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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JMNpPqNQxSbLj3rJbffpHBS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001500509</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170162</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005022101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Pediatric Cardiology</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Waist Circumference is Associated with Blood Pressure in Children with Normal Body Mass Index: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of 3,417 School Children</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pazin</surname>
            <given-names>Daiane Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosaneli</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Filla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olandoski</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Edna Regina Netto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baena</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Pellegrino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueredo</surname>
            <given-names>Alyne S</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baraniuk</surname>
            <given-names>Analin Ono</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaestner</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana Lorena da Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guarita-Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR- Brazil </institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Maring&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;, Maring&#225;, PR - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Daiane Cristina Pazin,</bold> Escola de Medicina, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana - R. Imaculada Concei&#231;&#227;o, 1155. CEP80215-901. Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>jose.faria@pucpr.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Rosaneli CF, Oliveira ERN, Faria Neto JR; Acquisition of data: Rosaneli CF, Oliveira ERN; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pazin DC, Olandoski M, Faria Neto JR; Statistical analysis: Olandoski M; Writing of the manuscript: Pazin DC, Figueredo AS, Baraniuk AO, Kaestner TLL, Faria Neto JR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pazin DC, Baena CP, Kaestner TLL, Faria Neto JR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>509</fpage>
      <lpage>515</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of childhood obesity and associated conditions, such as hypertension, has become a major problem of public health. Although waist circumference (WC) is a marker of cardiovascular risk in adults, it is unclear whether this index is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in children.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Our aim was to evaluate the association between increased WC and elevated blood pressure (BP) in children with normal body mass index (BMI) ranges.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional evaluation of students between 6 and 11 years with normal BMI. WC was categorized by quartile for each age group. Normal BP was defined as values &lt; 90th percentile, and levels above this range were considered elevated. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Of the 5,037 children initially assessed, 404 (8%) were excluded for being underweight and 1,216 (24.1%) were excluded for being overweight or obese. A final sample of 3,417 children was evaluated. The prevalence of elevated BP was 10.7%. In children with WC in the lowest quartile, the prevalence of elevated BP was 8.1%. This prevalence increased in upper quartiles: 10.6% in the second, 12.4% in third and 12.1% in the upper quartile. So, in this group, being in the highest WC quartile was associated with a 57% higher likelihood to present elevated BP when compared to those in the lowest quartile (Q4 vs Q1; OR 1.57 - 95%CI 1.14 - 2.17).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In children aged 6 to 11 years, increased waist circumference is associated with elevated BP even when BMI is normal. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Child Pediatric Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Waist Circumference</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Overweight</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Health</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased across all age groups in the last decades, including the pediatric population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 40 million children under the age of 5 years were already overweight in 2011. Recent data indicate that almost a quarter of children and adolescents in developed countries are overweight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Approximately 50% of these overweight children will become overweight adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Although the majority of these children live in economically developed countries, the overweight prevalence is also increasing significantly in developing countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Together with smoking and hypertension, obesity has become an important cause of preventable deaths worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Genetic and metabolic factors may play a role in the increase of overweight prevalence, which is also directly related to a poor lifestyle, including high calorie intake and sedentary behavior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The increase in childhood obesity has raised concerns about the development of chronic illnesses that were common in adults and are now emerging in the pediatric population, including early onset of hypertension, glucose intolerance, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, as well as social exclusion and depression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> There is also an association of childhood obesity with premature illness and death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Therefore, the greatest problems of this epidemic, in addition to high costs to health services and great losses to society, will be seen in the next generations of adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Among the direct consequences of childhood obesity, increased incidence of hypertension is of particular importance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> It predicts premature cardiovascular disease and mortality in adulthood<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> However, abnormal blood pressure (BP) values can also be detected in a percentage of children with normal weight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Excessive abdominal fat, assessed by waist circumference, has been shown to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in adults. Though, the association between increased abdominal circumference and elevated BP in children, particularly in normal weight children, has been little explored until recently.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Therefore, our aim in this study was to evaluate the association between increased waist circumference and elevated BP in children between 6 and 11 years of age within normal body mass index (BMI).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and sample</title>
        <p>This cross-sectional study was developed using the national registry of children enrolled in public and private schools in the metropolitan region of Maring&#225;, in southern Brazil. This is a city with high human development index (HDI 0.841) and an economy based on agriculture, commerce, and services provision, which is similar to Brazil in general, whose HDI in 2014 was 0.744. The study population included 5,037 school children of both sexes aged between 6 and 11 years. Data was collected by a team of previously trained professionals taking part in the Study and Research Group on Obesity and Exercise from the State University of Maring&#225; (GREPO/UEM), between March and December 2006. The sampling process has been described in a previous publication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the State University of Maring&#225; (protocol no. 016/2006) according to the regulations of resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council on scientific research involving human subjects.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>The study enrolled children of both sexes with normal BMI, based on reference values for sex and age proposed by Cole et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Those who refused to participate in data collection or whose parents or tutors did not authorize their participation were excluded. Children absent from school on the day scheduled for data collection and those with inadequate clinical data records were also excluded from the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection</title>
        <p>
          <bold>Assessment of anthropometric data</bold>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of anthropometric data</title>
          <p>The children were evaluated for height and weight wearing light clothes (usually the school uniform) and barefoot, without any item that could interfere with the measurements (purse, cap and hair accessories). The mean value of three weight and height measurements was used. Weight and height were measured as described by the WHO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> using a Tanita digital scale (2202 model), with a capacity of 136 kg and accurate to 100 g; and a SECA stadiometer (Bodymeter 206 model). Nutritional status was determined based on BMI, according to the sex- and age-specific cut-off values proposed by Cole et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Waist circumference was measured using an non-elastic metal tape with a precision of 0.1 mm as described by Lohman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> It was measured at the end of a normal exhalation with the tape positioned horizontally at the smallest circumference of the torso or midway between the lowest rib and the iliac crest. The measurements were stratified by quartiles to assess the association between circumference and blood pressure. For this purpose, children were initially divided by age group (intervals of 1 year) and then by waist circumference quartile in each age group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>BP measurement and definition of elevated BP</title>
          <p>BP was measured and categorized according to the guidelines proposed by the Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> which considers gender, height, and age. BP was measured twice (10-minute interval) using an appropriate cuff, after the child had rested for at least 5 minutes. According to the proposed classification, children are considered normotensive when BP is below 90 percentile, pre-hypertensive (normal-elevated BP) when BP is between the 90<sup>th</sup> and the 95<sup>th</sup> percentiles; and hypertensive when BP is equal or above 95<sup>th</sup> percentile. In the present study, BP values &#8805; 90<sup>th</sup> percentile were defined as "elevated BP".</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Age was described as mean and standard deviation. Qualitative variables were described as frequencies and percentages. The chi-squared test was used to assess the association between waist circumference quartiles and BP (normal or borderline/elevated). One-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the groups defined by waist circumference quartiles with regard to mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP). The correlation between the BMI and waist circumference variables was assessed using Pearson&#8217;s coefficient for each age group. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample characteristics</title>
        <p>Of the 5,037 children initially assessed, 404 (8%) were excluded for being underweight and 1,216 (24.1%) were excluded for being overweight or obese (overweight: 374, 7.4%; obesity: 842, 16.7%), allowing a final sample of 3,417 children with normal BMI. The overall mean age was 8.6 &#177; 1.3 years and 53,9% were girls. The majority (2,755) was enrolled in public schools. Among the children included in this study, 90.9% reported some physical activity outside of school. Participants&#8217; clinical data and characteristics according to waist circumference quartile are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characterization of the 3,417 school children with normal body mass indx included in the stud by waist circumference and age</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
              <col width="8%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" colspan="3">GENERAL</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Q1</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Q2</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Q3</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Q4</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="3">n(%)</th>
                <th align="center">Frequency</th>
                <th align="center">Percentage</th>
                <th align="center">Frequency</th>
                <th align="center">Percentage</th>
                <th align="center">Frequency</th>
                <th align="center">Percentage</th>
                <th align="center">Frequency</th>
                <th align="center">Percentage</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Age</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6 years</td>
                <td align="center">402</td>
                <td align="center">11.8%</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">11.53%</td>
                <td align="center">103</td>
                <td align="center">12.19%</td>
                <td align="center">99</td>
                <td align="center">11.67%</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">16.70%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="5">p = 1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7 years</td>
                <td align="center">778</td>
                <td align="center">22.8%</td>
                <td align="center">204</td>
                <td align="center">23.53%</td>
                <td align="center">190</td>
                <td align="center">22.49%</td>
                <td align="center">189</td>
                <td align="center">22.29%</td>
                <td align="center">195</td>
                <td align="center">22.75%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8 years</td>
                <td align="center">791</td>
                <td align="center">23.1%</td>
                <td align="center">202</td>
                <td align="center">23.30%</td>
                <td align="center">192</td>
                <td align="center">22.72%</td>
                <td align="center">196</td>
                <td align="center">23.11%</td>
                <td align="center">201</td>
                <td align="center">23.45%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9 years</td>
                <td align="center">781</td>
                <td align="center">22.9%</td>
                <td align="center">194</td>
                <td align="center">22.38%</td>
                <td align="center">197</td>
                <td align="center">23.31%</td>
                <td align="center">194</td>
                <td align="center">22.88%</td>
                <td align="center">196</td>
                <td align="center">22.87%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10 years</td>
                <td align="center">665</td>
                <td align="center">19.5%</td>
                <td align="center">167</td>
                <td align="center">19.26%</td>
                <td align="center">163</td>
                <td align="center">19.29%</td>
                <td align="center">170</td>
                <td align="center">20.05%</td>
                <td align="center">165</td>
                <td align="center">19.25%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sex</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">1843</td>
                <td align="center">53.9%</td>
                <td align="center">286</td>
                <td align="center">67.01%</td>
                <td align="center">460</td>
                <td align="center">54.44%</td>
                <td align="center">426</td>
                <td align="center">50.24%</td>
                <td align="center">376</td>
                <td align="center">43.27%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">p = 0.0000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">1574</td>
                <td align="center">46.1%</td>
                <td align="center">581</td>
                <td align="center">32.99%</td>
                <td align="center">385</td>
                <td align="center">45.76%</td>
                <td align="center">422</td>
                <td align="center">49.76%</td>
                <td align="center">481</td>
                <td align="center">56.13%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ethnicity</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">White</td>
                <td align="center">3409</td>
                <td align="center">99.8%</td>
                <td align="center">866</td>
                <td align="center">99.88%</td>
                <td align="center">842</td>
                <td align="center">94.64%</td>
                <td align="center">847</td>
                <td align="center">99.88%</td>
                <td align="center">854</td>
                <td align="center">99.65%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">p = 0.56499</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Non-white</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">0.12%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0.12%</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0.36%</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0.12%</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0.35%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>School</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Private</td>
                <td align="center">662</td>
                <td align="center">19.4%</td>
                <td align="center">138</td>
                <td align="center">15.92%</td>
                <td align="center">155</td>
                <td align="center">18.34%</td>
                <td align="center">168</td>
                <td align="center">19.81%</td>
                <td align="center">201</td>
                <td align="center">23.45%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">p = 0.00092</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Public</td>
                <td align="center">2755</td>
                <td align="center">80.6%</td>
                <td align="center">729</td>
                <td align="center">84.08%</td>
                <td align="center">690</td>
                <td align="center">81.66%</td>
                <td align="center">680</td>
                <td align="center">80.19%</td>
                <td align="center">656</td>
                <td align="center">76.55%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>* The chi-squared test was used for all variables.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Association between waist circumference and elevated BP</title>
        <p>The prevalence of elevated BP in the sample population was 10.7% (n = 368). Children with waist circumferences in the lowest quartile (Q1) for their age range had an 8.1% prevalence of elevated BP. There was a 31% increase in prevalence (10.6%) in the second quartile (Q2). The prevalence increased even further in the highest quartiles, to 12.4% and 12.1% in the third (Q3) and fourth (Q4) quartiles, respectively (p = 0.01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Therefore, children with normal BMI but waist circumferences in the highest quartile had a 57% increased chance of elevated BP than children with waist circumferences in the lowest quartile (Q4 vs. Q1; OR 1.57; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14 - 2.17). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref> show the correlation between waist circumference and SBP and DBP values for each age group. There was gradual elevation of SBP and DBP with increasing waist circumference for all age groups in these children with normal BMI.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Prevalence of elevated blood pressure according to waist circumference (WC - quartile). Q4 x Q1: OR = 1.57 (95%CI: 1.14 - 2.17) p = 0.014</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0509-70162-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association between systolic blood pressure (SPB) and waist circumference by age group</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0509-70162-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association between diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and waist circumference by age group</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0509-70162-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study demonstrated that increased waist circumference is associated with elevated BP even in children with normal BMI. This association was found in all age groups, even with other factors that could influence the results.</p>
      <p>Although secondary forms of hypertension are more common in children than in adults, most cases of mild to moderate hypertension in children do not have an identifiable cause.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The increased incidence of hypertension in the pediatric population in recent decades<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> is probably directly associated with the increased incidence of obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> However, the use of BMI as the sole anthropometric measurement to evaluate body fat may not be sufficient to indicate elevated BP.</p>
      <p>Increased waist circumference is clearly associated with increased cardiovascular risk in adults. This measurement, easily assessed on clinical examination, is directly associated with increased intraperitoneal fat when measured by imaging methods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The amount of fatty tissue rather than excess weight itself has been correlated with ill health. The distribution pattern of body fat predicts cardiovascular disease, regardless of the degree of obesity as determined by BMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In children, waist circumference may be helpful to identify hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> changes in the lipid profile, and signs of insulin resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> However, the association between increased waist circumference and visceral fat (measured directly using imaging methods) is less clear. Only a few studies correlate waist circumference with imaging methods to assess abdominal fat in the pediatric population. There is a correlation between visceral fat assessed by computed tomography (CT) and BMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and, according to a study using a small sample,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> intra-abdominal fat quantified by CT correlates well with skinfold measurements. Although there is no evidence to suggest a direct association between abdominal fat and waist circumference in children, studies comparing assessment methods indicate that this measurement may be a useful tool for risk assessment in children and adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Others have also assessed the association between increased waist circumference and hypertension. In a sample of 1,239 Mexican children between 8 and 10 years of age enrolled in public schools, waist circumference was the main anthropometric measurement associated with hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Similar results were reported in a sample of Asian children, in which waist circumference was associated with hypertension, independently of BMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A particular strength of the current study is the large sample size, which allowed assessment of associations after exclusion of children with abnormal BMI. Therefore, the results of this study will provide physicians with important clinical information for the evaluation of children with normal BMI. The division of children according to quartiles within each age group (6 to 7 years, 7 to 8 years, etc.) validates the results for the entire age range. The observed association between BMI and waist circumference in these children suggests that increased waist circumference is not always associated with increased BMI, particularly when the latter is within the normal range.</p>
      <p>The design of the current study does not allow the establishment of a causal association between increased waist circumference and elevated BP, but this is a limitation of all cross-sectional studies. An additional limitation in the current study was the absence of an imaging method to assess intra-abdominal fat. However, it was possible to show the importance of waist circumference measurement in children. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study demonstrated that children with increased waist circumference are at increased risk of elevated BP, despite normal BMI. Further studies are necessary to determine the standard values for different age groups in different populations. Also, longitudinal studies are necessary to identify the best tools for early identification of factors related to increased risk of cardiovascular disease in the pediatric population.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Daiane Cristina Pazin, from Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <article-title>Waist circumference as an indicator of high blood pressure in preschool obese children</article-title>
          <source>Asia Pac J Clin Nutr</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>557</fpage>
          <lpage>562</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22094841</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
          <subj-group>
            <subject>Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura est&#225; Associada &#224; Press&#227;o Arterial em Crian&#231;as com &#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea Normal: Avalia&#231;&#227;o Transversal de 3417 Crian&#231;as Escolares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pazin</surname>
            <given-names>Daiane Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosaneli</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Filla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olandoski</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Edna Regina Netto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baena</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Pellegrino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueredo</surname>
            <given-names>Alyne S</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baraniuk</surname>
            <given-names>Analin Ono</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaestner</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana Lorena da Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guarita-Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;, Maring&#225;, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jose Rocha Faria-Neto,</bold> Escola de Medicina, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana - R. Imaculada Concei&#231;&#227;o, 1155. CEP80215-901. Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail: jose.faria@pucpr.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Rosaneli CF, Oliveira ERN, Faria Neto JR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rosaneli CF, Oliveira ERN; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pazin DC, Olandoski M, Faria Neto JR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Olandoski M; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pazin DC, Figueredo AS, Baraniuk AO, Kaestner TLL, Faria Neto JR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pazin DC, Baena CP, Kaestner TLL, Faria Neto JR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia da obesidade infantil e condi&#231;&#245;es associadas, tal como a hipertens&#227;o, tornou-se um grande problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Embora a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC) seja um marcador de risco cardiovascular em adultos, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se esse &#237;ndice est&#225; associado a fatores de risco cardiovascular em crian&#231;as.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre CC aumentada e press&#227;o arterial (PA) elevada em crian&#231;as com &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) normal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o transversal de estudantes com idade entre 6 e 11 anos com IMC normal. A CC foi categorizada por quartil para cada faixa et&#225;ria. PA normal foi definida como valores &lt; percentil 90. N&#237;veis acima dessa faixa foram considerados elevados. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Das 5037 crian&#231;as inicialmente avaliadas, 404 (8%) foram exclu&#237;das por estarem abaixo do peso e 1216 (24,1%) foram exclu&#237;das por estarem com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Uma amostra final de 3417 crian&#231;as foi avaliada. A preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada foi de 10,7%. Em crian&#231;as com CC no quartil mais baixo, a preval&#234;ncia de PA elevada foi de 8,1%. Essa preval&#234;ncia aumentou em quartis superiores: 10,6% no segundo, 12,4% no terceiro e 12,1% no quartil mais alto. Assim, nesse grupo, estar no quartil mais alto de CC associou-se com uma probabilidade 57% maior de apresentar PA elevada em compara&#231;&#227;o aos quartis mais baixos (Q4 <italic>vs</italic>. Q1; OR 1,57 - IC95% 1,14 - 2,17).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Em crian&#231;as de 6 a 11 anos, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura aumentada est&#225; associada &#224; PA elevada, mesmo quando o IMC &#233; normal. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade Infantil</kwd>
        <kwd>Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobrepeso</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade aumentou em todos os grupos et&#225;rios nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, incluindo a popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> De acordo com a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS), mais de 40 milh&#245;es de crian&#231;as menores de 5 anos estavam com sobrepeso em 2011. Dados recentes indicam que mais de um quarto das crian&#231;as e adolescentes em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos est&#227;o com sobrepeso.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>Aproximadamente 50% dessas crian&#231;as com sobrepeso se tornar&#227;o adultos obesos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Apesar de a maioria dessas crian&#231;as viverem em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, a preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso tamb&#233;m est&#225; aumentando significativamente em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>Juntamente com tabagismo e hipertens&#227;o, a obesidade tornou-se uma importante causa de doen&#231;as preven&#237;veis em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Fatores gen&#233;ticos e metab&#243;licos podem contribuir para o aumento da preval&#234;ncia da obesidade, a qual est&#225; diretamente relacionada a maus h&#225;bitos de vida, incluindo elevado consumo energ&#233;tico e sedentarismo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O aumento da obesidade infantil causa preocupa&#231;&#227;o sobre o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas comuns em adultos, e que hoje despontam na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, incluindo o in&#237;cio precoce da hipertens&#227;o, intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, diabetes, e dislipidemia, bem como exclus&#227;o social e depress&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Existe tamb&#233;m uma associa&#231;&#227;o de obesidade infantil com doen&#231;a e morte prematuras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Portanto, os maiores problemas dessa epidemia, al&#233;m dos altos custos aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e perdas para a sociedade, ser&#227;o vistos nas pr&#243;ximas gera&#231;&#245;es de adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Entre as consequ&#234;ncias diretas da obesidade infantil, a incid&#234;ncia aumentada de hipertens&#227;o &#233; de particular import&#226;ncia.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>A hipertens&#227;o &#233; preditora de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e morte prematura em adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Entretanto, valores anormais de press&#227;o arterial tamb&#233;m podem ser detectados em uma porcentagem de crian&#231;as com peso normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Ac&#250;mulo excessivo de gordura abdominal, avaliado por circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, mostrou-se um fator de risco independente para doen&#231;a cardiovascular em adultos. Contudo, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea aumentadas nas crian&#231;as, particularmente em crian&#231;as eutr&#243;ficas, ainda foi pouco explorada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Portanto, o objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura aumentada com press&#227;o arterial elevada em crian&#231;as entre 6 e 11 anos de idade e IMC normal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento do estudo e amostra</title>
          <p>Este estudo transversal foi realizado utilizando o registro nacional de crian&#231;as matriculadas em escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas na regi&#227;o metropolitana de Maring&#225;, no sul do Brasil. Essa &#233; uma cidade com elevado &#205;ndice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH, 0,841), com uma economia baseada na agricultura, com&#233;rcio, e servi&#231;os, a qual &#233; similar ao pa&#237;s em geral, cujo IDH em 2014 foi de 0.744. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo incluiu 5037 escolares de ambos os sexos com idade entre 6 e 11 anos. Os dados foram coletados por uma equipe de profissionais previamente treinados, participantes do Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Obesidade e Exerc&#237;cio da Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225; (GREPO/UEM), entre mar&#231;o e dezembro de 2006. O processo de amostragem foi descrito em um estudo publicado previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225; (protocolo no. 016/2006), de acordo com as normas da resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de sobre pesquisa cient&#237;fica envolvendo seres humanos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>O estudo incluiu crian&#231;as de ambos os sexos com IMC normal, com base nos valores de refer&#234;ncia para idade e sexo propostos por Cole et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> As crian&#231;as que se recusaram a participar ou crian&#231;as cujos pais ou respons&#225;veis n&#227;o autorizaram suas participa&#231;&#245;es foram exclu&#237;das. Crian&#231;as que n&#227;o compareceram &#224; escola no dia marcado para a coleta de dados e aquelas com registros inadequados dos dados cl&#237;nicos tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de dados</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos dados antropom&#233;tricos</title>
            <p>As crian&#231;as foram avaliadas quanto a peso e altura vestindo roupas leves (geralmente o uniforme escolar) e descal&#231;as, sem nenhum item que pudesse interferir com as medidas (bolsa, bon&#233; ou acess&#243;rios para o cabelo). Foi utilizado o valor m&#233;dio de tr&#234;s medidas de peso e de altura. Peso e altura foram medidos conforme descrito pela OMS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> por meio de uma balan&#231;a digital (modelo 2202), com capacidade de 136 kg e precis&#227;o de 100g; e um estadi&#244;metro SECA (Bodymeter modelo 206). O estado nutricional foi determinado com base no IMC, de acordo com os pontos de corte espec&#237;ficos por sexo e por idade propostos por Cole et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
						</p>
            <p>A circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foi medida usando-se uma fita de metal inel&#225;stica, com precis&#227;o de 0,1 mm, conforme descrito por Lohman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A medida foi tomada ao final de uma expira&#231;&#227;o, com a fita posicionada horizontalmente na menor circunfer&#234;ncia do torso ou no ponto m&#233;dio entre a &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca. As medidas foram estratificadas por quartis para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre circunfer&#234;ncia e press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea. Para isso, as crian&#231;as foram inicialmente divididas por grupo et&#225;rio (intervalos de 1 ano) e em seguida divididas por quartil de circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura em cada grupo et&#225;rio.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Press&#227;o arterial e defini&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial elevada</title>
            <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi medida e classificada de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es propostas pelo <italic>Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents</italic> (Quarto Relat&#243;rio sobre Diagn&#243;stico, Avalia&#231;&#227;o e Tratamento de Press&#227;o Arterial em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> que considera sexo, altura e idade. A press&#227;o arterial foi medida na crian&#231;a duas vezes (intervalo de 10 minutos) utilizando um manguito apropriado, ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de repouso de 5 minutos. De acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta, as crian&#231;as eram consideradas normotensas quando a press&#227;o arterial era menor que o percentil 90; pr&#233;-hipertensas (press&#227;o arterial normal-elevada) quando a press&#227;o arterial estava entre os percentis 90 e 95; e hipertensas quando a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea era igual ou maior que o percentil 95. No presente estudo, valores de press&#227;o arterial &#8805; percentil 90 foram definidos como "press&#227;o arterial elevada".</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados usando o programa SPSS para Windows, vers&#227;o 20.0. A idade foi descrita em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram descritas em frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. O teste do qui-quadrado foi usado para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os quartis da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e a press&#227;o arterial (normal ou lim&#237;trofe/elevada). An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) com um fator foi usada para comparar os grupos definidos pelos quartis de circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s m&#233;dias de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre o IMC e a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foi avaliada pelo coeficiente de Pearson para cada grupo et&#225;rio. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</title>
          <p>Das 5.037 crian&#231;as avaliadas inicialmente, 404 (8%) foram exclu&#237;das por serem de baixo peso e 1216 (24,1%) por estarem com sobrepeso ou serem obesas (sobrepeso: 374, 7,4%; obesas: 842, 16,7%), resultando em uma amostra final de 3417 crian&#231;as com IMC normal. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 8,61,3 anos e 53,9% eram meninas. A maioria das crian&#231;as (2755) era matriculada em escolas p&#250;blicas. Entre as crian&#231;as inclu&#237;das, 90,9% relataram praticarem atividade f&#237;sica fora da escola. Os dados cl&#237;nicos e as caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes de acordo com os quartis de circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas das crian&#231;as escolares (n=3417) com &#237;ndice de massa corporal normal inclu&#237;das no estudo, distribu&#237;das por circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (quartis) e idade</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="8%"/>
                <col width="8%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left" colspan="3">GERAL</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Q1</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Q2</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Q3</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Q4</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="3">n(%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Frequ&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th align="center">Porcentagem</th>
                  <th align="center">Frequ&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th align="center">Porcentagem</th>
                  <th align="center">Frequ&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th align="center">Porcentagem</th>
                  <th align="center">Frequ&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th align="center">Porcentagem</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Idade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">6 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">402</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">11,53%</td>
                  <td align="center">103</td>
                  <td align="center">12,19%</td>
                  <td align="center">99</td>
                  <td align="center">11,67%</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">16,70%</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="5">p = 1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">7 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">778</td>
                  <td align="center">22,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">204</td>
                  <td align="center">23,53%</td>
                  <td align="center">190</td>
                  <td align="center">22,49%</td>
                  <td align="center">189</td>
                  <td align="center">22,29%</td>
                  <td align="center">195</td>
                  <td align="center">22,75%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">8 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">791</td>
                  <td align="center">23,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">202</td>
                  <td align="center">23,30%</td>
                  <td align="center">192</td>
                  <td align="center">22,72%</td>
                  <td align="center">196</td>
                  <td align="center">23,11%</td>
                  <td align="center">201</td>
                  <td align="center">23,45%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">9 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">781</td>
                  <td align="center">22,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">194</td>
                  <td align="center">22,38%</td>
                  <td align="center">197</td>
                  <td align="center">23,31%</td>
                  <td align="center">194</td>
                  <td align="center">22,88%</td>
                  <td align="center">196</td>
                  <td align="center">22,87%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">10 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">665</td>
                  <td align="center">19,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">167</td>
                  <td align="center">19,26%</td>
                  <td align="center">163</td>
                  <td align="center">19,29%</td>
                  <td align="center">170</td>
                  <td align="center">20,05%</td>
                  <td align="center">165</td>
                  <td align="center">19,25%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">1843</td>
                  <td align="center">53,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">286</td>
                  <td align="center">67,01%</td>
                  <td align="center">460</td>
                  <td align="center">54,44%</td>
                  <td align="center">426</td>
                  <td align="center">50,24%</td>
                  <td align="center">376</td>
                  <td align="center">43,27%</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">p = 0,0000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1574</td>
                  <td align="center">46,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">581</td>
                  <td align="center">32,99%</td>
                  <td align="center">385</td>
                  <td align="center">45,76%</td>
                  <td align="center">422</td>
                  <td align="center">49,76%</td>
                  <td align="center">481</td>
                  <td align="center">56,13%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Etnia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Branca</td>
                  <td align="center">3409</td>
                  <td align="center">99,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">866</td>
                  <td align="center">99,88%</td>
                  <td align="center">842</td>
                  <td align="center">94,64%</td>
                  <td align="center">847</td>
                  <td align="center">99,88%</td>
                  <td align="center">854</td>
                  <td align="center">99,65%</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">p = 0,56499</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outras</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12%</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12%</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36%</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12%</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Escola</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Privada</td>
                  <td align="center">662</td>
                  <td align="center">19,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">138</td>
                  <td align="center">15,92%</td>
                  <td align="center">155</td>
                  <td align="center">18,34%</td>
                  <td align="center">168</td>
                  <td align="center">19,81%</td>
                  <td align="center">201</td>
                  <td align="center">23,45%</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">p = 0,00092</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P&#250;blica</td>
                  <td align="center">2755</td>
                  <td align="center">80,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">729</td>
                  <td align="center">84,08%</td>
                  <td align="center">690</td>
                  <td align="center">81,66%</td>
                  <td align="center">680</td>
                  <td align="center">80,19%</td>
                  <td align="center">656</td>
                  <td align="center">76,55%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>* O teste do qui-quadrado foi usado para todas as vari&#225;veis.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e press&#227;o arterial elevada</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial elevada na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 10,7% (n = 368). As crian&#231;as com medidas de circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura no quartil inferior (Q1) para a idade tiveram uma preval&#234;ncia de 8,1% de press&#227;o arterial elevada. Houve um aumento de 31% na preval&#234;ncia (10,6%) no segundo quartil (Q2). A preval&#234;ncia aumentou ainda mais nos quartis mais altos, para 12,4% e 12,1% no terceiro (Q3) e no quarto (Q4) quartil, respectivamente (p = 0,01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Portanto, crian&#231;as com IMC normal e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura no quartil mais alto tiveram um risco aumentado em 57% de press&#227;o arterial elevada que crian&#231;as com circunfer&#234;ncias da cintura no quartil mais baixo (Q4 vs. Q1; OR 1,57; intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95% de 1,14 - 2,17). As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref> apresentam a correla&#231;&#227;o entre circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica em cada grupo. Houve um aumento gradual da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica com o aumento da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura para todos os grupos et&#225;rios nesse grupo de crian&#231;as com IMC normal.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Preval&#234;ncia de press&#227;o arterial elevada de acordo com a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (quartis). Q4 x Q1: OR = 1,57 (IC95%: 1,14 - 2,17), p = 0,014</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0509-70162-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura por faixa et&#225;ria</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0509-70162-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura por faixa et&#225;ria</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-06-0509-70162-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo demonstrou que circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura aumentada est&#225; associada com press&#227;o arterial elevada em crian&#231;as com IMC normal. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada em todos os grupos et&#225;rios, mesmo com outros fatores que pudessem influenciar os resultados.</p>
        <p>Apesar de que formas secund&#225;rias da hipertens&#227;o sejam mais comuns em crian&#231;as que em adultos, a maioria dos casos de hipertens&#227;o leve a moderada em crian&#231;as n&#227;o tem causa identific&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A incid&#234;ncia aumentada de hipertens&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> est&#225; provavelmente associada com incid&#234;ncia aumentada de obesidade.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>No entanto, o uso do IMC como a &#250;nica medida antropom&#233;trica para avaliar gordura corporal pode n&#227;o ser suficiente para indicar a presen&#231;a de press&#227;o arterial elevada.</p>
        <p>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura aumentada est&#225; claramente associada com risco cardiovascular aumentado em adultos. Essa medida, facilmente avaliada no exame cl&#237;nico, est&#225; diretamente associada com gordura intraperitoneal aumentada quando medida por m&#233;todos de imagem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A quantidade de tecido adiposo est&#225; mais associada com problemas de sa&#250;de que o excesso de peso em si. O padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal &#233; preditor de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, independentemente do grau de obesidade determinado pelo IMC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Nas crian&#231;as, a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura pode ser mais &#250;til na identifica&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> de mudan&#231;as no perfil lip&#237;dico e de sinais de resist&#234;ncia insulin&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> No entanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura aumentada e gordura visceral (medida diretamente por m&#233;todos de imagens) n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida. Poucos estudos correlacionam a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura com m&#233;todos de imagens para avaliar gordura corporal na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica. Existe uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre gordura visceral avaliada por tomografia computadorizada e IMC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e, segundo um estudo em que uma pequena amostra foi avaliada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> a gordura intra-abdominal quantificada por tomografia computadorizada correlaciona-se bem com medidas de dobras cut&#226;neas. Apesar de n&#227;o existir evid&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o direta entre gordura abdominal e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura em crian&#231;as, estudos comparando os m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o indicam que essa medida pode ser &#250;til para avaliar o risco em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outros autores tamb&#233;m avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura aumentada e hipertens&#227;o. Em uma amostra de 1239 crian&#231;as mexicanas com idade entre 8 e 10 anos de idade, matriculadas em escolas p&#250;blicas, a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foi a principal medida antropom&#233;trica associada com hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Resultados similares foram relatados em uma amostra de crian&#231;as asi&#225;ticas, na qual a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura esteve associada com hipertens&#227;o independentemente do IMC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um ponto forte do presente estudo &#233; o tamanho da amostra, que nos permitiu avaliar associa&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s excluir as crian&#231;as com IMC anormal. Portanto, os resultados deste estudo fornecer&#227;o aos m&#233;dicos informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas importantes para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as com IMC normal. A divis&#227;o das crian&#231;as por quartis em cada grupo et&#225;rio (6-7 anos, 7-8 anos, etc.) valida os resultados para todas as faixas de idade. A associa&#231;&#227;o ente IMC e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura encontrada nessas crian&#231;as sugere que a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura aumentada n&#227;o est&#225; sempre associada com IMC elevado, particularmente quando o IMC estiver dentro da faixa de normalidade.</p>
        <p>O delineamento deste estudo n&#227;o nos permite estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e press&#227;o arterial elevadas, apesar de essa ser uma limita&#231;&#227;o de todo estudo transversal. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi a aus&#234;ncia de um m&#233;todo de imagem para avaliar a gordura intra-abdominal. No entanto, foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar a import&#226;ncia da medida da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura em crian&#231;as.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo demonstrou que crian&#231;as com circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura aumentada tem maior risco de apresentarem press&#227;o arterial elevada, apesar de um IMC normal. Outros estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar os valores padr&#245;es para diferentes grupos et&#225;rios em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, estudos longitudinais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para identificar as melhores ferramentas para identificar precocemente os fatores relacionados ao risco aumentado de doen&#231;a cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Daiane Cristina Pazin pela Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
