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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hvkdLBG3YK8XBGKSxtw6vRd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001500550</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170170</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005022102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Hemodynamics - Adults</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Permanent Pacing After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: Incidence, Predictors and Evolution of Left Ventricular Function</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Andres Di Leoni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramori</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Ricardo Avancini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Dimytri Alexandre de Alvim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thiago</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Koenig S&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perin</surname>
            <given-names>Marco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Valter C. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gu&#233;rios</surname>
            <given-names>Enio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Sandoli De</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">PUCRS</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Pesquisas Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Cardiovasculares do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil </institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil </institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">SOS Cardio Servi&#231;os Hospitalares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">SOS Cardio Servi&#231;os Hospitalares, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil </institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil - Brazil </institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Cl&#225;udio Monteiro,</bold> Avenida Otto Niemeyer, 1702 Torre: A Apt. 1005. Postal Code 91910-001, Tristeza, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>claudiomonteiro@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Monteiro C, Caramori PRA, De Brito Junior FS; Acquisition of data: Monteiro C, Caramori PRA, Carvalho LAF, Siqueira DAA, Thiago LEKS, Perin M, Lima VC, Gu&#233;rios E, De Brito Junior FS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Monteiro C, Ferrari ADL, Caramori PRA; Writing of the manuscript: Monteiro C; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Monteiro C, Ferrari ADL, Caramori PRA, Carvalho LAF, Siqueira DAA, Thiago LEKS, Perin M, Lima VC, Gu&#233;rios E, De Brito Junior FS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>550</fpage>
      <lpage>559</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a well-established procedure; however, atrioventricular block requiring permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) is a common complication.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To determine the incidence, predictors and clinical outcomes of PPI after TAVI, focusing on how PPI affects left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after TAVI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The Brazilian Multicenter TAVI Registry included 819 patients submitted to TAVI due to severe aortic stenosis from 22 centers from January/2008 to January/2015. After exclusions, the predictors of PPI were assessed in 670 patients by use of multivariate regression. Analysis of the ROC curve was used to measure the ability of the predictors; p &lt; 0.05 was the significance level adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Within 30 days from TAVI, 135 patients (20.1%) required PPI. Those patients were older (82.5 vs. 81.1 years; p = 0.047) and mainly of the male sex (59.3% vs 45%; p = 0.003). Hospital length of stay was longer in patients submitted to PPI (mean = 15.7 &#177; 25.7 vs. 11.8 &#177; 22.9 days; p &lt; 0.001), but PPI affected neither all-cause death (26.7% vs. 25.6%; p = 0.80) nor cardiovascular death (14.1% vs. 14.8%; p = 0.84). By use of multivariate analysis, the previous presence of right bundle-branch block (RBBB) (OR, 6.19; 3.56-10.75; p &#8804; 0.001), the use of CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> prosthesis (OR, 3.16; 1.74-5.72; p &#8804; 0.001) and baseline transaortic gradient &gt; 50 mm Hg (OR, 1.86; 1.08-3.2; p = 0.025) were predictors of PPI. The estimated risk of PPI ranged from 4%, when none of those predictors was present, to 63%, in the presence of all of them. The model showed good ability to predict the need for PPI: 0.69 (95%CI: 0.64 - 0.74) in the ROC curve. The substudy of 287 echocardiograms during the 1-year follow-up showed worse LVEF course in patients submitted to PPI (p = 0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>BRD pr&#233;vio, gradiente a&#243;rtico m&#233;dio &gt; 50 mmHg e CoreValve&#174; s&#227;o preditores independentes de implante de MPD p&#243;s-TAVI. Ocorreu implante de MPD em aproximadamente 20% dos casos de TAVI, o que prolongou a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, mas n&#227;o afetou a mortalidade. O implante de MPD afetou negativamente a FEVE p&#243;s-TAVI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Atroventricular Block</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacemaker, Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an alternative to conventional surgery for patients with severe aortic stenosis at high surgical risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>For more than one decade, that technology has proved to increase the quality of life and survival of patients, rapidly becoming a solid treatment option. Atrioventricular block (AVB) and the need for permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) are complications commonly reported after surgical or percutaneous aortic valve replacement. The PPI rate after surgical aortic valve replacement has been recently reported as 5.8%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> while that after TAVI ranges from 8% to 33.7%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> according to the largest studies and meta-analyses. Previous publications of data from the Brazilian Multicenter TAVI Registry have reported an incidence of TAVI-related PPI around 25% in the first 30 days.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The risk factors for the need for PPI remain inaccurate, being related to the characteristics of the patient (previous conduction system disease: right bundle-branch block - RBBB) and of the procedure, in which the intervention causes direct mechanical trauma, inflammation due to prosthesis positioning and balloon dilation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> or even related to the device itself (self-expandable, balloon-expandable, tissue penetration). By analyzing data from the Brazilian Multicenter TAVI Registry, this study aimed at determining the incidence, predictors and clinical outcomes of PPI after TAVI, focusing on how PPI affects left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after TAVI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>From January/2008 to January/2015, 819 patients submitted to TAVI with significant aortic valve stenosis, aortic valve area &lt; 1 cm<sup>2</sup> and mean transaortic gradient &#8805; 40 mm Hg were included. After excluding those who died during the procedure, those who already had PPI and implantable cardioverter defibrillator, those who received an Inovare<sup>&#174;</sup> prosthesis, and those with unavailable or incomplete information about AVB prior to the intervention, 670 patients were left for analysis. The choice of the prosthesis was at the discretion of the operating physician. The indication for PPI was based on the institutional protocols of each participating hospital. The registry was approved by the Ethics Committee of all participating centers, and written informed consent was provided by all patients. Data were electronically monitored for identification and correction of inconsistent information. Local verification of the documents was randomly performed in 20% of all procedures.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evolution of LVEF</title>
        <p>This study assessed the evolution of LVEF in a subgroup of 287 patients, whose echocardiographic data were available before the procedure and 1 year after that. In that subanalysis, clinical data related to the procedure and echocardiographic outcomes were compared between patients who underwent PPI within the first 30 days after TAVI and patients who did not. The outcome assessed was LVEF variation in 1 year, calculated according to the Simpson&#8217;s method.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Atrioventricular block with subsequent PPI was attributed to TAVI when occurring within 30 days from that procedure. The patients were divided into two groups: "Group PPI", formed by patients who underwent PPI, and "Group non-PPI", formed by those who did not. Only two types of bioprostheses were included in the analysis: CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> (Medtronic Inc.; Minneapolis, MN, USA) and SapienXT<sup>&#174;</sup> (Edwards Lifesciences; Irvine, CA, USA). Categorical variables were presented as frequencies, being compared by using the chi-square or Fisher exact test. Continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation, being compared by using non-paired Student <italic>t</italic> test. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess if the quantitative variables had a normal distribution, and that supposition was confirmed.</p>
        <p>Logistic regression was used to assess factors potentially associated with the need for PPI, with variables included in the model with level of significance &#8804; 0.10. Multivariate regression analysis was performed adjusted for age, sex, pre- and post-dilation, heart rate before the procedure and presence of RBBB, and other types of intraventricular conduction disorders or the degree of AVB. Differences were statistically significant when p &lt; 0.05. The ROC curves were analyzed to determine the ability of the risk factors to predict PPI. Outcomes within 30 days and 1 year were assessed with Kaplan-Meier curves and compared between the groups with the log-rank test. Predictors of LVEF change over time were analyzed with the use of a univariate and multivariate linear regression model. Statistical analysis was performed with the IBM-SPSS for Windows software, version 20.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>From January/2008 to January/2015, data from 819 patients submitted to TAVI at 22 hospitals in Brazil were collected. Of those, 149 patients were excluded from the analysis due to: previous PPI or cardioverter defibrillator implantation (n = 86); incomplete or unavailable data about AVB prior to the intervention (n = 36); death during the procedure (n = 25); or Inovare<sup>&#174;</sup>prosthesis implantation (Braile Biomedica; S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil; n = 20). Therefore, the study population was comprised of 670 patients as follows: Group PPI, formed by 135 patients (20.1%), and Group non-PPI, formed by 535 patients.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> lists the pre-procedure demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of the study population. Group PPI patients were slightly older (mean age, 82.5 &#177; 6.6 years <italic>vs</italic>. 81.1 &#177; 7,4 years; p = 0.047) and predominantly of the male sex (59.3% vs. 45%; p = 0.003). The risk scores (EuroScore I and Society of Thoracic Surgeons Score - STS) were similar between the groups. The presence of some degree of AVB on baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) increased the risk for need for PPI. It is worth noting that of the 135 patients requiring PPI, 36 (27.3%) had RBBB or RBBB associated with anterior hemiblock (AHB). That characteristic significantly predicted PPI after TAVI when compared to other conduction disorders (p &#8804; 0.001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Pre-procedure demographic and clinical data of the population submitted to TAVI and its effect on permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">PPI (n = 135)</th>
              <th align="center">Non-PPI (n = 535)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">82.5 &#177; 6.6</td>
              <td align="center">81.1 &#177; 7.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.047</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">59.3% (80)</td>
              <td align="center">45.0% (241)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">70.4% (95)</td>
              <td align="center">76.1% (407)</td>
              <td align="center">0.172</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">48.9% (66)</td>
              <td align="center">48.6% (260)</td>
              <td align="center">0.952</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">34.8% (47)</td>
              <td align="center">31.6% (169)</td>
              <td align="center">0.474</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic kidney disease</td>
              <td align="center">71.1% (96)</td>
              <td align="center">76.8% (411)</td>
              <td align="center">0.167</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous myocardial infarction</td>
              <td align="center">13.3% (18)</td>
              <td align="center">14.4% (77)</td>
              <td align="center">0.753</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous TIA/stroke</td>
              <td align="center">9.6% (13)</td>
              <td align="center">8.0% (35)</td>
              <td align="center">0.550</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous PCI</td>
              <td align="center">31.9% (43)</td>
              <td align="center">34.0% (182)</td>
              <td align="center">0.634</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CABG</td>
              <td align="center">23.0% (31)</td>
              <td align="center">16.3% (87)</td>
              <td align="center">0.068</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral vascular disease</td>
              <td align="center">13.3% (26)</td>
              <td align="center">15.9% (85)</td>
              <td align="center">0.346</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Porcelain aorta</td>
              <td align="center">6.7% (9)</td>
              <td align="center">7.3% (39)</td>
              <td align="center">0.802</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">17.8% (24)</td>
              <td align="center">21.3% (114)</td>
              <td align="center">0.365</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COPD</td>
              <td align="center">22.2% (30)</td>
              <td align="center">18.3% (98)</td>
              <td align="center">0.302</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous valvuloplasty</td>
              <td align="center">7.4% (10)</td>
              <td align="center">6.5% (35)</td>
              <td align="center">0.720</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous valve replacement</td>
              <td align="center">1.5% (2)</td>
              <td align="center">4.5% (24)</td>
              <td align="center">0.106</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angina</td>
              <td align="center">29.6% (40)</td>
              <td align="center">22.1% (118)</td>
              <td align="center">0.064</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Syncope</td>
              <td align="center">25.9% (35)</td>
              <td align="center">22.4% (120)</td>
              <td align="center">0.389</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I or II</td>
              <td align="center">20.7% (28)</td>
              <td align="center">18.3% (98)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III or IV</td>
              <td align="center">79.3% (107)</td>
              <td align="center">81.7% (437)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EuroScore I</td>
              <td align="center">20.2 &#177; 15.3</td>
              <td align="center">20.1 &#177; 14.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.972</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STS score</td>
              <td align="center">11.1 &#177; 8.4</td>
              <td align="center">10.2 &#177; 7.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.252</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine clearance</td>
              <td align="center">49.3 &#177; 21.5</td>
              <td align="center">49.2 &#177; 22.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.951</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Heart rhythm</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.834</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sinus</td>
              <td align="center">85.8% (115)</td>
              <td align="center">86.5% (462)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation/flutter</td>
              <td align="center">14.2% (19)</td>
              <td align="center">13.5% (72)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Atrioventricular block</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.045<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1<sup>st</sup> degree</td>
              <td align="center">21.5 % (29)</td>
              <td align="center">14.0% (75)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2<sup>nd</sup> degree - Mobitz I</td>
              <td align="center">0.7% (1)</td>
              <td align="center">0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2<sup>nd</sup> degree - Mobitz II</td>
              <td align="center">0% (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.2% (1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Conduction disorder</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RBBB or RBBB+AHB</td>
              <td align="center">27.3% (36)</td>
              <td align="center">6.6% (35)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LBBB</td>
              <td align="center">11.4% (15)</td>
              <td align="center">14.8% (78)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AHB or none</td>
              <td align="center">61.4% (81)</td>
              <td align="center">78.6% (414)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>TIA: transient ischemic attack; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD: coronary artery disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; RBBB: right bundle branch block; LBBB: left bundle-branch block; AHB: anterior hemiblock.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>Likelihood ratio; Student t test for continuous variables; chi-square test for categorical variables.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the pre-TAVI echocardiographic data. Group PPI patients had slightly higher mean aortic gradient (52.8 &#177; 16.0 mmHg <italic>vs.</italic> 49.5 &#177; 15.9 mmHg; p = 0.037) and thicker interventricular septum (12.7 &#177; 2.2 mmHg <italic>vs</italic>. 12.1 &#177; 2.2 mmHg; p = 0.013). There was no significant difference between the groups regarding pre-procedure LVEF (60.7% &#177; 12.1% in Group PPI vs. 59.0% &#177; 15.1% in Group non-PPI; p = 0.15).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline echocardiographic findings in patients with and without PPI after TAVI</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">PPI (n = 135)</th>
              <th align="center">Non-PPI (n = 535)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic valve area (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">0.65 &#177; 0.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.67 &#177; 0.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.427</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic valve ring (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">23.3 &#177; 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">22.9 &#177; 3.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.189</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">60.7 &#177; 12.1</td>
              <td align="center">59.0 &#177; 15.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.149</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peak gradient (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">86.5 &#177; 26.2</td>
              <td align="center">81.5 &#177; 24.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.043</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean gradient (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">52.8 &#177; 16.0</td>
              <td align="center">49.5 &#177; 15.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.037</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">50.5 &#177; 9.0</td>
              <td align="center">50.6 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.952</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Septal thickness (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">12.7 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">12.1 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.013</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV posterior wall thickness (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">11.9 &#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">11.6 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.229</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic regurgitation</td>
              <td align="center">85.5% (112)</td>
              <td align="center">86.5% (453)</td>
              <td align="center">0.011<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mild</td>
              <td align="center">76.3% (100)</td>
              <td align="center">71.8% (376)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate + Severe</td>
              <td align="center">9.2% (12)</td>
              <td align="center">14.7% (77)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral regurgitation</td>
              <td align="center">88.6% (117)</td>
              <td align="center">88.2% (463)</td>
              <td align="center">0.826<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mild</td>
              <td align="center">72.7% (96)</td>
              <td align="center">69.9% (365)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate + Severe</td>
              <td align="center">15.9% (21)</td>
              <td align="center">18.8% (98)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>PPI: permanent pacemaker implantation; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LV: left ventricular.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>Likelihood ratio; Student t test for continuous variables.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the type of prosthesis, the need for PPI was more frequent in patients receiving the CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> prosthesis as compared to those receiving the Sapien<sup>&#174;</sup> device (23.9% <italic>vs</italic>. 9.3%, respectively; p &#8804; 0.001). The other characteristics related to the procedure had no impact on the need for PPI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the procedure in patients with and without PPI after TAVI</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">PPI (n = 135)</th>
              <th align="center">Non-PPI (n = 535)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Anesthesia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.769</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedation</td>
              <td align="center">8.9% (12)</td>
              <td align="center">9.7% (52)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">General</td>
              <td align="center">91.1% (123)</td>
              <td align="center">90.3% (483)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Vascular access</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.537</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Transfemoral or iliac</td>
              <td align="center">97.0% (131)</td>
              <td align="center">95.9% (513)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Others</td>
              <td align="center">3.0% (4)</td>
              <td align="center">4.1% (12)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Successful device implantation</td>
              <td align="center">88.9% (120)</td>
              <td align="center">89.2% (417)</td>
              <td align="center">0.928</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Poor overlapping</td>
              <td align="center">3.7% (5)</td>
              <td align="center">4.5% (24)</td>
              <td align="center">0.690</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prosthesis migration or embolization</td>
              <td align="center">3.0% (4)</td>
              <td align="center">2.6% (14)</td>
              <td align="center">0.824<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Need for a second prosthesis</td>
              <td align="center">3.7% (5)</td>
              <td align="center">4.1% (22)</td>
              <td align="center">0.829</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Transesophageal echocardiography</td>
              <td align="center">75.6% (102)</td>
              <td align="center">82.2% (440)</td>
              <td align="center">0.077</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pre-dilation</td>
              <td align="center">54.1% (73)</td>
              <td align="center">48.2% (258)</td>
              <td align="center">0.224</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Bioprosthesis type</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CoreValve</td>
              <td align="center">88.1% (119)</td>
              <td align="center">70.8% (379)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SapienXT</td>
              <td align="center">11.9% (16)</td>
              <td align="center">29.2% (156)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Post-dilation</td>
              <td align="center">40.7% (55)</td>
              <td align="center">37.0% (198)</td>
              <td align="center">0.424</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>Likelihood ratio; Student t test for continuous variables; chi-square test for categorical variables.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Predictors of PPI</title>
        <p>The multivariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>), describing the independent risk factors for PPI within 30 days after TAVI, confirmed RBBB alone or in association with AHB as a strong risk factor (OR 6.19; 95%CI: 3.56-10.76; p &lt; 0.001), as well as the CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> device (OR 3.16; 95%CI: 1.74-5.72; p &lt; 0.001). In addition, mean transaortic gradient (OR 1.86; 95%CI: 1.08-3.20; p = 0.025), the innovative finding of this study, was an independent predictor of the need for PPI. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref> shows the likelihood of the need for PPI estimated by multiple logistic regression combining the independent predictors of PPI within 30 days after TAVI. To build the model, the mean transaortic gradient value was analyzed as a categorical variable, using the cutoff point of 50.05 mmHg, determined based on the mean of the total population of the registry.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Independent predictors of the need for PPI after TAVI</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">OR (95%CI)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Conduction disorder</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RBBB or RBBB+AHB</td>
                <td align="center">6.19 (3.56-10.76)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Bioprosthesis type</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CoreValve</td>
                <td align="center">3.16 (1.74-5.72)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Mean gradient</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 50 mm Hg</td>
                <td align="center">1.86 (1.08-3.20)</td>
                <td align="center">0.025</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>RBBB: right bundle-branch block; AHB: anterior hemiblock; the mean transaortic gradient was the mean found in the population: 50.05 mm Hg. Multiple logistic regression.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Likelihood of PPI within the first 30 days after TAVI according to 3 independent variables on multivariate analysis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Conduction disorder</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Bioprosthesis type</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Mean gradient</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">PPI likelihood (%) within 30 days</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">AHB or LBBB</th>
                <th align="center">RBBB or RBBB+AHB</th>
                <th align="center">CoreValve</th>
                <th align="center">SapienXT</th>
                <th align="center">&lt; 50</th>
                <th align="center">&#8805; 50</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">4.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">8.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">12.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">21.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">22.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">34.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">47.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">62.9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>PPI: permanent pacemaker implantation; AHB: anterior hemiblock; LBBB: left bundle-branch block; RBBB: right bundle-branch block.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Impact of PPI on hospitalization, clinical outcomes and LVEF</title>
        <p>The hospital length of stay in the Group PPI was significantly prolonged (mean = 15.7 &#177; 25.7 days - Group PPI vs. 11.8 &#177; 22.9 days - Group non-PPI; p &lt; 0.001). No difference was observed between the groups regarding all-cause mortality (26.7% vs. 25.6% for groups PPI and non-PPI, respectively; p = 0.80) and cardiovascular mortality (14.1% vs. 14.8% for groups PPI and non-PPI, respectively; p = 0.84) during hospitalization.</p>
        <p>In the substudy of 287 patients with echocardiograms before the procedure and 1 year after that, 74 patients received PPI. The groups did not differ regarding baseline LVEF (Group PPI: 60.7% &#177; 12.1% vs. Group non-PPI: 59.0% &#177; 15.1%; p = 0.15), but differed significantly regarding the 1-year follow-up after TAVI (mean variation: -2.27% &#177; 13.46 for Group PPI vs. 3.28% &#177; 11.99 for Group non-PPI; p = 0.01). Baseline LVEF and need for PPI within 30 days after TAVI were the only independent predictors of LVEF worsening over time (estimated coefficient -0.51; 95%CI: -0.62 to -0.40; p &lt; 0.001; and -4.92; 95%CI: -8.14 to -1.69; p = 0.003, R<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>= 0.35, respectively; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>). That negative association of PPI with LVEF had no impact on the NYHA functional class (p = 0.35 on multivariate analysis).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate and multivariate predictors of changes in left ventricular ejection fraction over time (12 month follow-up)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Univariate</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Multivariate</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Coefficient (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
                <th align="center">Coefficient (95% CI)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Clinical variables</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">-0.043 (-0.259 to 0.173)</td>
                <td align="center">0.699</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sex</td>
                <td align="center">0.179 (-2.89 to 3.252)</td>
                <td align="center">0.909</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">-3.673 (-6.938 to -0.408)</td>
                <td align="center">0.318</td>
                <td align="center">-0.667 (-3.548 to 2.214)</td>
                <td align="center">0.650</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">-1.753 (-5.187 to 1.681)</td>
                <td align="center">0.318</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">eGFR &lt; 60 mL/min</td>
                <td align="center">1.475 (-2.253 to 5.203)</td>
                <td align="center">0.439</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Paroxysmal/chronic atrial fibrillation</td>
                <td align="center">1.937 (-2.828 to 6.702)</td>
                <td align="center">0.426</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coronary artery disease</td>
                <td align="center">0.274 (-2.801 to 3.349)</td>
                <td align="center">0.861</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Echocardiography</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0.511 (-0.619 to -0.403)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF</td>
                <td align="center">-0.466 (-0.554 to -0.378)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                <td align="center">0.033 (-0.061 to 0.127)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mean gradient (&#8805; 50.05 mm Hg)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.143 (-0.24 to -0.043)</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.491</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aortic valve area</td>
                <td align="center">-0.216 (-8.227 to 7.795)</td>
                <td align="center">0.958</td>
                <td align="center">-0.131 (-0.286 to 0.024)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV diastolic diameter</td>
                <td align="center">0.166 (-0.001 to 0.333)</td>
                <td align="center">0.053</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Variables of the procedure</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderate or greater AR</td>
                <td align="center">-0.085 (-4.595 to 4.425)</td>
                <td align="center">0.971</td>
                <td align="center">-4.917 (-8.141 to -1.693)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Within 30 days from PPI</td>
                <td align="center">-5.55 (-9.221 to -1.879)</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CoreValve</td>
                <td align="center">-0.708 (-4.577 to 3.161)</td>
                <td align="center">0.720</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pre-dilation</td>
                <td align="center">-2.516 (-5.648 to 0.616)</td>
                <td align="center">0.117</td>
                <td align="center">1.652 (-1.772 to 5.076)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF (III or IV)</td>
                <td align="center">5.578 (1.676 to 9.480)</td>
                <td align="center">0.005</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.345</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>AR: aortic regurgitation; CI: confidence interval; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LV: left ventricular; PPI: permanent pacemaker implantation; HF: heart failure. Linear regression; multivariate model R<sup>2</sup> = 0.347.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The area under the ROC curve for the model of predictors (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) showed good competence to predict the need for PPI: 0.69 (95%CI: 0.64 - 0.74).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curve comparing the performance of the predictors previously published by the Brazilian Multicenter TAVI Registry and the new ones</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0550-70170-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Transcatheter aortic valve implantation has been established not only as an effective treatment for patients for whom conventional surgery is not an option, but also as an alternative to patients at high<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>and, more recently, moderate risk. The need for PPI due to total AVB is a frequent complication of TAVI. Under other clinical circumstances, PPI has been associated with left ventricular systolic function impairment, possibly secondary to the negative impact of PPI on LVEF due to the dyssynchrony inflicted by the artificial electromechanical activation on left ventricular performance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The major findings of this study are the description of the predictors of need for post-TAVI PPI in the Brazilian population and the description of the unfavorable effect of PPI on LVEF by the end of the first year after the implantation.</p>
      <p>The native aortic valve apparatus lies very close to the AV node and His bundle, therefore, TAVI might harm the infra-Hisian conduction system, probably due to direct pressure and compression, hemorrhage/hematoma, ischemia or inflammation of the His bundle and compact AV node during the prosthesis positioning or expansion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Thus, heart block can occur early after TAVI. The Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC) has highlighted the risk of AVB requiring PPI as one of the most relevant complications associated with TAVI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> However, TAVI has been shown to improve the left ventricular systolic function,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> but patients requiring PPI might fail to recover as expected due to the right ventricular stimulus, unfavorable to left ventricular systolic performance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study population, considering a pre-TAVI LVEF similar in both groups and adjusting for clinical, echocardiographic and procedural variables, the patients submitted to post-TAVI PPI showed a significantly reduced LVEF by the end of the first year. In fact, PPI within the first 30 days after TAVI and baseline LVEF were the only factors that significantly worsened left ventricular performance (approximately 6%) in that period. Such data are in accordance with previously published reports.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> However, that is not a consensus and has been recently challenged by the findings of other studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> showing that the issue requires further consideration. However, from the clinical perspective, in our substudy, the negative association of PPI with LVEF had no impact on the NYHA functional class of heart failure. This can be partially explained by the fact that the baseline LVEF was normal in most of the population, because of the small deterioration of LVEF observed in most patients and because of the positive hemodynamic effects related to aortic stenosis repair.</p>
      <p>The major findings of the analysis of the risk factors for the need for PPI after TAVI were: 1. One PPI for every five TAVI performed (20.1%); 2. Previous RBBB (isolated or associated with AHB), mean transaortic gradient and use of CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> bioprosthesis were independent predictors of PPI; and 3. The likelihood of PPI after TAVI ranges from 4.4%, when none of those risk factors are present, to 62.9%, in the presence of those three.</p>
      <p>The proportion of patients from the Brazilian Multicenter TAVI Registry requiring PPI after TAVI is in accordance with data from European countries (16.3% in the UK TAVI Registry,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and 13% in the Belgian National Registry<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>). However, that is approximately half of the 33.7% incidence observed in the German TAVI Registry.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> In a recent meta-analysis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> comprising more than 11000 patients, 17% of them required PPI after TAVI. In another systematic review<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> with more than 2000 patients from European and North American retrospective studies, the incidence of PPI after TAVI was 14.2% (ranging from 0 to 34%; median of 9.7%).</p>
      <p>The indication for PPI and its time of performance are frequently individualized according to the center and/or the operating physician&#8217;s preference. The current European Society of Cardiology guidelines<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy recommend, regarding AVB after TAVI, PPI be performed before completing the observation period of 7 days only if the escape rhythm is considered low or unstable (class of recommendation I, level of evidence C).</p>
      <p>The finding that PPI prolongs the hospital length of stay is no surprise, being in accordance with previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Although this study does not assess costs, the need for PPI is intuitively associated with an increased use of hospital resources and might have resulted in a considerable increase in the general costs of TAVI. In addition, PPI requires an additional surgical procedure that is not risk-free. However, in accordance with previous publications,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> our data show that PPI influences neither global mortality nor cardiovascular mortality.</p>
      <p>The reported predictors of PPI after TAVI have shown some variability and heterogeneity between the publications, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>)</sup> indicating that the mechanism associated with AVB could be multifactorial. Being a factor related to the patient, the conduction disorders have been consistently reported in the literature, but with different importance. While the predictive role of RBBB has been accepted, the meaning of developing left bundle-branch block (LBBB), a common disorder after TAVI, is still uncertain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Likewise, the influence of age and the differences related to sex remain controversial. Some anatomical and echocardiographic characteristics, such as septal wall dimensions, non-coronary cusp thickness, porcelain aorta, aortic subvalvular calcification, valvular ring diameter, have been reported. This analysis of the Brazilian Multicenter TAVI Registry failed to show an association of those characteristics with the need for PPI. However, we found a new independent predictor associated with the likelihood of PPI after TAVI, the mean transaortic gradient. We interpreted that as representing the greater severity of the valvular apparatus calcification. There is neither a study nor a registry investigating directly the effects of that echocardiographic parameter or its influence as a predictor of the need for PPI. Therefore, that finding might have a speculative importance, requiring further investigation.</p>
      <p>Regarding the aspects related to the device, there are differences in composition and design, delivery mechanism and tissue penetration ability. In this study, the need for PPI among patients receiving the SapienXT<sup>&#174;</sup> device (Edwards Lifesciences; Irvine, CA, USA) is very close to that reported in the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>(5.9% - 6.5%). In addition, the PPI rates related to CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> implantation (Medtronic Inc.; Minneapolis, MN, USA) are known to be substantially greater and in accordance with recent publications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> (24.5% - 25.8%).</p>
      <p>Finally, our data are in accordance with those of most studies and registries, in which previous RBBB (isolated or associated with AHB) and the CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup>prosthesis type are almost unanimously accepted as independent predictors of the risk for requiring PPI after TAVI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>This is an analysis from a non-randomized registry, of voluntary participation, which has inherent restrictions, associated with the limitations of retrospective data analysis, issues related to the uniformity of patient selection process and outcome description. This registry represents neither all centers nor the total number of TAVI performed in Brazil. Furthermore, it does not include all devices available for TAVI in the Brazilian market, contemplating only two types of bioprostheses internationally implanted. The PPI was performed at the discretion of the participating centers and the registry had no information on that procedure, and the following aspects could not be assessed: stimulation site, QRS duration, and AVB reversibility potential (up to 50% in some publications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>). Finally, the echocardiographic data before the procedure and 1 year after it were available in approximately half of the population (287 patients). The LVEF was reported by each participating center, which can add more variability to the findings.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Permanent pacemaker implantation is the most frequent post-TAVI complication, and its consequences extend beyond the surgical procedure inherent in implantation. In this analysis of the Brazilian Multicenter TAVI Registry, the need for PPI after TAVI is a relatively frequent finding (incidence of 20.1%), and PPI can have adverse effects, such as worse LVEF recovery. In addition, the need for PPI prolonged the post-procedure hospital length of stay, but was not associated with global mortality, cardiovascular death or heart failure functional class worsening. In accordance with previous reports, RBBB (isolated or associated with AHB) and the use of CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup>prosthesis were important predictors of the need for PPI after TAVI. In addition, this study identified pre-procedure mean transaortic gradient as a new risk factor. A simple model of predictors (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) was elaborated to estimate the absolute risk of PPI after TAVI in the Brazilian population. These risk factors can be used to identify individuals at high risk for PPI, which can be a useful tool for resource planning.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Risk model: likelihood of permanent pacemaker implantation within 30 days after TAVI based on predictors of the Brazilian Multicenter TAVI Registry. RBBB: right bundle-branch block; AHB: anterior hemiblock; the mean transaortic gradient was the mean found in the population: 50.05 mm Hg</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0550-70170-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the Residency Conclusion Paper in Hemodynamics by Cl&#225;udio Monteiro, from Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUC/RS</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Hemodin&#226;mica &#8211; Adultos</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Marca-passo Definitivo ap&#243;s Implante Valvar A&#243;rtico Transcateter: Incid&#234;ncia, Preditores e Evolu&#231;&#227;o da Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Andres Di Leoni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramori</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Ricardo Avancini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Dimytri Alexandre de Alvim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Thiago</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Koenig S&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perin</surname>
            <given-names>Marco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Valter C. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gu&#233;rios</surname>
            <given-names>Enio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Sandoli De</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Cardiovasculares do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">SOS Cardio Servi&#231;os Hospitalares, Florian&#243;polis, SC</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Cl&#225;udio Monteiro,</bold> Avenida Otto Niemeyer, 1702 Torre: A Apto. 1005. CEP 91910-001, Tristeza, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>claudiomonteiro@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Monteiro C, Caramori PRA, De Brito Junior FS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Monteiro C, Caramori PRA, Carvalho LAF, Siqueira DAA, Thiago LEKS, Perin M, Lima VC, Gu&#233;rios E, De Brito Junior FS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Monteiro C, Ferrari ADL, Caramori PRA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Monteiro C; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Monteiro C, Ferrari ADL, Caramori PRA, Carvalho LAF, Siqueira DAA, Thiago LEKS, Perin M, Lima VC, Gu&#233;rios E, De Brito Junior FS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> O implante valvar a&#243;rtico transcateter (TAVI) est&#225; bem estabelecido, por&#233;m, o bloqueio atrioventricular, com necessidade de marca-passo definitivo (MPD), &#233; complica&#231;&#227;o frequente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Determinar a incid&#234;ncia, preditores e desfechos cl&#237;nicos de implante de MPD ap&#243;s TAVI, focando em como a evolu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), ap&#243;s o TAVI, &#233; afetada pelo MPD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> No registro brasileiro foram inclu&#237;dos 819 pacientes submetidos a TAVI por estenose a&#243;rtica severa em 22 centros entre janeiro/2008 e janeiro/2015. Ap&#243;s exclus&#245;es, os preditores de implante de MPD foram avaliados em 670 pacientes por regress&#227;o multivariada. An&#225;lise da curva ROC foi utilizada para medir a habilidade dos preditores; p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Aos 30 dias, 135 pacientes (20,1%) necessitaram de MPD. Tais pacientes eram mais velhos (82,5 vs. 81,1 anos; p = 0,047) e predominantemente homens (59,3% vs 45%; p = 0,003). A perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi maior no Grupo MPD (m&#233;dia= 15,7 &#177; 25,7 vs. 11,8 &#177; 22,9 dias; p &lt; 0,001), mas o implante n&#227;o afetou morte por qualquer causa (26,7% vs. 25,6%; p = 0,80) nem morte cardiovascular (14,1% vs. 14,8%; p = 0,84). Por an&#225;lise multivariada, a presen&#231;a pr&#233;via de bloqueio de ramo direito (BRD) (OR, 6,19; 3,56&#8211;10,75; p &#8804; 0,001), o uso da pr&#243;tese CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> (OR, 3,16; 1,74&#8211;5,72; p &#8804; 0,001) e gradiente transa&#243;rtico basal &gt; 50 mmHg (OR, 1,86; 1,08&#8211;3,2; p= 0,025) foram preditores de implante de MPD. O risco estimado de implante de MPD foi 4%, quando nenhum dos fatores de risco estava presente, e 63% na presen&#231;a de todos. O modelo mostrou boa habilidade de prever a necessidade de MPD: 0,69 (IC95%: 0,64 &#8211; 0,74) na curva ROC. Subestudo de 287 ecocardiogramas durante o seguimento de 1 ano mostrou pior evolu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE no Grupo MPD (p = 0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Em crian&#231;as de 6 a 11 anos, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura aumentada est&#225; associada &#224; PA elevada, mesmo quando o IMC &#233; normal. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Estenose A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueio Atrioventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O implante valvar a&#243;rtico transcateter (TAVI) surgiu como alternativa &#224; cirurgia convencional para pacientes portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica severa e com elevado risco cir&#250;rgico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Em mais de uma d&#233;cada, essa tecnologia demonstrou aumentar a qualidade e sobrevida dos pacientes, tornando-se rapidamente op&#231;&#227;o consolidada de tratamento. O bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) e a necessidade de marca-passo definitivo (MPD) s&#227;o complica&#231;&#245;es comumente descritas ap&#243;s troca valvar a&#243;rtica, cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea. A taxa de implante de MPD ap&#243;s troca valvar a&#243;rtica cir&#250;rgica foi descrita recentemente como 5,8%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e ap&#243;s TAVI, varia de 8% a 33,7%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> conforme os maiores estudos e meta-an&#225;lises. Publica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias de dados do registro brasileiro documentaram uma incid&#234;ncia de implante de MPD relacionada &#224; TAVI em torno de 25% nos primeiros 30 dias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os fatores de risco para a necessidade de MPD permanecem imprecisos e s&#227;o mais relacionados &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas inerentes ao paciente [doen&#231;a pr&#233;via do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o: bloqueio de ramo direito (BRD)], ao procedimento, no qual a interven&#231;&#227;o produz trauma mec&#226;nico direto, e &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o durante o posicionamento da pr&#243;tese e dilata&#231;&#227;o por bal&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> ou devido ao pr&#243;prio dispositivo (auto expans&#237;vel, expans&#237;vel por bal&#227;o, penetra&#231;&#227;o tecidual). O objetivo deste trabalho &#233;, analisando os dados do registro multic&#234;ntrico brasileiro, determinar a incid&#234;ncia, preditores e desfechos cl&#237;nicos de implante de MPD ap&#243;s TAVI, focando em como a evolu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) ap&#243;s o TAVI &#233; afetada pelo MPD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo</title>
          <p>Entre janeiro de 2008 e janeiro de 2015, foram inclu&#237;dos 819 pacientes submetidos ao TAVI que apresentavam estenose valvar a&#243;rtica importante com &#225;rea valvar &lt; 1 cm<sup>2</sup> e um gradiente m&#233;dio &#8805; 40 mmHg. Ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o daqueles que faleceram durante o procedimento, portadores de MPD e CDI pr&#233;vio, dos que receberam a pr&#243;tese Inovare<sup>&#174;</sup>e dos pacientes com informa&#231;&#245;es indispon&#237;veis ou incompletas sobre BAV pr&#233;vio &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o, foram analisados dados de 670 pacientes. A escolha da pr&#243;tese ficou a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico operador. A indica&#231;&#227;o do MPD foi baseada nos protocolos institucionais de cada hospital participante. O registro foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica de todos os centros participantes e o consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os pacientes. Os dados foram monitorados eletronicamente para identifica&#231;&#227;o e corre&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es inconsistentes. Verifica&#231;&#227;o local de documentos foi realizada aleatoriamente em 20% de todos os procedimentos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE</title>
          <p>Em um subgrupo de 287 pacientes, onde dados de ecocardiografia estavam dispon&#237;veis antes e 1 ano ap&#243;s o procedimento, a evolu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE foi analisada. Nessa suban&#225;lise, dados cl&#237;nicos relacionados ao procedimento e desfechos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram comparados entre os pacientes com MPD implantado nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s TAVI e os pacientes sem MPD. O desfecho medido foi a varia&#231;&#227;o da FEVE calculada pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson em 1 ano.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O BAV com subsequente implante de MPD foi atribu&#237;do ao TAVI se ocorreu at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: o "Grupo MPD" que incluiu os pacientes que necessitaram de MPD e o "Grupo n&#227;o MPD", os que n&#227;o necessitaram. Apenas dois tipos de biopr&#243;teses foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise: CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> (<italic>Medtronic Inc.; Minneapolis, MN, EUA</italic>) e SapienXT<sup>&#174;</sup> (<italic>Edwards Lifesciences; Irvine, CA, EUA</italic>). Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o dispostas como frequ&#234;ncias e foram comparadas usando o Teste do Qui-quadrado ou o Teste de Fisher. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o reportadas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o e foram comparadas usando o Teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado. Foi realizado o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov para avalia&#231;&#227;o da normalidade de distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas e n&#227;o houve fuga dessa suposi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi usada para examinar fatores potencialmente associados com a necessidade de MPD, com vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo de n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia &#8804; 0,10. An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada foi realizada ajustada para idade, sexo, pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca antes do procedimento e presen&#231;a de BRD, outros tipos de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular ou o grau de BAV. Diferen&#231;as foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando p &lt; 0,05. An&#225;lises da curva ROC foram realizadas para determinar a habilidade dos fatores de risco em prever o implante de MPD. Desfechos em 30 dias e 1 ano foram analisados com curvas de Kaplan-Meier e comparados entre os grupos com o teste de log-rank. Preditores de modifica&#231;&#227;o na FEVE ao longo do tempo foram analisados com o uso de um modelo de regress&#227;o linear univariado e multivariado. Utilizou-se na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica o software IBM-SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 20.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Entre janeiro de 2008 e janeiro de 2015, foram coletados dados de 819 pacientes submetidos ao TAVI em 22 hospitais no Brasil. Do total, 149 foram exclu&#237;dos dessa an&#225;lise por j&#225; serem portadores de MPD ou cardiodesfibrilador (n = 86), por dados incompletos ou indispon&#237;veis sobre BAV pr&#233;vio &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o (n = 36), morte no procedimento (n = 25) ou por implante da pr&#243;tese Inovare<sup>&#174;</sup> (<italic>Braile Biomedica; S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil</italic>; n = 20), finalizando a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo em 670 pacientes. O Grupo MPD incluiu 135 pacientes (20,1%), enquanto 535 compuseram o Grupo n&#227;o MPD.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref> lista as caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo. Os pacientes no Grupo MPD eram ligeiramente mais velhos (idade m&#233;dia, 82,5 &#177; 6,6 anos <italic>vs</italic>. 81,1&#177; 7,4 anos; p = 0,047) e predominantemente do sexo masculino (59,3% vs. 45%; p = 0,003). Os escores de risco (EuroScore I e <italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons</italic> - STS) foram similares entre os grupos. A presen&#231;a de algum grau de BAV no eletrocardiograma (ECG) basal aumentou o risco de necessidade de MPD. Ressalta-se que, dos 135 pacientes que necessitaram MPD, 36 (27,3%) demonstravam BRD ou BRD associado a bloqueio divisional anterossuperior (BDAS). Essa caracter&#237;stica predisse de forma significativa o implante de MPD ap&#243;s TAVI quando comparado a pacientes com outros dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o (p &#8804; 0,001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos pr&#233;-procedimento da popula&#231;&#227;o submetida &#224; TAVI e seu efeito na implanta&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo definitivo (MPD)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">MPD (n = 135)</th>
                <th align="center">Sem MPD (n = 535)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">82,5 &#177; 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">81,1 &#177; 7,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">59,3% (80)</td>
                <td align="center">45,0% (241)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">70,4% (95)</td>
                <td align="center">76,1% (407)</td>
                <td align="center">0,172</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">48,9% (66)</td>
                <td align="center">48,6% (260)</td>
                <td align="center">0,952</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">34,8% (47)</td>
                <td align="center">31,6% (169)</td>
                <td align="center">0,474</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">71,1% (96)</td>
                <td align="center">76,8% (411)</td>
                <td align="center">0,167</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infarto mioc&#225;rdico pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">13,3% (18)</td>
                <td align="center">14,4% (77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,753</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AIT/AVC pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">9,6% (13)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0% (35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,550</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICP pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">31,9% (43)</td>
                <td align="center">34,0% (182)</td>
                <td align="center">0,634</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRM</td>
                <td align="center">23,0% (31)</td>
                <td align="center">16,3% (87)</td>
                <td align="center">0,068</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">13,3% (26)</td>
                <td align="center">15,9% (85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,346</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aorta em porcelana</td>
                <td align="center">6,7% (9)</td>
                <td align="center">7,3% (39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,802</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">17,8% (24)</td>
                <td align="center">21,3% (114)</td>
                <td align="center">0,365</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">22,2% (30)</td>
                <td align="center">18,3% (98)</td>
                <td align="center">0,302</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valvuloplastia pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">7,4% (10)</td>
                <td align="center">6,5% (35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,720</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troca valvar pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">1,5% (2)</td>
                <td align="center">4,5% (24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,106</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina</td>
                <td align="center">29,6% (40)</td>
                <td align="center">22,1% (118)</td>
                <td align="center">0,064</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#237;ncope</td>
                <td align="center">25,9% (35)</td>
                <td align="center">22,4% (120)</td>
                <td align="center">0,389</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I ou II</td>
                <td align="center">20,7% (28)</td>
                <td align="center">18,3% (98)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III ou IV</td>
                <td align="center">79,3% (107)</td>
                <td align="center">81,7% (437)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EuroScore I</td>
                <td align="center">20,2 &#177; 15,3</td>
                <td align="center">20,1 &#177; 14,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,972</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STS escore</td>
                <td align="center">11,1 &#177; 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">10,2 &#177; 7,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,252</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clearance de creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">49,3 &#177; 21,5</td>
                <td align="center">49,2 &#177; 22,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,951</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ritmo card&#237;aco</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,834</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sinusal</td>
                <td align="center">85,8% (115)</td>
                <td align="center">86,5% (462)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial/Flutter</td>
                <td align="center">14,2% (19)</td>
                <td align="center">13,5% (72)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Bloqueio atrioventricular</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,045<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1o grau</td>
                <td align="center">21,5 % (29)</td>
                <td align="center">14,0% (75)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2o grau - Mobitz I</td>
                <td align="center">0,7% (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2o grau - Mobitz II</td>
                <td align="center">0% (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2% (1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Desordem de condu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRD ou BRD+BDAS</td>
                <td align="center">27,3% (36)</td>
                <td align="center">6,6% (35)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BRE</td>
                <td align="center">11,4% (15)</td>
                <td align="center">14,8% (78)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BDAS ou nenhum</td>
                <td align="center">61,4% (81)</td>
                <td align="center">78,6% (414)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; BRD: bloqueio do ramo direito; BRE: bloqueio do ramo esquerdo; BDAS: bloqueio divisional anterossuperior.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a; teste t de Student para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas; teste qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;-TAVI s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 2</xref>. Os pacientes do Grupo MPD tinham gradiente a&#243;rtico m&#233;dio discretamente maior (52,8 &#177; 16,0 mmHg <italic>vs.</italic> 49,5 &#177; 15,9 mmHg; p = 0,037) e septo interventricular mais espesso (12,7 &#177; 2,2 mmHg <italic>vs</italic>. 12,1 &#177; 2,2 mmHg; p = 0,013). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quanto &#224; FEVE pr&#233;-procedimento (60,7% &#177; 12,1% no Grupo MPD vs. 59,0% &#177; 15,1% no Grupo n&#227;o MPD; p = 0,15).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos basais em pacientes com e sem MPD implantado ap&#243;s TAVI</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">MPD (n = 135)</th>
                <th align="center">Sem MPD (n = 535)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;rea valvar a&#243;rtica (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,65 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,67 &#177; 0,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,427</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anel valvar a&#243;rtico (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">23,3 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">22,9 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,189</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">60,7 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td align="center">59,0 &#177; 15,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,149</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gradiente de pico (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">86,5 &#177; 26,2</td>
                <td align="center">81,5 &#177; 24,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gradiente m&#233;dio (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">52,8 &#177; 16,0</td>
                <td align="center">49,5 &#177; 15,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico de VE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">50,5 &#177; 9,0</td>
                <td align="center">50,6 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,952</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura septal (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">12,7 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">12,1 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura da parede posterior do VE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">11,9 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">11,6 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,229</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center">85,5% (112)</td>
                <td align="center">86,5% (453)</td>
                <td align="center">0,011<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Leve</td>
                <td align="center">76,3% (100)</td>
                <td align="center">71,8% (376)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderada + Severa</td>
                <td align="center">9,2% (12)</td>
                <td align="center">14,7% (77)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Regurgita&#231;&#227;o Mitral</td>
                <td align="center">88,6% (117)</td>
                <td align="center">88,2% (463)</td>
                <td align="center">0,826<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Leve</td>
                <td align="center">72,7% (96)</td>
                <td align="center">69,9% (365)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderada + Severa</td>
                <td align="center">15,9% (21)</td>
                <td align="center">18,8% (98)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>MPD: marca-passo definitivo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a; teste t de Student para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto ao tipo de pr&#243;tese, a necessidade de MPD foi mais frequente nos pacientes que receberam CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> quando comparados aos que receberam o dispositivo Sapien<sup>&#174;</sup> (23,9% <italic>vs</italic>. 9,3%, respectivamente; p &#8804; 0,001). As demais caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas ao procedimento n&#227;o tiveram impacto na necessidade de MPD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento em pacientes com e sem MPD ap&#243;s TAVI</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">MPD (n = 135)</th>
                <th align="center">Sem MPD (n = 535)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Anestesia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,769</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Seda&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">8,9% (12)</td>
                <td align="center">9,7% (52)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Geral</td>
                <td align="center">91,1% (123)</td>
                <td align="center">90,3% (483)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Acesso Vascular</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,537</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Transfemoral ou il&#237;aco</td>
                <td align="center">97,0% (131)</td>
                <td align="center">95,9% (513)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outros</td>
                <td align="center">3,0% (4)</td>
                <td align="center">4,1% (12)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sucesso no implante do dispositivo</td>
                <td align="center">88,9% (120)</td>
                <td align="center">89,2% (417)</td>
                <td align="center">0,928</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#225; aposi&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">3,7% (5)</td>
                <td align="center">4,5% (24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,690</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Migra&#231;&#227;o ou emboliza&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese</td>
                <td align="center">3,0% (4)</td>
                <td align="center">2,6% (14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,824<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Necessidade de segunda pr&#243;tese</td>
                <td align="center">3,7% (5)</td>
                <td align="center">4,1% (22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,829</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico</td>
                <td align="center">75,6% (102)</td>
                <td align="center">82,2% (440)</td>
                <td align="center">0,077</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">54,1% (73)</td>
                <td align="center">48,2% (258)</td>
                <td align="center">0,224</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tipo de biopr&#243;tese</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CoreValve</td>
                <td align="center">88,1% (119)</td>
                <td align="center">70,8% (379)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SapienXT</td>
                <td align="center">11,9% (16)</td>
                <td align="center">29,2% (156)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">40,7% (55)</td>
                <td align="center">37,0% (198)</td>
                <td align="center">0,424</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a; teste t de Student para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas; teste qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Preditores de implante de MPD</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>), que descreveu os fatores de risco independentes para o implante de MPD 30 dias ap&#243;s TAVI, ratificou BRD isolado ou associado com BDAS como forte fator de risco (OR 6,19; IC95%: 3,56-10,76; p &lt; 0,001), assim como o dispositivo CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> (OR 3,16; IC95%: 1,74-5,72; p &lt; 0,001). Em adi&#231;&#227;o e como achado inovador deste trabalho, o gradiente transa&#243;rtico m&#233;dio (OR 1,86; IC95%: 1,08-3,20; p = 0,025) foi preditor independente da necessidade de MPD. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 5</xref> retrata a probabilidade da necessidade de MPD estimada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla combinando os preditores independentes para implante de MPD em at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s TAVI. Para compor o modelo, o valor do gradiente transa&#243;rtico m&#233;dio foi analisado como vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica, usando o ponto de corte de 50,05 mmHg (determinado a partir da m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o total do registro).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preditores independentes da necessidade de MPD ap&#243;s TAVI</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BRD ou BRD+BDAS</td>
                  <td align="center">6,19 (3,56-10,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Tipo de biopr&#243;tese</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CoreValve</td>
                  <td align="center">3,16 (1,74-5,72)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Gradiente m&#233;dio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 50 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">1,86 (1,08-3,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <p>BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito; BDAS: bloqueio divisional anterossuperior. O gradiente m&#233;dio foi considerado a m&#233;dia encontrada na popula&#231;&#227;o: 50,05 mmHg. Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Probabilidade de implante de MPD nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s TAVI, de acordo com as 3 vari&#225;veis independentes em an&#225;lise multivariada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Tipo de biopr&#243;tese</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Gradiente m&#233;dio</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Probabilidade (%) de MPD em 30 dias</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">BDAS ou BRE</th>
                  <th align="center">BRD ou BRD+BDAS</th>
                  <th align="center">CoreValve</th>
                  <th align="center">SapienXT</th>
                  <th align="center">&lt; 50</th>
                  <th align="center">&#8805; 50</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">8,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">12,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">21,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">22,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">34,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">47,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">62,9</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <p>MPD: marca-passo definitivo; BDAS: bloqueio divisional anterossuperior; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; BRD: bloqueio de ramo direito.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Impacto do implante de MPD na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, desfechos cl&#237;nicos e FEVE</title>
          <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o no Grupo MPD foi significativamente prolongada (m&#233;dia = 15,7 &#177; 25,7 dias - Grupo MPD vs. 11,8 &#177; 22,9 dias - Grupo n&#227;o MPD; p &lt; 0,001). Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi observada entre os grupos quanto &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas (26,7% para o Grupo MPD vs. 25,6% para o Grupo n&#227;o MPD; p = 0,80) e mortalidade cardiovascular (14,1% vs. 14,8% para os grupos MPD e n&#227;o MPD, respectivamente; p = 0,84) durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>No subestudo de 287 pacientes com ecocardiogramas pr&#233;-procedimento e ap&#243;s 1 ano, observamos que 74 receberam MPD. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto &#224; FEVE basal (Grupo MPD: 60,7% &#177; 12,1% vs. Grupo n&#227;o MPD: 59,0% &#177; 15,1%; p = 0,15), mas diferiram significativamente no seguimento de 1 ano ap&#243;s TAVI (varia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de -2,27% &#177; 13,46 para o Grupo MPD vs. 3,28% &#177; 11,99 para o Grupo n&#227;o MPD; p = 0,01). A FEVE basal e a necessidade de MPD em 30 dias foram os &#250;nicos preditores independentes de piora da FEVE ao longo do tempo (coeficiente estimado &#8722;0,51; IC95%: -0,62 a -0,40; p &lt; 0,001; e -4,92; IC95%, -8,14 a -1,69; p = 0,003, R<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>= 0,35, respectivamente; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 6</xref>). Essa associa&#231;&#227;o negativa do MPD na FEVE n&#227;o se traduziu em impacto na classe funcional NYHA (p = 0,35 na an&#225;lise multivariada).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preditores univariados e multivariados de mudan&#231;as na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ao longo do tempo (base para seguimento de 12 meses).</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Univariada</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Coeficiente (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                  <th align="center">Coeficiente (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,043 (-0,259 a 0,173)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,699</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,179 (-2,89 a 3,252)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,909</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">-3,673 (-6,938 a -0,408)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,318</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,667 (-3,548 a 2,214)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,650</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,753 (-5,187 a 1,681)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,318</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TFGe &lt; 60 mL/min</td>
                  <td align="center">1,475 (-2,253 a 5,203)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,439</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica/cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,937 (-2,828 a 6,702)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,426</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">0,274 (-2,801 a 3,349)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,861</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ecocardiografia</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,511 (-0,619 a -0,403)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,466 (-0,554 a -0,378)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033 (-0,061 a 0,127)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gradiente m&#233;dio (&#8805; 50,05 mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,143 (-0,24 a -0,043)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,491</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;rea valvar a&#243;rtica</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,216 (-8,227a 7,795)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,958</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,131 (-0,286 a 0,024)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico de VE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,166 (-0,001 a 0,333)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,053</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,098</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis do procedimento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Moderada ou maior RA</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,085 (-4,595 a 4,425)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,971</td>
                  <td align="center">-4,917 (-8,141 a -1,693)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">30 dias da implanta&#231;&#227;o do MPD</td>
                  <td align="center">-5,55 (-9,221 a -1,879)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CoreValve</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,708 (-4,577 a 3,161)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,720</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,516 (-5,648 a 0,616)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,117</td>
                  <td align="center">1,652 (-1,772 a 5,076)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IC (III ou IV)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,578 (1,676 a 9,480)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,345</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <p>RA: regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; MPD: marca-passo definitivo; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Regress&#227;o linear; modelo multivariado R<sup>2</sup> = 0,347.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC para o modelo de preditores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>) demonstrou boa habilidade de prever o implante de MPD: 0,69 (IC95%: 0,64 - 0,74).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva ROC comparando a performance dos preditores previamente publicados pelo registro brasileiro de TAVI contra os novos</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0550-70170-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>TAVI estabeleceu-se n&#227;o apenas como tratamento efetivo para pacientes onde a cirurgia convencional n&#227;o &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m como alternativa para aqueles de alto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e, mais recentemente, moderado risco. A necessidade de MPD devido a BAV total &#233; uma das complica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes do TAVI. Em outras situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, o implante de MPD tem sido associado a preju&#237;zo na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda, possivelmente secund&#225;rio ao impacto negativo do MPD na FEVE pelo mecanismo de dissincronia infligido pela ativa&#231;&#227;o artificial eletromec&#226;nica na performance ventricular esquerda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Os principais achados deste estudo s&#227;o a descri&#231;&#227;o dos fatores preditores da necessidade de MPD ap&#243;s TAVI na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira e a descri&#231;&#227;o do efeito desfavor&#225;vel na FEVE ao t&#233;rmino de 1 ano naqueles que necessitaram de MPD.</p>
        <p>O aparato valvar a&#243;rtico nativo repousa muito pr&#243;ximo no nodo AV e do feixe de His. O implante valvar transcateter &#233; propenso a causar danos no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o infra-Hisiano, provavelmente devido &#224; press&#227;o e compress&#227;o diretas, hemorragia/hematoma, isquemia ou inflama&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His e do nodo AV compacto durante o posicionamento ou expans&#227;o da pr&#243;tese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Pelo exposto, o bloqueio card&#237;aco pode ocorrer de forma precoce ap&#243;s TAVI. O VARC - <italic>Valve Academic Research Consortium</italic> (Cons&#243;rcio de Pesquisa Acad&#234;mica Valvar) destacou o risco de BAV necessitando implante de MPD como uma das complica&#231;&#245;es mais relevantes associadas com TAVI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Por outro lado, j&#225; foi demonstrado que TAVI determina melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> mas pacientes que necessitam de MPD podem n&#227;o desenvolver essa esperada recupera&#231;&#227;o devido ao est&#237;mulo ventricular direito, desfavor&#225;vel ao desempenho sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Notavelmente em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, partindo de uma FEVE pr&#233; TAVI similar entre os dois grupos e ap&#243;s ajuste para vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e relacionadas ao procedimento, os pacientes submetidos a implante de MPD p&#243;s-TAVI tiveram a FEVE significativamente reduzida ap&#243;s um ano. De fato, o implante de MPD nos primeiros 30 dias e a FEVE basal foram os &#250;nicos fatores que determinaram uma piora significativa da performance do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de aproximadamente 6% nesse per&#237;odo. Esses dados est&#227;o em concord&#226;ncia com relatos previamente publicados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Contudo, esse aspecto n&#227;o &#233; aceito de forma un&#226;nime e foi recentemente desafiado pelos achados de outros estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> demonstrando que essa quest&#227;o merece maiores considera&#231;&#245;es. Entretanto, quanto &#224; perspectiva cl&#237;nica, em nosso subestudo, a demonstrada associa&#231;&#227;o negativa de MPD com FEVE n&#227;o se traduziu em impacto na classe funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (NYHA). Isso, em parte, pode ser explicado pelo fato de a FEVE basal ser, em sua maioria, normal em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, pelo pequeno grau de deteriora&#231;&#227;o da FEVE observada na maioria dos pacientes e pelos efeitos hemodin&#226;micos positivos relacionados &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o da estenose a&#243;rtica.</p>
        <p>Sobre a an&#225;lise dos fatores de risco para a necessidade de MPD ap&#243;s TAVI, os achados principais foram: 1. Um MPD foi implantado a cada cinco TAVI (20,1%); 2. BRD pr&#233;vio (isolado ou associado &#224; BDAS), gradiente m&#233;dio transa&#243;rtico e o uso da biopr&#243;tese CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> foram preditores independentes de MPD; e 3. A probabilidade de implante de MPD p&#243;s-TAVI varia de 4.4%, quando nenhum desses fatores de risco est&#225; presente, at&#233; 62,9%, quando os tr&#234;s s&#227;o observados.</p>
        <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes do registro brasileiro que necessitaram de MPD ap&#243;s TAVI est&#225; alinhada com os dados provenientes de pa&#237;ses europeus (16,3% no registro UK TAVI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e 13% no Registro Nacional Belga<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>). Por outro lado, &#233; aproximadamente a metade da incid&#234;ncia de 33,7% observada no Registro Alem&#227;o de TAVI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Em uma meta-an&#225;lise recente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> contemplando mais de 11.000 pacientes, 17% necessitaram de MPD ap&#243;s TAVI. Em outra revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> com mais de 2.000 pacientes de estudos retrospectivos da Europa e Am&#233;rica do Norte, a incid&#234;ncia de implante de MPD ap&#243;s TAVI foi 14,2% (variando de 0 a 34%; mediana de 9,7%).</p>
        <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o e o momento do implante do MPD s&#227;o frequentemente individualizados de acordo com o centro e/ou com a prefer&#234;ncia do operador. Seguindo as diretrizes atuais da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> sobre BAV ap&#243;s TAVI, o implante do MPD poderia ser realizado antes de completar o per&#237;odo de 7 dias de observa&#231;&#227;o apenas se o ritmo de escape for considerado baixo ou inst&#225;vel (Classe de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I, N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia: C).</p>
        <p>O fato de que o implante de MPD prolonga a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar n&#227;o surpreende e est&#225; de acordo com estudos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Embora este estudo n&#227;o analise custos, intuitivamente a necessidade de MPD est&#225; associada com aumento do uso de recursos hospitalares e muito provavelmente resultou em consider&#225;vel aumento nos custos gerais do TAVI. Al&#233;m disso, o implante do MPD requer um procedimento cir&#250;rgico adicional que indubitavelmente n&#227;o &#233; livre de riscos. Contudo, em compasso com publica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> nossos dados demonstram que o implante de MPD n&#227;o influencia a mortalidade global ou mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Os preditores relatados para implante de MPD ap&#243;s TAVI demonstram alguma variabilidade e heterogeneidade entre s&#233;ries de publica&#231;&#245;es,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> indicando que o mecanismo associado com o BAV poderia ser multifatorial. Fator relacionado ao paciente, os dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o consistentemente na literatura, mas divergindo quanto &#224; sua import&#226;ncia. Enquanto o papel preditor do BRD j&#225; &#233; aceito, desenvolvimento de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE), dist&#250;rbio comum ap&#243;s TAVI, ainda tem significado incerto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> De forma semelhante, a influ&#234;ncia da idade e diferen&#231;as relacionadas a g&#234;nero ainda se mostram conflituosas. Algumas caracter&#237;sticas anat&#244;micas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, tais como dimens&#245;es da parede septal, espessura da c&#250;spide n&#227;o coronariana, aorta em porcelana, calcifica&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica subvalvular, di&#226;metro do anel valvar (entre outras), t&#234;m sido descritos com alguma frequ&#234;ncia. Nesta an&#225;lise do registro brasileiro de TAVI n&#227;o se demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o de tais caracter&#237;sticas com a necessidade de MPD. Por outro lado, encontramos um novo preditor independente associado com a probabilidade de implante de MPD ap&#243;s TAVI, o gradiente a&#243;rtico transvalvular m&#233;dio. Interpretamos esse dado como representativo de maior severidade da calcifica&#231;&#227;o do aparato valvar. N&#227;o h&#225; estudos ou registros investigando diretamente os efeitos desse par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico ou sua influ&#234;ncia como preditor da necessidade de MPD. Diante disso, esse achado pode ser de import&#226;ncia especulativa e merece maiores investiga&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Quanto aos aspectos relacionados ao dispositivo, existem diferen&#231;as na composi&#231;&#227;o e <italic>design</italic>, mecanismo de entrega e capacidade de penetra&#231;&#227;o tecidual. Neste estudo, a necessidade de MPD entre pacientes que receberam o dispositivo SapienXT<sup>&#174;</sup> (<italic>Edwards Lifesciences; Irvine, CA, EUA</italic>) &#233; muito pr&#243;xima da relatada na literatura<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>(5,9% a 6,5%). Al&#233;m disso, &#233; sabido que as taxas de MPD relacionadas com o implante de CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> (<italic>Medtronic Inc.; Minneapolis, MN, EUA</italic>) s&#227;o substancialmente maiores e est&#227;o de acordo com publica&#231;&#245;es recentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> (24,5% a 25,8%).</p>
        <p>Finalmente, nossos dados s&#227;o consistentes com a maioria dos estudos e registros, nos quais BRD pr&#233;vio (isolado ou associado com BDAS) e o tipo de biopr&#243;tese CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup> s&#227;o quase unanimemente aceitos como preditores independentes de risco de necessidade de MPD p&#243;s TAVI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Como descrito, esta an&#225;lise prov&#233;m de um registro n&#227;o randomizado, de participa&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria, que possui restri&#231;&#245;es inerentes, associadas com as limita&#231;&#245;es da an&#225;lise retrospectiva de dados, quest&#245;es relacionadas &#224; uniformidade do processo de sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e descri&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos. Este registro n&#227;o representa todos os centros nem o total de TAVI realizados no Brasil. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o inclui todos os dispositivos dispon&#237;veis para TAVI no mercado brasileiro, contemplando apenas as duas biopr&#243;teses implantadas internacionalmente. O implante de MPD foi realizado a crit&#233;rio dos centros participantes e o registro n&#227;o capturou dados relacionados a esse procedimento, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel revisar o s&#237;tio de estimula&#231;&#227;o, a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS nem o potencial de reversibilidade do BAV (chega a 50% em algumas publica&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>). Finalmente, os dados de ecocardiogramas pr&#233; e 1 ano ap&#243;s o procedimento estavam dispon&#237;veis em aproximadamente metade da popula&#231;&#227;o (287 pacientes). A FEVE foi relatada por cada centro participante, o que pode adicionar maior variabilidade aos achados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O implante de MPD &#233; a complica&#231;&#227;o mais frequente ap&#243;s TAVI, e suas consequ&#234;ncias se estendem al&#233;m do procedimento cir&#250;rgico inerente ao implante. Nesta an&#225;lise do Registro Multic&#234;ntrico Brasileiro de TAVI, foi constatado que a necessidade de MPD ap&#243;s TAVI &#233; um achado relativamente frequente (incid&#234;ncia de 20,1%) e MPD pode ter efeitos adversos como pior recupera&#231;&#227;o da FEVE. Al&#233;m disso, a necessidade de MPD prolongou a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-procedimento, mas n&#227;o foi associada a mortalidade geral, morte cardiovascular ou piora de classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Alinhados com relatos pr&#233;vios, BRD (isolado ou associado a BDAS) e o uso da biopr&#243;tese CoreValve<sup>&#174;</sup>foram importantes preditores da necessidade de MPD ap&#243;s TAVI. Al&#233;m disso, este estudo identifica como um novo fator de risco o gradiente m&#233;dio transa&#243;rtico pr&#233;-procedimento. Foi elaborado um modelo simples de preditores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>) para estimar o risco absoluto de implante de MPD ap&#243;s o procedimento de TAVI na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Esses fatores de risco podem ser usados para identificar indiv&#237;duos de alto risco para o implante de MPD, o que pode ser uma ferramenta &#250;til para planejamento de recursos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelo de risco: probabilidade de implanta&#231;&#227;o de MPD dentro de 30 dias ap&#243;s TAVI baseado nos preditores do Registro Brasileiro de TAVI. BDAS: bloqueio divisional anterossuperior. O gradiente m&#233;dio foi considerado a media encontrada na popula&#231;&#227;o: 50,05 mmHg</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0550-70170-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de trabalho de conclus&#227;o de Resid&#234;ncia em Hemodin&#226;mica pelo Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da PUC/RS.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
