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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZDPdBsBGjSWppfgTGWRrkTg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001500533</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170179</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Ergospirometry</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Characterization of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Variables in Patients with Endomyocardial Fibrosis after Endocardial Resection</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sayegh</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo R. dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rondon</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Francis R. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salemi</surname>
            <given-names>Vera M. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Janieire de N. N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ana Luiza Sayegh</bold>, InCor - Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Cardiopatias Gerais - Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44 - 05403-900- S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>ana_luizas@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Sayegh ALC, Fernandes F, Mady C; Acquisition of data: Sayegh ALC, Santos MR, Oliveira P, Rondon E, Souza FR, Salemi VMC, Alves MJNN; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Sayegh ALC, Oliveira P, Fernandes F, Rondon E, Souza FR, Salemi VMC, Alves MJNN, Mady C; Statistical analysis: Sayegh ALC, Santos MR; Obtaining financing: Sayegh ALC, Mady C; Writing of the manuscript: Sayegh ALC, Santos MR, Oliveira P, Fernandes F, Alves MJNN, Mady C; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sayegh ALC, Santos MR, Oliveira P, Fernandes F, Rondon E, Souza FR, Salemi VMC, Alves MJNN, Mady C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>533</fpage>
      <lpage>540</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a rare disease, characterized by diastolic dysfunction which leads to reduced peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>). Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) has been proved to be a fundamental tool to identify central and peripheral alterations. However, most studies prioritize peak VO<sub>2</sub> as the main variable, leaving aside other important CPET variables that can specify the severity of the disease and guide the clinical treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate central and peripheral limitations in symptomatic patients with EMF by different CPET variables.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Twenty-six EMF patients (functional class III, NYHA) were compared with 15 healthy subjects (HS). Functional capacity was evaluated using CPET and diastolic and systolic functions were evaluated by echocardiography.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Age and gender were similar between EMF patients and HS. Left ventricular ejection fraction was normal in EMF patients, but decreased compared to HS. Peak heart rate, peak workload, peak VO<sub>2</sub>, peak oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) pulse and peak pulmonary ventilation (V<sub>E</sub>) were decreased in EMF compared to HS. Also, EMF patients showed increased &#916; heart rate /&#916; oxygen uptake and &#916; oxygen uptake /&#916; work rate compared to HS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Determination of the aerobic capacity by noninvasive respiratory gas exchange during incremental exercise provides additional information about the exercise tolerance in patients with EMF. The analysis of different CPET variables is necessary to help us understand more about the central and peripheral alterations cause by both diastolic dysfunction and restrictive pattern.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Respiratory Function Tests</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocardium / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive</kwd>
        <kwd>Breathing Exercises</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a neglected disease of unknown cause.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is characterized by fibrotic thickening of the endocardium and myocardium of one or both ventricles, resulting in ventricular filling restriction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> therefore, is classified as a restrictive cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Endocardial scar tissue causes diastolic dysfunction (DD) in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> This diastolic alteration limits ventricular filling and reduces cardiac output (CO).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Previous studies suggested that the major contributor to exercise intolerance in patients with DD is reduced cardiac output.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> During exercise, this central alteration (decreased CO) that causes DD, is limited by stroke volume, causing early dyspnea and fatigue and, consequently, reduces peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering that CO is limited by DD, a stiff left ventricular chamber results in higher filling pressure which usually leads to left atrial dilation causing a pathological hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> This pathological alteration is one of the most important adaptations in EMF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> However, it has been showed that increased left atrium diastolic volume (LADV) is correlated with low peak VO<sub>2</sub><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> in these patients, and that the greater the LADV, the lower is the peak VO<sub>2</sub>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Currently, for patients with EMF with functional class (FC) III (decompensated) or IV (New York Heart Association, NYHA), the most common treatment is the endocardial resection surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, even after endocardial resection, compensated patients classified between FC I to III, still present reduced peak VO<sub>2</sub> compared to healthy sedentary subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Haykowsly et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> demonstrated that the arteriovenous oxygen (A-VO<sub>2</sub>) difference is an independent predictor of reduced VO<sub>2</sub> from baseline to peak of exercise in patients with DD. Therefore, the authors suggested that this peripheral factor decrease A-VO<sub>2</sub> difference is one of the most important contributors to exercise intolerance in DD patients. Also, Lele et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> demonstrated that there is an inverse correlation of left ventricular time to peak filling at peak exercise and peak VO<sub>2</sub> with peak cardiac output. Thus, changes in left ventricular compliance and relaxation can be more apparent and better understood when exercise is performed.</p>
      <p>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) has been proved to be a fundamental tool that specifies physical exercise intolerance and has being used as an independent marker of severity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In this context, CPET has a defined role in the clinical diagnose of exercise intolerance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Peak VO<sub>2</sub> is a fundamental variable that results from peripheral (A-VO<sub>2</sub>) and central alterations (CO). However, most studies prioritize peak VO<sub>2</sub> as the main variable, leaving aside other important CPET variables. Workload is a CPET variable that reflexes peripheral limitations once it represents the ability of the muscles to absorb oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) to produce adequate energy to tolerate the workload during the CPET. Therefore, the higher is the peak workload, the higher is the energy provided by the working muscle. Progressive O<sub>2</sub> pulse response to incremental exercise is a variable that indirectly represents left ventricular stroke volume (LV-SV) and peripheral extraction of O<sub>2</sub> per heartbeat. A decreased O<sub>2</sub> pulse represents an inability to increase LV-SV and maintain CO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Therefore, CPET variables can help in the identification of different mechanisms of exercise limitation and peripheral mechanisms that can specify the severity of the diseases and guide the clinical treatment. Taking this into consideration, the aim of this study was to evaluate central and peripheral limitations caused by diastolic dysfunction in symptomatic patients with EMF after endomyocardial resection surgery by different CPET variables.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>Fifty-eight patients with EMF attending from the Clinical Unit of Cardiomyopathy at the Heart Institute (Incor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil were screened for this study. Of those 58 patients, 26 patients met the inclusion criteria. Were also included 15 age-matched healthy sedentary subjects (HS).</p>
        <p>Inclusion criteria for patients with EMF were: endocardial resection surgery more than 1 year before the study; functional class III by the NYHA; under optimal treatment (most appropriate medication at the maximum tolerated doses). The inclusion criteria for the HS subjects were: a normal history and physical examinations and; no metabolic, cardiovascular, kidney, and liver diseases.</p>
        <p>EMF patients and HS were excluded if they present: regular exercise training activities, history of coronary revascularization or myocardial infarction, diabetes, bi-ventricular pacemakers with or without implantable cardioverter defibrillator and obesity (body mass index, BMI &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
        <p>The investigators were blinded for all measures. The study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee (CAPPesq - number 0130/09) and by the Scientific Research Committee of the Incor (SDC- 3151/08/067). All study participants provided written informed consent. This study was performed according to the declaration of Helsinki and followed the recommendations of the STROBE Statement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography</title>
        <p>Echocardiographic parameters were determined based on the American Society of Echocardiography recommendations as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> EMF assessment was performed through the presence of obliteration in the apex in one or both ventricles, with or without atrioventricular regurgitation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise test</title>
        <p>All patients underwent a maximal progressive exercise test on a cycle ergometer (Ergoline, Spirit 150, Bitz, Germany) to assess maximal oxygen consumption and other ventilatory and cardiovascular parameters, using a ramp protocol with work rate (WR) increments of 5-10 W every minute until exhaustion as described before.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The completion of the test occurred when, despite verbal encouragement, the subject could no longer maintain the exercise and maximal respiratory exchange ratio (RER)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> reached &gt; 1.10. Means of gas exchange on a breath-by-breath basis in a computerized system (model Vmax 229, Sensor Medics, Buena Vista, CA) were used to determined pulmonary ventilation (V<sub>E</sub>), VO<sub>2</sub> and carbon dioxide ventilation (VCO<sub>2</sub>). Anaerobic threshold was estimated as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Oxygen pulse (O<sub>2</sub> pulse) was calculated as the ratio between VO<sub>2</sub> and heart rate (HR) at peak exercise and during CPET.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> &#916;HR/&#916;VO<sub>2</sub> was measured as the ratio between HR (peak HR - baseline HR) and VO<sub>2</sub> (peak VO<sub>2</sub> - baseline VO<sub>2</sub>, beats/L).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR was evaluated as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> We used values of VO<sub>2</sub> and WR from the 1<sup>st</sup> minute up to the peak of the exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Ventilatory response (V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope) was also calculated as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> We used values of V<sub>E</sub> and VCO<sub>2</sub> from the beginning of the CPET up to the peak of exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>CPET was assessed in the morning (between 8and 10 a.m.) and all participants were instructed to have the last meal 2 hours before CPET, and to avoid caffeine and high-fat food intake for 24 hours before.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The sample size calculation was based on at least 80% power to detect a mean difference in peak VO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min) between EMF group and healthy subjects with a 5% significance level. We calculated a total of at least 20 patients with EMF and 15 HS to identify a difference in peak VO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
        <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene&#8217;s tests were used to assess normality of distribution and homogeneity for each variable. Fisher exact test was used to analyze the distribution of sex. For independent samples, the t-test was used to compare parametric variables, and Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare nonparametric variables. ANOVA for repeated measures and Scheff&#233;&#8217;s posthoc test were used to compare the effect of time during CPET on parametric variables, and the Friedman test was used for this same situation for nonparametric variables. Parametric variables were presented as mean &#177; SD and nonparametric variables were presented as median and interquartile range (IQR, 25%-75%). <italic>P</italic> values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All calculations were performed using SPSS software for Windows version 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical and physical characteristics</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows physical and clinical characteristics. Age, gender and BMI were similar among EMF patients and HS. Functional class, ventricular obliteration, atrial fibrillation and medicaments from EMF patients are displayed in the table.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Physical and clinical characteristics in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis compared to healthy subjects</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">EMF (n = 26)</th>
                <th align="center">HS (n = 15)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">56.9 &#177; 8.5</td>
                <td align="center">53.1 &#177; 6.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Gender</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">20 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (73%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">26.9 &#177; 2.6</td>
                <td align="center">27.1 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Functional Class (NYHA)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">13 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">12 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ventricular obliteration</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Right</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left</td>
                <td align="center">18 (72%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Both ventricles</td>
                <td align="center">5 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Time between surgery and CPET (years)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">6 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atrial fibrilation (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medications</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-blokers, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (56%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACE/AT1 inhibitors, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diuretics, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digoxin, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espironolactone, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Statins, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anticoagulants, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antiarrhythmic, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Parametric variables are presented as mean &#177; SD. EMF: endomyocardial fibrosis; HS: healthy subjects; n: number; BMI: body mass index; LV: left ventricular; ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme; AT1: angiotensin II receptors type I.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic parameters</title>
        <p>Echocardiographic variables are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Although left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was normal in EMF patients, it was decreased compared to HS. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LV-EDV), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LV-ESV) and LADV were increased in EMF. On the other hand, LV-SV was similar in both groups.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic variables in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis compared to healthy subjects</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">EMF (n = 26)</th>
                <th align="center">HS (n = 15)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV-EDV (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">83,1 (66.5-169.7)</td>
                <td align="center">57.0 (51.3-96.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV-ESV (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">35.8 (26.4-82.6)</td>
                <td align="center">22.5 (20.0-32.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV-SV (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">48.3 (37.3-76.7)</td>
                <td align="center">34.5 (32.3-65.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LADV (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">47.7 (36.3-73.4)</td>
                <td align="center">34.0 (26.0-43-0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Parametric variables are presented as mean &#177; SD and nonparametric variables are presented as median and interquartile range (IQR, 25%-75%). EMF: endomyocardial fibrosis; HS: healthy subjects; n: number; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LV-EDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LV-ESV: left ventricular end-systolic volume; LV-SV: left ventricular stroke volume; LADV: left atrial diastolic volume.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiac function, hemodynamic parameters and functional capacity</title>
        <p>CPET variables are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. Rest HR, peak end-tidal partial pressure for CO<sub>2</sub> (PetCO<sub>2</sub>), VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope and RER were similar between the groups. Peak HR, peak workload, peak VO<sub>2</sub>, peak O<sub>2</sub> pulse, peak VCO<sub>2</sub> and peak V<sub>E</sub> were decreased in EMF compared to HS. Also, &#916;HR/&#916;VO<sub>2</sub> and &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR were increased in EMF patients compared to HS.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis compared to healthy subjects</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">EMF (n = 26)</th>
                <th align="center">HS (n = 15)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rest HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (61-75)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (73-86)</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak HR (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">126 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">164 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak workload (watts)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (45-78)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (110-180)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak VO<sub>2</sub> (ml/kg/min)</td>
                <td align="center">16.2 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center">24.5 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak VO<sub>2</sub> (L/min)</td>
                <td align="center">1.106 &#177; 0.274</td>
                <td align="center">1.800 &#177; 0.389</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak O<sub>2</sub> pulse (ml/beats)</td>
                <td align="center">8.8 (7.3-10.0)</td>
                <td align="center">10.5 (8.8-13.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak VCO<sub>2</sub> (L/min)</td>
                <td align="center">1.206 &#177; 0.280</td>
                <td align="center">2.105 &#177; 0.431</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak PetCO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">31 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0.18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak V<sub>E</sub> (L/min)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (37-55)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (53-83)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;HR/&#916;VO<sub>2</sub> (beats/L)</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR (ml/min/W)</td>
                <td align="center">12.5 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">10.0 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                <td align="center">34 (29-36)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (26-34)</td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RER</td>
                <td align="center">1.12 &#177; 0.11</td>
                <td align="center">1.16 &#177;0.06</td>
                <td align="center">0.18</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Parametric variables are presented as mean &#177; SD and nonparametric variables are presented as median and interquartile range (IQR, 25%-75%). EMF: endomyocardial fibrosis; HS: healthy subjects; n: number; HR: heart rate; VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen consumption; VCO<sub>2</sub>: carbon dioxide ventilation; PetCO<sub>2</sub>: end-tidal carbon dioxide; V<sub>E</sub>: pulmonary ventilation; O<sub>2</sub>: oxygen; RER: respiratory exchange ratio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1(A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">B)</xref> is a representative of VO<sub>2</sub> response during exercise (absolute units and relative units, respectively) in one patient with EMF and in one HS. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> represents the progressive O<sub>2</sub> pulse response to incremental exercise in one subject from each group (EMF and HS). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3(A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">B)</xref> shows the increased &#8710;HR/&#8710;VO<sub>2</sub> and &#8710;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#8710;WR (respectively) in one patient with EMF and in one HS.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representative peak VO2 response during exercise in one endomyocardial fibrose patient and one healthy subjects. A) Peak VO2 in absolute units; B) Peak VO2 in relative units. EMF: endomyocardial fibrose; HS: healthy subject; VO2: oxygen consumption.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0533-70179-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representative progressive O2 pulse response to incremental exercise in one endomyocardial fibrose patient and one healthy subject. EMF: endomyocardial fibroses; HS: healthy subjects; O2: oxygen; VO2: oxygen consumption.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0533-70179-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representative &#916;HR/&#916;VO2 and &#916;VO2/&#916;WR in one endomyocardial fibrose patient and one healthy subject. A) &#916;HR/&#916;VO2 in one endomyocardial fibrose patient compared to one healthy subject. B) &#916;VO2/&#916;WR in one endomyocardial fibrose patient compared to one healthy subject. EMF: endomyocardial fibroses; HS: healthy subjects; HR: heart rate; VO2: oxygen consumption.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0533-70179-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>We know that peak VO<sub>2</sub> is one of the most important variables to describe exercise tolerance in humans. However, other parameters of CPET can provide additional information on the exercise capacity. The aim of this study was to evaluate different CPET parameters that could help us understand the physical limitations caused by DD in symptomatic patients with EMF. We demonstrated that CPET variables were impaired in symptomatic EMF compared to HS. These findings show that exercise intolerance in these patients is caused by central and peripheral alterations of the restrictive cardiomyopathy condition.</p>
      <p>The fibrotic tissue in the ventricles and in the papillary muscles provokes filling restriction, and this alteration causes severe hemodynamic disturbances. Even knowing that ejection fraction is normal or slightly reduced, the stroke volume in EMF patients is decreased, leading to poor peripheral perfusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction, the importance of functional capacity is well described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Reduced peak VO<sub>2</sub> is correlated with increased hospitalization and mortality rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> In patients with EMF, peak VO<sub>2</sub> reduction can be related to 1) a fixed LV-EDV that affects LV-SV increases during a maximal cardiac work, and thereby affects CO increases; 2) blunted maximal workload during maximal exercise testing, showing that these patients cannot handle a high workload due to an inefficient cardiac work; 3) the difficulty in increasing the CO during maximal exercise test can provoke a reduction in peripheral blood flow favoring an early fatigue. It is important to highlight that all these patients had been submitted to endocardial resection surgery, and despite the procedure, they still presented inefficient O<sub>2</sub> distribution and consumption compared to HS.</p>
      <p>Other interesting CPET variable explored in this study was the increased &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR in patients with EMF. This variable evaluates: 1) the metabolically induced vasodilation and thus the increased O<sub>2</sub> flow to the place of demand; 2) an increased O<sub>2</sub> uptake when transforming lactate to glycogen by tissues actively involved in gluconeogenesis; and 3) an increased O<sub>2</sub> demand of breathing muscle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Therefore, this variable represents the importance of peripheral metabolism during incremental exercise. Knowing that VO<sub>2</sub> increases progressively and linearly to increases in workload during CPET, healthy sedentary subjects consume a constant O<sub>2</sub> amount to produce energy and fulfill the metabolic demands during a specific work. Regardless of age or physical training level, the normal value for HS is 10 mL/min/watts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> In this study, we showed that EMF patients have a &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR of 12.5 ml/min/watts. Change in &#8710;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#8710;WR reflects a low A-VO<sub>2</sub> difference<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> that may contribute significantly to exercise limitation in EMF patients. Also, the &#8710;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#8710;WR impairment may be explained by abnormalities of oxygen extraction in skeletal muscle or conditions causing reduced blood flow to exercising muscle. Abnormal skeletal muscle fibers with low mitochondrial density are associated with reduced oxidative capacity due to reduced oxygen use and inappropriate vascular responses to exercise.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, to evaluate central limitations during CPET, we analyzed O<sub>2</sub> pulse. This variable is calculated by the ratio between VO<sub>2</sub> and HR,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and consequently, it can be used as a noninvasive indicator of stroke volume.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> It normally rises progressively throughout exercise; however, a decreased value suggests decreasing stroke volume during exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> EMF patients show a reduced O<sub>2</sub> pulse which could be explained, at least in part, by a difficulty in increasing CO via systolic volume caused by fixed diastolic volume. In consequence, the increase in CO during CPET is highly dependent on increases in HR, limiting the increase in O<sub>2</sub> pulse.</p>
      <p>Another important variable that can be used to evaluate central alterations is the &#916;HR/&#916;VO<sub>2</sub> ratio. It indicates the necessary cardiac work to provide 1 liter of O<sub>2</sub> to fulfill metabolic demands, such as muscle energy for a specific workload.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Reduced values of &#916;HR/&#916;VO<sub>2</sub> in EMF patients, even after endocardium resection, demonstrate that these patients have an increased cardiac work to consume the same amount of O<sub>2</sub> compared to HS. As previously stated by Ramos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> a reduced stroke volume and/or diminished A-VO<sub>2</sub> difference would lead to a steeper &#916;HR/&#916;VO<sub>2</sub>, whereas cardiac dysfunction, decreased arterial O<sub>2</sub>, and impaired muscle aerobic capacity can increase &#916;HR/&#916;VO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
      <p>Finally, this study demonstrated that patients with EMF have an impaired cardiac function and peripheral alterations that influence the exercise intolerance. Taking all into consideration, we demonstrated the importance of the combined evaluation of different CPET variables. All these variables together may be an important key to evaluate patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy due to EMF.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>There are limitations in this study. EMF is a rare and neglected disease, and for this reason we studied a small sample size. We only studied patients with EMF, which is the most common etiology of restrictive cardiomyopathy in tropical countries. Therefore, we cannot assume that these results will be found in other forms of restrictive cardiomyopathy or diastolic dysfunction. All patients from this study had been submitted to resectional surgical for fibrosis; therefore, we do not know whether similar results would be found in patients before the surgical procedure. Lastly, central and peripheral CPET variables were evaluated noninvasively, and thereby in an indirect way. It would be of great interest to reproduce this study evaluating cardiac output and A-VO<sub>2</sub> difference in a direct way.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Determination of patient&#8217;s aerobic capacity by noninvasive respiratory gas exchange during incremental exercise provides additional information about the exercise tolerance in patients with EMF. The analysis of different CPET variables is necessary to help us understand more about the central and peripheral alterations caused by both diastolic dysfunction and restrictive pattern.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Ana Luiza C. Sayegh, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Ergoespirometria</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das Vari&#225;veis do Teste de Esfor&#231;o Cardiopulmonar em Pacientes com Endomiocardiofibrose ap&#243;s Cirurgia de Ressec&#231;&#227;o Endoc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sayegh</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo R. dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Patricia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rondon</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Francis R. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salemi</surname>
            <given-names>Vera M. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Janieire de N. N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Luiza Sayegh</bold>, InCor - Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Cardiopatias Gerais - Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44 - 05403-900- S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>ana_luizas@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Sayegh ALC, Fernandes F, Mady C; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sayegh ALC, Santos MR, Oliveira P, Rondon E, Souza FR, Salemi VMC, Alves MJNN; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Sayegh ALC, Oliveira P, Fernandes F, Rondon E, Souza FR, Salemi VMC, Alves MJNN, Mady C; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Sayegh ALC, Santos MR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Sayegh ALC, Mady C; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sayegh ALC, Santos MR, Oliveira P, Fernandes F, Alves MJNN, Mady C; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sayegh ALC, Santos MR, Oliveira P, Fernandes F, Rondon E, Souza FR, Salemi VMC, Alves MJNN, Mady C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A endomiocardiofibrose (EMF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara, caracterizada por disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica que leva &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) pico. O teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (TECP) tem se mostrado uma ferramenta fundamental na identifica&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es centrais e perif&#233;ricas. No entanto, a maioria dos estudos prioriza o VO<sub>2</sub> pico como a vari&#225;vel principal, em detrimento de outras importantes vari&#225;veis do TECP que poderiam identificar a gravidade da doen&#231;a e direcionar o tratamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar limita&#231;&#245;es centrais e perif&#233;ricas em pacientes com EMF sintom&#225;ticos por meio de vari&#225;veis do TECP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Vinte e seis pacientes com EMF (classe funcional III, NYHA) foram comparados com 15 indiv&#237;duos controle saud&#225;veis (CS). A capacidade funcional foi avaliada por TECP e fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas por ecocardiografia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A idade e o g&#234;nero foram similares entre pacientes com EMF e CS. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi normal em pacientes com EMF, por&#233;m diminu&#237;da em compara&#231;&#227;o aos CS. Os picos de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, carga de trabalho, VO<sub>2</sub>, pulso de oxig&#234;nio (O<sub>2</sub>) e da ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (V<sub>E</sub>) estavam diminu&#237;dos em pacientes com EMF em compara&#231;&#227;o aos CS. Ainda, os pacientes com EMF apresentaram &#916; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca /&#916; consumo de oxig&#234;nio e &#916; consumo de oxig&#234;nio /&#916; taxa de trabalho aumentados em compara&#231;&#227;o aos CS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o da capacidade aer&#243;bica por troca respirat&#243;ria n&#227;o invasiva durante exerc&#237;cio progressivo fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com EMF. &#201; necess&#225;ria uma an&#225;lise das diferentes vari&#225;veis do TECP para nos ajudar a compreender mais acerca das altera&#231;&#245;es centrais e perif&#233;ricas causadas tanto pela disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica como pelo padr&#227;o restritivo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Testes de Fun&#231;&#227;o Respirat&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Endoc&#225;rdio / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Restritiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cios Respirat&#243;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A endomiocardiofibrose (EMF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a negligenciada, de causa desconhecida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> &#201; caracterizada pelo espessamento fibr&#243;tico do endoc&#225;rdio e do mioc&#225;rdio de um ou de ambos os ventr&#237;culos, resultando em restri&#231;&#227;o no enchimento ventricular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e, portanto, caracterizada como uma cardiomiopatia restritiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O tecido de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o no endoc&#225;rdio causa disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (DD) nesses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Essa altera&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica limita o enchimento ventricular e reduz o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Estudos pr&#233;vios sugeriram que o principal fator contribuinte para a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com DD &#233; o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco reduzido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Durante o exerc&#237;cio, essa altera&#231;&#227;o central (DC reduzido), que causa DD, &#233; limitado pelo volume sist&#243;lico, causando dispneia e fadiga precoce e, consequentemente, reduzindo o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) pico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considerando que o DC &#233; limitado pela DD, um ventr&#237;culo esquerdo r&#237;gido resulta em maior press&#227;o de enchimento, que geralmente leva &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo, causando uma hipertrofia patol&#243;gica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Essa altera&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica &#233; uma das mais importantes adapta&#231;&#245;es nos pacientes com EMF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No entanto, foi demonstrado que um volume diast&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo (VDAE) aumentado est&#225; correlacionado com um baixo VO<sub>2</sub> pico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> nesses pacientes, e que, quanto maior o VDAE, menor &#233; o VO<sub>2</sub> pico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Atualmente, para pacientes com EMF classe funcional (CF) III (descompensada) ou IV (<italic>New York Heart Association</italic>, NYHA) o tratamento mais comum &#233; a cirurgia de ressec&#231;&#227;o do endoc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Contudo, mesmo ap&#243;s esse procedimento, pacientes compensados classificados entre CF I a III ainda apresentam VO<sub>2</sub> pico reduzido em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis sedent&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Haykowsly et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> demonstraram que a diferen&#231;a art&#233;rio-venosa de oxig&#234;nio (A-VO<sub>2</sub>) &#233; um preditor independente para o VO<sub>2</sub> reduzido entre o basal e o pico de exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com DD. Portanto, os autores sugeriram que esse fator perif&#233;rico (diferen&#231;a A-VO<sub>2</sub> diminu&#237;da) &#233; um dos fatores mais importantes que contribuem para intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio pelos pacientes com DD. Al&#233;m disso, Lele et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> demonstraram que h&#225; uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o tempo de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no pico de exerc&#237;cio e VO<sub>2</sub> pico com o pico do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Assim, mudan&#231;as na complac&#234;ncia e no relaxamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo podem ser mais evidentes e mais bem compreendidas quando o exerc&#237;cio &#233; realizado.</p>
        <p>O teste de esfor&#231;o cadiopulmonar (TECP) tem se mostrado uma ferramenta fundamental para identificar intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, e tem sido usado como marcador independente de gravidade e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Nesse contexto, o TECP tem um papel definido no diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> O pico de VO<sub>2</sub> &#233; uma vari&#225;vel fundamental que resulta de altera&#231;&#245;es perif&#233;ricas (A-VO<sub>2</sub>) e centrais (DC). No entanto, a maioria dos estudos prioriza o VO<sub>2</sub> pico como a principal vari&#225;vel, deixando de lado outras importantes vari&#225;veis do TECP. A carga de trabalho &#233; uma vari&#225;vel do TECP que reflete limita&#231;&#245;es perif&#233;ricas, uma vez que representa a capacidade dos m&#250;sculos absorverem oxig&#234;nio (O<sub>2</sub>) e produzirem energia adequada para tolerar a carga de trabalho durante o teste. Assim, quanto maior a carga de trabalho (W) m&#225;xima, maior &#233; a energia produzida pelo m&#250;sculo em atividade. A crescente resposta do pulso de O<sub>2</sub> ao exerc&#237;cio progressivo &#233; uma vari&#225;vel que indiretamente representa o volume sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VS-VE), e a extra&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de O<sub>2</sub> por batimento card&#237;aco. Um pulso de O<sub>2</sub> diminu&#237;do representa uma incapacidade de aumentar o VS-VE e de se manter o DC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Portanto, as vari&#225;veis do TECP podem auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o de diferentes mecanismos de limita&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio e de mecanismos perif&#233;ricos que possam especificar a gravidade das doen&#231;as e direcionar o tratamento cl&#237;nico. Levando isso em considera&#231;&#227;o, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as limita&#231;&#245;es centrais e perif&#233;ricas causadas pela disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com EMF ap&#243;s ressec&#231;&#227;o endomioc&#225;rdica por diferentes vari&#225;veis de TECP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Foram rastreados 58 pacientes com EMF atendidos na Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Cardiomiopatia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. Desses, 26 pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;mos 15 indiv&#237;duos controle saud&#225;veis (CS), sedent&#225;rios, pareados por idade.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para os pacientes com EMF foram: cirurgia de ressec&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica h&#225; mais de um ano, classe funcional III pela NYHA, em tratamento &#243;timo, ou seja, recebendo a medica&#231;&#227;o mais apropriada na dose m&#225;xima tolerada. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para os indiv&#237;duos CS foram: hist&#243;ria e exames f&#237;sicos normais, e aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas, cardiovasculares, renais ou hep&#225;ticas.</p>
          <p>Pacientes com EMF e indiv&#237;duos CS foram exclu&#237;dos se apresentassem: treinamento f&#237;sico regular, hist&#243;ria de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, diabetes, marcapassos biventriculares com ou sem cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel e obesidade (&#237;ndice de massa corporal, IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
          <p>Todos os investigadores eram cegos para as medidas. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local (CAPPesq - n&#250;mero 0130/09) e pela Comiss&#227;o Cient&#237;fica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) (SDC-3151/08/067). Consentimento livre e esclarecido foi obtido de todos os participantes do estudo. O estudo foi conduzido de acordo com a declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do STROBE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
          <p>Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram determinados com base nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (<italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>) descritas previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da EMF foi realizada pela presen&#231;a de oblitera&#231;&#227;o do &#225;pice em um ou dois ventr&#237;culos, com ou sem regurgita&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</title>
          <p>Todos os participantes foram submetidos a um teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo progressivo em uma bicicleta ergom&#233;trica (Ergoline, Spirit 150, Bitz, Alemanha), para avaliar VO<sub>2</sub> pico e par&#226;metros ventilat&#243;rios e cardiovasculares usando um protocolo de rampa com incrementos de 5-10W a cada minuto at&#233; a exaust&#227;o, conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A conclus&#227;o do teste ocorria quando, mesmo com incentivo verbal, o indiv&#237;duo n&#227;o conseguia manter o exerc&#237;cio e o quociente respirat&#243;rio (RQ)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> era &gt;1,10. As m&#233;dias de troca gasosa a cada respira&#231;&#227;o em um sistema computadorizado (model Vmax 229, Sensor Medics, Buena Vista, CA) eram usadas para determinar a ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (V<sub>E</sub>), VO<sub>2</sub> e ventila&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VCO<sub>2</sub>). O limiar anaer&#243;bico foi estimado conforme descrito previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> O pulso de oxig&#234;nio (pulso de O<sub>2</sub>) foi calculado como a raz&#227;o entre VO<sub>2</sub> e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) no pico de exerc&#237;cio e durante o TECP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> &#916;HR/&#916;VO<sub>2</sub> foi avaliada como a raz&#227;o entre a FC (pico da FC - FC basal) e o VO<sub>2</sub> (VO<sub>2</sub> pico - VO<sub>2</sub> basal, batimentos /L).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;WR foi avaliada conforme descrito anterioremente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Utilizamos valores de VO<sub>2</sub> e da carga de trabalho do primeiro minuto at&#233; o pico de exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A resposta ventilat&#243;ria (inclina&#231;&#227;o V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub>) tamb&#233;m foi calculada conforme descrito previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Utilizamos valores de V<sub>E</sub> e de VCO<sub>2</sub> do in&#237;cio do TECP at&#233; o pico de exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O TECP foi avaliado pela manh&#227; (entre 8 e 10am) e todos os participantes foram orientados a fazerem a &#250;ltima refei&#231;&#227;o 2 horas antes do TECP, e evitarem cafe&#237;na e alimentos gordurosos nas &#250;ltimas 24 horas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado com base no poder de pelo menos 80% para detectar uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia no VO<sub>2</sub> pico (mL/kg/min) entre o grupo EMF e CS em um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Foi calculado um m&#237;nimo de 20 pacientes com EMF e 15 CS para detectar uma diferen&#231;a no VO<sub>2</sub> pico.</p>
          <p>Os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e de Levene foram usados para avaliar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o e a homogeneidade de cada vari&#225;vel. O teste exato de Fisher foi usado para analisar a distribui&#231;&#227;o do sexo. Para amostras independentes, o teste t foi usado para comparar vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas, e o teste de Mann-Whitney para comparar vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. A ANOVA para medidas repetidas e teste post-hoc de Scheffe foram usados para comparar o efeito do tempo durante o TECP sobre as vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas, e o teste de Friedman usado para a mesma situa&#231;&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. As vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas foram apresentadas em m&#233;dia &#177; DP e as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas em mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ, 25% - 75%). Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Todos os c&#225;lculos foram realizados utilizando o programa SPSS para Windows vers&#227;o 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e f&#237;sicas</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas e cl&#237;nicas dos participantes. Idade, sexo, e IMC foram similares entre os pacientes com EMF e CS. A classe funcional, oblitera&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e medicamentos s&#227;o apresentados na tabela.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas e cl&#237;nicas entre pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose e indiv&#237;duos controle saud&#225;veis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">EMF (n = 26)</th>
                  <th align="center">CS (n = 15)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">56,9 &#177; 8,5</td>
                  <td align="center">53,1 &#177; 6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (73%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26,9 &#177; 2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">27,1 &#177; 2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Classe Funcional (NYHA)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">II</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">III</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Oblitera&#231;&#227;o ventricular</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Direito</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (72%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ambos os ventr&#237;culos</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Tempo entre cirurgia e TECP (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9 (36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Medicamentos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Betabloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (56%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inibidores de ECA/ AT1, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Digoxina, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Espironolactona, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estatinas, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anticoagulantes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Antiarr&#237;tmicos, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas apresentadas em m&#233;dia &#177; DP. EMF: endomiocardiofibrose; n: n&#250;mero; CS: controle saud&#225;vel; IMC: &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal; ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina; AT1: receptores de angiotensina I.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) era normal nos pacientes com EMF, por&#233;m reduzida em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CS. O volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VDF-VE), o volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSF-VE) e o Deixar apenas VDAE eram aumentados nos pacientes com EMF. Por outro lado, o Deixar apenas VS-VE foi similar em ambos os grupos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas entre pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose e indiv&#237;duos controle saud&#225;veis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">EMF (n = 26)</th>
                  <th align="center">CS (n = 15)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">63 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VDF-VE (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">83,1 (66,5-169,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,0 (51,3-96,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VSF-VE (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,8 (26,4-82,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,5 (20,0-32,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VS-VE (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">48,3 (37,3-76,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,5 (32,3-65,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VDAE (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,7 (36,3-73,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,0 (26,0-43-0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas apresentadas em m&#233;dia &#177; DP e vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas em mediana e intervalo interquartil (25%-75%). EMF: endomiocardiofibrose; n: n&#250;mero; CS: controle saud&#225;vel; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDF-VE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VSF-VE: volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VS-VE: volume sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDAE: volume diast&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e capacidade funcional</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis do TECP s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>. A FC de repouso, o pico da press&#227;o parcial de di&#243;xido de carbono ao final da expira&#231;&#227;o (PetCO<sub>2</sub>), a rela&#231;&#227;o V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> e a RQ foram similares entre os grupos. O pico da FC, o pico da carga de trabalho, VO<sub>2</sub> pico, o pulso de O<sub>2</sub> pico, VCO<sub>2</sub> pico e o V<sub>E</sub> pico estavam diminu&#237;dos na EMF em compara&#231;&#227;o aos CS. Ainda, &#916;FC/&#916;VO<sub>2</sub> e &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;W estavam aumentados nos indiv&#237;duos com EMF em compara&#231;&#227;o CS.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o do teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar m&#225;ximo entre pacientes com endomiocardiofibrose e indiv&#237;duos controle saud&#225;veis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">EFM (n = 26)</th>
                  <th align="center">CS (n = 15)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC repouso (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (61-75)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (73-86)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pico da FC (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">126 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">164 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Carga de trabalho m&#225;xima (watts)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (45-78)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (110-180)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> pico (mL/kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,2 &#177; 3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">24,5 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> pico (L/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,106 &#177; 0,274</td>
                  <td align="center">1,800 &#177; 0,389</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pulso de O<sub>2</sub> pico (mL/batimentos)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,8 (7,3-10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,5 (8,8-13,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VCO<sub>2</sub> pico (L/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,206 &#177; 0,280</td>
                  <td align="center">2,105 &#177; 0,431</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PetCO<sub>2</sub> pico (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">35 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">V<sub>E</sub> pico (L/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (37-55)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (53-83)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#916;FC/&#916;VO<sub>2</sub> (batimentos/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;W (mL/min/W)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,5 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Slope V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">34 (29-36)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (26-34)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RQ</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12 &#177; 0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16 &#177;0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>Vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas apresentadas em m&#233;dia &#177; DP e vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas em mediana e intervalo interquartil (25%-75%). EMF: endomiocardiofibrose; n: n&#250;mero; CS: controle saud&#225;vel; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; VO<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; VCO<sub>2</sub>: di&#243;xido de carbono; PetCO<sub>2</sub>: press&#227;o parcial de di&#243;xido de carbono ao final da expira&#231;&#227;o; V<sub>E</sub>: ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar; O<sub>2</sub>: oxig&#234;nio; RQ: quociente respirat&#243;rio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1(A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">B)</xref> representa a resposta de VO<sub>2</sub> durante o exerc&#237;cio (unidades absoluta e relativa, respectivamente) em um paciente com EMF e em um indiv&#237;duo do grupo CS. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref> representa a resposta progressiva do pulso de O<sub>2</sub> ao aumento da carga em um indiv&#237;duo de cada grupo (EMF e controle). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3(A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">B)</xref> apresenta &#916;FC/&#916;VO<sub>2</sub> e &#916;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#916;W (respectivamente) em um paciente com EMF e um indiv&#237;duo do grupo CS.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o do VO2 pico em resposta ao exerc&#237;cio em um paciente com endomiocardiofibrose e um indiv&#237;duo controle saud&#225;veis. A) VO2 pico em unidade absoluta; B) VO2 pico em unidade relativa. EMF: endomiocardiofibrose; CS: controle saud&#225;vel; VO2: consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0533-70179-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o do pulso de O2 em resposta ao exerc&#237;cio progressivo em um paciente com endomiocardiofibrose e um indiv&#237;duo controle saud&#225;veis. EMF: endomiocardiofibrose; CS: controle saud&#225;vel; O2: oxig&#234;nio; VO2: consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0533-70179-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o de &#916;FC/&#916;VO2 e &#916;VO2/&#916;W e um paciente com endomiocardiofibrose e um indiv&#237;duo sadio. A) &#916;FC/&#916;VO2 em um paciente com endomiocardiofibrose e um indiv&#237;duo controle saud&#225;veis. B) &#916;VO2/&#916;W em um paciente com endomiocardiofibrose e um indiv&#237;duo controle saud&#225;veis. EMF: endomiocardiofibrose; CS: controle saud&#225;vel; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; VO2: consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0533-70179-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Sabemos que o VO<sub>2</sub> pico &#233; uma das mais importantes vari&#225;veis para descrever a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em humanos. No entanto, outros par&#226;metros de TECP podem fornecer outras informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a capacidade ao exerc&#237;cio. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes par&#226;metros do TECP que poderiam nos ajudar a compreender as limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas causadas pela DD em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com EMF. Neste estudo foi demonstradoque vari&#225;veis do TECP estavam alteradas nos pacientes com EMF sintom&#225;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CS. Esses resultados mostram que a intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio nesses pacientes &#233; causada por altera&#231;&#245;es centrais e perif&#233;ricas da cardiomiopatia restritiva.</p>
        <p>O tecido fibr&#243;tico nos ventr&#237;culos e nos m&#250;sculos papilares causa restri&#231;&#227;o do enchimento, e essa altera&#231;&#227;o causa dist&#250;rbios hemodin&#226;micos graves. Mesmo sabendo que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o est&#225; normal ou ligeiramente reduzida, o volume sist&#243;lico nos pacientes com EMF est&#225; diminu&#237;do, levando &#224; baixa perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, a import&#226;ncia da capacidade funcional &#233; bem descrita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Um VO<sub>2</sub> pico reduzido est&#225; correlacionado com maior hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e maior taxa de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Em pacientes com EMF, um VO<sub>2</sub> pico reduzido pode estar relacionado 1) a um VDF-VE fixo que dificulta aumentos no VS-VE durante um trabalho card&#237;aco m&#225;ximo e, assim, dificultando o aumento no DC; 2) &#224; carga de trabalho m&#225;xima reduzida durante o teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, mostrando que esses pacientes n&#227;o conseguem lidar com uma alta carga de trabalho devido um trabalho card&#237;aco ineficiente; 3) &#224; dificuldade em aumentar o DC durante o teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, que pode provocar uma redu&#231;&#227;o no fluxo sangu&#237;neo perif&#233;rico, favorecendo a fadiga precoce. &#201; importante destacar que todos esses pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia de ressec&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica, e que, apesar desse procedimento, ainda apresentavam uma distribui&#231;&#227;o e um consumo de O<sub>2</sub> ineficientes em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Outra vari&#225;vel interessante do TECP, explorada neste estudo, foi a raz&#227;o &#8710;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#8710;W aumentada nos pacientes com EMF. Essa vari&#225;vel avalia: 1) a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o induzida metabolicamente e, portanto, o fluxo aumentado de O<sub>2</sub> para o local de demanda; 2) uma capta&#231;&#227;o aumentada de O<sub>2</sub> para a transforma&#231;&#227;o do lactado em glicog&#234;nio pelos tecidos envolvidos ativamente na gliconeog&#234;nese; e 3) uma demanda aumentada de O<sub>2</sub> dos m&#250;sculos da respira&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Assim, essa vari&#225;vel representa a import&#226;ncia do metabolismo perif&#233;rico durante o exerc&#237;cio gradual. Sabendo-se que o VO<sub>2</sub> aumenta progressivamente e linearmente aos aumentos na carga de trabalho durante o TECP, indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis sedent&#225;rios consomem uma quantidade constante de O<sub>2</sub> para produzir energia e atender as demandas metab&#243;licas durante um trabalho espec&#237;fico. Independentemente da idade ou do n&#237;vel de treinamento f&#237;sico, o valor normal para indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis &#233; 10 mL/min/watts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Neste estudo, demonstramos que pacientes com EMF t&#234;m um &#8710;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#8710;W de 12,5 mL/min/watts. Mudan&#231;a no &#8710;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#8710;W reflete uma redu&#231;&#227;o diferen&#231;a A-VO<sub>2</sub><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> que pode contribuir significativamente para limitar o exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com EMF. Ainda, a disfun&#231;&#227;o na &#8710;VO<sub>2</sub>/&#8710;W pode ser explicada por anormalidades da extra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico ou outras condi&#231;&#245;es que causam diminui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo ao m&#250;sculo envolvido no exerc&#237;cio. Fibras de m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico com baixa densidade mitocondrial est&#227;o associadas com capacidade oxidativa reduzida devido ao uso reduzido de oxig&#234;nio e respostas vasculares inadequadas ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, para avaliar as limita&#231;&#245;es centrais durante o TEPC, foi avaliado o pulso de O<sub>2</sub>. Essa vari&#225;vel &#233; calculada atrav&#233;s da raz&#227;o entre VO<sub>2</sub> e FC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e, consequentemente, pode ser usada como um indicador n&#227;o invasivo do volume sist&#243;lico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Normalmente, esse par&#226;metro aumenta progressivamente com o exerc&#237;cio; no entanto, um valor reduzido sugere uma redu&#231;&#227;o no volume sist&#243;lico durante o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Os pacientes com EMF apresentam um pulso de O<sub>2</sub> reduzido, o que pode ser explicado, pelo menos em parte, por uma dificuldade em aumentar DC via volume sist&#243;lico causado pelo volume diast&#243;lico fixo. Consequentemente, o aumento no DC durante o TECP &#233; altamente dependente de aumentos na FC, limitando o aumento no pulso de O<sub>2</sub>.</p>
        <p>Outra vari&#225;vel importante que pode ser usada para avaliar altera&#231;&#245;es centrais &#233; a raz&#227;o &#916;FC/&#916;VO<sub>2</sub>. Ela indica trabalho card&#237;aco necess&#225;rio para fornecer 1 litro de O<sub>2</sub> para atender a demanda metab&#243;lica, como a energia muscular necess&#225;ria para uma dada carga de trabalho.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Valores reduzidos de &#916;FC/&#916;VO<sub>2</sub> em pacientes com EMF, mesmo ap&#243;s ressec&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica, demonstram que esses pacientes apresentam um trabalho card&#237;aco aumentado para consumir uma mesma quantidade de O<sub>2</sub> em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CS. Conforme descrito por Ramos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> um volume sist&#243;lico reduzido e/ou uma diferen&#231;a A-VO<sub>2</sub> diminu&#237;da levaria a uma raz&#227;o &#916;FC/&#916;VO<sub>2</sub> mais inclinada, ao passo que disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, O<sub>2</sub> arterial e capacidade muscular aer&#243;bica reduzidos podem aumentar a raz&#227;o &#916;FC/&#916;VO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
        <p>Por fim, este estudo demonstrou que pacientes com EMF apresentam d&#233;ficit na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e altera&#231;&#245;es perif&#233;ricas, o que influenciam na intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio. Considerando esse fato, n&#243;s demonstramos a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o combinada das diferentes vari&#225;veis do TECP. Em conjunto, todas essas vari&#225;veis podem ser uma chave importante para avaliar pacientes com cardiomiopatia restritiva causada por EMF.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este estudo possui limita&#231;&#245;es. A EMF &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara e negligenciada, e por isso, foi estudado uma amostra pequena. Foi estudado apenas pacientes com EMF, a qual &#233; a etiologia mais comum de cardiomiopatia restritiva em pa&#237;ses tropicais. Portanto, n&#227;o se pode assumir que esses resultados sejam encontrados em outras formas de cardiomiopatia restritiva ou disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Todos os pacientes desse estudo haviam sido submetidos &#224; ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de fibrose e, se sabe, n&#227;o sabemos se resultados similares seriam encontrados nos pacientes antes do procedimento. Por fim, as vari&#225;veis do TECP centrais e perif&#233;ricas foram avaliadas de maneira n&#227;o invasiva e, por isso, indiretamente. Seria de grande interesse reproduzir este estudo com avalia&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e da diferen&#231;a A-VO<sub>2</sub> de maneira direta.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o da capacidade aer&#243;bica dos pacientes atrav&#233;s da troca respirat&#243;ria n&#227;o invasiva durante exerc&#237;cio progressivo fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com EMF. &#201; necess&#225;ria uma an&#225;lise das diferentes vari&#225;veis do TECP para nos ajudar a compreender mais sobre as altera&#231;&#245;es centrais e perif&#233;ricas causadas tanto pela disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica como pelo padr&#227;o restritivo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Ana Luiza C. Sayegh pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
