao final do protocolo, os animais foram sacrificados e os cora&#231;&#245;es foram isolados para grava&#231;&#227;o do AP. Ratos controles e diab&#233;ticos receberam inje&#231;&#245;es retro-oculares com o mesmo volume de solu&#231;&#227;o salina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Grava&#231;&#227;o do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Para a grava&#231;&#227;o do AP, tiras de m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram obtidas e presas &#224; parte inferior do banho do tecido, revestido com Sylgard para exposi&#231;&#227;o do lado endoc&#225;rdico. As tiras foram continuamente perfundidas com solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode oxigenada a 37&#186;C. A composi&#231;&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode (mM) era: NaCl 150,8, KCl 5,4, CaCl<sub>2</sub> 1,8, MgCl<sub>2</sub> 1,0, D-glucose 11,0 e HEPES 10,0 (pH 7,4 ajustado com NaOH a 37,0 &#177; 0,5&#186;C). O tecido foi estimulado a um ciclo b&#225;sico com dura&#231;&#227;o de 1.000 ms. O potencial transmembrana foi gravado com microeletrodos de vidro (10-40 M&#937; resist&#234;ncia DC) preenchidos com 2,7 M KCl, conectados a um amplificador de microeletrodo com entrada de alta imped&#226;ncia (MEZ7200, Nihon Kohden, Jap&#227;o). Sinais amplificados foram digitalizados (1440 Digidata A/D interface, Axon Instrument, Inc., Sunnyvale, EUA) e armazenados em um computador para posterior an&#225;lise com o programa LabChart, 7.3 (ADInstruments, Bella Vista, Austr&#225;lia). Os seguintes par&#226;metros de AP foram analisados: potencial de repouso de membrana, amplitude (APA) e dura&#231;&#227;o do AP a 90% de repolariza&#231;&#227;o (APD<sub>90</sub>), conforme descrito previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os valores est&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Para os ensaios <italic>in vitro</italic>, compara&#231;&#245;es entre CEMc e CEMd foram realizadas com o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado e para an&#225;lises <italic>in vivo</italic>, foi utilizada an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA), seguida do teste de Bonferroni para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas. Dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o Gaussiana (teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov) foram comparados com o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Dunn. As diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis foram consideradas significativas quando p &lt; 0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o programa GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, EUA). O tamanho da amostra n&#227;o foi predeterminado com m&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos e foi estimado com base na disponibilidade de amostras e estudos cardiovasculares experimentais pr&#233;vios utilizando tratamento com c&#233;lulas-tronco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Morfologia e fen&#243;tipo de superf&#237;cie das CEMc e CEMd</title>
          <p>As CEMc e CEMd aderiram a pl&#225;stico e apresentaram uma morfologia semelhante &#224; do fibroblasto 3 a 4 dias ap&#243;s serem semeadas em frascos de cultura. C&#233;lulas n&#227;o aderentes observadas nas culturas prim&#225;rias foram descartadas com as trocas de meio. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 2</xref>A mostra CEMc e CEMd em terceira passagem. O perfil mesenquimal das CEMc e CEMd foi avaliado pela express&#227;o de marcadores-chave na superf&#237;cie de c&#233;lulas de terceira passagem por citometria de fluxo. Ambos os tipos celulares foram positivos para os marcadores associados &#224;s CEM (CD29 e CD90, &gt; 90%) e negativos para os marcadores hematopoi&#233;ticos (CD45 e CD34, &#8804; 2,5%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figuras 2B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">2C</xref>). Os fen&#243;tipos das c&#233;lulas CEMc e CEMd foram semelhantes.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do perfil de CEM na terceira passagem. (A) CEMc e CEMd com morfologia semelhante &#224; de fibroblastos 4 dias ap&#243;s as c&#233;lulas serem semeadas em pratos de cultura. (B) An&#225;lise de citometria de fluxo de CEM derivadas de animais saud&#225;veis (CEMc) e (C) CEM derivadas de animais diab&#233;ticos (CEMd). Histogramas coloridos mostrando a alta express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas de superf&#237;cie mesenquimais (CD29 e CD90) e baixa express&#227;o de marcadores hematopoi&#233;ticos (CD34 e CD45). Os histogramas cinzas representam os isotipos controles.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0579-70176-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diferencia&#231;&#227;o adipog&#234;nica e osteog&#234;nica</title>
          <p>Durante o processo de diferencia&#231;&#227;o adipog&#234;nica, a forma&#231;&#227;o de got&#237;culas lip&#237;dicas foi observada j&#225; na primeira semana (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 3A</xref>). A diferencia&#231;&#227;o adipog&#234;nica permaneceu por 21 dias. Durante este per&#237;odo, as got&#237;culas aumentaram de volume e em n&#250;mero. Ao final do protocolo, vac&#250;olos ricos em lip&#237;deos foram corados com &#243;leo vermelho O.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ensaios de diferencia&#231;&#227;o adipog&#234;nica e osteog&#234;nica. Os ensaios de diferencia&#231;&#227;o adipog&#234;nica e osteog&#234;nica foram realizados durante 21 dias com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de CEMc e CEMd. O protocolo foi iniciado com 60% de conflu&#234;ncia da cultura. (A) No ensaio adipog&#234;nico, pequenas got&#237;culas de lip&#237;deos estavam presentes tanto nas CEMc quanto nas CEMd no dia 7 e aumentaram de volume e em n&#250;mero no dia 14. No dia 21, as culturas foram coradas com &#243;leo vermelho O e as got&#237;culas de lip&#237;deos foram coradas em vermelho. Tanto as CEMc quanto as CEMd se diferenciaram em adip&#243;citos ao final do protocolo. (B) No ensaio osteog&#234;nico, observamos dram&#225;ticas mudan&#231;as morfol&#243;gicas come&#231;ando no dia 7 em ambas as CEMc e CEMd, com acentua&#231;&#227;o no dia 14. No dia 21, as culturas foram coradas com vermelho de alizarina e os dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio coraram em vermelho. Tanto as CEMc quanto as CEMd geraram uma matriz mineralizada ao final do protocolo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0579-70176-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A diferencia&#231;&#227;o osteog&#234;nica das CEMc e CEMd tamb&#233;m iniciou durante a primeira semana (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 3B</xref>). Ambos os grupos experimentais mostraram mudan&#231;as morfol&#243;gicas r&#225;pidas que permaneceram por 21 dias, at&#233; o final do experimento. Aos 21 dias, dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio foram observados ap&#243;s colora&#231;&#227;o com vermelho de alizarina, caracterizando mineraliza&#231;&#227;o da matriz.</p>
          <p>Como controles para ambos os protocolos de diferencia&#231;&#227;o, culturas de c&#233;lulas obtidas a partir de animais diab&#233;ticos e saud&#225;veis foram cultivadas durante todo o protocolo com meio de cultivo e, como esperado, n&#227;o mostraram forma&#231;&#227;o de vac&#250;olos lip&#237;dicos ou dep&#243;sitos de c&#225;lcio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cin&#233;tica de crescimento</title>
          <p>A fim de avaliar a cin&#233;tica de crescimento das CEMc e CEMd, as c&#233;lulas foram plaqueadas em pratos e observadas at&#233; chegarem a 100% de conflu&#234;ncia no dia 7. A taxa de prolifera&#231;&#227;o foi determinada por monitoriza&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria dos pratos de cultura (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 4A</xref>). Como mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 4B</xref>, CEM de ratos diab&#233;ticos e saud&#225;veis apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas cin&#233;ticas de crescimento semelhantes.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da cin&#233;tica de crescimento por ensaio de tempo de duplica&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o (TDP). (A) O n&#250;mero de CEM foi calculado diariamente (c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>2</sup>) ap&#243;s plaqueamento de 104 c&#233;lulas no dia zero por 7 dias. (B) Regress&#227;o linear do logaritmo do crescimento celular (c&#233;lulas/mm<sup>2</sup>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos. Os resultados est&#227;o representados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Abreviaturas: CEMc - CEM derivadas de animais saud&#225;veis; CEMd - CEM derivadas de animais diab&#233;ticos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0579-70176-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Propriedades clonog&#234;nicas</title>
          <p>A fim de avaliar a capacidade das CEMc e CEMd em formar col&#244;nias, foram realizados ensaios para UFC-F em DMEM/alta glicose na presen&#231;a e aus&#234;ncia de hidrocortisona (1 &#181;M). Ambos os tipos celulares foram capazes de gerar UFC-F sob ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figuras 5A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">5B</xref>). No entanto, o n&#250;mero de col&#244;nias foi maior nas culturas com meios suplementados com hidrocortisona em ambos os grupos experimentais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 5B</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, as CEMd formaram mais UFC-F do que as CEMc, independente do protocolo aplicado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figuras 5D</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">5E</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ensaio de unidades formadoras de col&#244;nias de fibroblastos (UFC-F). (A) Fotomicrografias representativas das col&#244;nias de CEMc e CEMd obtidas ap&#243;s ensaio de UFC-F com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de duas condi&#231;&#245;es diferentes, com e sem hidrocortisona. (B) Vista macrosc&#243;pica da forma&#231;&#227;o de UFC-F ap&#243;s as c&#233;lulas serem cultivadas na aus&#234;ncia da condi&#231;&#227;o com hidrocortisona. As CEMc formaram menos col&#244;nias UFC-F do que as CEMd. (C) Vista macrosc&#243;pica da forma&#231;&#227;o de UFC-F ap&#243;s as c&#233;lulas serem cultivadas na presen&#231;a da condi&#231;&#227;o com hidrocortisona 1 <italic>&#956;</italic>M. As CEMc novamente formaram menos col&#244;nias UFC-F do que as CEMd. (D-E) Compara&#231;&#245;es quantitativas entre os n&#250;meros de col&#244;nias UFC-F com forma&#231;&#227;o de maior n&#250;mero nas CEMd do que nas CEMc em ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es. Os resultados est&#227;o representados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e * representa p &lt; 0,05.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0579-70176-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Melhora metab&#243;lica ap&#243;s transplante de CEM</title>
          <p>A fim de avaliar o potencial terap&#234;utico de ambos os tipos celulares, 4 semanas ap&#243;s o estabelecimento do modelo de ratos diab&#233;ticos, CEMc ou CEMd (5 x 10<sup>6</sup> c&#233;lulas) foram transplantadas com uma &#250;nica inje&#231;&#227;o em ratos diab&#233;ticos. As CEMd apresentaram potencial terap&#234;utico semelhante &#224;s CEMc, com melhora dos n&#237;veis de glicose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 6A</xref>). Em ambos os grupos tratados com c&#233;lulas, os n&#237;veis de glicemia foram mais baixos do que os observados no grupo placebo, por&#233;m mais altos do que nos ratos sem diabetes. A perda de peso corporal nos grupos de diab&#233;ticos foi tamb&#233;m parcialmente resgatada pelo transplante de CEMc e CEMd (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 6B</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f13">
              <label>Figura 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Perfil metab&#243;lico ap&#243;s transplante de CEM. (A) Os n&#237;veis de glicemia foram monitorados durante as 8 semanas do protocolo. Ambos os tipos celulares melhoraram os n&#237;veis de glicose em compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo, mas foram incapazes de restaurar os n&#237;veis de glicose para os n&#237;veis observados nos animais do grupo controle. (B) Melhora do peso corporal durante os 60 dias do protocolo. Ambos os tipos celulares foram capazes de aumentar o peso corporal dos animais 30 dias ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas quando comparados com placebo, mas foram incapazes de restaurar seus pesos at&#233; os n&#237;veis dos animais do grupo controle. Os resultados est&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), *** representa p &lt; 0,001 versus CTRL; # representa p &lt; 0,05 versus DM e p &lt; 0,01 versus CTRL.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0579-70176-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CEMd melhoram o perfil do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco</title>
          <p>Resultados pr&#233;vios obtidos pelo nosso grupo mostraram que o transplante de CEMc foi capaz de reverter o prolongamento do AP card&#237;aco a 90% de repolariza&#231;&#227;o induzido pelo diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> No presente estudo, observamos que o transplante com CEMd foi tamb&#233;m capaz de reverter o prolongamento do AP a 90% de repolariza&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figuras 7A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">7B</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f14">
              <label>Figura 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>CEMc e CEMd melhoraram o remodelamento card&#237;aco 4 semanas ap&#243;s o transplante de CEM. (A) Tra&#231;ados do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o de tecido endoc&#225;rdico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo representativos de todos os grupos experimentais. (B) Dura&#231;&#227;o do potencial a 90% de repolariza&#231;&#227;o (APA90). (C) Potencial de repouso da membrana (RMP) e amplitude do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o (APA), respectivamente. Os resultados est&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e *** representa p &lt; 0,01 versus outros grupos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0579-70176-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O potencial da terapia com CEMc no diabetes tem sido demonstrado por v&#225;rios grupos, indicando benef&#237;cios metab&#243;licos tais como melhora nos n&#237;veis de glicemia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> fun&#231;&#227;o renal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> neuropatia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> complica&#231;&#245;es microvasculares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> No entanto, a maioria destes estudos utilizou CEM alog&#234;nico. Consequentemente, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de CEM aut&#243;logas obtidas de doadores com diabetes deve ser realizada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do efeito em um modelo diab&#233;tico animal.</p>
        <p>O nosso primeiro objetivo foi determinar o grau de semelhan&#231;a fenot&#237;pica e funcional entre as CEMc e CEMd atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lises <italic>in vitro</italic>. Uma vez que ambos os tipos celulares puderam ser isolados e cultivados, uma caracteriza&#231;&#227;o completa foi realizada. Estas c&#233;lulas mostraram ser muito semelhantes em v&#225;rios aspectos, mantendo uma forma morfol&#243;gica semelhante &#224; do fibroblasto, perfis mesenquimais, cin&#233;tica de crescimento e capacidade de diferencia&#231;&#227;o mesmo ap&#243;s 4 semanas da indu&#231;&#227;o do diabetes. Alinhados com os nossos achados, estudos anteriores demonstraram que CEM derivadas de medula &#243;ssea humana de pacientes saud&#225;veis t&#234;m propriedades semelhantes &#224;s derivadas de pacientes com diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma vez que as altera&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis de glicose podem interferir com o potencial clonog&#234;nico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> das c&#233;lulas, foram realizados ensaios para UFC-F. Os resultados mostraram que as c&#233;lulas derivadas de animais com diabetes apresentaram maior potencial clonog&#234;nico do que as derivadas de animais saud&#225;veis. Esses dados est&#227;o de acordo com os resultados obtidos em um estudo anterior no qual os autores demonstraram que o n&#250;mero total de UFC-F em ratos Wistar diab&#233;ticos machos foi mais elevado quando comparado ao de ratos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos 4 semanas ap&#243;s o estabelecimento do diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Considerando que a habilidade de gerar clones se correlaciona com a quantidade de c&#233;lulas-tronco na amostra original, nossos dados sugerem que ratos diab&#233;ticos t&#234;m um maior n&#250;mero de CEM do que ratos saud&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Os efeitos metab&#243;licos ben&#233;ficos atribu&#237;dos &#224; terapia com CEM de animais saud&#225;veis em um modelo animal diab&#233;tico foram bem demonstrados pelo nosso e v&#225;rios outros grupos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Nossos achados mostram que as CEM obtidas de ratos diab&#233;ticos tamb&#233;m foram capazes de melhorar o perfil metab&#243;lico de outros ratos diab&#233;ticos, destacando o potencial terap&#234;utico dessas c&#233;lulas. Como mencionado, as principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com diabetes s&#227;o as complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Assim, um estudo pr&#233;vio do nosso grupo teve o objetivo de investigar se as CEM de ratos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos reverteriam as altera&#231;&#245;es el&#233;tricas card&#237;acas induzidas pelo diabetes. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as CEMc foram capazes de melhorar os dist&#250;rbios el&#233;tricos card&#237;acos induzidos pelo diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Alinhados com estes resultados, os dados apresentados aqui demonstraram que as CEMd tamb&#233;m s&#227;o capazes de resgatar as propriedades do potencial de a&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco comprometido pela condi&#231;&#227;o diab&#233;tica.</p>
        <p>Embora o presente estudo tenha potencial translacional, algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser consideradas. Em primeiro lugar, o modelo animal de diabetes tipo 1 utilizado neste estudo n&#227;o mimetiza exatamente a doen&#231;a que ocorre em humanos. Segundo, a corrente de &#237;ons que contribui com a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em ratos &#233; diferente da presente em humanos. Terceiro, a via utilizada para injetar o ve&#237;culo no presente estudo (retro-ocular) certamente n&#227;o seria apropriada para fins translacionais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>N&#243;s caracterizamos e demonstramos v&#225;rias semelhan&#231;as entre CEMc e CEMd de ratos. Apesar das CEMd terem um potencial clonog&#234;nico superior, ambos os tipos celulares apresentaram capacidade de restaurar os n&#237;veis de glicemia e o peso corporal. Al&#233;m disso, ambas as c&#233;lulas foram capazes de reverter o prolongamento do AP card&#237;aco induzido pelo diabetes. Os dados <italic>in vivo</italic> e <italic>in vitro</italic> combinados demonstram que CEM de animais diab&#233;ticos podem ser uma op&#231;&#227;o para transplante em modelos animais diab&#233;ticos, indicando uma potencial aplica&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m em humanos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq e FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Conclus&#227;o de gradua&#231;&#227;o de Vit&#243;ria Sant&#243;rio de S&#227;o Jos&#233; pelo Instituto federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
