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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">44qm9JgCRvBzz4LbHGHrhHK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001500527</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170160</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005021101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Acute Coronary Syndrome</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Incremental Prognostic Value of the Incorporation of Clinical Data Into Coronary Anatomy Data in Acute Coronary Syndromes: SYNTAX-GRACE Score</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Mauricio dos Santos</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Suerdieck</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Gonzalez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Barcelos da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Barcelos da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Menezes Barbosa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalhal</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela Campelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Maria Noya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Claudio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Luis Claudio Lemos Correia,</bold> Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402. CEP 40150-080, Gra&#231;a, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Viana MS, Lopes F, Cerqueira Junior AMS, Suerdieck JG, Silva AB, Silva ACB, Souza TMB, Carvalhal MC, Noya-Rabelo MM, Correia LCL; Acquisition of data: Lopes F, Cerqueira Junior AMS, Suerdieck JG, Silva AB, Silva ACB, Souza TMB, Carvalhal MC, Correia LCL; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Lopes F, Cerqueira Junior AMS, Suerdieck JG, Silva AB, Silva ACB, Souza TMB, Carvalhal MC, Noya-Rabelo MM, Correia LCL; Statistical analysis: Viana MS, Lopes F, Cerqueira Junior AMS, Suerdieck JG, Silva AB, Silva ACB, Souza TMB, Carvalhal MC, Noya-Rabelo MM, Correia LCL; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Viana MS, Correia LCL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>527</fpage>
      <lpage>532</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>When performing coronary angiography in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the anatomical extent of coronary disease usually prevails in the prognostic reasoning. It has not yet been proven if clinical data should be accounted for in risk stratification together with anatomical data.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To test the hypothesis that clinical data increment the prognostic value of anatomical data in patients with ACS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Patients admitted with objective criteria for ACS and who underwent angiography during hospitalization were included. Primary outcome was defined as in-hospital cardiovascular death, and the prognostic value of the SYNTAX Score (anatomical data) was compared to that of the SYNTAX-GRACE Score, which resulted from the incorporation of the GRACE Score into the SYNTAX score. The Integrated Discrimination Improvement (IDI) was calculated to evaluate the SYNTAX-GRACE Score ability to correctly reclassify information from the traditional SYNTAX model.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>This study assessed 365 patients (mean age, 64 &#177; 14 years; 58% male). In-hospital cardiovascular mortality was 4.4%, and the SYNTAX Score was a predictor of that outcome with a C-statistic of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.70 - 0.92; p &lt; 0.001). The GRACE Score was a predictor of in-hospital cardiac death independently of the SYNTAX Score (p &lt; 0.001, logistic regression). After incorporation into the predictive model, the GRACE Score increased the discrimination capacity of the SYNTAX Score from 0.81 to 0.92 (95% CI: 0.87 - 0.96; p = 0.04).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In patients with ACS, clinical data complement the prognostic value of coronary anatomy. Risk stratification should be based on the clinical-anatomical paradigm, rather than on angiographic data only.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome / prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Catheterization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>For a patient with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing invasive stratification by use of cardiac catheterization, coronary anatomy assessment is used to guide treatment, identifying the lesion related to the clinical event, providing the necessary information to establish the best treatment strategy, such as surgical and percutaneous revascularization, in addition to providing short- and long-term prognostic information.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In the decision-making process, once knowing the coronary anatomy, it is uncertain if the clinical data should influence the treatment choice.</p>
      <p>The SYNTAX Score was initially created to assess the extent of the coronary artery disease (CAD) as well as the feasibility of the percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with stable CAD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and proved to be a good long-term prognostic marker in several CAD scenarios, such as that of patients with ACS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The GRACE Risk Score is widely used in daily medical practice to stratify the risk of patients with ACS, incorporates several clinical variables into its model,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> and has a higher ability to predict events as compared to other risk scores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, once the coronary anatomy is known, it is not clear if the GRACE Score should be incorporated into the clinical decision-making process, or if it should be used only to define the invasiveness of the initial strategy.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that clinical data, specifically represented by the GRACE Score, increment the prognostic value of the anatomical assessment provided by using the SYNTAX Score, in addition to assessing its clinical usefulness. Therefore, incremental value analysis, C-statistic discrimination and net reclassification analysis of the new predictive model were performed.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population Selected</title>
        <p>Individuals consecutively admitted to the Intensive Cardiovascular Unit of two tertiary hospitals, between August 2007 and October 2014, and diagnosed with ACS (RESCA Registry) were selected. The inclusion criterion of this registry was defined as typical chest discomfort and at rest in the previous 48 hours associated with at least one of the following characteristics: 1) positive myocardial necrosis marker, defined as troponin T &#8805; 0.01 &#181;g/L or troponin I &gt; 0.034 &#181;g/L, which correspond to values above the 99th percentile;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> 2) ischemic electrocardiographic changes, consisting of T-wave inversion (&#8805; 0.1 mV) or ST-segment deviation (&#8805; 0.05 mV); 3) documented CAD, defined as history of myocardial infarction or previous angiography showing coronary obstruction &#8805; 50% of the luminal diameter.</p>
        <p>For the present analysis, patients included in the registry who underwent coronary angiography during the treatment were selected. Individuals who refused to participate in the registry and those who had previously undergone myocardial revascularization surgery were excluded. The study protocol is in accordance to the Declaration of Helsinki, was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the institutions, and all patients provided written informed consent.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SYNTAX and GRACE Scores</title>
        <p>For this study, the SYNTAX Score was calculated by an experienced interventional cardiologist, blinded to the chosen treatment modality, to the clinical findings and to the primary outcome, and who assessed every coronary obstruction &#8805; 50% in vessels whose diameter was &#8805; 1.5 mm, following the tutorial described in a previous study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> That tutorial considered several angiographic parameters, such as lesion location and number of vessels affected, presence of bifurcation or ostial lesion, total vascular occlusion, occlusion time, presence of collateral circulation, lesion extent, presence of thrombi, significant tortuosity, excessive calcification, and diffuse disease.</p>
        <p>The GRACE Score was calculated on patient&#8217;s admission, and consisted of eight variables: five computed semi-quantitatively, that is, with a different weight for each stratum of age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, serum creatinine and Killip class; and three computed dichotomously: ST-segment depression, elevation in myocardial necrosis marker, and cardiac arrest on admission. The final score can range from 0 to 372.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In addition to collecting the clinical and angiographic variables used for calculating the scores, the occurrence of left ventricular dysfunction was assessed, defined as Simpson&#8217;s method ejection fraction (EF) &lt; 45%, a mean value corresponding to the classification of mild ventricular dysfunction (EF between 40% and 49%), in accordance with the most recent guidelines on echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>In-hospital clinical outcome</title>
        <p>The variable &#8216;primary outcome&#8217; was defined as in-hospital cardiovascular death. Cardiovascular death was defined as sudden death or cardiovascular hospitalization followed by death.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>Initially, a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was built with the GRACE Score values to predict cardiovascular outcome. Once its accuracy was obtained in the ROC curve, the GRACE Score entered the logistic regression model with the SYNTAX Score. If the GRACE Score reached statistical significance at the 5% level (p &lt; 0.05), the new SYNTAX-GRACE Score would be created by adding points when the GRACE Score was high. The additional points were determined by dividing the regression coefficient of the high GRACE Score by the regression coefficient of the SYNTAX Score. In the discrimination analysis, the C-statistics of the SYNTAX and SYNTAX-GRACE models were compared by using Hanley-McNeil test. The calibration of the models was described with the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. In addition, the ability of the new model (SYNTAX-GRACE) to correctly reclassify the information from the traditional SYNTAX model was assessed. This reclassification analysis used the method proposed by Pencina to calculate the <italic>Integrated Discrimination Improvement</italic> (IDI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The categorical variables were expressed as absolute and percentage numbers, the values of the scores were expressed as median and interquartile interval (IQI) and compared between the groups by using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. Statistical significance was defined as p value &lt; 0.05. The SPSS Statistical Software (version 21.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) and the MedCalc Software (version 12.3.0.0, Mariakerke, Belgium) were used for data analysis, and the latter for comparing between the ROC curves.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Calculating the sample size</title>
        <p>The sample size was calculated to offer statistical power to two predefined analyses. First, logistic regression analysis, in which the predictive value of the GRACE Score was assessed independently from the SYNTAX Score. Because that analysis requires two covariables (high GRACE and high SYNTAX), 20 outcomes would be necessary to maintain the relationship recommended of 10 outcomes per covariable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Expecting a 10% incidence of outcomes, at least 200 patients would be necessary. Second, the comparison of the C-statistic of SYNTAX <italic>versus</italic> SYNTAX-GRACE: adopting the assumption of the 0.95 correlation coefficient between the values of the two models to reach a statistical power of 80% (one-tailed alpha of 0.05) to detect 0.05 of C-statistic superiority (for example, 0.65 <italic>versus</italic> 0.70) of the more complete model (SYNTAX-GRACE), the analysis would need to include at least 192 patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>During the study period, 822 patients were included in the RESCA registry, 370 of whom underwent coronary angiography and 5 patients had undergone previous revascularization surgery. Regarding the 365 patients assessed, their mean age was 64 &#177; 14 years, 58% were of the male sex, 54% had non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, 27% had unstable angina, and the rest had ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Killip classification &gt; I and presence of systolic dysfunction, defined as EF &lt; 45% on the echocardiogram, were observed in 14% and 13% of the patients, respectively. Significant coronary disease with three-vessel or left main coronary artery involvement was identified in 36% of the sample.</p>
      <p>The median SYNTAX Score was 9 (IQI: 2.5 - 20; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), and the median GRACE Score was 117 (IQI: 90 - 144). Analyzing the risk tertiles predicted in the SYNTAX Study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> 81.4% of the patients had a low SYNTAX Score (0 to 22), 10.1% had an intermediate SYNTAX Score (23 to 32), and only 8.5% had a high SYNTAX Score (&gt; 33). Sixteen patients (4.4%) had in-hospital cardiovascular death. Other relevant clinical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histogram of frequency of the SYNTAX Score in the population studied</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0527-70160-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical and angiographic characteristics and occurrence of the outcome in the patients studied</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">N</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sample size</td>
              <td align="center">365</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">64 &#177; 14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">210 (57.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemia on electrocardiogram</td>
              <td align="center">166 (45.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unstable angina</td>
              <td align="center">98 (26.8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">196 (53.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">71 (19.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Positive troponin</td>
              <td align="center">232 (63.7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Three-vessel or LMC</td>
              <td align="center">122 (36.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GRACE Score<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">117 (IQI: 90 - 140)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SYNTAX Score<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">9 (IQI: 2.5 - 20)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Serum creatinine (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">1.0 &#177; 0.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction &lt; 45%</td>
              <td align="center">45 (13.2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Killip &gt; I</td>
              <td align="center">51 (14%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous CAD</td>
              <td align="center">130 (35.6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiovascular death</td>
              <td align="center">16 (4.4%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; LMC: left main coronary artery;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>median (interquartile interval); CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Prognostic value of the SYNTAX Score</title>
        <p>The 16 patients (4.4%) who had in-hospital cardiovascular death had the highest median SYNTAX Score (29, IQI: 14 - 43 <italic>versus</italic> 9, IQI: 2 - 19, p &lt; 0,001). The SYNTAX Score was a significant predictor of cardiovascular death, with C-statistic of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.70 - 0.92; p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Panel A shows the medians of the SYNTAX Score in individuals who had or did not have in-hospital cardiovascular death (p &lt; 0.001). Panel B represents the C-statistic value of the SYNTAX Score to predict the outcome of cardiovascular death (0.81, 95%CI: 0.70 - 0.92, p &lt; 0.001)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0527-70160-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Independent and incremental prognostic value of the GRACE Score as compared to the SYNTAX Score</title>
        <p>On multivariate logistic regression analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), the GRACE Score was a predictor of in-hospital cardiovascular death after adjusting for the SYNTAX Score (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.04; p &lt; 0.001). The addition of the variable &#8216;GRACE Score&#8217; to the SYNTAX model caused a significant increment in C-statistic from 0.81 (95% CI: 0.70 - 0.92) to 0.92 (95% CI: 0.87 - 0.96), p = 0.04 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). The SYNTAX Score showed proper calibration, with a Hosmer-Lemeshow chi-square test result of 3.53 (p = 0.83). After inclusion of the GRACE Score in the model, the calibration improved, with a chi-square value of 2.73 (p = 0.95).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Logistic regression model containing the SYNTAX and GRACE Scores to predict the outcome variable.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Odds Ratio</th>
                <th align="center">95%CI</th>
                <th align="center">P value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SYNTAX Score (numeric)</td>
                <td align="center">1.05</td>
                <td align="center">1.01 &#8211; 1.09</td>
                <td align="center">0.012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GRACE Score (numeric)</td>
                <td align="center">1.03</td>
                <td align="center">1.01 &#8211; 1.04</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Incremental prognostic value of the SYNTAX-GRACE model as compared to the SYNTAX model to predict the primary outcome</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0527-70160-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reclassification of the SYNTAX Score by use of the GRACE Score</title>
        <p>The IDI analysis showed a mean 9.7% increase in the estimated likelihood of death among the patients who had events, and a 0.45% reduction in the estimated likelihood of death among patients who remained alive. That combination resulted in an IDI of 10.1% (Z score = 2.47; p = 0.01).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study of a prospective cohort of individuals with ACS assessed the incremental prognostic value of the incorporation of clinical data into an angiographic risk prediction model. There was a clear increment in the prognostic value, represented by a 0.11 gain in C-statistic, when the clinical model (GRACE Score) was incorporated into the SYNTAX Score. Thus, the clinical paradigm provides additional prognostic information for the therapeutic decision-making process after knowledge about the coronary anatomy, and physicians should consider clinical data together with risk stratification by use of coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>The prognostic value of the SYNTAX Score in ACS has been assessed in a <italic>post hoc</italic> analysis of the ACUITY Trial, showing higher ischemic event rates for patients scoring in the highest tertiles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The C-statistic value of the SYNTAX Score found confirms the previous finding, showing a good predictive ability of that score in our population. When assessing the reclassification of the SYNTAX predictive model by the GRACE Score in that population with ACS, the data show that the GRACE Score increments the SYNTAX Score, mainly by detecting candidates for the outcome (sensitivity), without a substantial improvement in the detection of patients who will remain free from the outcome (specificity).</p>
      <p>Risk prediction models incorporating clinical and angiographic variables have shown higher predictive accuracy as compared to isolated models in several CAD scenarios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The recently developed SYNTAX Score II consists in the incorporation of clinical data into the original anatomical model, with variables previously tested in a model called Logistic Clinical SYNTAX Score (age, creatinine clearance, and EF),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> in addition to the increment of other independent predictors in multivariate analysis, such as the presence of peripheral arterial disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, left main coronary artery lesion and female sex.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Although that model had predictive accuracy and discrimination capacity greater than those of the original anatomical model, it had not been properly tested in the context of patients with ACS. In our study, the increment promoted by the incorporation of clinical data into the original anatomical model was better as compared to that of the Logistic Clinical SYNTAX Score (0.11 vs. 0.09, respectively), suggesting that the incorporation of clinical severity data has greater importance in the ACS scenario.</p>
      <p>Our study is one of the few with acute patients, in whom the anatomical complexity is lower, as shown by the median SYNTAX Score of 9 (IQI: 2.5 - 20), similar to that of a previous trial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Although most patients were considered at low risk by use of the anatomical score, its predictive ability was maintained, and there was a significantly higher incremental value with the incorporation of clinical data as compared to that of previous studies. This might be justified by the fact that the GRACE Score comprises several variables that reflect a higher propensity to complications during the intervention, such as age, heart rate, kidney function and Killip classification. In addition, choosing to use that score in the final model rather than isolated clinical variables allowed for a reduction in the number of patients analyzed, making this analysis more pragmatic, not interfering with its predictive accuracy.</p>
      <p>The major limitation of this study is its sample size, with a borderline number of outcomes for the incorporation of the two covariables into the logistic regression analysis. This is related to the generation of hypotheses, which would require randomized clinical trials that incorporated the predictive SYNTAX-GRACE model into the risk stratification process and therapeutic decision-making.</p>
      <p>There are significant practical implications in these results. When managing a patient with ACS, the anatomical paradigm usually guides the decision-making process regarding the best revascularization modality. However, we should consider the patient&#8217;s predicted clinical risk, even after knowing the coronary anatomy, so that more individualized decision-making processes interfere favorably with the treatment.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>For patients with ACS, clinical data complement the prognostic value of coronary anatomy, and risk stratification should be based on the clinical-anatomical paradigm.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Mateus dos Santos Viana, from Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Coronariopatia Aguda</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor Progn&#243;stico Incremental da Incorpora&#231;&#227;o de Dados Cl&#237;nicos &#224; Anatomia Coron&#225;ria em S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas: Escore SYNTAX-GRACE</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cerqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Mauricio dos Santos</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Suerdieck</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Gonzalez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Barcelos da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Barcelos da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Menezes Barbosa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalhal</surname>
            <given-names>Manuela Campelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Maria Noya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Claudio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica; Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luis Claudio Lemos Correia</bold> Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402. CEP 40150-080, Gra&#231;a, Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Viana MS, Lopes F, Cerqueira Junior AMS, Suerdieck JG, Silva AB, Silva ACB, Souza TMB, Carvalhal MC, Noya-Rabelo MM, Correia LCL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lopes F, Cerqueira Junior AMS, Suerdieck JG, Silva AB, Silva ACB, Souza TMB, Carvalhal MC, Correia LCL; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Lopes F, Cerqueira Junior AMS, Suerdieck JG, Silva AB, Silva ACB, Souza TMB, Carvalhal MC, Noya-Rabelo MM, Correia LCL; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Viana MS, Lopes F, Cerqueira Junior AMS, Silva AB, Silva ACB, Souza TMB, Carvalhal MC, Noya-Rabelo MM, Correia LCL; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Viana MS, Correia LCL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Uma vez realizada a coronariografia em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), a extens&#227;o anat&#244;mica da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria prevalece no racioc&#237;nio progn&#243;stico. N&#227;o est&#225; estabelecido se dados cl&#237;nicos devem tamb&#233;m ser contabilizados na estimativa de risco, uma vez que se tenha conhecimento da anatomia coron&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Testar a hip&#243;tese de que dados cl&#237;nicos incrementam o valor progn&#243;stico da avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica em pacientes com SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos admitidos com crit&#233;rios objetivos de SCA e que realizaram coronariografia durante o internamento foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Desfecho prim&#225;rio foi definido como &#243;bito cardiovascular hospitalar, sendo comparado o valor progn&#243;stico do Escore SYNTAX (anatomia) com o do escore SYNTAX-GRACE, resultante da incorpora&#231;&#227;o do Escore GRACE ao Escore SYNTAX. O c&#225;lculo do <italic>Integrated Discrimination Improvement</italic> (IDI) foi realizado para avaliar a capacidade do modelo SYNTAX-GRACE para reclassificar corretamente a informa&#231;&#227;o do modelo SYNTAX tradicional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 365 pacientes, idade 64&#177;14 anos, 58% masculinos. A mortalidade cardiovascular durante hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi de 4,4% e o Escore SYNTAX foi preditor desse desfecho com estat&#237;stica-C de 0,81 (IC 95% = 0,70 - 0,92; p &lt; 0,001). O Escore GRACE mostrou-se preditor de &#243;bito cardiovascular intra-hospitalar, independente do Escore SYNTAX (p &lt; 0,001 por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica). Ao ser incorporado ao modelo preditor, o Escore GRACE incrementou a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria do SYNTAX de 0,81 para 0,92 (IC 95% = 0,87 - 0,96; p = 0,04).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes com SCA, dados cl&#237;nicos complementam o valor progn&#243;stico da anatomia coron&#225;ria, devendo a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco ser baseada no paradigma cl&#237;nico-anat&#244;mico e n&#227;o apenas em dados angiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda / progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateterismo Card&#237;aco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Diante de um paciente portador de S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda (SCA) que &#233; submetido a procedimento de estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva por cateterismo card&#237;aco, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da anatomia coron&#225;ria &#233; utilizada para guiar o tratamento, identificando a les&#227;o relacionada ao evento cl&#237;nico, fornecendo informa&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias para se estabelecer a indica&#231;&#227;o da melhor estrat&#233;gia de tratamento, incluindo procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, cir&#250;rgico e percut&#226;neo, al&#233;m de fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas a curto e longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No processo de tomada de decis&#227;o, existe a incerteza se, uma vez sabendo da anatomia, dados cl&#237;nicos devam influenciar na escolha.</p>
        <p>O Escore SYNTAX foi criado inicialmente para avaliar a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e a exequibilidade do procedimento de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> evidenciando-se um bom marcador progn&#243;stico a longo prazo em diversos cen&#225;rios da DAC, incluindo pacientes portadores de SCA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O Escore de Risco GRACE &#233; amplamente difundido na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica di&#225;ria para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes portadores de SCA, incorpora diversas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas em seu modelo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e possui maior capacidade preditora de eventos em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros escores de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Todavia, uma vez conhecida a anatomia coron&#225;ria, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se o Escore GRACE deve ser incorporado ao processo de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ou se deve ser apenas usado para definir a invasividade da estrat&#233;gia inicial.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; testar a hip&#243;tese de que dados cl&#237;nicos, especificamente representados pelo Escore GRACE, incrementam o valor progn&#243;stico da avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica feita pelo Escore SYNTAX, al&#233;m de avaliar a sua utilidade cl&#237;nica. Para isso, foram feitas an&#225;lises de valor incremental, discrimina&#231;&#227;o por estat&#237;stica C e an&#225;lise de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida do novo modelo preditor.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados indiv&#237;duos consecutivamente admitidos na Unidade Cardiovascular Intensiva de dois hospitais terci&#225;rios entre agosto de 2007 e outubro de 2014, com diagn&#243;stico de SCA (Registro RESCA). O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o desse registro &#233; definido por desconforto precordial t&#237;pico e em repouso nas &#250;ltimas 48 horas, associado a pelo menos uma das seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: 1) marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica positivo, definido por troponina T &#8805; 0,01 &#181;g/L ou troponina I &gt; 0,034 &#181;g/L, o que corresponde a valores acima do percentil 99;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> 2) altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas isqu&#234;micas, consistindo de invers&#227;o de onda T (&#8805; 0,1 mV) ou desvio do segmento ST (&#8805; 0,05 mV); 3) DAC documentada, definida por hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou angiografia pr&#233;via demonstrando obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana &#8805; 50% do di&#226;metro luminal.</p>
          <p>Para a presente an&#225;lise, foram selecionados os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no registro que foram submetidos a procedimento de coronariografia durante o tratamento. Foram exclu&#237;dos os indiv&#237;duos que discordaram de participar do registro e aqueles submetidos previamente a procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio. O protocolo est&#225; em conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, foi liberado pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica em Pesquisa das Institui&#231;&#245;es e todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Escores SYNTAX e GRACE</title>
          <p>Para este estudo, o c&#225;lculo do Escore SYNTAX foi feito por um cardiologista intervencionista experiente, cego para a modalidade de tratamento escolhida, para o quadro cl&#237;nico e para o desfecho prim&#225;rio, que avaliou cada obstru&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rvore coronariana &#8805; 50% em vasos com di&#226;metro &#8805; 1,5 mm, seguindo o tutorial previamente descrito em estudo pr&#233;vio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> levando em considera&#231;&#227;o diversos par&#226;metros angiogr&#225;ficos, como localiza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o e n&#250;mero de vasos acometidos, presen&#231;a de les&#227;o de bifurca&#231;&#227;o, em &#243;stio de coron&#225;rias, oclus&#227;o total do vaso, tempo de oclus&#227;o e presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral, extens&#227;o da les&#227;o, presen&#231;a de trombos, tortuosidade importante, calcifica&#231;&#227;o excessiva e doen&#231;a difusa.</p>
          <p>O Escore GRACE foi calculado &#224; admiss&#227;o dos pacientes, consistindo de oito vari&#225;veis: cinco delas computadas de forma semi-quantitativa, ou seja, diferente peso para cada estrato de idade, de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, de creatinina plasm&#225;tica e de classe de Killip; tr&#234;s delas computadas de forma dicot&#244;mica, a saber: infradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST, eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcador de necrose mioc&#225;rdica e parada card&#237;aca &#224; admiss&#227;o. O escore final pode variar de 0 a 372.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m da coleta de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas utilizadas para c&#225;lculo dos escores, foi avaliada a ocorr&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, definida como fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) no m&#233;todo de Simpson inferior a 45%, valor m&#233;dio correspondente &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular leve (FE entre 40 e 49%), de acordo com as mais recentes diretrizes de ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfecho cl&#237;nico hospitalar</title>
          <p>A vari&#225;vel de desfecho prim&#225;rio foi definida como &#243;bito por causa cardiovascular durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Morte cardiovascular foi definida como morte s&#250;bita ou internamento cardiovascular seguido de morte.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, foi constru&#237;da uma curva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) dos valores de Escore GRACE para predi&#231;&#227;o de desfecho cardiovascular. Uma vez descrita a sua acur&#225;cia pela curva ROC, o Escore GRACE entrou em modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica juntamente com o Escore SYNTAX. Caso o GRACE alcan&#231;asse signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica no n&#237;vel 5% (p &lt; 0,05), seria criado o novo Escore SYNTAX-GRACE, a partir da adi&#231;&#227;o de pontos quando o GRACE estivesse elevado. Os pontos adicionais foram determinados pela raz&#227;o entre o coeficiente de regress&#227;o do GRACE elevado e o coeficiente de regress&#227;o do Escore SYNTAX. Na an&#225;lise discriminat&#243;ria, as estat&#237;sticas-C dos modelos SYNTAX e SYNTAX-GRACE foram comparadas pelo teste de Hanley-McNeil. A calibra&#231;&#227;o dos modelos foi descrita pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Al&#233;m disso, foi avaliada a capacidade do novo modelo (SYNTAX-GRACE) em reclassificar corretamente a informa&#231;&#227;o do modelo SYNTAX tradicional. Nessa an&#225;lise de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o, foi utilizado o m&#233;todo de Pencina para c&#225;lculo do <italic>Integrated Discrimination Improvement</italic> (IDI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por n&#250;meros absolutos e percentuais, os valores dos escores foram descritos em mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ) e comparados entre grupos pelo teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida por valor de p &lt; 0,05. SPSS Statistical Software (vers&#227;o 21.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA) e MedCalc Software (vers&#227;o 12.3.0.0, Mariakerke, B&#233;lgica) foram utilizados para an&#225;lise dos dados, esse &#250;ltimo para compara&#231;&#227;o entre as curvas ROC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>C&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral</title>
          <p>A amostra foi dimensionada para oferecer poder estat&#237;stico para duas an&#225;lises predefinidas. Primeiro, a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, na qual foi avaliado o valor preditor do GRACE, independente do Escore SYNTAX. Como essa an&#225;lise requer duas covari&#225;veis (GRACE elevado e SYNTAX elevado), seriam necess&#225;rios em torno de 20 desfechos para manter a rela&#231;&#227;o recomendada de 10 desfechos por covari&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Esperando uma incid&#234;ncia de 10% de desfechos, precisar&#237;amos do valor m&#237;nimo de 200 pacientes. Segundo, a compara&#231;&#227;o das estat&#237;sticas-C do SYNTAX <italic>versus</italic> SYNTAX-GRACE: partindo do pressuposto de coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores dos dois modelos de 0,95 para obter um poder estat&#237;stico de 80% (alfa unicaudal de 0,05) na detec&#231;&#227;o de 0,05 de superioridade da estat&#237;stica-C (por exemplo, 0,65 <italic>versus</italic> 0,70) do modelo mais completo (SYNTAX-GRACE), seria necess&#225;rio incluir o m&#237;nimo de 192 pacientes na an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, foram inclu&#237;dos no RESCA 822 pacientes, sendo que 370 foram submetidos a procedimento de coronariografia e 5 pacientes possu&#237;am cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via. Entre os 365 pacientes analisados, a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 64 &#177; 14 anos, 58% eram do sexo masculino, sendo 54% portadores de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesn&#237;vel de segmento ST, 27% de angina inst&#225;vel, sendo o restante representado por infarto com supradesn&#237;vel de segmento ST. Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip &gt; I e presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, definida por FE &lt; 45% pelo ecocardiograma, ocorreram em 14% e 13% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Doen&#231;a coronariana significativa, com comprometimento triarterial ou de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda esteve presente em 36% da amostra.</p>
        <p>A mediana do Escore SYNTAX foi de 9 (IIQ = 2,5 - 20; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>) e do GRACE de 117 (IIQ = 90 - 144). Ao analisarmos os tercis de risco previstos no Estudo SYNTAX,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> 81,4% dos pacientes apresentaram um Escore SYNTAX baixo (0 a 22), 10,1% demonstraram um Escore SYNTAX intermedi&#225;rio (23 a 32), e apenas 8,5% tiveram Escore SYNTAX elevado (&gt; 33). A ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito cardiovascular durante a interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 4,4% (16 pacientes). Outras caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de relev&#226;ncia s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Histograma de Frequ&#234;ncia do Escore SYNTAX na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0527-70160-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas e ocorr&#234;ncia da vari&#225;vel de desfecho nos pacientes estudados </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">N</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tamanho Amostral</td>
                <td align="center">365</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">210 (57,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isquemia no Eletrocardiograma</td>
                <td align="center">166 (45,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina Inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">98 (26,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAMSSST</td>
                <td align="center">196 (53,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAMCSST</td>
                <td align="center">71 (19,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponina Positiva</td>
                <td align="center">232 (63,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triarterial ou TCE</td>
                <td align="center">122 (36,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore GRACE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">117 (IIQ = 90 - 140)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore SYNTAX<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">9 (IIQ = 2,5 - 20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina S&#233;rica (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 &#177; 0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 45%</td>
                <td align="center">45 (13,2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Killip &gt; I</td>
                <td align="center">51 (14%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC Pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">130 (35,6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#211;bito Cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">16 (4,4%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>IAMSSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesn&#237;vel ST; IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel ST; TCE: tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Mediana (Intervalo interquartil); DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Valor progn&#243;stico do Escore SYNTAX</title>
          <p>A mortalidade cardiovascular durante hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o foi de 4,4% (16 pacientes), sendo a mediana do Escore SYNTAX maior naqueles que apresentaram esse desfecho (29, IIQ 14 - 43 <italic>versus</italic> 9, IIQ 2 - 19, p &lt; 0,001) e o Escore SYNTAX foi preditor significativo de morte cardiovascular, com estat&#237;stica-C de 0,81 (IC 95% = 0,70 - 0,92; p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>O painel A demonstra as medianas do Escore SYNTAX entre os indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram ou n&#227;o &#243;bito cardiovascular durante a interna&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,001). Painel B representa o valor de estat&#237;stica-C do Escore SYNTAX para predi&#231;&#227;o do desfecho de &#243;bito cardiovascular (0,81, IC 95% = 0,70 - 0,92, p &lt; 0,001).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0527-70160-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Valor progn&#243;stico independente e incremental do Escore GRACE em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Escore SYNTAX</title>
          <p>Em an&#225;lise multivariada de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>), o Escore GRACE mostrou-se preditor de &#243;bito cardiovascular durante internamento, ap&#243;s ajuste para o Escore SYNTAX (OR = 1,03; IC 95% = 1,01 - 1,04; p &lt; 0,001). A adi&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel GRACE ao modelo SYNTAX promoveu incremento significativo na estat&#237;stica-C, de 0,81 (IC 95% = 0,70 - 0,92) para 0,92 (IC 95% = 0,87 - 0,96), p = 0,04 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>). O Escore SYNTAX apresentou calibra&#231;&#227;o adequada, com qui-quadrado pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow de 3,53 (p = 0,83). Ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o do GRACE no modelo, houve melhora da calibra&#231;&#227;o, com qui-quadrado de 2,73 (p = 0,95).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelo de Regress&#227;o Log&#237;stica contendo Escore SYNTAX e GRACE na predi&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel de desfecho</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Odds Ratio</th>
                  <th align="center">IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore SYNTAX (num&#233;rica)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 &#8211; 1,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escore GRACE (num&#233;rica)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 &#8211; 1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Valor progn&#243;stico incremental do modelo SYNTAX-GRACE em rela&#231;&#227;o ao modelo SYNTAX para a predi&#231;&#227;o do desfecho prim&#225;rio.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0527-70160-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o do Escore SYNTAX pelo Escore GRACE</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise de IDI mostrou aumento m&#233;dio de 9,7% na estimativa de probabilidade de morte entre os pacientes que apresentaram esses eventos, e uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 0,45% na estimativa de probabilidade entre os pacientes que permaneceram vivos. Essa combina&#231;&#227;o resultou em IDI de 10,1% (escore Z = 2,47; p = 0,01).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo de coorte prospectiva em portadores de SCA testou o valor progn&#243;stico incremental da incorpora&#231;&#227;o de dados cl&#237;nicos a um modelo preditor de risco angiogr&#225;fico. Houve um n&#237;tido incremento de valor progn&#243;stico, representado por um ganho de 0,11 na estat&#237;stica-C ao se incorporar um modelo cl&#237;nico (Escore GRACE) ao Escore SYNTAX. Sendo assim, o paradigma cl&#237;nico fornece informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica complementar para o processo de tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica ap&#243;s o conhecimento da anatomia, devendo o m&#233;dico tamb&#233;m considerar dados cl&#237;nicos em conjunto com a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco por coronariografia.</p>
        <p>O valor progn&#243;stico do Escore SYNTAX em SCA j&#225; foi testado em an&#225;lise <italic>post hoc</italic> do estudo ACUITY, demonstrando maiores taxas de eventos isqu&#234;micos em pacientes com tercis mais elevados do escore.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> O valor observado de estat&#237;stica-C referente ao Escore SYNTAX corrobora esse achado pr&#233;vio, demonstrando uma boa capacidade preditora desse escore em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Ao avaliarmos a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o do modelo preditor SYNTAX pelo Escore GRACE nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de portadores de SCA, os dados demostram que o escore GRACE incrementa o SYNTAX principalmente na detec&#231;&#227;o de candidatos a desfecho (sensibilidade), sem melhora substancial da detec&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que permanecer&#227;o livres de desfecho (especificidade).</p>
        <p>Modelos preditores de risco incorporando vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas t&#234;m demonstrado maior acur&#225;cia preditora em rela&#231;&#227;o a modelos isolados, nos diversos cen&#225;rios de DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O recentemente desenvolvido Escore SYNTAX II consiste na incorpora&#231;&#227;o de dados cl&#237;nicos ao modelo anat&#244;mico original, com vari&#225;veis previamente testadas em um modelo denominado SYNTAX-Log&#237;stico (idade, <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina e FE),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> al&#233;m do incremento de outras vari&#225;veis preditoras independentes em an&#225;lise multivariada, que s&#227;o a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda e sexo feminino.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Apesar de esse modelo apresentar acur&#225;cia preditora e capacidade discriminat&#243;ria superiores &#224;s do modelo anat&#244;mico original, ainda n&#227;o fora adequadamente testado no contexto de pacientes portadores de SCA. No nosso estudo, o incremento promovido com a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de dados cl&#237;nicos ao modelo anat&#244;mico original foi superior quando comparado ao do SYNTAX-Log&#237;stico (0,11 vs. 0,09, respectivamente), sugerindo que a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de dados de gravidade cl&#237;nica tenha maior import&#226;ncia no cen&#225;rio de SCA.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo &#233; um dos poucos que utilizaram essa estrat&#233;gia no cen&#225;rio de pacientes agudos, nos quais a complexidade anat&#244;mica &#233; menor, como demonstrado pela mediana do Escore SYNTAX de 9 (IIQ 2,5 - 20), semelhante a registro pr&#233;vio na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A despeito de a maioria ser considerada de baixo risco pelo escore anat&#244;mico, sua capacidade preditora se manteve, al&#233;m de haver um valor incremental com a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de dados cl&#237;nicos significativamente maior do que o dos estudos pr&#233;vios. Isso possivelmente se justifica pelo fato de o escore GRACE possuir diversas vari&#225;veis em sua constitui&#231;&#227;o que refletem uma maior propens&#227;o a intercorr&#234;ncias durante a interven&#231;&#227;o, como idade, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fun&#231;&#227;o renal e classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip. Al&#233;m disso, op&#231;&#227;o pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse escore no modelo final em detrimento de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas isoladas permitiu que houvesse a redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de pacientes analisados, tornando essa an&#225;lise mais pragm&#225;tica, n&#227;o interferindo em sua acur&#225;cia preditora.</p>
        <p>Este estudo possui como principal limita&#231;&#227;o seu tamanho amostral, com um n&#250;mero lim&#237;trofe de desfechos para a incorpora&#231;&#227;o das duas covari&#225;veis em an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Trata-se de algo gerador de hip&#243;tese, que necessitaria de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados que incorporassem o modelo preditor SYNTAX-GRACE no processo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica.</p>
        <p>H&#225; implica&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas significativas nesses resultados. Habitualmente, ao nos depararmos com um paciente portador de SCA, o paradigma anat&#244;mico dita o processo de tomada de decis&#227;o pela melhor modalidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, n&#227;o podemos deixar de considerar o risco cl&#237;nico previsto do paciente, mesmo ap&#243;s o conhecimento da anatomia, para que processos de tomada de decis&#227;o mais individualizados interfiram favoravelmente no tratamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em pacientes com SCA, dados cl&#237;nicos complementam o valor progn&#243;stico da anatomia coron&#225;ria, devendo a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco ser baseada em paradigma cl&#237;nico-anat&#244;mico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Mateus dos Santos Viana pela Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
