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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VgwzmXLxtqkwJkcpQQbcVBn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001500516</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170164</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005021102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Acute Coronary Syndrome</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Coronariopatia Aguda</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Protective Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning on Myocardium Against Remote Tissue Injury Following Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Diabetic Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kumas</surname>
            <given-names>Meltem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Altintas</surname>
            <given-names>Ozge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karatas</surname>
            <given-names>Ersin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kocyigit</surname>
            <given-names>Abdurrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">BezmiAlem Vakif University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Vocational School of Health Services</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Medical Laboratory Techniques</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">BezmiAlem Vakif University - Vocational School of Health Services - Medical Laboratory Techniques; - Turquia</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Bezmi&#226;lem Vak?f &#220;niversitesi</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Kirklareli State Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Neurology Clinic</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Kirklareli State Hospital, Neurology Clinic; - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Gebze Technical University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Gebze Technical University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics;- Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bezmialem Vakif University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Faculty</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Medical Biochemistry Department</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bezmialem Vakif University - Medical Faculty - Medical Biochemistry Department - Turquia</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Bezmi&#226;lem Vak?f &#220;niversitesi</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ozge Altintas</bold> Kirklareli State Hospital, Kirklareli - Turkey. E-mail: <email>dr.ozgealtintas@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript: Kumas M, Altintas O; Acquisition of data: Altintas O; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Kumas M, Altintas O, Karatas E, Kocyigit A; Statistical analysis: Kumas M, Karatas E; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kumas M, Altintas O, Karatas E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>516</fpage>
      <lpage>526</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Remote ischemic preconditioning (IPreC) could provide tissue-protective effect at a remote site by anti-inflammatory, neuronal, and humoral signaling pathways.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The aim of the study was to investigate the possible protective effects of remote IPreC on myocardium after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in streptozotocin- induced diabetic (STZ) and non-diabetic rats.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>48 male Spraque Dawley rats were divided into eight groups: Sham, STZ, IPreC, MCAo, IPreC+MCAo, STZ+IPreC, STZ+MCAo and STZ+IPreC+MCAo groups. We induced transient MCAo seven days after STZ-induced diabetes, and performed IPreC 72 hours before transient MCAo. Remote myocardial injury was investigated histopathologically. Bax, Bcl2 and caspase-3 protein levels were measured by Western blot analysis. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) of myocardial tissue were measured by colorimetric assay. Oxidative stress index(OSI) was calculated as TOS-to-TAS ratio. For all statistical analysis, p values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We observed serious damage including necrosis, congestion and mononuclear cell infiltration in myocardial tissue of the diabetic and ischemic groups. In these groups TOS and OSI levels were significantly higher; TAS levels were lower than those of IPreC related groups (p &lt; 0.05). IPreC had markedly improved histopathological alterations and increased TAS levels in IPreC+MCAo and STZ+IPreC+MCAo compared to MCAo and STZ+MCAo groups (p &lt; 0.05). In non-diabetic rats, MCAo activated apoptotic cell death via increasing Bax/Bcl2 ratio and caspase-3 levels. IPreC reduced apoptotic cell death by suppressing pro-apoptotic proteins. Diabetes markedly increased apoptotic protein levels and the effect did not reversed by IPreC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>We could suggest that IPreC attenuates myocardial injury via ameliorating histological findings, activating antioxidant mechanisms, and inducing antiapoptotic activity in diabetic rats.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Ischemic Preconditioning Myocardial</kwd>
        <kwd>Middle Cerebral Artery</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Experimental</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>BezmiAlem Vakif University</funding-source>
          <award-id>3.2015/31</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by BezmiAlem Vakif University, project n&#186; 3.2015/31.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Ischemic preconditioning (IPreC) has been described to reduce the ischemia- reperfusion injury by triggering transient, brief episodes of ischemia to target organs. IPreC can be induced locally when the preconditioning stimulus is applied to the same tissue or can be a protection at distant tissues, a phenomenon known as remote IPreC (rIPreC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The rIPreC can primarily apply to a target organ, but if a brief ischemia is induced in non-target tissue, confers protection at a remote site such as the brain, non-infarcted adjacent myocardial tissue, lung, kidney, intestine, or skeletal muscle. rIPreC produces a similar degree of tissue protection as IPreC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> does. Recent studies indicated that brief ischemia-reperfusion induced in further tissue could provide tissue-protective effect at a remote site by anti-inflammatory, neuronal, and humoral signaling pathways.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several studies have shown that hyperglycemia causes endothelial dysfunction in the blood-barriers and diabetic cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Clinical studies have demonstrated that hyperglycemia increased the size of ischemic infarct area and caused poor clinical outcome after stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Oxidative stress is a principal parameter for evaluating ischemia/reperfusion injuries in patients with diabetes mellitus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Myocardial cells also undergo death in response to hyperglycemia and ischemia/reperfusion injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In the current study, we postulated that there is a possible remote effect of cerebral ischemic preconditioning on the myocardium.</p>
      <p>The current database shows the connection between heart disease and acute stroke. Cardiac arrhythmia, myocardial dysfunction and serum cardiac enzyme elevation are known to develop after acute stroke onset.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Acute ischemic cerebrovascular events can induce various myocardial changes. The cardiac lesions are not seen earlier than six hours after the acute cerebral event, nor later than two weeks, cardiac injury occur as a result of intense activation of the sympathetic nervous system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Diabetes is an important modifiable risk factor for stroke, especially ischemic strokes. In this study, we hypothesized that ischemic preconditioning could play a crucial role on cardio-neuroprotection, which was triggered by hyperglycemia. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of remote ischemic preconditioning on myocardial tissue after transient intraluminal middle cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in diabetic and non-diabetic rats.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animals</title>
        <p>All animals were obtained from the Experimental Animal Research Laboratory at Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey. Animals had free access to food and water at controlled room temperature (22-25&#176;C) under a 12:12-h day/night cycle for the duration of the study. During the surgical procedures, body temperature was monitored using a Nimomed&#174; infrared thermometer.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Induction of experimental diabetes mellitus by Streptozotocin in rats</title>
        <p>Streptozotocin (STZ) induces diabetes within 3 days by destroying the pancreatic beta cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Streptozotocin solution (STZ, Sigma Chemical Corp., Germany) was prepared in 0.1mol/L citrate buffer, pH 4.5, immediately before use. Diabetes was induced in rats by a single injection of STZ at the dose of 50 mg/kg of the body weight intraperitoneally and they were fed normally thereafter. Insulin was not administered. The other group of animals received an equal volume of saline solution. Blood glucose concentrations were monitored before STZ injection, at the 6<sup>th</sup> hour after STZ injection and on the 3<sup>rd</sup> day after STZ injection using an ACCU-CHEK<sup>&#174;</sup>(Active Glucometer, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany). The blood samples were collected from the rat&#8217;s dorsal pedal veins. Rats with a glucose concentration exceeding 300 mg/dL were considered diabetic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> All rats became diabetic after STZ injection. According to published experimental research, about six hours later, hypoglycemia occurs with high levels of blood insulin. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In order to counteract the initial hypoglycemia after STZ injection, we included the option for rats to take 10% dextrose in drinking water supplied to them approximately 6 hours post STZ injection, in addition to their normal water, for the first 24 hours.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ischemic preconditioning (IPreC)</title>
        <p>Ischemic preconditioning (IPreC) involved three cycles of 10 minutes of reperfusion and 10 minutes of occlusion of unilateral-left proximal internal carotid artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> IPreC was performed 72 hours before transient MCAo and 4-days after on STZ-induced diabetic rats. The animals were anesthetized with ketamine (4 mg/100 g) and xylazine (1.5 mg/100 g) by intramuscular injection and placed on an operation plate in the supine position. Their heads and limbs were fixed. After shaving and sterilization, a cervical median incision (3-4 cm long) was made. Precervical fascia and muscle were isolated with forceps, and fascia and muscle on the inside of the sternocleidomastoid were dissociated. Arterial pulses were visible. Tissues surrounding the artery were carefully dissociated, without injury to the vagus nerve. The left common carotid artery and the left external carotid artery were exposed through a midline neck incision. First, the left internal carotid artery (ICA) was occluded by a micro clamp. Then, the micro clamp was removed to restore blood flow after 10 minutes of reperfusion, followed by 10 minutes of occlusion. After removing the micro clamp, we observed that the left ICA was reinjected anterogradely. Sham-surgery controls were operated with the same procedures without artery occlusion.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo)</title>
        <p>The most common stroke model, due to its relevance to human stroke, is focal MCAo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>In the present study, we induced a 3-hour transient proximal MCAo followed by 3-hour of reperfusion to cause remote ischemia-reperfusion injury to measure the level of oxidative stress markers to verify whether they were associated with myocardial tissue damage and the possible protective effect of ischemic preconditioning. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced using an endovascular middle cerebral arterial occlusion technique, as described previously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> The sham operation consisted of the same manipulation but without introduction of the monofilament.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>Power analysis was used to estimate sample size. The sample size was calculated to be forty-eight with a 3% margin of error at a significance level of 0.05 for the 80% power value (Type I error = 0.05; statistical power = 0.80). Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats (450-500 g; 10-12 months old) were divided into eight groups; Sham operated group (n = 6), STZ-induced diabetic (STZ) rat group (n = 6), MCAo group (n = 6), Ischemic-preconditioning (IPreC) group (n = 6), Ischemic-preconditioning (IPreC) + MCAo group (n = 6), Diabetic (STZ) Ischemic-preconditioning (IPreC) group (n = 6), Diabetic (STZ) MCAo group (n = 6) and Diabetic (STZ) Ischemic-preconditioning (IPreC) + MCAo group (n = 6).</p>
        <p>A 3-hour transient proximal MCAo was induced in the experiment groups (MCAo, IPreC+ MCAo, STZ+ MCAo, STZ+ IPreC+ MCAo). We induced transient MCAo seven days after STZ-induced diabetes and performed IPreC 72 hours before transient MCAo to assess whether IPreC could have a protective effect on the remote tissue. All animals were sacrificed at 6<sup>th</sup> hour after 3-hour of occlusion followed by 3-hour of reperfusion. From each rat brain, total hemispheric infarct volumes were evaluated in coronal brain specimens due to analyze,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> triphenyltetrozolium chloride (TTC) - staining changes on basal ganglia and cortex, which are the localizations of the ischemic core in this model. In addition, all animals were weighed every day during the study period using a digital scale. Blood glucose concentrations were monitored before STZ injection, at the 6<sup>th</sup> hour after STZ injection, on the 3<sup>rd</sup> day after STZ injection and after the rats were sacrificed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of infarct volume</title>
        <p>Infarct volumes were calculated using TTC- stained brain sections, as described previously<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>. After the sacrifice, the brains were removed inmediately, and cut into 2-mm coronal sections. Samples were then incubated for 30 min in a 2% solution of TTC at 37&#176;C and fixed by immersion in 10% buffered formalin solution. Five brain sections per animal were stained with TTC and then photographed. Cerebral infarct volumes were assessed by using the image analysis program of Adobe Photoshop CS5 extended (version 12.1).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tissue homogenization</title>
        <p>Left ventricle was cut up into appropriately small pieces for analysis (300mg) and placed into microcentrifuge tubes than washed 3x with 1ml PBS and aspirated. Stainless steel beads (1.6mm blend) used for homogenization with NP-40 lysis buffer (2 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol and 0.2% NP-40 plus a protease inhibitor cocktail). After homogenization, homogenates were centrifuged at 19.700 x <italic>g</italic> for 30 minutes at +4&#186;C. Supernatant was used as protein samples.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of total oxidant status</title>
        <p>Myocardial TOS level was measured using a novel automated method developed by Erel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Oxidants present in a sample oxidize the ferrous ion of an o-dianisidine complex to ferric ion. Oxidation is enhanced by glycerol, which is abundant in the reaction medium, and the ferric ion forms a colored complex with xylenol orange under acidic conditions. Color intensity, which can be measured spectrophotometrically, is associated with the total level of oxidants present. Hydrogen peroxide is used to calibrate the assay and results are expressed in terms of micromoles of hydrogen peroxide equivalent per liter (mmol H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> equiv. /l).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of total antioxidant status</title>
        <p>Myocardial TAS level was measured using another novel automated method developed by Erel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> It involves production of the hydroxyl radical, which is a potent biological reactant. A ferrous ion solution (Reagent 1) is mixed with hydrogen peroxide (Reagent 2). Radicals produced by the hydroxyl radical, including the brown dianisidinyl radical cation, are also potent in biological terms. Thus, it is possible to measure the antioxidative capacity of a sample in terms of inhibition of free radical reactions initiated by production of the hydroxyl radical. Variation in assay data is very low (less than 3%) and results are expressed as mmol Trolox equiv./l. Results were given for 1mg total protein in tissue.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of oxidative stress index (OSI)</title>
        <p>The OSI level was the myocardial TOS-to-myocardial TAS ratio, but TAS values were changed to mmol/l. Each OSI was calculated as follows: OSI (arbitrary units) = TOS (mmol H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/l)/TAS (mmol Trolox/l).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histopathological analysis</title>
        <p>Left ventricle was also evaluated for histopathological analysis. Sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson&#8217;s trichrome methods. We used hematoxylin-eosin stain for routine detection of pathological alterations including necrosis, congestion, and infiltration. Masson&#8217;s trichrome method was chosen for determining fibrosis on myocardium if any. Sections were examined and scored by an observer who was blind to the identification of the groups using a Nikon Eclipse i5 light microscope with a Nikon DS-Fi1c camera, and Nikon NIS Elements version 4.0 image analysis systems (Nikon Instruments Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Myocardial damage was scored in terms of necrosis, congestion, and mononuclear cell infiltration. Each data was scored as: 0: absent, 1: minimal, 2: moderate, 3: severe damage.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Western Blot</title>
        <p>Total membrane protein was extracted from the homogenized tissue samples as follows. Heart tissues of all groups were homogenized in lysis buffer (2 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 10 % glycerol and 0.2% NP-40 plus protease inhibitor cocktail) for 30 min on ice. Then homogenates were centrifuged, (Beckman Coulter, Krefeld, Germany) at 19.700 x <italic>g</italic> for 10 min at 4&#176;C, and the final supernatant was used as the total membrane protein. Gel samples were made by adding 100 &#181;l Laemmli sample buffer containing 2% SDS (Santa Cruz, Paso Robles, CA) to a 10 mg total protein. The protein concentration was measured using Bradford method 40 micrograms of total protein from each sample was loaded onto 8%-12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis (PAGE) gel for separation. The separated protein was transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (Millipore, Billerica, MA). After incubation in 5% skim milk for 2 h at room temperature to block nonspecific binding, the PVDF membrane was reacted for 16 h at 4&#176;C. The rabbit anti-rat caspase 3, Bax and Bcl-2 monoclonal antibodies were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All antibodies diluted 1:1000 in tris-buffered saline plus Tween 20 (TBST: 20 mM Tris HCl, 137 mM NaCl and 0.1% Tween-20, pH 7.6) containing 5% skim milk powder. The membrane then was washed with tris-buffered saline plus Tween (TBST: 20 mM Tris HCl, 137 mM NaCl and 0.1% Tween-20, pH 7.6) three times for 10 min each time and incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled anti-rabbit IgG antibodies diluted 1:5000 in TBS containing 5% skim milk powder (Santa Cruz). Finally, the PVDF membrane was washed three times with TBST for 10 min each time, reacted with Pierce ECL Western blotting substrate (Thermo Scientific) and visualized using the Fussion Fx7 Imaging System (Vilber Lourmat SA, France). The b-actin antibody (Santa Cruz) was used as a loading control. For semiquantitative analysis, the grayscales of Caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2 and b-actin bands were measured using Image J software. The ratio of Caspase 3, Bax, Bcl-2 to b-actin were calculated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Normality of the all data was tested with Kolmogorov-Smirnov D test. Since they were normally distributed (Kolmogorov-Smirnov D test, p &#8805; 0.05), parametric test ANOVA (post-hoc: Tukey&#8217;s HSD) was used for multiple comparisons. Continuous measurements are expressed as mean and standard deviation (mean &#177; 2SD) for each group. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses and bar charts were done with SPSS 20.0 (IBM, New York, USA), MS Office Excel, and Graph Pad Prism 6.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of oxidative stress parameters</title>
        <p>The lowest mean myocardial TAS value was detected in 0.96 &#177; 0.15 (mean &#177; 2SD) STZ+ MCAo group, whereas the highest values were measured as 1.58 &#177; 0.56 and 1.57 &#177; 0.88 in sham and IPreC+ MCAo groups, respectively. Inducing ischemia reperfusion injury significantly decreased myocardial TAS in all related groups when compared to sham and IPreC groups (p = 0.003 and p = 0.042, respectively.). Moreover, ischemic preconditioning significantly increased the mean myocardial TAS value after ischemia- reperfusion injury in non-diabetic rats (IPreC+ MCAo vs. MCAo (1.07 &#177; 0.30), p = 0.008), whereas the protective effect did not appear in diabetic rats (STZ+ MCAo+ IPreC (1.13 &#177; 0.50) vs. STZ+ MCAo (0.96 &#177; 0.30), p &gt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>The mean myocardial TOS levels of STZ and MCAo groups were 12.79 &#177; 1.12 and 12.74 &#177; 1.54, respectively. Thus, those levels of IPreC (11.17 &#177; 1.26) and sham (11.05 &#177; 1.56) groups were similar. The result could indicate that ischemic preconditioning does not exceed the threshold for tissue damage. Besides, a clinical study was reported that diabetes might prevent ischemic preconditioning.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>In contrast, we found that ischemic preconditioning lowered the oxidant capacity in diabetic rats (STZ vs. IPreC+ STZ (11.62 &#177; 1.74), p = 0.036). Similarly, IPreC significantly reduced the mean myocardial TOS level in both diabetic and non-diabetic rats which underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo vs. IPreC+ MCAo (10.96 &#177; 1.72), p &lt; 0.001; STZ+ MCAo (12.81&#177;1.46) vs. STZ+ MCAo+ IPreC (12.33 &#177; 0.58), p = 0.04).</p>
        <p>In all study groups, the highest OSI value, which is determined based on myocardial TOS/TAS ratio, were detected as 12.15 &#177; 4.26 and 13.61 &#177; 5.28 in MCAo and STZ+ MCAo groups, respectively. Both diabetic and non-diabetic rats that were induced ischemia-reperfusion injury, significantly demonstrated lower OSI values following IPreC, in comparison with non-IPreC related ones (MCAo vs. IPreC+ MCAo, p= 0.005 and STZ+ MCAo vs. STZ+ IPreC+ MCAo, p = 0.037).</p>
        <p>Mean levels of myocardial total antioxidant status (TAS, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1 A</xref>), total oxidant status (TOS, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1 B</xref>) and calculated oxidative stress index (OSI: TOS/TAS, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) for all groups is shown in bar charts.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mean myocardial TAS (Total antioxidant status) and TOS (Total oxidant status) levels in all groups. (*p &lt; 0.05 vs. MCAo group, <bold>#</bold>p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ+ MCAo group, <bold>&#948;</bold>p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ group. One-way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey&#8217;s HSD test. (STZ, Streptozotocin-induced diabetic; IPreC, ischemic preconditioning; MCAo, middle cerebral artery occlusion)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0516-70164-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mean OSI (Oxidative stress index) values in all groups. (*p &lt; 0.05 vs. MCAo group, #p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ+ MCAo group, &#948;p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ group. One-way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey&#8217;s HSD test. (STZ, Streptozotocin-induced diabetic; IPreC, ischemic preconditioning; MCAo, middle cerebral artery occlusion)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0516-70164-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histopathology of myocardium</title>
        <p>Histologic architecture of cardiac tissues of IPreC group was similar to that of the sham group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>(1)). Cardiac tissues of ischemic and diabetic groups showed severe histopathological alterations including congestion, necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration. Mean congestion score (MCS) of myocardial tissue were similar between STZ and MCAo groups (p &gt; 0.05, 2.00 &#177; 1.42, 2.00 &#177; 1.26, respectively). The highest mean myocardial congestion value was scored in STZ+ MCAo group (2.50 &#177; 1.10). Remote IPreC decreased myocardial congestion score in IPreC+ MCAo (1.85 &#177; 0.76) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> (2a)) and STZ+ IPreC+ MCAo (1.87 &#177; 1.78) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> (2b)) groups when compared to MCAo and STZ+MCAo groups, respectively. Those of differences were not found statistically significant among groups (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>(1) Normal histological view of cardiac myofibrils in IPreC group. (Longitudinal section, Masson Trichrome stain, Magnification: 40X). (2) Congestion in IPreC+ MCAo (A) and STZ+ IPreC+ MCAo (B) groups. Overview of myofibril is nearly normal appearance. (Longitudinal section, A. H-E stain, B. Masson Trichrome stain, Magnification: 20X). (3) Eosinophilic stained areas show necrotic myofibrils that are lack of nuclei (arrow-heads) in STZ group. Arrows indicate that spaces between cardiac myofibrils. These spaces indicate necrotic area, and probably interstitial edema. (STZ, Streptozotocin-induced diabetic; IPreC, ischemic preconditioning; MCAo, middle cerebral artery occlusion, Transverse section, H-E stain, Magnification: 20X).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0516-70164-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Necrotic fibrils rarely appeared in myocardial tissue of IPreC and sham groups. Mean necrosis score (MNS) of myocardium in IPreC group was recorded as 2.00 &#177; 1.26. That score was not found significantly different from that of the sham group (p &gt; 0.05). Diabetes and ischemia caused extensive coagulative necrosis throughout cardiac parenchyma, in comparison with sham group (p = 0.001, p &lt; 0.001, respectively). Following ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats, the myocardial fibrils and the nuclei of myocytes became poorly visible, almost disappeared (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> (3)) and spaces between myocardial fibrils became larger probably indicating interstitial edema (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> (b)). The highest MNS was detected as 2.66 &#177; 1.04 in STZ+ MCAo group. Again, there are consistent differences between the IPreC+ MCAo and STZ+ IPreC+ MCAo groups and the MCAo and STZ+ MCAo groups regarding the mean necrosis score (p &lt; 0.001, for both).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>(a) Congestion (arrows) destroyed myofibrils in STZ+ MCAo group. Cardiac myofibrils are separated from each other along with congestive area. These areas probably seem to be necrotic areas accompanied by interstitial edema. (Transverse section, H-E stain, Magnification: 20X). (b) Mononuclear cell infiltration, congestion and interstitial edema in necrotic areas (arrows) destroyed cardiac myofibrils in STZ+ MCAo group (STZ, Streptozotocin-induced diabetic; IPreC, ischemic preconditioning; MCAo, middle cerebral artery occlusion, Longitudinal section, H-E stain, Magnification: 20X).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0516-70164-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Mononuclear cell infiltration was mostly observed around the necrotic areas accompanied by interstitial edema in ischemic groups including MCAo and STZ+ MCAo groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> (b)). The highest mean infiltration scores (MIS) were recorded in MCAo and STZ+ MCAo group. Infiltration severely destroyed myofibrils and degenerated myocardium in MCAo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5 A</xref>) and STZ+ MCAo groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5 B</xref>). Remote ischemic preconditioning reduced mononuclear cell infiltration in the myocardial parenchyma after MCAo in diabetic and non-diabetic rats compared with non-preconditioned controls (MCAo (2.16 &#177; 1.5) vs. IPreC+ MCAo (0.57 &#177; 0.46), p = .013 and STZ+ MCAo (2.83 &#177; 0.82) vs. STZ+ IPreC+ MCAo (1.57 &#177; 1.06), p &lt; .001). Among STZ, IPreC and STZ+ IPreC groups, there was no significant difference regarding MIS (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Degenerated myocardium caused by mononuclear cell infiltration (arrows) in MCAo group. B) Severely myodegeneration with interstitial edema, necrosis (arrows) and congestion (arrow-heads), in STZ+ MCAo group. (STZ, Streptozotocin-induced diabetic; IPreC, ischemic preconditioning; MCAo, middle cerebral artery occlusion, Longitudinal section, H-E stain, Magnification: 10X)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0516-70164-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As a result, inducing remote ischemic preconditioning stimuli below the damage threshold, could suppress cellular inflammatory and oxidative response to ischemic injury and diabetes, which could prevent remote cardiac injury.</p>
        <p>Myocardial injury scores as mean congestion score, mean necrosis score, and mean mononuclear cell infiltration score for all study groups is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6(a)</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">6 (b)</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">6 (c)</xref>, respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Mean congestion scores in all groups. (*p &lt; 0.05 vs. MCAo group, #p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ+ MCAo group, &#948;p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ group. B) Mean necrosis scores in all groups. (*p &lt; 0.05 vs. MCAo group, #p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ+ MCAo group. C) Mean mononuclear cell infiltration scores in all groups. (*p &lt; 0.05 vs. MCAo group, #p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ+ MCAo group (One-way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey&#8217;s HSD test. STZ, Streptozotocin-induced diabetic; IPreC, ischemic preconditioning; MCAo, middle cerebral artery occlusion)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0516-70164-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Western Blot analysis</title>
        <p>In MCAo group, Bax/Bcl2 ratio was 1.18 &#177; 0.26, and that ratio was found as 0.72 &#177; 0.3 in IPreC group (p = 0.026) and 0.09 &#177; 0.06 in sham group (p &lt; 0.001). Bax/Bcl2 ratio markedly reduced in IPreC+ MCAo group compared to MCAo group (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>Caspase 3 level was higher in MCAo (1.29 &#177; 0.12) group in comparison with both sham (0.35 &#177; 0.06) and IPreC (0.82 &#177; 0.30) groups (p &lt; 0.001). Therefore, that level was lower in IPreC+ MCAo group (0.52 &#177; 0.02, p &lt; 0.001). IPreC suppressed apoptosis progress in non-diabetic ischemic rats.</p>
        <p>Myocardial apoptosis was severely induced by diabetes in all diabetic study groups including STZ, STZ+ IPreC, STZ+ MCAo and STZ+ IPreC+ MCAo groups. The highest Bax/Bcl2 ratio and caspase 3 protein levels were detected in those groups. Diabetes alone mostly induced apoptotic cell death via activated Bax and Caspase-3 proteins, and suppressed Bcl-2 activity. Preconditioning did not show any protective effect against apoptosis in diabetic groups. Western blots analysis and mean Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase 3 levels of all groups were shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">8</xref>, respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A) Western blot analysis of Bax and Bcl 2 proteins in cardiac tissues of all groups. B) Mean ratio of Bax/Bcl 2 levels in all groups. (*p &lt; 0.05 vs. MCAo group, #p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ+ MCAo group, &#948;p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ group. One way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey&#8217;s HSD test. (STZ, Streptozotocin-induced diabetic; IPreC, ischemic preconditioning; MCAo, middle cerebral artery occlusion).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0516-70164-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title><bold>A.</bold> Western blot analysis of Caspase 3 protein in cardiac tissues of all groups. <bold>B.</bold> Mean Caspase 3 levels in all groups. (*p &lt; 0.05 vs. MCAo group, #p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ+ MCAo group, &#948;p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ group. One-way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey&#8217;s HSD test. (STZ, Streptozotocin-induced diabetic; IPreC, ischemic preconditioning; MCAo, middle cerebral artery occlusion)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0516-70164-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ischemic preconditioning reduces the total infarct volume</title>
        <p>We did not observe any infarct area on the TTC-stained brain sections of STZ, Sham, IPreC and STZ+ IPreC groups. Ischemic preconditioning before cerebral ischemia significantly reduced infarction size compared with the other groups [IPreC+ MCAo (27.26 &#177; 20.04 mm<sup>3</sup>) vs. MCAo (109.07 &#177; 30.56 mm<sup>3</sup>) p &lt; 0.001; STZ+ IPreC+ MCAo (38.70 &#177; 19.18 mm<sup>3</sup>) vs. STZ+ MCAo (165.87 &#177; 82 mm<sup>3</sup>) p &lt; 0.001, respectively]. Also, we detected that ischemic preconditioning could improve the ischemic injury in diabetes [STZ+ IPreC+ MCAo vs. MCAo p &lt; 0.001].</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular disorders including hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, release of biomarkers of cardiac injury, and left ventricular dysfunction are mostly seen following many types of brain injury such as trauma, ischemic stroke, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Neurogenic cardiac injury increases risk of mortality and morbidity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Neurological injury affects cardiac tissue via catecholamine release and inflammation. Both of them cause cardiac cell death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Diabetes is an important modifiable risk factor for stroke, especially ischemic strokes. It was stated in previous studies that hyperglycemia also caused cardiomyopathy and resulted in similar cardiovascular complications with ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Early response of myocardial cells against hyperglycemia is cardiac cell death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Two types of cell death including necrosis and apoptosis are detected in cardiomyocytes of diabetic animals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Necrosis is an uncontrolled cell death in response to oxidative stress. It causes ATP depletion and rapidly changes plasma membrane integrity, which accompanies inflammation and seriously damages not only related cells but also neighboring cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> In current study, we tried to evaluate remote cardiac injury following middle cerebral occlusion in diabetic rats. We observed extensive necrotic areas on myocardium of STZ and MCAo groups, especially in STZ+ MCAo groups. Moreover, inflammation and edema were seen around the necrotic areas in those groups. The highest mean necrotic score was detected in STZ+ MCAo group compared to other groups (p &lt; 0.05). IPreC is effective in reducing MCAo-induced cardiac damage by suppressing necrotic cell death. The lower scores were recorded in remote ischemic preconditioning groups. However, mean necrosis scores of STZ and STZ+ IPreC groups were nearly similar with each other. We could report that remote ischemic preconditioning decreases the rate of necrosis induced by ischemia, even though inducing of diabetes abolish the protective effect.</p>
      <p>The possible explanation for the result might be activation of antioxidative defense system. Oxidative stress is a primary determiner of cerebral and myocardial injuries during cerebral and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in patients with diabetes mellitus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Diabetics and STZ induced-experimental animal models exhibit high oxidative stress due to b-cell dysfunction resulted in glucose toxicity; hence the activity of the antioxidant defense system is damaged by diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> TAS, TOS, and OSI are widely used in studies to determine oxidative stress activity. TOS indicates the concentration of all free oxidant radicals caused by diabetes and ischemia against to oxidative damage. Conversely, TAS is an important marker to determine the activities of antioxidant defense system against cell damage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In the current study, TOS levels were severely higher in MCAo and STZ-induced groups rather than sham and IPreC groups, whereas the lowest TAS levels were detected in those groups (p&lt;0.001). We observed that OSI was higher in diabetic and ischemic groups compared to IPreC groups (p &lt; 0.001). IPreC inhibited oxidative stress in both diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Myocardial TAS markedly was activated by preconditioning in diabetic and ischemic groups.</p>
      <p>Histopathological scores of other parameters including congestion and cell infiltration also decreased in IPreC+ MCAo and STZ+ IPreC+ MCAo groups. IPreC improved histopathological alterations in diabetic and ischemic groups.</p>
      <p>In contrast to necrosis, apoptosis is a physiologically programmed cell death; removes only damaged cells without provoking inflammation and damaging other neighboring cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Experimental and human based studies showed that myocardial apoptosis increases both diabetes and STZ-induced diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>Thus, cardiac myocytes of diabetic myocardium are more vulnerable to apoptosis than non-diabetics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>Apoptosis of cardiac myocytes is commonly seen in various cardiovascular disease including diabetic cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, ischemia/reperfusion injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Preconditioning is a protective mechanism against ischemia/reperfusion-induced organ injury. Ischemic preconditioning markedly reduces DNA fragmentation and apoptotic cell death in myocytes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Balance on pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins regulate the mitochondrial cell death pathway.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> Bcl-2 is important in cell survival via suppressing apoptotic cell death and protects cardiac myocytes against various stress factors. Conversely, Bax is activated by oxidative stress and overexpression of Bax protein causes apoptotic cell death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> Caspase-3 plays a pivotal role in the execution of apoptosis, activation of caspase-3 alone was sufficient to cause cell death in cardiac muscle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Caspase-3 activation is mostly involved in hyperglycemia induced apoptotic cell death in the myocardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> IPreC inhibits apoptosis by altering balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins, and inhibiting caspase activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> In our study, we found that remote ischemic preconditioning decreased the Bax/Bcl2 ratio and caspase 3 activity following ischemia-reperfusion injury (IPreC+ MCAo vs. MCAo group, p &lt; 0.001). Hence, myocardial injury score in STZ-induced diabetic rats was detected as high as MCAo rats. Unlikely non-diabetic rats, remote IPreC did not play a role on inhibiting the apoptotic cell death in diabetic rats.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>As a conclusion, cerebral ischemic preconditioning attenuates myocardial injury via ameliorating histological findings, and activating antioxidant mechanism, and inducing anti-apoptotic activity in and diabetic rats. Preconditioning has also anti-apoptotic effect in non-diabetic rats, whereas it has not same effect in diabetic rats. We could suggest that the reason is that preconditioning process was applied after the Streptozotocin injection, thus apoptosis was already induced by diabetes before preconditioning process. As a result, we could assume that remote IPreC might not be shown protective effect against apoptosis in diabetic rats. Further experimental studies could be done to determine possible mechanisms that may explain the loss of ischemic preconditioning in diabetic hearts; vascular and biochemical changes on myocardium associated with STZ-induced hyperglycemia could be evaluated at different time intervals after remote ischemic preconditioning.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by BezmiAlem Vakif University, project n&#186; 3.2015/31.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>All procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee at Bezmialem Vakif University and performed in accordance with institutional guidelines (Decision no: 2015-60). This work was supported by the Scientific Research Project Foundation founded by Bezmialem Vakif University (3.2015/31).</p>
    </ack>
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        <mixed-citation>44 Marshall D, Sack MN. Apoptosis: a pivotal event or an epiphenomenon in the pathophysiology of heart failure? Heart. 2000;84(4):355-6. PMID: 10995395.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sack</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Apoptosis: a pivotal event or an epiphenomenon in the pathophysiology of heart failure?</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>355</fpage>
          <lpage>356</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10995395</pub-id>
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              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martini</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bui</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolfe</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
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          <article-title>Ischemic preconditioning attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced activation of caspases and subsequent cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in rat hearts in vivo</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Coronariopatia Aguda</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito Protetor do Pr&#233;-Condicionamento Isqu&#234;mico no Mioc&#225;rdio Contra Les&#227;o Remota de Tecidos ap&#243;s Isquemia Cerebral Focal Transit&#243;ria em Ratos Diab&#233;ticos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kumas</surname>
            <given-names>Meltem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Altintas</surname>
            <given-names>Ozge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karatas</surname>
            <given-names>Ersin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kocyigit</surname>
            <given-names>Abdurrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">BezmiAlem Vakif University - Vocational School of Health Services - Medical Laboratory Techniques; - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Kirklareli State Hospital, Neurology Clinic; - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Gebze Technical University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Bezmialem Vakif University - Medical Faculty - Medical Biochemistry Department - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ozge Altintas</bold> Kirklareli State Hospital, Kirklareli - Turquia. E-mail: <email>dr.ozgealtintas@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Kumas M, Altintas O; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Altintas O; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Kumas M, Altintas O, Karatas E, Kocyigit A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Kumas M, Karatas E; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante:Kumas M, Altintas O, Karatas E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>O pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico remoto (IPreC) poderia fornecer efeito protetor de tecido em um local remoto por vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o anti-inflamat&#243;rias, neuronais e humorais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O objetivo do estudo foi investigar os poss&#237;veis efeitos protetores do IPreC remoto no mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o transit&#243;ria da art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia (MCAo) em ratos com diabetes induzida por estreptozotocina (STZ) e ratos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>48 ratos Spraque Dawley machos foram divididos em oito grupos: grupos Sham, STZ, IPreC, MCAo, IPreC + MCAo, STZ + IPreC, STZ + MCAo e STZ + IPreC + MCAo. Induzimos MCAo sete dias ap&#243;s a diabetes induzida por STZ e realizamos IPreC 72 horas antes do MCAo. A les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica remota foi investigada histopatologicamente. Os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na Bax, Bcl2 e caspase-3 foram medidos pela an&#225;lise Western Blot. O estado de antioxidante total (TAS), e o estado de oxida&#231;&#227;o total (TOS) do tecido mioc&#225;rdico foram medidos por meio de um estudo colorim&#233;trico. O &#237;ndice de estresse oxidativo (OSI) foi calculado como a rela&#231;&#227;o TOS-TAS. Para todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas, os valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Observamos danos graves, incluindo necrose, congest&#227;o e infiltra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas mononucleares no tecido mioc&#225;rdico dos grupos diab&#233;tico e isqu&#234;mico. Nesses grupos os n&#237;veis de TOS e OSI foram significativamente maiores; os n&#237;veis de TAS foram inferiores aos dos grupos relacionados com IPreC (p &lt; 0,05). O IPreC melhorou marcadamente as altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas e aumentou os n&#237;veis de TAS em IPreC + MCAo e STZ + IPreC + MCAo em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos MCAo e STZ + MCAo (p &lt; 0,05). Em ratos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, MCAo activou a morte celular apopt&#243;tica atrav&#233;s do aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o Bax / Bcl2 e dos n&#237;veis de caspase-3. IPreC reduziu a morte celular apopt&#243;tica pela supress&#227;o de prote&#237;nas pr&#243;-apopt&#243;ticas. O diabetes aumentou acentuadamente os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na apopt&#243;tica e o efeito n&#227;o foi revertido pelo IPreC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Podemos sugerir que o IPreC atenua a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica atrav&#233;s da melhora dos achados histol&#243;gicos, ativando mecanismos antioxidantes e induzindo atividade antiapopt&#243;tica em ratos diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Precondicionamento Isqu&#234;mico Mioc&#225;rdico</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Cerebral M&#233;dia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Experimental</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>BezmiAlem Vakif University</funding-source>
          <award-id>3.2015/31</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo BezmiAlem Vakif University, processo n&#186; 3.2015/31.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico (IPreC) foi descrito como redutor da les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o ao desencadear epis&#243;dios transientes e breves de isquemia para &#243;rg&#227;os alvo. O IPreC pode ser induzido localmente quando o est&#237;mulo de pr&#233;-condicionamento &#233; aplicado ao mesmo tecido ou pode ser uma prote&#231;&#227;o em tecidos distantes, um fen&#244;meno conhecido como IPREC remoto (rIPreC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O rIPreC pode aplicar-se principalmente a um &#243;rg&#227;o alvo, mas se uma isquemia breve &#233; &#8203;&#8203;induzida em tecido n&#227;o alvo, confere prote&#231;&#227;o em um local remoto, como o c&#233;rebro, tecido mioc&#225;rdico adjacente n&#227;o infartado, pulm&#227;o, rim, intestino ou m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico. O rIPreC produz um grau similar de prote&#231;&#227;o de tecido como faz o IPreC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Estudos recentes indicaram que uma isquemia-reperfus&#227;o breve induzida em tecido adicional poderia fornecer efeito protetor de tecido em um local remoto por vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o anti-inflamat&#243;rias, neuronais e humorais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos mostraram que a hiperglicemia causa disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial nas barreiras sangu&#237;neas e cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Estudos cl&#237;nicos demonstraram que a hiperglicemia aumentou o tamanho da &#225;rea de infarto isqu&#234;mico e causou pobre desfecho cl&#237;nico ap&#243;s o AVC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estresse oxidativo &#233; um par&#226;metro principal para avalia&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es de isquemia/reperfus&#227;o em pacientes com diabetes mellitus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> As c&#233;lulas do mioc&#225;rdio tamb&#233;m sofrem morte em resposta a hiperglicemia e les&#227;o de isquemia/reperfus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> No presente estudo, postulamos que existe um poss&#237;vel efeito remoto do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico cerebral no mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        <p>O banco de dados atual mostra a conex&#227;o entre doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e AVC agudo. A arritmia card&#237;aca, a disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e a eleva&#231;&#227;o da enzima card&#237;aca s&#233;rica s&#227;o conhecidas por se desenvolver ap&#243;s o acidente vascular cerebral agudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os eventos cerebrovasculares isqu&#234;micos agudos podem induzir v&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas. As les&#245;es card&#237;acas n&#227;o s&#227;o observadas antes de seis horas ap&#243;s o evento cerebral agudo, e n&#227;o mais de duas semanas, ocorrendo les&#227;o card&#237;aca como resultado da ativa&#231;&#227;o intensa do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diabetes &#233; um importante fator de risco modific&#225;vel para acidentes vasculares cerebrais, especialmente acidentes vasculares cerebrais isqu&#234;micos. Neste estudo, n&#243;s hipotetizamos que o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico poderia desempenhar um papel crucial na cardio-neuroprote&#231;&#227;o, que foi desencadeada pela hiperglicemia. Portanto, buscamos avaliar o efeito do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico remoto no tecido mioc&#225;rdico ap&#243;s a les&#227;o transit&#243;ria intraluminal de reperfus&#227;o isqu&#234;mica cerebral intra-angina em ratos diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais</title>
          <p>Todos os animais foram obtidos do Laborat&#243;rio Experimental de Pesquisa Animal da Bezmialem Vakif University, Istambul, Turquia. Os animais tiveram acesso livre aos alimentos e &#224; &#225;gua a temperatura ambiente controlada (22-25&#176;C) sob um ciclo 12/12 horas diurno / noturno durante a dura&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Durante os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, a temperatura corporal foi monitorada usando um term&#244;metro infravermelho Nimomed&#174;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indu&#231;&#227;o de diabetes mellitus experimental por Estreptozotocina em ratos</title>
          <p>A estreptozotocina (STZ) induz diabetes em 3 dias, destruindo as c&#233;lulas beta pancre&#225;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A solu&#231;&#227;o de estreptozotocina (STZ, Sigma Chemical Corp., Alemanha) foi preparada em tamp&#227;o de citrato a 0,1 mol/L, pH 4,5, imediatamente antes da utiliza&#231;&#227;o. O diabetes foi induzido em ratos por uma &#250;nica inje&#231;&#227;o de STZ na dose de 50 mg/kg do peso corporal intraperitonealmente e foram alimentados normalmente a partir de ent&#227;o. A insulina n&#227;o foi administrada. Os outros grupos de animais receberam um volume igual de solu&#231;&#227;o salina. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de glicose no sangue foram monitoradas antes da inje&#231;&#227;o de STZ, na 6&#170; hora ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de STZ e no 3&#186; dia ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de STZ usando um ACCU-CHEK&#174; (Active Glucometer, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Alemanha). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas das veias dorsais do p&#233; do rato. Os ratos com uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de glicose superior a 300 mg/dL foram considerados diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Todos os ratos tornaram-se diab&#233;ticos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de STZ. De acordo com a pesquisa experimental publicada, cerca de seis horas depois, ocorre hipoglicemia com altos n&#237;veis de insulina no sangue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Para contra-arrestar a hipoglicemia inicial ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de STZ, inclu&#237;mos a op&#231;&#227;o de que os ratos tomassem 10% de dextrose na &#225;gua fornecida aproximadamente 6 horas ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o STZ, al&#233;m da sua &#225;gua normal, durante as primeiras 24 horas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico (IPreC)</title>
          <p>O pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico (IPreC) envolveu tr&#234;s ciclos de 10 minutos de reperfus&#227;o e 10 minutos de oclus&#227;o da Art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna proximal unilateral esquerda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O IPreC foi realizada 72 horas antes de MCAo e 4 dias ap&#243;s em ratos diab&#233;ticos induzidos por STZ. Os animais foram anestesiados com cetamina (4 mg / 100 g) e xilazina (1,5 mg / 100 g) por inje&#231;&#227;o intramuscular e colocados em uma placa de opera&#231;&#227;o na posi&#231;&#227;o supina. Suas cabe&#231;as e membros foram fixados. Ap&#243;s o barbeado e a esteriliza&#231;&#227;o, realizou-se uma incis&#227;o medial cervical (3-4 cm de comprimento). A f&#225;scia precervical e os m&#250;sculos foram isolados com f&#243;rceps, e f&#225;scia e m&#250;sculo no interior do esternocleidomastoideo foram dissociados. Os pulsos arteriais eram vis&#237;veis. Os tecidos que rodeavam a art&#233;ria foram cuidadosamente dissociados, sem les&#227;o no nervo vago. A art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum esquerda e a art&#233;ria car&#243;tida externa esquerda foram expostas atrav&#233;s de uma incis&#227;o na linha m&#233;dia do pesco&#231;o. Primeiro, a art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna esquerda (ACI) foi oclu&#237;da por micro clamp. Depois, o micro clamp foi removido para restaurar o fluxo sangu&#237;neo ap&#243;s 10 minutos de reperfus&#227;o, seguido de 10 minutos de oclus&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o do micro clamp, observamos que a ACI esquerda foi reinjetada de forma anterogradia. Os controles da cirurgia Sham foram operados com os mesmos procedimentos sem oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia (MCAo)</title>
          <p>O modelo de AVC mais comum, devido &#224; sua relev&#226;ncia para o acidente vascular cerebral humano, &#233; o MCAo focal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> No presente estudo, induzimos um MCAo proximal transit&#243;rio de 3 horas seguido de reperfus&#227;o de 3 horas para causar les&#227;o remota de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o afim de medir o n&#237;vel de marcadores de estresse oxidativo e verificar se eles estavam associados com danos no tecido mioc&#225;rdico e tamb&#233;m o poss&#237;vel efeito protetor do pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico. A isquemia cerebral focal foi induzida utilizando uma t&#233;cnica endovascular de oclus&#227;o arterial cerebral m&#233;dia, conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A opera&#231;&#227;o sham consistiu na mesma manipula&#231;&#227;o, mas sem introdu&#231;&#227;o do monofilamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Design do estudo</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise de pot&#234;ncia foi utilizada para estimar o tamanho da amostra. O tamanho da amostra foi calculado para ser quarenta e oito com uma margem de erro de 3% em um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 para o valor de pot&#234;ncia de 80% (erro Tipo I = 0,05; pot&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica = 0,80). Quarenta e oito ratos machos Sprague-Dawley (450-500 g; 10-12 meses) foram divididos em oito grupos; Grupo operado Sham (n = 6), grupo de ratos diab&#233;ticos induzidos por STZ (STZ) (n = 6), grupo MCAo (n = 6), grupo pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico (IPreC) (n = 6), pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico (IPreC) + Grupo MCAo (n = 6), Grupo de diab&#233;ticos (STZ) pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico (IPreC) (n = 6), Grupo de Diab&#233;ticos (STZ) Grupo MCAo (n = 6) e Diab&#233;tico (STZ) Pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico (IPreC) + Grupo MCAo (n = 6).</p>
          <p>Um MCAo proximal transit&#243;rio de 3 horas foi induzido nos grupos experimentais (MCAo, IPreC + MCAo, STZ + MCAo, STZ + IPreC + MCAo). Induzimos MCAo sete dias ap&#243;s a diabetes induzida por STZ e tamb&#233;m realizamos IPreC 72 horas antes do MCAo para avaliar se o IPreC poderia ter um efeito protetor no tecido remoto. Todos os animais foram sacrificados na 6&#170; hora ap&#243;s 3 horas de oclus&#227;o seguida de 3 horas de reperfus&#227;o. Os volumes totais de infarto hemisf&#233;rico de cada c&#233;rebro de ratos foram avaliados analisando.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> altera&#231;&#245;es de colora&#231;&#227;o do cloreto de trifeniltetroz&#243;lio (TTC) nos g&#226;nglios basais e c&#243;rtex, que s&#227;o as localiza&#231;&#245;es do n&#250;cleo isqu&#234;mico neste modelo. Al&#233;m disso, todos os animais foram pesados todos os dias durante o per&#237;odo de estudo usando uma escala digital. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de glicose no sangue foram monitoradas antes da inje&#231;&#227;o de STZ, na 6&#170; hora ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de STZ, no 3&#186; dia ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de STZ e ap&#243;s o sacrif&#237;cio dos ratos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do volume de infarto</title>
          <p>Os volumes de infarto foram calculados usando se&#231;&#245;es cerebrais tingidas com TTC, conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Ap&#243;s o sacrif&#237;cio, os c&#233;rebros foram removidos imediatamente e cortados em se&#231;&#245;es coronais de 2 mm. As amostras foram ent&#227;o incubadas durante 30 min numa solu&#231;&#227;o a 2% de TTC a 37&#176;C e fixadas por imers&#227;o em 10% de solu&#231;&#227;o de formalina tamponada. Cinco se&#231;&#245;es cerebrais por animal foram coradas com TTC e depois fotografadas. Os volumes de infarto cerebral foram avaliados utilizando o programa de an&#225;lise de imagem do Adobe Photoshop CS5 estendido (vers&#227;o 12.1).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o de tecidos</title>
          <p>O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi cortado em peda&#231;os adequadamente pequenos para an&#225;lise (300 mg) e colocado em tubos de microcentrifugado, lavado 3x com 1 ml de PBS e aspirado. Foram utilizadas p&#233;rolas de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel (mistura de 1,6 mm) para homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o com tamp&#227;o de lise NP-40 (Tris-Cl 2 mM pH 7,5, NaCl 150 mM, glicerol a 10% e NP-40 a 0,2% mais um coquetel inibidor de protease). Ap&#243;s a homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o, os homogeneizados foram centrifugados a 19,700 x <italic>g</italic> durante 30 minutos a + 4&#186;C. O sobrenadante foi usado como amostra de prote&#237;na.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o do estado do oxidante total</title>
          <p>O n&#237;vel de TOS do mioc&#225;rdio foi medido usando um novo m&#233;todo automatizado desenvolvido por Erel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Os oxidantes presentes numa amostra oxidam o &#237;on ferroso de um complexo de o-dianisidina para &#237;on f&#233;rrico. A oxida&#231;&#227;o &#233; aumentada pelo glicerol, que &#233; abundante no meio de rea&#231;&#227;o, e o &#237;on f&#233;rrico forma um complexo colorido com laranja xilenol em condi&#231;&#245;es &#225;cidas. A intensidade da cor, que pode ser medida por espectrofotometria, est&#225; associada ao n&#237;vel total de oxidantes presentes. O per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio &#233; usado para calibrar o ensaio e os resultados s&#227;o expressos em termos de micromoles de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio equivalente por litro (mmol H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> equiv./l).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o do estado antioxidante total</title>
          <p>O n&#237;vel de TAS do mioc&#225;rdio foi medido usando outro m&#233;todo inovador automatizado desenvolvido por Erel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Envolve a produ&#231;&#227;o do radical hidroxilo, que &#233; um potente reagente biol&#243;gico. Uma solu&#231;&#227;o de &#237;ons ferrosos (Reagente 1) &#233; misturada com per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio (Reagente 2). Os radicais produzidos pelo radical hidroxilo, incluindo o cati&#227;o do radical dianisidinilo marrom, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o potentes em termos biol&#243;gicos. Assim, &#233; poss&#237;vel medir a capacidade antioxidante de uma amostra em termos de inibi&#231;&#227;o de rea&#231;&#245;es de radicais livres iniciadas pela produ&#231;&#227;o do radical hidroxilo. A varia&#231;&#227;o nos dados de ensaio &#233; muito baixa (menos de 3%) e os resultados s&#227;o expressos como mmol Trolox equiv./l. Os resultados foram dados para 1 mg de prote&#237;na total em tecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de estresse oxidativo (OSI)</title>
          <p>O n&#237;vel de OSI foi a rela&#231;&#227;o do TOS-mioc&#225;rdico e o TAS mioc&#225;rdico, mas os valores de TAS foram alterados para mmol/l. Cada OSI foi calculado da seguinte forma: OSI (unidades arbitr&#225;rias) = TOS (mmol H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/l) / TAS (mmol Trolox/l).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica</title>
          <p>O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo tamb&#233;m foi avaliado para an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica. As se&#231;&#245;es foram coradas com os m&#233;todos de hematoxilina-eosina e tricromo de Masson. Usamos hematoxilina-eosina para detec&#231;&#227;o rotineira de altera&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas, incluindo necrose, congestionamento e infiltra&#231;&#227;o. O m&#233;todo tricr&#244;mico de Masson foi escolhido para determinar a fibrose no mioc&#225;rdio, se houver. As se&#231;&#245;es foram examinadas e marcadas por um observador que era cego &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o dos grupos usando um microsc&#243;pio Nikon Eclipse i5 com c&#226;mera Nikon DS-Fi1c e sistemas de an&#225;lise de imagem Nikon NIS Elements vers&#227;o 4.0 (Nikon Instruments Inc., T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o). O dano do mioc&#225;rdio foi avaliado em termos de necrose, congestionamento e infiltra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas mononucleares. Cada dado foi classificado como: 0: ausente, 1: m&#237;nimo, 2: moderado, 3: dano severo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Western Blot</title>
          <p>A prote&#237;na de membrana total foi extra&#237;da das amostras de tecido homogeneizado do modo seguinte. Os tecidos card&#237;acos de todos os grupos foram homogeneizados em tamp&#227;o de lise (Tris-Cl 2 mM pH 7,5, NaCl 150 mM, glicerol a 10% e coquetel inibidor de protease NP-40 + 0,2%) durante 30 min em gelo. Em seguida, os homogeneizados foram centrifugados (Beckman Coulter, Krefeld, Alemanha) a 19,700 x g durante 10 min a 4&#176; C, e o sobrenadante final foi utilizado como prote&#237;na de membrana total. As amostras de gel foram feitas adicionando 100 &#181;l de tamp&#227;o de amostra de Laemmli contendo 2% de SDS (Santa Cruz, Paso Robles, CA) a uma prote&#237;na total de 10 mg. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na foi medida usando o m&#233;todo de Bradford, foram carregados 40 microgramas de prote&#237;na total de cada amostra em um gel de electroforese de poliacrilamida de poli&#233;ster de s&#243;dio a 8% a 12% (PAGE) para separa&#231;&#227;o. A prote&#237;na separada foi transferida para uma membrana de difluoreto de polivinilideno (PVDF) (Millipore, Billerica, MA). Ap&#243;s a incuba&#231;&#227;o em 5% de leite desnatado durante 2 h &#224; temperatura ambiente para bloquear a liga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o espec&#237;fica, a membrana de PVDF foi feita reagir durante 16 h a 4&#176; C. Os anticorpos monoclonais de coelho anti-rato caspase 3, Bax e Bcl-2 foram adquiridos da Sigma -Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, EUA). Todos os anticorpos foram dilu&#237;dos 1: 1000 em solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada com Tris mais Tween 20 (TBST: Tris HCl 20 mM, NaCl 137 mM e Tween-20 a 0,1%, pH 7,6) contendo% 5 de leite em p&#243; desnatado. A membrana foi ent&#227;o lavada com solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada com tris mais Tween (TBST: Tris HCl 20 mM, NaCl 137 mM e Tween-20 a 0,1%, pH 7,6) tr&#234;s vezes durante 10 minutos cada vez e incubadas com peroxidase de r&#225;bano (HRP) - Anticorpos de IgG anti-coelho marcados dilu&#237;dos 1: 5000 em TBS contendo 5% de leite desnatado (Santa Cruz). Finalmente, a membrana de PVDF foi lavada tr&#234;s vezes com TBST por 10 min cada vez, feita reagir com o substrato de transfer&#234;ncia Western Pierce ECL (Thermo Scientific) e visualizada utilizando o Fussion Fx7 Imaging System (Vilber Lourmat SA, Fran&#231;a). O anticorpo da b-actina (Santa Cruz) foi utilizado como um controle de carga. Para an&#225;lise semiquantitativa, as escalas de cinza das bandas Caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2 e b-actina foram medidas usando o software Image J. A propor&#231;&#227;o de Caspase 3, Bax, Bcl-2 para b-actina foi calculada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A normalidade de todos os dados foi testada com o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov D. Uma vez que eles foram normalmente distribu&#237;dos (teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov D, p &#8805; 0,05), o teste ANOVA param&#233;trico (post-hoc: HSD de Tukey) foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas. As medidas cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (m&#233;dia &#177; 2SD) para cada grupo. Os valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas e gr&#225;ficos de barras foram realizadas com SPSS 20.0 (IBM, Nova York, EUA), MS Office Excel e Graph Pad Prism 6.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de estresse oxidativo</title>
          <p>O valor de TAS mioc&#225;rdico m&#233;dio mais baixo foi detectado em 0,96 &#177; 0,15 (m&#233;dia &#177; 2SD) do grupo STZ + MCAo, enquanto os valores mais altos foram medidos como 1,58 &#177; 0,56 e 1,57 &#177; 0,88 nos grupos sham e IPreC + MCAo, respectivamente. A indu&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o por reperfus&#227;o de isquemia diminuiu significativamente o TAS mioc&#225;rdico em todos os grupos relacionados quando comparado aos grupos sham e IPreC (p = 0,003 e p = 0,042, respectivamente). Al&#233;m disso, o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico aumentou significativamente o valor m&#233;dio de TAS do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o em ratos n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos (IPreC + MCAo versus MCAo (1,07 &#177; 0,30), p = 0,008), enquanto o efeito protetor n&#227;o apareceu em ratos diab&#233;ticos (STZ + MCAo + IPreC (1,13 &#177; 0,50) versus STZ + MCAo (0,96 &#177; 0,30), p &gt; 0,05).</p>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de TOS do mioc&#225;rdio dos grupos STZ e MCAo foram 12,79 &#177; 1,12 e 12,74 &#177; 1,54, respectivamente. Assim, esses n&#237;veis de grupos IPreC (11,17 &#177; 1,26) e sham (11,05 &#177; 1,56) foram semelhantes. O resultado pode indicar que o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico n&#227;o excede o limiar de danos nos tecidos. Al&#233;m disso, um estudo cl&#237;nico relatou que o diabetes pode prevenir o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Em contraste, descobrimos que o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico reduziu a capacidade oxidante em ratos diab&#233;ticos (STZ vs. IPreC + STZ (11,62 &#177; 1,74), p = 0,036). Da mesma forma, o IPreC reduziu significativamente o n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de TOS mioc&#225;rdico em ratos diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos submetidos &#224; oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia (MCAo vs. IPreC + MCAo (10,96 &#177; 1,72), p &lt; 0,001; STZ + MCAo (12,81 &#177; 1,46) vs. STZ + MCAo + IPreC (12,33 &#177; 0,58), p = 0,04).</p>
          <p>Em todos os grupos de estudo, o maior valor do OSI, que &#233; determinado com base na rela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica TOS/TAS, foi detectado como 12,15 &#177; 4,26 e 13,61 &#177; 5,28 nos grupos MCAo e STZ + MCAo, respectivamente. Tanto os ratos diab&#233;ticos como os n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos que foram induzidos por les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o, demonstraram significativamente valores inferiores de OSI ap&#243;s IPreC, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os n&#227;o relacionados a IPreC (MCAo vs. IPreC + MCAo, p = .005 e STZ + MCAo vs. STZ + IPreC + MCAo, p = 0,037).</p>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de estado antioxidante total do mioc&#225;rdio (TAS, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 1 A</xref>), estado de oxida&#231;&#227;o total (TOS, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 1 B</xref>) e &#237;ndice de estresse oxidativo calculado (OSI: TOS/TAS, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 2</xref>) para todos os grupos s&#227;o mostrados em gr&#225;ficos de barras.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>N&#237;vel m&#233;dio de TAS do mioc&#225;rdio (estado antioxidante total) e TOS (estado do oxidante total) em todos os grupos. (* p &lt;0,05 versus grupo MCAo, np &lt; 0,05 vs. STZ + grupo MCAo, &#948;p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo STZ. ANOVA unidirecional, teste HSD de Tukey p&#243;s-hoc. (STZ, diab&#233;ticos induzidos por Estreptozotocina, IPreC, Pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico, MCAo, oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0516-70164-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Valores m&#233;dios de OSI (&#237;ndice de estresse oxidativo) em todos os grupos. (* p &lt; 0,05 versus grupo MCAo, np &lt; 0,05 vs. STZ + grupo MCAo, &#948;p &lt; 0,05 vs. grupo STZ. ANOVA unidirecional, teste HSD de Tukey p&#243;s-hoc. (STZ, diab&#233;ticos induzidos por Estreptozotocina, IPreC, Pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico, MCAo, oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0516-70164-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histopatologia do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
          <p>A arquitetura histol&#243;gica dos tecidos card&#237;acos do grupo IPreC foi semelhante &#224; do grupo sham (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 3</xref> (1)). Os tecidos card&#237;acos de grupos isqu&#234;micos e diab&#233;ticos apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas graves, incluindo congest&#227;o, necrose e infiltra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas mononucleares. O escore m&#233;dio de congest&#227;o (MCS) do tecido mioc&#225;rdico foi semelhante entre STZ e MCAo (p &gt; 0,05, 2,00 &#177; 1,42, 2,00 &#177; 1,26, respectivamente). O valor m&#233;dio de congestionamento mioc&#225;rdico mais alto foi avaliado no grupo STZ + MCAo (2,50 &#177; 1,10). O IPreC remoto diminuiu o escore de congest&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nos grupos IPreC + MCAo (1,85 &#177; 0,76) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 3</xref> (2a)) e STZ + IPreC + MCAo (1,87 &#177; 1,78) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 3</xref> (2b)) quando comparados aos grupos MCAo e STZ + MCAo, respectivamente. Essas diferen&#231;as n&#227;o foram encontradas estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>(1) Normal histological view of cardiac myofibrils in IPreC group. (Longitudinal section, Masson Trichrome stain, Magnification: 40X). (2) Congestion in IPreC+ MCAo (A) and STZ+ IPreC+ MCAo (B) groups. Overview of myofibril is nearly normal appearance. (Longitudinal section, A. H-E stain, B. Masson Trichrome stain, Magnification: 20X). (3) Eosinophilic stained areas show necrotic myofibrils that are lack of nuclei (arrow-heads) in STZ group. Arrows indicate that spaces between cardiac myofibrils. These spaces indicate necrotic area, and probably interstitial edema. (STZ, Streptozotocin-induced diabetic; IPreC, ischemic preconditioning; MCAo, middle cerebral artery occlusion, Transverse section, H-E stain, Magnification: 20X).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0516-70164-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>As fibrilas necr&#243;ticas raramente apareceram no tecido mioc&#225;rdico de grupos IPreC e sham. O escore de necrose m&#233;dia (MNS) do mioc&#225;rdio no grupo IPreC foi registrado como 2,00 &#177; 1,26. Esse escore n&#227;o foi encontrada significativamente diferente da do grupo sham (p &gt; 0,05). Diabetes e isquemia causaram necrose coagulativa extensa ao longo do par&#234;nquima card&#237;aco, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo sham (p = 0,001, p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente). Ap&#243;s a les&#227;o de isquemia-reperfus&#227;o em ratos diab&#233;ticos, as fibrilas mioc&#225;rdicas e os n&#250;cleos de mi&#243;citos tornaram-se pouco vis&#237;veis e quase desapareceram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 3</xref> (3)) e os espa&#231;os entre fibrilas mioc&#225;rdicas se tornaram maiores, provavelmente indicando edema intersticial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 4</xref> (b)). O MNS mais alto foi detectado como 2,66 &#177; 1,04 no grupo STZ + MCAo. Mais uma vez, existem diferen&#231;as consistentes entre os grupos IPreC + MCAo e STZ + IPreC + MCAo e os grupos MCAo e STZ + MCAo quanto ao escore de necrose m&#233;dia (p &lt; 0,001, para ambos).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>(a) Congestion (arrows) destroyed myofibrils in STZ+ MCAo group. Cardiac myofibrils are separated from each other along with congestive area. These areas probably seem to be necrotic areas accompanied by interstitial edema. (Transverse section, H-E stain, Magnification: 20X). (b) Mononuclear cell infiltration, congestion and interstitial edema in necrotic areas (arrows) destroyed cardiac myofibrils in STZ+ MCAo group (STZ, Streptozotocin-induced diabetic; IPreC, ischemic preconditioning; MCAo, middle cerebral artery occlusion, Longitudinal section, H-E stain, Magnification: 20X).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0516-70164-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A infiltra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas mononucleares foi observada principalmente em torno das &#225;reas necr&#243;ticas acompanhadas de edema intersticial em grupos isqu&#234;micos, incluindo MCAo e STZ + MCAo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 4</xref> (b)). Os valores m&#233;dios de infiltra&#231;&#227;o mais altos (MIS) foram registrados no grupo MCAo e STZ + MCAo. A infiltra&#231;&#227;o destruiu severamente as miofibrilas e degenerou o mioc&#225;rdio nos grupos MCAo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 5</xref>A) e STZ + MCAo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 5</xref>B). O pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico remoto reduziu a infiltra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas mononucleares no par&#234;nquima mioc&#225;rdico ap&#243;s MCAo em ratos diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles n&#227;o pr&#233;-condicionados (MCAo (2,16 &#177; 1,5) vs. IPreC + MCAo (0,57 &#177; 0,46), p = 0,013 e STZ + MCAo (2,83 &#177; 0,82) vs. STZ + IPreC + MCAo (1,57 &#177; 1,06), p &lt; 0,001). Entre os grupos STZ, IPreC e STZ + IPreC, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao MIS (p &gt; 0,05). Como resultado, induzir est&#237;mulos de pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico remoto abaixo do limiar de dano, poderia reprimir a resposta inflamat&#243;ria e oxidativa celular a les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas e diabetes, o que poderia prevenir les&#245;es card&#237;acas remotas.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f13">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Degenerated myocardium caused by mononuclear cell infiltration (arrows) in MCAo group. B) Severely myodegeneration with interstitial edema, necrosis (arrows) and congestion (arrow-heads), in STZ+ MCAo group. (STZ, Streptozotocin-induced diabetic; IPreC, ischemic preconditioning; MCAo, middle cerebral artery occlusion, Longitudinal section, H-E stain, Magnification: 10X).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0516-70164-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Os escores de les&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio como escore m&#233;dio de congest&#227;o, escore de necrose m&#233;dia e escore m&#233;dio de infiltra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas mononucleares para todos os grupos de estudo s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 6</xref> (a), 6 (b) e 6 (c), respectivamente.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f14">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Mean congestion scores in all groups. (*p &lt; 0.05 vs. MCAo group, #p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ+ MCAo group, &#948;p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ group. B) Mean necrosis scores in all groups. (*p &lt; 0.05 vs. MCAo group, #p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ+ MCAo group. C) Mean mononuclear cell infiltration scores in all groups. (*p &lt; 0.05 vs. MCAo group, #p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ+ MCAo group (One-way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey&#8217;s HSD test. STZ, Streptozotocin-induced diabetic; IPreC, ischemic preconditioning; MCAo, middle cerebral artery occlusion).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0516-70164-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Western Blot</title>
          <p>No grupo MCAo, a rela&#231;&#227;o Bax/Bcl2 foi de 1,18 &#177; 0,26, e essa propor&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada como 0,72 &#177; 0,3 no grupo IPreC (p = 0,026) e 0,09 &#177; 0,06 no grupo sham (p &lt; 0,001). Rela&#231;&#227;o Bax/Bcl2 marcadamente reduzida no grupo IPreC + MCAo em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo MCAo (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <p>O n&#237;vel de Caspase 3 foi maior no grupo MCAo (1,29 &#177; 0,12) em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos sham (0,35 &#177; 0,06) e IPreC (0,82 &#177; 0,30) (p &lt; 0,001). Portanto, esse n&#237;vel foi menor no grupo IPreC + MCAo (0,52 &#177; 0,02, p &lt; 0,001). IPreC suprimiu o progresso da apoptose em ratos isqu&#234;micos n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos.</p>
          <p>A apoptose do mioc&#225;rdio foi severamente induzida pela diabetes em todos os grupos de estudo com diabetes, incluindo os grupos STZ, STZ + IPreC, STZ + MCAo e STZ + IPreC + MCAo. A maior rela&#231;&#227;o de Bax/Bcl2 e os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na da caspase 3 foram detectados nesses grupos. A diabetes isolada principalmente induziu a morte das c&#233;lulas apopt&#243;ticas atrav&#233;s de prote&#237;nas ativadas Bax e Caspase-3 e suprimiu a atividade de Bcl-2. O pr&#233;-condicionamento n&#227;o mostrou nenhum efeito protetor contra a apoptose em grupos diab&#233;ticos. A an&#225;lise de Western blots e a raz&#227;o m&#233;dia de Bax/Bcl-2 e os n&#237;veis de caspase 3 de todos os grupos s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 7</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">8</xref>, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f15">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Western blot analysis of Bax and Bcl 2 proteins in cardiac tissues of all groups. B) Mean ratio of Bax/Bcl 2 levels in all groups. (*p &lt; 0.05 vs. MCAo group, #p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ+ MCAo group, &#948;p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ group. One way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey&#8217;s HSD test. (STZ, Streptozotocin-induced diabetic; IPreC, ischemic preconditioning; MCAo, middle cerebral artery occlusion).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0516-70164-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f16">
              <label>Figure 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title><bold>A.</bold> Western blot analysis of Caspase 3 protein in cardiac tissues of all groups. <bold>B.</bold> Mean Caspase 3 levels in all groups. (*p &lt; 0.05 vs. MCAo group, #p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ+ MCAo group, &#948;p &lt; 0.05 vs. STZ group. One-way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey&#8217;s HSD test. (STZ, Streptozotocin-induced diabetic; IPreC, ischemic preconditioning; MCAo, middle cerebral artery occlusion)</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0516-70164-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico reduz o volume total de infarto</title>
          <p>N&#227;o observamos nenhuma &#225;rea de infarto nas se&#231;&#245;es cerebrais tingidas com TTC dos grupos STZ, Sham, IPreC e STZ + IPreC. O pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico antes da isquemia cerebral reduziu significativamente o tamanho do infarto em compara&#231;&#227;o com os demais grupos [IPreC + MCAo (27,26 &#177; 20,04 mm<sup>3</sup>) vs. MCAo (109,07 &#177; 30,56 mm<sup>3</sup>) p &lt; 0,001; STZ + IPreC + MCAo (38,70 &#177; 19,18 mm<sup>3</sup>) vs. STZ + MCAo (165,87 &#177; 82 mm<sup>3</sup>) p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente]. Al&#233;m disso, detectamos que o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico poderia melhorar a les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica em diabetes [STZ + IPreC + MCAo vs. MCAo p &lt; 0,001].</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares, incluindo hipertens&#227;o, arritmias card&#237;acas, libera&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores de les&#227;o card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda s&#227;o observados principalmente ap&#243;s v&#225;rios tipos de les&#227;o cerebral, como trauma, acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico e hemorragia subaracn&#243;idea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A les&#227;o card&#237;aca neurog&#234;nica aumenta o risco de mortalidade e morbidade.&gt;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> A les&#227;o neurol&#243;gica afeta o tecido card&#237;aco atrav&#233;s da inflama&#231;&#227;o e da libera&#231;&#227;o da catecolamina. Ambas causam morte de c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Diabetes &#233; um importante fator de risco modific&#225;vel para acidentes vasculares cerebrais, especialmente acidentes vasculares cerebrais isqu&#234;micos. Foi afirmado em estudos anteriores que a hiperglicemia tamb&#233;m causou cardiomiopatia e resultou em similares complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares com isquemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A resposta precoce das c&#233;lulas do mioc&#225;rdio contra a hiperglicemia &#233; a morte de c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Dois tipos de morte celular, incluindo necrose e apoptose, s&#227;o detectados em cardiomi&#243;citos de animais diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> A necrose &#233; uma morte celular descontrolada em resposta ao estresse oxidativo. Isso provoca deple&#231;&#227;o de ATP e muda rapidamente a integridade da membrana plasm&#225;tica, que acompanha a inflama&#231;&#227;o e danifica seriamente n&#227;o apenas as c&#233;lulas relacionadas, mas tamb&#233;m c&#233;lulas vizinhas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> No presente estudo, tentamos avaliar les&#245;es card&#237;acas remotas ap&#243;s oclus&#227;o cerebral m&#233;dia em ratos diab&#233;ticos. Observamos extensas &#225;reas necr&#243;ticas no mioc&#225;rdio de grupos STZ e MCAo, especialmente em grupos STZ + MCAo. Al&#233;m disso, inflama&#231;&#227;o e edema foram vistos em torno das &#225;reas necr&#243;ticas desses grupos. O maior escore necr&#243;tico m&#233;dio foi detectado no grupo STZ + MCAo em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros grupos (p &lt; 0,05). O IPREC &#233; eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o do dano card&#237;aco induzido por MCAo por supress&#227;o da morte celular necr&#243;tica. Os escores mais baixos foram registrados em grupos pr&#233;-condicionados isqu&#234;micos remotos. No entanto, os escores m&#233;dios de necrose dos grupos STZ e STZ + IPreC foram quase similares entre si. Podemos relatar que o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico remoto diminui a taxa de necrose induzida pela isquemia, mesmo que induzir a diabetes suprima o efeito protetor.</p>
        <p>A poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para o resultado pode ser a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema de defesa antioxidante. O estresse oxidativo &#233; um determinante prim&#225;rio de les&#245;es cerebrais e mioc&#225;rdicas durante a reperfus&#227;o/isquemia cerebral e mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com diabetes mellitus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Os diab&#233;ticos e os modelos animais experimentais induzidos por STZ apresentam alto estresse oxidativo devido &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas b resultante em toxicidade de glicose; por isso a atividade do sistema de defesa antioxidante &#233; danificada pelo diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> TAS, TOS e OSI s&#227;o amplamente utilizados em estudos para determinar a atividade de estresse oxidativo. TOS indica a concentra&#231;&#227;o de todos os radicais oxidantes livres causados por diabetes e isquemia contra dano oxidativo. Por outro lado, o TAS &#233; um marcador importante para determinar as atividades do sistema de defesa antioxidante contra danos celulares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No presente estudo, os n&#237;veis de TOS foram bem maiores em grupos induzidos por MCAo e STZ comparados com grupos sham e IPreC, enquanto que os n&#237;veis TAS mais baixos foram detectados nesses grupos (p &lt; 0,001). Observamos que a OSI foi mais alta em grupos diab&#233;ticos e isqu&#234;micos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos IPreC (p &lt; 0,001). O IPreC inibiu o estresse oxidativo em ratos diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos. O TAS mioc&#225;rdico foi notadamente ativado pelo pr&#233;-condicionamento em grupos diab&#233;ticos e isqu&#234;micos.</p>
        <p>Os escores histopatol&#243;gicos de outros par&#226;metros, incluindo congest&#227;o e infiltra&#231;&#227;o celular tamb&#233;m diminu&#237;ram nos grupos IPreC + MCAo e STZ + IPreC + MCAo. IPreC melhorou as altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas em grupos diab&#233;ticos e isqu&#234;micos.</p>
        <p>Em contraste com a necrose, a apoptose &#233; uma morte celular programada fisiologicamente, remove apenas c&#233;lulas danificadas sem provocar inflama&#231;&#227;o e danificar outras c&#233;lulas vizinhas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Estudos experimentais e baseados em humanos mostraram que a apoptose do mioc&#225;rdio aumenta o diabetes e o diabetes induzido por STZ.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Assim, os mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos do mioc&#225;rdio diab&#233;tico s&#227;o mais vulner&#225;veis &#224; apoptose do que os n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> A apoptose dos mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos &#233; comumente vista em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, incluindo cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, les&#227;o por isquemia/reperfus&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> O pr&#233;-condicionamento &#233; um mecanismo protetor contra a les&#227;o org&#226;nica induzida por isquemia/reperfus&#227;o. O pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico reduz acentuadamente a fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do DNA e a morte celular apopt&#243;tica em mi&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> O equil&#237;brio nas prote&#237;nas pr&#243;-apopt&#243;ticas Bax e anti-apopt&#243;ticas Bcl-2 regulam a via de morte celular mitocondrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> Bcl-2 &#233; importante na sobreviv&#234;ncia celular atrav&#233;s da supress&#227;o da morte celular apopt&#243;tica e protege os mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos contra v&#225;rios fatores de estresse. Por outro lado, o Bax &#233; ativado pelo estresse oxidativo e a superexpress&#227;o da prote&#237;na Bax provoca a morte celular apopt&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> Caspase-3 desempenha um papel fundamental na execu&#231;&#227;o da apoptose, a ativa&#231;&#227;o da caspase-3 sozinha foi suficiente para causar morte celular no m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> A ativa&#231;&#227;o da Caspase-3 est&#225; principalmente envolvida na morte celular apopt&#243;tica induzida pela hiperglicemia no mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O IPreC inibe a apoptose alterando o equil&#237;brio entre as prote&#237;nas pr&#243;-apopt&#243;ticas e anti-apopt&#243;ticas e inibindo a atividade da caspase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> Em nosso estudo, descobrimos que o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico remoto diminuiu a rela&#231;&#227;o Bax/Bcl2 e a atividade da caspase 3 ap&#243;s les&#227;o por isquemia-reperfus&#227;o (Grupo IPreC + MCAo vs. MCAo, p &lt; 0,001). Por isso, o &#237;ndice de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em ratos diab&#233;ticos induzidos por STZ foi detectado t&#227;o alto como nos ratos MCAo. Ao contr&#225;rio dos ratos n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos, a IPreC remota n&#227;o desempenhou um papel na inibi&#231;&#227;o da morte celular apopt&#243;tica em ratos diab&#233;ticos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Como conclus&#227;o, o pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico cerebral atenua a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica atrav&#233;s da melhora dos achados histol&#243;gicos e ativando o mecanismo antioxidante e induzindo atividade anti-apopt&#243;tica em ratos diab&#233;ticos. O pr&#233;-condicionamento tamb&#233;m tem efeito anti-apopt&#243;tico em ratos n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos, enquanto que n&#227;o tem o mesmo efeito em ratos diab&#233;ticos. Podemos sugerir que a raz&#227;o &#233; que o processo de pr&#233;-condicionamento foi aplicado ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o de Estreptozotocina, portanto a apoptose j&#225; foi induzida pelo diabetes antes do processo de pr&#233;-condicionamento. Como resultado, poder&#237;amos assumir que o IPreC remoto pode n&#227;o ter mostrado efeito protetor contra a apoptose em ratos diab&#233;ticos. Mais estudos experimentais poderiam ser feitos para determinar poss&#237;veis mecanismos que possam explicar a perda de pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico em cora&#231;&#245;es diab&#233;ticos; as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares e bioqu&#237;micas no mioc&#225;rdio associadas &#224; hiperglicemia induzida por STZ poderiam ser avaliadas em diferentes intervalos de tempo ap&#243;s pr&#233;-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico remoto.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo BezmiAlem Vakif University, processo n&#186; 3.2015/31.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de Cuidados e Uso Animal da Universidade de Bezmialem Vakif e realizados de acordo com as diretrizes institucionais (Decis&#227;o n&#186; 2015-60). Este trabalho foi apoiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o do Projeto de Pesquisa Cient&#237;fica fundada pela Universidade Bezmialem Vakif (3.2015/31).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
