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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MwFfd4Fs3xBdWQwfywFw6qF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001500560</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170173</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005022104</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Heart Failure</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Incremental Prognostic Value of Conventional Echocardiography in Patients with Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Luis de Jesus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Janine Magalh&#227;es Garcia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Neimann da Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Claudio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael - Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Fabio Luis de Jesus Soares,</bold> Rua dos Jasmins, 220, Postal Code 40296-200, Cidade Jardim, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>fljsoares@cardiol.br</email>, <email>fljsoares@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Soares FLJ, Oliveira JMG, Correia LCL; Acquisition of data: Soares FLJ, Oliveira JMG, Neimann G, Andrade L, Rabelo MMN; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Soares FLJ, Oliveira JMG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>560</fpage>
      <lpage>568</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF) presents high morbidity and mortality in spite of therapeutic advance. Identifying factors of worst prognosis is important to improve assistance during the hospital phase and follow-up after discharge. The use of echocardiography for diagnosis and therapeutic guidance has been of great utility in clinical practice. However, it is not clear if it could also be useful for risk determination and classification in patients with ADHF and if it is capable of adding prognostic value to a clinical score (OPTIMIZE-HF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To identify the echocardiographic variables with independent prognostic value and to test their incremental value to a clinical score.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective cohort of patients consecutively admitted between January 2013 and January 2015, with diagnosis of acutely decompensated heart failure, followed up to 60 days after discharge. Inclusion criteria were raised plasma level of NT-proBNP (&gt; 450 pg/ml for patients under 50 years of age or NT-proBNP &gt; 900 pg/ml for patients over 50 years of age) and at least one of the signs and symptoms: dyspnea at rest, low cardiac output or signs of right-sided HF. The primary outcome was the composite of death and readmission for decompensated heart failure within 60 days.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Study participants included 110 individuals with average age of 68 &#177; 16 years, 55% male. The most frequent causes of decompensation (51%) were transgression of the diet and irregular use of medication. Reduced ejection fraction (&lt;40%) was present in 47% of cases, and the NT-proBNP median was 3947 (IIQ = 2370 to 7000). In multivariate analysis, out of the 16 echocardiographic variables studied, only pulmonary artery systolic pressure remained as an independent predictor, but it did not significantly increment the C-statistic of the OPTMIZE-HF score.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The addition of echocardiographic variables to the OPTIMIZE-HF score, with the exception of left ventricular ejection fraction, did not improve its prognostic accuracy concerning cardiovascular events (death or readmission) within 60 days</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicators of Morbidity and Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypergravity</kwd>
        <kwd>Reference Drugs</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is a complex and heterogeneous syndrome characterized by the sudden or gradual onset of the signs or symptoms of heart failure, requiring immediate medical attention and treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Mortality reaches 20% within 1 year after the diagnosis, and increases with clinical severity. In those patients with NYHA functional class IV, it can reach 80% within 2 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The first hospitalization constitutes an important step in the clinical evolution, modifying the quality of life and survival of patients with heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In spite of the advances in therapeutics, readmission rates due to recurrence of symptoms are high. North American studies in patients over the age of 70 years reveal readmission rates of up to 25%, within 30 days, and 50% within 6 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Thus, the stratification of patients based on their risk profile for adverse events (such as mortality and HF decompensation) is a crucial task, with a view to improve therapeutic planning and identification of the higher risk subgroup which may benefit from closer monitoring and/or more advanced therapies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several probabilistic risk models, using clinical variables, have been proposed to predict events in the short and long run.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Among them is a large registry, the OPTIMIZE-HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized HF Patients), which provided data on hospital mortality and rehospitalization/death within 60 days after hospitalization using clinical and laboratory variables. In this prognostic model, the only echocardiographic variable tested was left ventricular ejection fraction, computed dichotomously. Other traditional echocardiographic parameters, such as cavity dimensions, left ventricular diastolic function, right ventricular diastolic function, valvular and hemodynamic changes have not been analysed. The association between echocardiographic variables and cardiovascular outcomes, in other studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> generates the hypothesis that they may add value to the traditional prognostic models.</p>
      <p>As a result, we conducted a study which tests the hypothesis that multiple echocardiographic variables increment the prognostic accuracy of traditional risk prediction by using the OPTIMIZE-HF score.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population selection</title>
        <p>Individuals consecutively hospitalized for ADHF were selected in the cardiac unit of a tertiary hospital, from January 2013 to January 2015. The inclusion criteria for this Registry included individuals with 18 years of age or more and elevated plasma levels of NT-proBNP (&gt; 450 pg/ml in patients &lt; 50 years of age, or &gt; 900 pg/ml in those aged &#8805; 50 years), whose hospitalization occurred due to: dyspnea at rest or in the last 15 days; signs of low cardiac output (hypotension - SBP &lt; 90 mmHg; oliguria-diuresis &lt; 0,5 ml/Kg/h; or lowered level of consciousness) or signs of right heart failure (hepatomegaly, lower limb edema or jugular stasis). Pregnant women, patients who did not present adequate acoustic window and those who did not consent to participate in the study were excluded. The protocol is in conformity with the declaration of Helsinki, it was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the institution and all patients signed a free and clarified consent term.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Plasma NT-proBNP dosage</title>
        <p>The dosage of NT-proBNP was performed on a blood sample collected immediately after the arrival of the patient to the emergency departament, a procedure which aims to ensure the shortest possible time between the beginning of the symptoms and the collection of material. The measurement was performed in serum using the ELFA technique (Enzyme-Linked Fluorescent Assay) and the <italic>bioMerieux VIDAS&#174; NT-proBNP</italic> assay. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Transthoracic echocardiography and variables obtained</title>
        <p>All the exams have been performed in the first 24 hours after admission in the hospital unit, by only one examiner, blind to clinical and laboratory information. The parameters were obtained in digital format and stored for further analysis, using the GE Vivid 7 machine and the Vivid I system with a M4S sector transducer with frequencies of 1.5 - 3.6MHz. Another trained and qualified observer reviewed the archieved images in 15% of the exams in order to test the interobserver agreement. The patients were studied in left lateral decubitus with sequential analysis of the parasternal, apical, suprasternal and subxiphoid windows. Echocardiographic parameters were assessed in conformity with the recomemndations of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The patients who did not have suboptimal acoustic window, which did not allow satisfactory analysis of the echocardiographic parameters, would not be included in the Registry.</p>
        <p>The echocardiographic predictor variables analized were: the left ventricle diastolic diameter, left ventricle systolic diameter, right ventricle diameter, left atrial diameter, left atrial volume (indexed to body surface), tissue Doppler imaging of the tricuspid annulus (S' wave), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), left ventricular ejection fraction (Simpson's method), pulsed Doppler analysis of mitral flow (E wave, A wave, E/A relation), lateral and septal mitral annular tissue Doppler (e&#180;septal, e&#180;lateral, S&#180;septal), E/e&#180;relation, systolic pulmonary artery pressure and mitral insufficiency (moderate/severe).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OPTMIZE-HF predictive model</title>
        <p>The OPTIMIZE-HF predictive model, assessed in all patients to admission, involves the collection of clinical and laboratory variables, such as: age, urea, sodium, heart rate, systolic blood pressure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction, in addition to antecedent history of hepatic dysfunction, depression and airway hyperactivity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcome variable</title>
        <p>The primary outcome variable was defined by the composite of death (sudden death or due to HF decompensation) and readmission for ADHF within 60 days.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Statystical analysis</title>
          <p>The numerical variables tested were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile interval according to normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro Wilk test), and compared between patients with or without outcome using the unpaired t-test or the Mann-Whitney test. The correlations between the dichotomous variables were performed with the chi-square test. Once outcome-associated variables were identified (p &lt; 0.10), they were inserted into a multivariate logistic regression model, and adjusted according to the OPTIMIZE-HF score. In the final model, variables that proved to be independent predictors (p &lt; 0.05) were added to the OPTIMIZE-HF score. The evaluation of the incremental value of echocardiographic variables was performed by comparing the C-statistic of the model, containing echocardiographic and clinical variables (ECO+OPTIMIZE-HF), with an exclusively clinical model (OPTIMIZE-HF). The areas under the ROC curve were compared using the DeLong test. To evaluate the calibration of the model, the Hosmer-Lemeshow test was performed.</p>
          <p>SPSS Statistical Software (Version 21.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) and MedCalc Software (Version 12.3.0.0, Mariakerke, Belgium) were used for data analysis, the latter for comparison between the ROC curves.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size calculation</title>
          <p>The sample was sized to provide a power of 80% and an alpha of 5%, for the pre-established analysis. To construct a new probabilistic model, in the logistic regression, 1 variable was included for every 5 outcomes. Sample size was calculated to detect a ROC curve with statistical significance, estimating an AUC of 0.75 and an events rate of 25%. A pilot study was carried out with 30 patients and an events rate of 36% of combined outcomes was noted. 110 patients were included, thus allowing for the inclusion of up to 8 echocardiographic variables in a logistic regression model.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>During the period covered by the study, 110 patients diagnosed with ADHF were included. Most patients were elderly people, with an average age of 68 &#177; 16 years, 55% of them male. Dyspnea was the main symptom in 92% of patients, followed by lower limb edema in 5%. The most common identifiable cause for clinical decompensation was poor drug adherence and/or diet transgression (51%), followed by infection and arrhythmia (21% and 5% respectively). The most common HF etiology was the hypertensive (47%), followed by ischemic heart failure (37%) and Chagas disease (7.2%). The median value of admission NT-proBNP was 3947 (IIQ = 2370 to 7000). The primary outcome occurred in 37 patients (34% of the sample), corresponding to 14 deaths and 23 readmissions within 60 days. The general characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General Characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="70%"/>
            <col width="30%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">n = 110</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">68 &#177; 16</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">60 (55%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Symptom to admission</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyspnea</td>
              <td align="center">101 (92%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lower limbs edema</td>
              <td align="center">6 (5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Decompensation cause</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Irregular use of medication / Diet transgression</td>
              <td align="center">51%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Infection</td>
              <td align="center">21%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arrhythmia</td>
              <td align="center">5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angina</td>
              <td align="center">5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Digitalis intoxication</td>
              <td align="center">3%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Undertemined cause</td>
              <td align="center">5%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HF Etilogy</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic</td>
              <td align="center">41 (37%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">52 (47%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chagas disease</td>
              <td align="center">8 (7.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valvular</td>
              <td align="center">4 (3.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High blood pressure</td>
              <td align="center">82 (75%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">49 (45%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic renal failure</td>
              <td align="center">33 (30%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous stroke</td>
              <td align="center">17 (16%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COPD</td>
              <td align="center">5 (4,7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medication in use</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACE inhibitors - ARB</td>
              <td align="center">77 (70%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">53 (48%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Spironolactone</td>
              <td align="center">70 (63%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Furosemide</td>
              <td align="center">40 (36%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">150 &#177; 35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart rate (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">92 &#177; 30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatine (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urea (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">60 &#177; 30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
              <td align="center">137 &#177; 6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV ejection fraction &lt; 40%</td>
              <td align="center">52 (47%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Admission NT-pro BNP</td>
              <td align="center">3947 (IIQ = 237 a 7000)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">OPTIMIZE-HF score</td>
              <td align="center">35 &#177; 6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Combined Outcome (death and readmission) within 60 days</td>
              <td align="center">37 (34%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Death within 60 days</td>
              <td align="center">14 (13%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Readmission within 60 days</td>
              <td align="center">23 (21%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>HF: heart failure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACE inhibitors: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; LV: left ventricle.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic characteristics of the studied sample</title>
        <p>The echocardiographic analysis has shown that most patients did not present severe left ventricular dilatation, with left ventricular diastolic diameter average of 55.5 &#177; 11.5 mm. On the other hand, left atrial volume index was significantly raised (47.5 &#177; 15.6 ml/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
        <p>The analysis of the systolic function has demonstrated that the average left ventricle ejection fraction was 44% &#177; 17%. In the subgroup of patients with reduced ejection fraction, most of them had severe systolic dysfunction, with a mean LVEF of 29.1% &#177; 6.5%. It was possible to determine the degree of systolic dysfunction in more than two-thirds of cases, since the other patients presented moderate/severe mitral insufficiency, atrial fibrillation and/or artificial pacemaker stimulation, which could compromise the analysis. From the total individuals evaluated with respect to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (70 patients), grade I dysfunction (alteration in relaxation) was observed in 28.6% of cases and grades II and III dysfunction (reduced complacency) in 71.4%. However, the estimation of the left ventricular filling pressures was evaluated in all patients using the septal E/e' ratio, and a mean of 23.7&#177;15 was obtained. Estimation of systolic pulmonary artery pressure, through analysis of tricuspid regurgitation, was calculated in all patients, and a mean of 44.4 &#177; 14.8mmHg was obtained. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>General Chatacteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="80%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">N 110 patients</th>
                <th align="center">Averege</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">55.5 &#177; 11.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV systolic diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">42.1 &#177; 14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV systolic diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">30 &#177; 6.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LA diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">42.6 &#177; 6.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left atrial volume (ml/m&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center">47.5 &#177; 15.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tricuspid annular s' wave (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 3.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TAPSE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">16.8 &#177; 5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV ejection fraction (SIMPSOM) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 &#177; 17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E wave (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e' septal wave (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">5 &#177; 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lateral e wave (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">8 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Septal E/e'</td>
                <td align="center">23.7 &#177; 15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S' septal wave (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">5 &#177; 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">44.4 &#177; 14.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral Insufficiency (moderete / severe)</td>
                <td align="center">31%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LV Diastolic Dysfunction</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Degree I</td>
                <td align="center">20 / 70 (28%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Degree II / III</td>
                <td align="center">50 / 70 (71.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IVC diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">17.3 &#177; 5.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Respiratory variation in IVC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 &#177; 30</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; IVC: inferior vena cava.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic predictors</title>
        <p>The exploratory analysis of 16 variables, which reflected morphological, functional and hemodynamic changes, was performed, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. Out of those, only 3 were associated with the primary outcome: left atrial diameter, the indexed volume of the left atrium and the pulmonary artery systolic pressure. The left atrial diameter (44.5 &#177; 12 mm <italic>versus</italic> 41.8 &#177; 6 p = 0.05) and the indexed volume of the left atrium (52 &#177; 17 mm <italic>versus</italic> 45.5 &#177; 13 mm; p = 0.039) were significantly higher in the events group. With regard to the ejection fraction, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (44.6 &#177; 18% versus 43.3 &#177; 17%; p = 0.72), however when it was examined as a dichotomous, rather than a continuous variable, there was higher prevalence of LVEF &lt; 40% in the outcome group and with statistical significance (61% <italic>versus</italic> 52% p = 0.04). The estimation of left ventricular filling, evaluated through the analysis of the E/e&#180; relation, did not differ between the two groups (24 &#177; 13.9 <italic>versus</italic> 23.5 &#177; 16.7; p = 0.9). However, pulmonary artery systolic pressure was higher in the events group (49.8 &#177; 14.5 <italic>versus</italic> 42.6 &#177; 14.7; p = 0.02). The degree of the diastolic dysfunction did not differ significantly between the groups; neither did the presence of moderate/severe mitral insufficiency.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>General characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">N 110 patients</th>
                <th align="center">Events (37)</th>
                <th align="center">Non events (73)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV Diastolic Diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">55.6 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">55.7 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0.94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV Systolic Diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">42 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">42 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0.84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV Diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">31 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0.19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF Atrial Diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">44.5 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">41.8 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF Atrial Volume (ml/m&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">45.5 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0.037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV S' (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 3.5</td>
                <td align="center">12.1 &#177; 3.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tricuspid annular plane (TAPSE - mm)</td>
                <td align="center">16 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">17 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV ejection fraction (SIMPSOM) (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44.6 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">43.3 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">0.72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV ejection fraction &lt; 40%</td>
                <td align="center">32 (61%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E wave (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Septal E' (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.5 &#177; 0.21</td>
                <td align="center">0.5 &#177; 0.21</td>
                <td align="center">0.68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lateral E' (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0.77 &#177; 0.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.8 &#177; 0.33</td>
                <td align="center">0.75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Septal E/e'</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 13.9</td>
                <td align="center">17.1 &#177; 13.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lateral E/e'</td>
                <td align="center">15.8 &#177; 10.2</td>
                <td align="center">17.1 &#177; 13.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SPAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">49.8 &#177; 14.5</td>
                <td align="center">46.6 &#177; 14.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LV Diastolic Dysfunction</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.3</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Degree I</td>
                <td align="center">11%</td>
                <td align="center">18%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Degree II</td>
                <td align="center">27%</td>
                <td align="center">24%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Degree III</td>
                <td align="center">19%</td>
                <td align="center">22%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Not possible to grauduate</td>
                <td align="center">42%</td>
                <td align="center">36%</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral Insufficiency (moderete / severe)</td>
                <td align="center">34%</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">0.3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; SPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical and laboratory prognostic predictors</title>
        <p>Comparing the non-events group with the events group (death or readmission), no statiscally significant difference was seen in relation to age, sex and systolic blood pressure at admission, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>. In the events group, it was observed that the mean heart rate was significantly higher (99 &#177; 14 <italic>versus</italic> 89 &#177; 25; p = 0.04). Lower creatinine level on admission was also noted (1.1 &#177; 0.5 <italic>versus</italic> 1.4 &#177;1.3; p = 0.08), but with no statistically significant difference. The OPTIMIZE-HF score was higher in the events group (34.3 &#177; 7.1 <italic>versus</italic> 29.8 &#177; 7.2; p = 0.003).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>OPTIMIZE-HF component variables</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">N 110 patients</th>
                <th align="center">Events (37)</th>
                <th align="center">Non events (73)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">72.4 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">68.6 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">0.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">151 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">146 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">0.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart rate (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">99 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">89 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatine (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 1.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sodium (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">138 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">138 &#177; 6.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">COPD / Asma</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CPLD</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Depression</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">OPTIMIZE-HF</td>
                <td align="center">34.3 &#177; 7.1</td>
                <td align="center">29.8 &#177; 7.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPLD: chronic parenchymal liver disease.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Independent and incremental value of echocardiographic variables</title>
        <p>In the exploratory analysis, the left atrial volume index and the systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) were predictors of the primary outcome, and thus selected for multivariate analysis. In the logistic regression, using the OPTIMIZE-HF score and echocardiographic predictor variables, it was observed that the left atrial volume index lost statistical significance, and only the sPAP (p = 0.01) and the OPTIMIZE score (p = 0.002) remained in the final model, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate analysis: Comparison of clinical-laboratory variables between the events and non-events groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Odds Ratio</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Optimize-HF</td>
                <td align="center">1.13 (1.05 - 1.21)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SPAP</td>
                <td align="center">1.05 (1.01 - 1.08)</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Indexed LA volume</td>
                <td align="center">1.02 (0.98 - 1.06)</td>
                <td align="center">0.4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>LA: left atrium; SPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The accuracy of the sPAP echocardiographic variable was evaluated using the area under the ROC curve (C-statistic), which resulted in 0.66 (HR 95%; 0.55-0.77), while the area under the curve of the clinical model (OPTIMIZE-HF score) was 0.69 (HR 95%; 0.58-0.81). After sPAP was included in the model, it was observed an increase in the area under the ROC curve to 0.75 (IC 95%; 0.57-0.79). However, this increase was not significant (p = 0.17), which suggests that the echocardiographic variables used did not improve the prediction of events compared to the clinical model, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison between ROC curves and C-statistics between the OPTIMIZE-HF conventional and combined (OPTIMIZE-HF+PSAP) probabilistic models, using the DeLong test</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0560-70173-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The results of this study indicate that routinely measurable echocardiographic parameters, during a standard transthoracic echocardiography, do not seem to improve the risk stratification in patients with ADHF when associated with a clinical score that already uses left ventricular ejection fraction. Only the measurement of pulmonary artery systolic pressure was an independent predictor of death or readmission within 60 days in patients with acutely decompensated HF, but it did not add incremental value to the OPTIMIZE-HF clinical score.</p>
      <p>There are several validated prognostic models, each of which combining different variables, which suggests how difficult it is to estimate risks in patients with ADHF. The efforts towards developing and improving such probabilistic models are justified because risk of in-hospital mortality, mortality after discharge and readmission are still elevated in spite of the evolution of specific treatment. The OPTIMIZE-HF score<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> is one of the tools recommended by the Brazilian Guidelines on Acute Heart Failure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> as well as by other international guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> for risk stratification in patients with ADHF. It was developed to evaluate the risk of cardiovascular outcomes in hospital and after discharge (death and readmission). In our sample, the referred score presented regular performance with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.69 (HR 95%; 0.58 - 0.81; p = 0.002). However, this performance was not significantly improved when echocardiographic variables were added to the score (independent predictor of outcomes), and an AUC of 0.75 (HR 95%; 0.57 - 0.79; p = 0.005) was obtained. This suggests that not all information provided by a negative echocardiogram, or that apparently could indicate a worsen evolution, may improve risk prediction, when evaluated within the context of a clinical score.</p>
      <p>The hypothesis according to which echocardiography could have prognostic impact in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure took shape in the late 1990&#8217;s, based on a study by Sennim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> For the first time, in a population-based study, it was demonstrated that patients with HF who received echocardiographic evaluation had improved survival and were more willing to be treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) compared to those patients who were not evaluated by echocardiography. Since then, innumerable echocardiographic variables have been studied and identified as predictors of morbidity and mortality in acute heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Left ventricular ejection fraction is probably the most researched variable and it has been shown to be a predictor of short<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> and long<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> term mortality in patients with ADHF. In our study, we observed that in those patients who had LVEF &lt; 40%, there were more outcomes when compared to those with LVEF &gt; 40%. However, when we compared the absolute value of LVEF, it did not predict events, which suggests that qualifying the systolic function (LV systolic dysfunction, present or absent) is more important for risk stratification than the numerical value of ejection fraction. Hemodynamic analysis of left ventricular compliance and filling pressures have also been largely studied, based on non-invasive hemodynamic analysis using conventional echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> The assessment of mitral flow and tissue Doppler allows to infer the therapeutic response in patients with ADHF, since these ratings are directly related to ventricular preload and afterload, which vary considerably in the acute phase of decompensation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> However, available data on the E/e&#8217; relation and its prognostic meaning in the ADHF scenario are few and often conflicting. Some studies assert that this variable is not capable of providing prognostic information on these patients, when admission is evaluated in the emergency unit,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> and others suggest that, when it is associated with LVEF, it is possible to identify those patients with higher risk of death and readmission.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> In this study, the degree of diastolic dysfunction at admission, in both E/A and E/e&#180; relations (medial and lateral), were not capable of identifying those patients who had more or less events. Other important component of the echocardiographic analysis of patients with ADHF is the estimation of pulmonary artery systolic pressure. Most of these patients suffer from passive or mixed pulmonary hypertension, that is, a combination of passively elevated pressures and pulmonary vasoreactivity response. These types may improve acutely with blood volume normalization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Several studies have shown the sPAP as an independent predictor of cardiovascular outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> In this study, it was observed that sPAP remained as an independent predictor of combined outcomes, even after it was adjusted to the clinical variables that composed the clinical score.</p>
      <p>However, the statistical significance in multivariate analysis is not a sufficient requirement to state clinical relevance of the prognostic evaluation. The incremental value in relation to a usual predictive model must also be demonstrated and few studies have incorporated echocardiographic variables to a clinical predictive model and evaluated their performance using the C-statistic increment. Our study has demonstrated that the addition of the 16 (sixteen) echocardiographic variables tested (with the exception of left ventricular ejection fraction categorized as &lt; 40% and &gt; 40% which already composes the OPTIMIZE-HF score) did not improve the prognostic accuracy of the clinical score in predicting cardiovascular events within 60 days. Among the variables tested, the sPAP, with a C-statistic of 0.66 (HR 95%; 0.55 - 0.77) and with p = 0.01 in the logistic regression analysis, was the only one which predicted cardiovascular events within 60 days. However, when it was added to the OPTIMIZE-HF score, the C-statistic increment was not significant. As a result, in spite of its statistical significance in the multivariate analysis, the sPAP was not enough to assert the incremental prognostic value and clinical relevance of the prognostic evaluation in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. In the review of the literature carried out, we did not find any scientific work that has examined the incremental value of conventional echocardiography to the OPTIMIZE-HF score. A small number of researches has incorporated echocardiographic variables into a clinical predictive model, aiming to evaluate the performance of these variables and their incremental value on the C-statistics of the score tested. Among them, we highlight the research published by Gripp et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> which evaluated retrospectively the incremental value of the echocardiography to the ADHERE score, demonstrating that the sPAP added independent prognostic information and allowed a modest increment in the score&#8217;s C-statistic, around 0.07, in predicting in-hospital mortality. However, there were no reports that this increase presented statistical significance.</p>
      <p>The main limitation of this study is its sample size and the fact that it was carried out in only one center, which means that our data cannot be generalized, nor considered definitive in relation to the lack of prognostic increment in the echocardiographic variables. Another point to highlight is the absence of a second control echocardiography in all the patients, so that the variables could have been compared before and after therapeutic optimization. Echocardiographic variations may occur, such as sPAP decrease in more than 10 mmHg, increase in LVEF from 5 to 10%, reduced degree of mitral insufficiency and/or tricuspid, as well as improved diastolic dysfunction and pericardial stroke. Furthermore, new technologies, such as speckle tracking and three-dimensional echocardiography, were not used, which could have improved the analysis of the biventricular systolic function as well as the cardiac chamber real volumes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The addition of echocardiographic variables, except for left ventricular ejection fraction, to the OPTIMIZE-HF score, did not improve its prognostic accuracy in relation to cardiovascular events (death or readmission) within 60 days.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Fabio Luis de Jesus Soares, from Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana para Desenvolvimento de Pesquisa e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, Auricchio A, Bohm M, Dickstein K, et al. ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14(8):603-69. doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfs105.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Adamopoulos</surname>
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              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
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              <surname>Auricchio</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bohm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dickstein</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Coronariopatia Aguda</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor Progn&#243;stico Incremental do Ecocardiograma Convencional em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Agudamente Descompensada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Luis de Jesus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Janine Magalh&#227;es Garcia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Neimann da Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Claudio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael - Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fabio Luis de Jesus Soares,</bold> Rua dos Jasmins, 220, CEP 40296-200, Cidade Jardim, Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>fljsoares@cardiol.br</email>, <email>fljsoares@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Soares FLJ, Oliveira JMG, Correia LCL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Soares FLJ, Oliveira JMG, Neimann G, Andrade L, Rabelo MMN; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Soares FLJ, Oliveira JMG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca agudamente descompensada (ICAD) apresenta elevada morbimortalidade a despeito do avan&#231;o terap&#234;utico. Identificar fatores de pior progn&#243;stico &#233; importante para melhorar a assist&#234;ncia durante a fase hospitalar e acompanhamento ap&#243;s a alta. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia para diagn&#243;stico e guia terap&#234;utico tem sido de grande utilidade na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, contudo n&#227;o est&#225; claro se tamb&#233;m pode ser &#250;til para determina&#231;&#227;o e classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco desses pacientes e se &#233; capaz de incrementar valor progn&#243;stico a um escore cl&#237;nico (OPTIMIZE-HF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Identificar as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas com valor progn&#243;stico independente e testar seu valor incremental a um escore cl&#237;nico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Coorte prospectiva de pacientes consecutivamente admitidos entre janeiro de 2013 a janeiro de 2015, com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca agudamente descompensada, acompanhados at&#233; 60 dias ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram o aumento da dosagem plasm&#225;tica do NT-proBNP (&gt; 450 pg/ml para pacientes abaixo de 50 anos ou NT-proBNP &gt; 900 pg/ml para pacientes acima de 50 anos) e pelo menos um dos sinais e sintomas: dispn&#233;ia em repouso, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco ou sinais de IC direita. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a combina&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito e reinternamento por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada em at&#233; 60 dias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 110 indiv&#237;duos com m&#233;dia de idade 68 &#177; 16 anos, 55% do sexo masculino, sendo a transgress&#227;o da dieta/uso irregular de medica&#231;&#245;es a causa mais frequente de descompensa&#231;&#227;o (51%). Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (&lt; 40%) estava presente em 47% os casos, e a mediana do NT-proBNP era 3947 (IIQ = 2370 a 7000). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, das 16 vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas estudadas, somente a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar permaneceu como preditora independente, no entanto, n&#227;o incrementou significativamente a estat&#237;stica-C do escore OPTIMIZE-HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A adi&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, que n&#227;o a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, ao escore OPTIMIZE-HF, n&#227;o melhorou a acur&#225;cia progn&#243;stica do mesmo no que diz respeito a eventos cardiovasculares (morte ou re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o) em at&#233; 60 dias. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicadores de Morbimortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipergravidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicamentos de Refer&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca agudamente descompensada (ICAD) compreende uma s&#237;ndrome complexa e heterog&#234;nea definida como a r&#225;pida instala&#231;&#227;o ou mudan&#231;a de sintomas e sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, requerendo aten&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e terapia imediata.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A mortalidade chega a 20% em 1 ano ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico, e aumenta com a gravidade cl&#237;nica, podendo atingir 80% em 2 anos naqueles pacientes com classe funcional IV pela NYHA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A primeira hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o constitui momento importante na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, modificando a qualidade de vida e a sobrevida dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A despeito dos avan&#231;os na terap&#234;utica, a taxa de readmiss&#227;o por recorr&#234;ncia dos sintomas &#233; elevada. Estudos norte-americanos em pacientes acima de 70 anos revelam taxa de readmiss&#227;o de at&#233; 25%, em 30 dias e 50% em 6 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Portanto, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com base no seu perfil de risco para eventos adversos (tais quais mortalidade e descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC) &#233; uma tarefa crucial, visando melhorar o planejamento terap&#234;utico e identifica&#231;&#227;o daquele subgrupo de maior risco que possa se beneficiar de um acompanhamento mais pr&#243;ximo e/ou de terapias mais avan&#231;adas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios modelos probabil&#237;sticos de risco, utilizando vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, t&#234;m sido propostos para predizer eventos a curto e longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Dentre eles, destaca-se um grande registro, o OPTIMIZE-HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> (Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized HF Patients), que forneceu dados sobre a mortalidade hospitalar e rehospitaliza&#231;&#227;o/morte dentro de 60 dias ap&#243;s hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o utilizando vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais. Nesse modelo progn&#243;stico, a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel ecocardiogr&#225;fica testada foi a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, computada de forma dicot&#244;mica. N&#227;o foram analisados outros par&#226;metros tradicionais do ecocardiograma, como dimens&#245;es de cavidades, fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito, altera&#231;&#245;es valvares e hemodin&#226;micas. A associa&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas com desfechos cardiovasculares, em outros trabalhos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> gera a hip&#243;tese de que estas podem incrementar os modelos progn&#243;sticos tradicionais.</p>
        <p>Desta forma, realizamos um estudo que testa a hip&#243;tese de que vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas m&#250;ltiplas incrementam a acur&#225;cica progn&#243;stica da predi&#231;&#227;o de risco tradicional utilizando o escore OPTIMIZE-HF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados indiv&#237;duos consecutivamente internados por ICAD em unidade especializada em cardiologia de um hospital terci&#225;rio, no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2013 a janeiro de 2015. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para este Registro compreenderam indiv&#237;duos com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos e presen&#231;a de eleva&#231;&#227;o na concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de NT-proBNP (&gt; 450 pg/ml em pacientes &lt; 50 anos de idade, ou &gt; 900 pg/ml naqueles &#8805; 50 anos), cujo motivo da interna&#231;&#227;o tenha sido: dispn&#233;ia em repouso ou nos &#250;ltimos 15 dias; sinais de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (hipotens&#227;o - PAS &lt; 90mmHg; olig&#250;ria - diurese &lt; 0,5 ml/Kg/h; ou rebaixamento do n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia) ou sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita (hepatomegalia, edema de membros inferiores ou estase de jugular). Foram exclu&#237;dos gestantes, pacientes que n&#227;o apresentassem janela ac&#250;stica adequada para an&#225;lise e aqueles que n&#227;o concordassem em participar do estudo. O protocolo est&#225; em conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, foi liberado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o e todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dosagem plasm&#225;tica NT-proBNP</title>
          <p>A dosagem do NT-proBNP foi realizada em amostra de sangue colhida imediatamente ap&#243;s a chegada do paciente &#224; emerg&#234;ncia, procedimento que visa obter o menor tempo poss&#237;vel entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a coleta do material. A dosagem foi feita no soro pela t&#233;cnica ELFA (Enzyme-Linked Fluorescent Assay) utilizando <italic>Vidas&#174;NTproBNP2,</italic> marca <italic>Biom&#233;rieux.</italic></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica e obten&#231;&#227;o de suas vari&#225;veis</title>
          <p>Todos os exames foram realizados nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o na unidade hospitalar, por um &#250;nico examinador, cego &#224; informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial. Os par&#226;metros foram obtidos em formato digital e armazenados para posterior an&#225;lise, utilizando os aparelhos GE Vivid 7 e Vivid I com transdutor setorial M4S com frequ&#234;ncia 1,5 - 3,6MHz. Em 15% dos exames, outro observador treinado e habilitado revisou as imagens arquivadas para testar a concord&#226;ncia interobservador. Os pacientes foram estudados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo com an&#225;lise sequencial das janelas paraesternal, apical, supraesternal e subxif&#243;idea. Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram aferidos de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (ASE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentassem janela ac&#250;stica sub&#243;tima e que n&#227;o permitisse an&#225;lise satisfat&#243;ria dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, n&#227;o seriam inclu&#237;dos neste registro.</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis preditoras ecocardiogr&#225;ficas analisadas foram o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo direito, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (indexado &#224; superficie corp&#243;rea), Doppler tecidual do anel tric&#250;spide (onda S&#180;), excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide (TAPSE), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (m&#233;todo de Simpson), an&#225;lise do fluxo mitral com Doppler pulsado (Onda E, onda A, rela&#231;&#227;o E/A), Doppler tecidual do anel mitral septal e lateral (e&#180;septal, e&#180;lateral, S&#180;septal), Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180;, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar e insufici&#234;ncia mitral (moderada/grave).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Modelo preditor OPTIMIZE-HF</title>
          <p>O Modelo preditor OPTIMIZE-HF, que foi aferido em todos os pacientes &#224; admiss&#227;o, consiste na coleta de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais que s&#227;o: idade, ureia, s&#243;dio, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, al&#233;m de antecedentes na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica de disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, depress&#227;o e hiperreatividade de vias a&#233;reas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;vel de desfecho</title>
          <p>A vari&#225;vel de desfecho prim&#225;ria foi definida pela combina&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito (morte s&#250;bita ou decorrente de descompensa&#231;&#227;o de IC) e rehospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por ICAD em at&#233; 60 dias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
          <p>
            <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas testadas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil de acordo com normalidade (teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e Shapiro Wilk), sendo comparadas entre pacientes com ou sem desfecho pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou Mann-Whitney. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas foram realizadas utilizando-se o teste do qui-quadrado. Uma vez identificadas vari&#225;veis associadas ao desfecho (p &lt; 0,10), estas foram inseridas em modelo multivariado de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, e ajustadas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao escore OPTIMIZE-HF. O modelo final consistiu do escore OPTIMIZE-HF acrescentado de vari&#225;veis que se mostraram preditores indepententes (p &lt; 0,05). O valor incremental das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foi avaliado pela compara&#231;&#227;o da estat&#237;stica-C do modelo, contendo vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e vari&#225;vel ecocardiogr&#225;fica (ECO+OPTIMIZE-HF), com o modelo exclusivamente cl&#237;nico (OPTIMIZE-HF). As &#225;reas abaixo da curva ROC foram comparadas pelo teste de DeLong. Para avaliar a calibra&#231;&#227;o do modelo, foi realizado o teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow.</p>
          <p>SPSS Statistical Software (vers&#227;o 21.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) e MedCalc Software (vers&#227;o 12.3.0.0, Mariakerke, Belgium) foram utilizados para an&#225;lise dos dados, este &#250;ltimo para compara&#231;&#227;o entre as curvas ROC.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>C&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral</bold>
          </p>
          <p>A amostra foi dimensionada para conferir poder estat&#237;stico de 80% e alfa 5%, para as an&#225;lises pr&#233;-estabelecidas. Para a confec&#231;&#227;o de novo modelo probabil&#237;stico, na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, foi inclu&#237;da 1 vari&#225;vel para cada 5 desfechos. O C&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral foi para encontrar uma curva ROC com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, estimando uma &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,75 e taxa de eventos de 25%. Realizado estudo piloto com 30 pacientes, sendo observada taxa de eventos de 36% de desfechos combinados. Foram inclu&#237;dos 110 pacientes, permitindo, portanto, que fossem inclu&#237;das em modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica at&#233; 8 vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo contemplado pelo estudo, 110 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de ICAD foram inclu&#237;dos, a maioria composta por pacientes idosos, com m&#233;dia de idade 68 &#177; 16 anos, sendo 55% do sexo masculino. Dispn&#233;ia foi o sintoma principal em 92% dos pacientes, seguido de edema de MMII em 5%. A causa mais prevalente de descompensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica identificada foi a m&#225; ader&#234;ncia medicamentosa e/ou transgress&#227;o da dieta (51%), seguida por infec&#231;&#227;o e arritmia (21% e 5%, respectivamente). A etiologia da IC mais prevalente foi a hipertensiva (47%), seguida da isqu&#234;mica (37%) e doen&#231;a de Chagas (7,2%). A mediana do NT-proBNP da admiss&#227;o foi de 3947 (IIQ = 2370 a 7000). O desfecho prim&#225;rio ocorreu em 37 pacientes (34% da amostra), sendo 14 &#243;bitos e 23 reinternamentos em 60 dias. As caracter&#237;sticas gerais est&#227;o escritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="80%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">n = 16</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">60 (55%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sintoma &#224; admiss&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dispineia</td>
                <td align="center">101 (92%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Edema de membros inferiores</td>
                <td align="center">6 (5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Causa de descompens&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso irregular das medica&#231;&#245;es / transgress&#227;o da dieta</td>
                <td align="center">51%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">21%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arritmia</td>
                <td align="center">5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina</td>
                <td align="center">5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intoxica&#231;&#227;o Digit&#225;lica</td>
                <td align="center">3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Causa Indeterminada</td>
                <td align="center">5%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiologia da IC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isquemia</td>
                <td align="center">41 (37%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertensiva</td>
                <td align="center">52 (47%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                <td align="center">8 (7,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valvular</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</td>
                <td align="center">82 (75%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">49 (45%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">33 (30%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC Pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">17 (16%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">5 (4,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es em uso</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">77 (70%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">53 (48%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espironolactona</td>
                <td align="center">70 (63%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Furosemida</td>
                <td align="center">40 (36%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">150 &#177; 35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">92 &#177; 30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatina (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ur&#233;ia (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#243;dio (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">137 &#177; 6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &lt; 40%</td>
                <td align="center">52 (47%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NT-pro BNP Admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">3947 (IIQ = 237 a 7000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore OPTIMIZE-HF</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desfechos combinados (&#243;bitos e rehospitaliza&#231;&#227;o) em 60 dias</td>
                <td align="center">37 (34%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#211;bitos em 60 dias</td>
                <td align="center">14 (13%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rehospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em 60 dias</td>
                <td align="center">23 (21%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AVC: acidente vasculr cerebral, DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; IECA: inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da amostra</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica evidenciou que a maioria dos pacientes n&#227;o apresentava dilata&#231;&#227;o grave do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com a m&#233;dia do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 55,5 &#177; 11,5 mm. J&#225; o volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo apresentava-se significativamente aumentado (47,5 &#177; 15,6 ml/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
          <p>An&#225;lise de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica demonstrou que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi de 44% &#177; 17%. No subgrupo de pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, a maioria tinha disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave, com m&#233;dia da FEVE de 29,1% &#177; 6,5%. A gradua&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi poss&#237;vel em mais de dois ter&#231;os dos casos, visto que os demais apresentavam insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada/grave, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e/ou presen&#231;a de estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica artificial por marcapasso, o que comprometia sua an&#225;lise. Do total de indiv&#237;duos que foram avaliados quanto &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (70 pacientes), observou-se disfun&#231;&#227;o grau 1 (altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento) em 28,6% dos casos e disfun&#231;&#227;o grau 2 e 3 (complac&#234;ncia reduzida) em 71,4%. No entanto, a estimativa das press&#245;es de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, foi avaliada em todos os pacientes atrav&#233;s da rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180; septal, obtendo-se m&#233;dia de 23,7 &#177; 15. Estimativa da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise do jato regurgitante tric&#250;spide, foi calculada em todos os pacientes, obtendo-se a m&#233;dia de 44,4 &#177; 14,8mmHg. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>)</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="80%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">N 110 pctes</th>
                  <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">55,5 &#177; 11,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,1 &#177; 14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico VD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 &#177; 6,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro &#225;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,6 &#177; 6,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume &#225;trio esquerdo (ml/m&#178;)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,5 &#177; 15,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Onda S'anel tric&#250;spide (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 &#177; 3,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TAPSE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,8 &#177; 5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE (SIMPSOM) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 &#177; 17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Onda E (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Onda e' septal (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 &#177; 2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Onda e lateral (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 &#177; 3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/e' septal</td>
                  <td align="center">23,7 &#177; 15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Onda S' septal (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 &#177; 2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">44,4 &#177; 14,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral (moderada / grave)</td>
                  <td align="center">31%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica do VE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Grau 1</td>
                  <td align="center">20 / 70 (28%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Grau 2 / 3</td>
                  <td align="center">50 / 70 (71,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro VCI (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,3 &#177; 5,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria VCI (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 &#177; 30</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide; VCI: veia cava inferior.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Preditores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          <p>Foi realizada an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria de 16 vari&#225;veis que traduziam altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas, funcionais e hemodin&#226;micas, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabela 3</xref>. Destas, apenas 3 tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o com o desfecho prim&#225;rio: di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, o volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo e a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar. O di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (44,5 &#177; 12 mm <italic>versus</italic> 41,8 &#177; 6 p = 0,05) e o volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo (52 &#177; 17 mm <italic>versus</italic> 45,5 &#177; 13 mm; p = 0,039) foram significativamente maiores no grupo eventos. No que diz respeito &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os grupos (44,6 &#177; 18% versus 43,3 &#177; 17%; p = 0,72), por&#233;m quando transformada de vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua para dicot&#244;mica, houve maior preval&#234;ncia de FEVE &lt; 40% no grupo desfecho e com signifc&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. (61% <italic>versus</italic> 52% p = 0,04). A estimativa das press&#245;es de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, avaliada pela an&#225;lise da rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180;, n&#227;o se mostrou diferente entre os dois grupos (24 &#177; 13,9 <italic>versus</italic> 23,5 &#177; 16,7; p = 0,9), no entanto, a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar se mostrou mais elevada no grupo eventos (49,8 &#177; 14,5 <italic>versus</italic> 42,6 &#177; 14,7; p = 0,02). O grau da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre os grupos, bem como a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada/grave.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">N 110 pacientes</th>
                  <th align="center">Eventos (37)</th>
                  <th align="center">N&#227;o eventos (73)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">55,6 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">55,7 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">42 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro VD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro &#225;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">44,5 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">41,8 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume &#225;trio esquerdo (ml/m&#178;)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">45,5 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S'VC (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8 &#177; 3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">12,1 &#177; 3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Excurs&#227;o do Anel Tric&#250;spide (TAPSE - mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">17 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o VE (SIMPSOM) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44,6 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">43,3 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o VE &lt; 40%</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (61%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Onda E (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E' septal (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5 &#177; 0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5 &#177; 0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E' lateral (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 &#177; 0,33</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/e' septal</td>
                  <td align="center">24 &#177; 13,9</td>
                  <td align="center">17,1 &#177; 13,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/e' lateral</td>
                  <td align="center">15,8 &#177; 10,2</td>
                  <td align="center">17,1 &#177; 13,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PSAP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,8 &#177; 14,5</td>
                  <td align="center">46,6 &#177; 14,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica do VE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,3</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Grau 1</td>
                  <td align="center">11%</td>
                  <td align="center">18%</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Grau 2</td>
                  <td align="center">27%</td>
                  <td align="center">24%</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Grau 3</td>
                  <td align="center">19%</td>
                  <td align="center">22%</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel graduar</td>
                  <td align="center">42%</td>
                  <td align="center">36%</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral (moderada / grave)</td>
                  <td align="center">34%</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Preditores progn&#243;sticos cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais</title>
          <p>Ao compararmos os grupos que apresentaram e que n&#227;o apresentaram eventos (&#243;bito ou reinterna&#231;&#227;o), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante quanto a idade, sexo e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#224; admiss&#227;o, conforme observa-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">tabela 4</xref>. No grupo que apresentou eventos, observou-se que a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia era significativamente maior (99 &#177; 14 <italic>versus</italic> 89 &#177; 25; p = 0,04), bem como apresentavam menor n&#237;vel de creatinina &#224; admiss&#227;o (1,1 &#177; 0,5 <italic>versus</italic> 1,4 &#177; 1,3; p = 0,08), esta por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante. O escore OPTIMIZE-HF foi maior no grupo eventos (34,3 &#177; 7,1 <italic>versus</italic> 29,8 &#177; 7,2; p = 0,003).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vari&#225;veis componentes do OPTIMIZE-HF</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">N 110 pacientes</th>
                  <th align="center">Eventos (37)</th>
                  <th align="center">N&#227;o eventos (73)</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,4 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">68,6 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">151 &#177; 39</td>
                  <td align="center">146 &#177; 29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Freq&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">89 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatina (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#243;dio (mEq/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">138 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">138 &#177; 6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DPOC/A sma</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DCPF</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Depress&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">OPTIMIZE-HF</td>
                  <td align="center">34,3 &#177; 7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">29.8 &#177; 7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; DCPF: doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica parenquimatosa do f&#237;gado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Valor independente e incremental de vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria, o volume indexado do atrial esquerdo e a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) mostraram-se preditores do desfecho prim&#225;rio, sendo selecionados para a an&#225;lise multivariada. Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, utilizando o escore OPTIMIZE-HF e as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas preditoras, observou-se que o volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo perdeu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, permanecendo no modelo final apenas a PSAP (p = 0,01) e o escore OPTIMIZE (p = 0,002); <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">tabela 5</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise univariada: Compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nico-laboratoriais entre pacientes que apresentaram e n&#227;o apresentaram eventos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Odds Ratio</th>
                  <th align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Optimize-HF</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13 (1,05 - 1,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PSAP</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05 (1,01 - 1,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume indexado AE</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (0,98 - 1,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A acur&#225;cia da vari&#225;vel ecocardiogr&#225;fica PSAP foi avaliada usando a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (estat&#237;stica-C), a qual apresentou valor de 0,66 (IC 95%; 0,55-0,77); sendo que a &#225;rea sob a curva do modelo cl&#237;nico (escore OPTIMIZE-HF) foi de 0,69 (IC 95%; 0,58-0,81). Ap&#243;s incluir a PSAP no modelo, observou-se um aumento da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC para 0,75 (IC 95%; 0,57-0,79). No entanto, este incremento n&#227;o foi significativo (p = 0,17), sugerindo que as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas utilizadas n&#227;o melhoraram a predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao modelo cl&#237;nico, como mostrado na<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das Curvas ROC e estat&#237;stica C entre o modelos probabil&#237;stico convencional OPTIMIZE-HF e o combinado (OPTIMIZE-HF+PSAP) utilizando o teste de DeLong</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0560-70173-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados deste estudo indicam que par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, rotineiramente mensur&#225;veis durante um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico padr&#227;o, parecem n&#227;o melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com ICAD, quando associados a um escore cl&#237;nico que j&#225; utiliza a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Somente a medida da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar apresentou valor preditor independente de &#243;bito ou rehospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em at&#233; 60 dias em pacientes com IC agudamente descompensada, por&#233;m sem apresentar valor incremental ao escore cl&#237;nico OPTIMIZE-HF.</p>
        <p>Existe um grande n&#250;mero de modelos progn&#243;sticos validados, cada qual combinando diferentes vari&#225;veis, o que sugere o qu&#227;o dif&#237;cil &#233; a tarefa de estimar o risco em pacientes com ICAD. Os esfor&#231;os para desenvolver e aprimorar tais modelos probabil&#237;sticos justificam-se devido aos riscos de mortalidade intra-hospitalar, mortalidade ap&#243;s a alta e rehospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ainda permanecerem elevados a despeito da evolu&#231;&#227;o da terapia espec&#237;fica. O escore OPTIMIZE-HF<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> &#233; umas das ferramentas recomendadas pelas Diretrizes Brasileiras de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> bem como por outros <italic>guidelines</italic> internacionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com ICAD. Ele foi desenvolvido para avaliar risco de desfechos cardiovasculares intra-hospitalares e ap&#243;s alta (&#243;bito e rehospitaliza&#231;&#227;o). Em nossa amostra, o referido escore apresentou desempenho regular com uma &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) 0,69 (IC 95%; 0,58 - 0,81; p = 0,002). No entanto, esse desempenho n&#227;o se mostrou significativamente melhor ao se adicionar vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (preditoras independentes de desfechos) ao escore, obtendo-se uma AUC 0,75 (IC 95%; 0,57 - 0,79; p = 0,005). Isto sugere que nem todas as informa&#231;&#245;es trazidas pelo ecocardiograma com caracter&#237;sticas negativas, ou que aparentemente pudessem configurar pior evolu&#231;&#227;o, melhoram a predi&#231;&#227;o de risco, quando avaliadas no contexto de um escore cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>A hip&#243;tese segundo a qual a ecocardiografia poderia ter impacto progn&#243;stico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca agudamente descompensada ganhou corpo no fim da d&#233;cada de 1990, com base em um estudo de Senni et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Pela primeira vez, em um estudo de base populacional, demonstrou-se que pacientes com IC que recebiam avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica tinham melhor sobrevida e eram mais propensos a serem tratados com inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) do que pacientes que n&#227;o eram avaliados pela ecocardiografia. Desde ent&#227;o, in&#250;meras vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas j&#225; foram estudadas e identificadas como preditoras de morbimortalidade em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo talvez seja a vari&#225;vel mais pesquisada e tem-se mostrado preditora de mortalidade a curto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> e longo prazo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> em pacientes com ICAD. Em nosso estudo, observamos que, naqueles pacientes que apresentavam FEVE &lt; 40%, houve mais desfechos quando comparados com aqueles com FEVE &gt; 40%. No entanto, ao compararmos o valor absoluto da FEVE, esta n&#227;o se mostrou preditora de eventos, sugerindo que qualificar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE presente ou n&#227;o) seja mais importante para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, que o valor num&#233;rico da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. An&#225;lise hemodin&#226;mica das press&#245;es de enchimento e complac&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido amplamente estudadas, embasando a an&#225;l.ise hemodin&#226;mica n&#227;o invasiva com o ecocardiograma convencional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo mitral e Doppler Tecidual permite inferir a resposta terap&#234;utica em pacientes com ICAD j&#225; que esses &#237;ndices s&#227;o diretamente relacionados a pr&#233; e p&#243;s-carga ventricular, os quais variam consideravelmente na fase aguda da descompensa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> No entanto, os dados dispon&#237;veis existentes sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; e seu significado progn&#243;stico no cen&#225;rio da ICAD s&#227;o poucos e por vezes conflitantes. Estudos afirmando que esta vari&#225;vel n&#227;o &#233; capaz de fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas nesses pacientes, quando avaliada a admiss&#227;o na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> e outros sugerindo que, quando associada a FEVE, &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar aqueles pacientes com maior risco de morte e re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Em nosso estudo, o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica na admiss&#227;o, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A bem como a E/e&#180; (medial e lateral), n&#227;o foram capazes de discriminar aqueles pacientes que tiveram mais ou menos eventos. Outro componente importante da an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica de pacientes com ICAD &#233; a estimativa da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar. A maioria destes pacientes apresenta-se com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar passiva ou mista, isto &#233;, uma combina&#231;&#227;o de press&#245;es passivamente elevadas e resposta vasoreativa arterial pulmonar. Estes tipos podem melhorar agudamente com normaliza&#231;&#227;o da volemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Diversos trabalhos demonstraram a PSAP como um preditor independente de desfechos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> No presente estudo, observamos que a PSAP permaneceu como preditora independente de desfechos combinados mesmo ap&#243;s ajustadas para as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas que compunham o escore cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>No entretanto, signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em an&#225;lise multivariada n&#227;o &#233; condi&#231;&#227;o suficiente para se afirmar relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica. Valor incremental em rela&#231;&#227;o a um modelo preditor usual tamb&#233;m tem que ser demonstrado e s&#227;o poucos os trabalhos que incorporaram vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas a um modelo preditor cl&#237;nico e avaliaram sua performance pelo incremento da estat&#237;stica-C. O nosso estudo demonstrou que a adi&#231;&#227;o das 16 (dezesseis) vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas testadas (com exce&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo categorizada em &lt; 40% e &gt; 40% que j&#225; comp&#245;e o escore OPTIMIZE-HF) n&#227;o melhorou a acur&#225;cia progn&#243;stica do escore cl&#237;nico em predizer eventos cardiovasculares em at&#233; 60 dias. Dentre as vari&#225;veis testadas, a PSAP, com estat&#237;stica C de 0,66 (IC 95%; 0,55 - 0,77) e com p = 0,01 na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, foi a &#250;nica que se mostrou preditora de eventos cardiovasculares em at&#233; 60 dias. No entanto, ao adicion&#225;-la ao escore OPTIMIZE-HF, o incremento na estat&#237;stica-C n&#227;o foi significativo. Assim, a despeito da sua signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise multivariada, a PSAP n&#227;o apresentou condi&#231;&#227;o suficiente para afirmar valor progn&#243;stico incremental e relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca agudamente descompensada. Na revis&#227;o de literatura realizada, n&#227;o identificamos trabalhos cient&#237;ficos que tenham avaliado o valor incremental do ecocardiograma convencional ao escore OPTIMIZE-HF. Um n&#250;mero pequeno de trabalhos incorporou vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas a um modelo preditor cl&#237;nico, com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho destas vari&#225;veis e o seu valor incremental sobre a estat&#237;stica-C do escore testado. Entre estes, destacamos a pesquisa publicada por Gripp et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> que avaliou retrospectivamente o valor incremental do ecocardiograma ao escore cl&#237;nico ADHERE, demonstrando que a PSAP adicionou informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica independente e permitiu modesto incremento na estat&#237;stica C do escore, em torno de 0,07, para predizer mortalidade intra-hospitalar. No entanto, n&#227;o houve relato de que esse aumento tenha apresentado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o desse estudo &#233; seu tamanho amostral e o fato de ter sido realizado em um &#250;nico centro, o que faz com que nossos dados n&#227;o possam ser generalizados, nem considerados definitivos quanto &#224; aus&#234;ncia de incremento progn&#243;stico das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Outro ponto a ser ressaltado est&#225; no fato de n&#227;o ter sido realizado um segundo ecocardiograma de controle em todos os pacientes, para que as vari&#225;veis fossem comparadas antes e ap&#243;s a otimiza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Varia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas podem ocorrer, como queda da PSAP em mais de 10 mmHg, FEVE aumentar em 5 a 10%, redu&#231;&#227;o do grau de insufici&#234;ncia mitral e/ou tric&#250;spide, bem como melhoria do padr&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e do derrame peric&#225;rdico. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram utilizadas novas tecnologias, tais como <italic>speckle tracking</italic> e a ecocardiografia tridimensional, que poderiam melhorar a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica biventricular bem como o volume real das cavidades card&#237;acas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A adi&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, que n&#227;o a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, ao escore OPTIMIZE-HF, n&#227;o melhorou a acur&#225;cica progn&#243;stica do mesmo no que diz respeito a eventos cardiovasculares (morte ou re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o) em at&#233; 60 dias.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Fabio Luis de Jesus Soares pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana para Desenvolvimento de Pesquisa e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
