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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Fszr7hmBXyVRmMj6fcVXDvk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001400457</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170147</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005019104</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Importance of Clinical and Laboratory Findings in the Diagnosis and Surgical Prognosis of Patients with Constrictive Pericarditis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu Thiago Pessoa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Felix Jos&#233; Alvarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tonini</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique Valente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Medicina Tropical</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailling Address: F&#225;bio Fernandes</bold>, Rua Apinages, 711 apto 104. CEP 05017-000, Perdizes, Sumar&#233;. SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>ffernandes@cardiol.br</email>, <email>fabio.fernandes@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Fernandes F, Melo DTP, Ramires FJA, Mady C; Acquisition of data: Fernandes F, Melo DTP, Dias RR, Tonini M, Fernandes VS, Rochitte CE; Analysis and interpretation of Melo DTP the data, Obtaining financing and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fernandes F, Melo DTP, Mady C; Statistical analysis: Melo DTP, Moreira CHV; Writing of the manuscript: Fernandes F, Mady C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>457</fpage>
      <lpage>465</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background: </title>
          <p>International studies have reported the value of the clinical profile and laboratory findings in the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis. However, Brazilian population data are scarce.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective: </title>
          <p>To assess the clinical characteristics, sensitivity of imaging tests and factors related to the death of patients with constrictive pericarditis undergoing pericardiectomy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods: </title>
          <p>Patients with constrictive pericarditis surgically confirmed were retrospectively assessed regarding their clinical and laboratory variables. Two methods were used: transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Mortality predictors were determined by use of univariate analysis with Cox proportional hazards model and hazard ratio. All tests were two-tailed, and an alpha error &#8804; 5% was considered statically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results: </title>
          <p>We studied 84 patients (mean age, 44 &#177; 17.9 years; 67% male). Signs and symptoms of predominantly right heart failure were present with jugular venous distention, edema and ascites in 89%, 89% and 62% of the cases, respectively. Idiopathic etiology was present in 69.1%, followed by tuberculosis (21%). Despite the advanced heart failure degree, low BNP levels (median, 157 pg/mL) were found. The diagnostic sensitivities for constriction of echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging were 53.6% and 95.9%, respectively. There were 9 deaths (10.7%), and the risk factors were: anemia, BNP and C reactive protein levels, pulmonary hypertension &gt;55 mm Hg, and atrial fibrillation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Magnetic resonance imaging had better diagnostic sensitivity. Clinical, laboratory and imaging markers were associated with death.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Pericarditis, Constrictive/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis, Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Pericardiectomy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Constrictive pericarditis (CP) results from loss of pericardial elasticity, which generates a restrictive syndrome. It is an infrequent cause of heart failure (HF), poorly diagnosed because of its peculiar pathophysiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The inelastic pericardium prevents ventricular filling, usually leading to signs and symptoms of right HF, which can be mistaken for other causes of HF and liver diseases, hindering the patient&#8217;s outcome; because CP is a potentially curable disease, the sooner it is treated, the better the prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Previous studies have reported the clinical profile and the value of imaging tests for diagnosing CP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, data on the Brazilian population are scarce. This study was aimed at assessing the clinical characteristics, sensitivity of laboratory tests and factors related to death in a case series of patients with CP undergoing pericardiectomy in a period of 13 years at a tertiary referral center.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Method</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population</title>
        <p>We studied retrospectively 95 patients diagnosed with CP and submitted to pericardiectomy from January 2002 to August 2015. Of those, 11 patients were excluded due to incomplete medical records, leaving 84 to the final analysis. </p>
        <p>The following clinical data were collected: age, sex, duration of symptoms, hospital length of stay, ascites, edema, pericardial knock, jugular venous distension, paradoxical pulse, Kussmaul sign, and atrial fibrillation (AF)]. Pericardial knock was characterized as a rough protodiastolic sound, coinciding with the rapid Y descent. The following laboratory tests were performed: hemoglobin, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C reactive protein (CRP). Chemiluminescence immunoassay was used to measure BNP (Bayer ADVIA Centaur Bayer Diagnostics, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil).</p>
        <p>Preoperative cardiac echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging suggested the diagnosis of CP in the presence of at least two findings compatible with constriction: pericardial thickening; septal bounce (paradoxical movement); inspiratory reduction in the mitral E wave (&gt; 25%); and inferior vena cava dilatation. When more than one test was available, we chose the oldest.</p>
        <p>Tuberculous pericarditis was diagnosed by use of pericardial biopsy, evidencing caseous granuloma or positive polymerase chain reaction for the bacillus. Post-radiation and post-surgical CP were defined in the presence of previous mediastinal radiotherapy and cardiac surgery, respectively. Idiopathic CP was defined when patients did not fit in any cited group.</p>
        <p>Survival was obtained in the medical records or via telephone contact.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pericardiectomy</title>
        <p>Pericardiectomy was performed via median sternotomy in all cases, without cardiopulmonary bypass. Total pericardiectomy was defined as the excision of the anterior pericardium up to the phrenic nerves and the diaphragmatic surface. The visceral and parietal pericardium was removed whenever technically possible.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Initially descriptive analysis was performed. Measures of central trend and dispersion were presented as means and standard deviations or medians and minimum and maximum values, according to distributions. Qualitative variables were reported as absolute frequency and percentages. Chi-square or Fisher exact tests were performed to assess the differences between the groups regarding categorical variables.</p>
        <p>All quantitative variables were tested to assess if they had a normal distribution by use of the Shapiro-Wilk test, and visually, by use of quantile-quantile graphs (Q-Q plot) or histograms. Logistic regression was used in the presence of dichotomous outcomes.</p>
        <p>Predictors of mortality were determined by use of univariate analysis with Cox proportional hazards model. Hazard ratio (HR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (CI) and alpha values (p) were presented. Because of the small number of patients assessed in this study, multiple analysis to investigate the factors independently associated with death could not be performed.</p>
        <p>All tests were two-tailed, an alpha error &#8804; 5% was considered statically significant, and 95%CI was used in the analysis.</p>
        <p>Data were entered in the Microsoft Excel 365 software, and analyzed in the STATA statistical program, version 13.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>This study assessed 84 patients, with a mean age of 44 &#177; 17.9 years, and 77% of the male sex. On admission, all had symptoms of HF, with predominance of jugular venous distension (89%), edema (89%) and ascites (62%). The median duration of those symptoms was 24 months, ranging from 1 to 1460 days (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The mean hospital length of stay was 10 days, and at the intensive care unit, 3 days. The etiologies of CP were as follows: idiopathic (69.1%); tuberculous (21.4%); post cardiac surgery (5.9%); systemic inflammatory disease (2.4%); and post radiotherapy (1.2%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of patients with constrictive pericarditis according to clinicals and laboratory characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Parameter</th>
              <th align="center">Value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex (%)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (77,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age (years)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">44.4 (&#177; 18)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">44.5 [14 - 86]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Symptom duration (months)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">24 [1 -1460]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>BNP (pg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">157 [14-692]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CRP (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">***</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">7.40 [0.72 - 142]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Hemoglobin (g/dL)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">13 [8.0 - 17.4]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Creatinine (mg/dL)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">mean (dp)</td>
              <td align="center">1.06 (&#177; 0.24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>EuroScore</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">0.91 [0.56 - 17.68]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urgent surgery</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>ICU LOS (days)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">3.00 (0 - 80)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hospital LOS (days)</td>
              <td align="center">10 [0 - 91]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation (%)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (34.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA III-IV (%)</td>
              <td align="center">66 (78.5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Jugular venous distention</td>
              <td align="center">75 (89%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pericardial knock </td>
              <td align="center">17 (20%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Paradoxical pulse</td>
              <td align="center">11 (13%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Edema</td>
              <td align="center">75 (89%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ascites</td>
              <td align="center">52 (62%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Kussmaul sign</td>
              <td align="center">12 (14%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pleural effusion</td>
              <td align="center">37 (44%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calcification on chest X-ray</td>
              <td align="center">19 (22%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lethality</td>
              <td align="center">9 (10.7%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Missing data:</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>27;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>(**)</label>
            <p>20;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>(***)</label>
            <p>17</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CRP: C reactive protein; SD: standard-deviation; ICU: intensive care unit; LOS: length of stay.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Despite the advanced degree of HF, we found low levels of BNP (median, 157 [14-692] pg/mL) and high inflammatory activity (CRP: median, 7.40 [0.72-142]). On chest X-ray, pericardial calcification was identified in 19 patients (22.6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Of the echocardiographies performed, only 45 (53.6%) suggested CP, with pericardial thickening in 59 (70.2%), and respiratory variation in mitral and tricuspid flows in 38 (45.2%), indicating diastolic restriction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Regarding cardiac resonance imaging, 73 patients underwent the exam, and 70 (95.9%) showed signs suggestive of CP. Pericardial thickening (pericardial thickness &gt; 4 mm) was shown in 66 (90.4%) exams, the most common changes being aortocaval dilatation (70 - 95.9%) and septal bouncing (paradoxical movement of the ventricular septum, 64 - 87.6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic variables</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Echocardiographic variables</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Suggestive of CP</td>
              <td align="center">45 (54.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-suggestive of CP</td>
              <td align="center">38 (45.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pericardial thickening</td>
              <td align="center">59 (70.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Respiratory variation in mitral and tricuspid flow</td>
              <td align="center">38 (45.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PASP &gt; 55</td>
              <td align="center">8 (9.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Ejection fraction (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">60 (32 - 80)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Stroke volume (mL)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">34 (10 - 118)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Diastolic volume (mL)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">88 (8 - 173)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>LVSD (mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">29 (18 - 50)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>LVDD (mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">45 (31 - 59)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Left atrium (mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">43.5 (30 - 73)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Aortic sinus (mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">30 (18 - 42)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Ventricular septum (mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">8 (6 - 13)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>PW (mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">8 (6 - 12)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>CP: constrictive pericarditis; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; PW: posterior wall.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging variables</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">N&#176;</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Magnetic resonance imaging</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Not performed</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">13.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Suggestive of CP</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">95.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-suggestive of CP</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">4.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pericardial enhancement</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">19.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Myocardial enhancement</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">12.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Septal bouncing</td>
              <td align="center">64</td>
              <td align="center">87.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortocaval dilatation </td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">95.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left atrial enlargement</td>
              <td align="center">58</td>
              <td align="center">79.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Left ventricular function (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">(25 - 82)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Pericardial thickening (mm)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">median [min - max]</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">(0 - 20)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>CP: constrictive pericarditis.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Survival analysis</title>
        <p>The mean hospital length of stay was 14.6 days (standard deviation of 13.2 days) and the median hospital length of stay, 10 days [0 - 91 days]. Of the 84 patients assessed, 9 died (lethality: 10.7%), 6 (66.6%) of whom in the first 30 postoperative days (early death), and the other 3, after that period.</p>
        <p>The most frequent cause of early death was cardiogenic shock (5 patients - 55.5%), and only one patient had mixed cardiogenic and septic shock. Regarding the three deaths occurring after the 30th postoperative day, one was preceded by mixed cardiogenic and septic shock, and the other two, by cardiogenic shock.</p>
        <p>Early death showed no association with any of the variables studied (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Descriptive statistics of quantitative variables of patients with constrictive pericarditis according to the occurrence of death after pericardiectomy</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">DEATH</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3">p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">NO (n = 75)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">YES (n = 9)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">median [min - max]</th>
                <th align="center">median [min - max]</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">43 [14 - 86]</td>
                <td align="center">48 [23 - 69]</td>
                <td align="center">0.84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Symptom duration (days)</td>
                <td align="center">24 [2 - 1460]</td>
                <td align="center">12 [1 - 96]</td>
                <td align="center">0.485</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Postop. hospital LOS</td>
                <td align="center">10 [3 - 91]</td>
                <td align="center">6 [0 - 40]</td>
                <td align="center">0.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICU LOS</td>
                <td align="center">3 [2 - 80]</td>
                <td align="center">2.5 [0 - 8]</td>
                <td align="center">0.464</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Preop. hemoglobin</td>
                <td align="center">13.3 [8 - 17.4]</td>
                <td align="center">11.9 [9.6 - 13]</td>
                <td align="center">0.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine</td>
                <td align="center">1.06 [0.62 - 1.75]</td>
                <td align="center">1.0 [0.77 - 1.58]</td>
                <td align="center">0.815</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C reactive protein</td>
                <td align="center">5.54 [0.72 - 142]</td>
                <td align="center">32.2 [5.76 - 83.8]</td>
                <td align="center">0.022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BNP</td>
                <td align="center">143 [14 - 468]</td>
                <td align="center">432 [160 - 692]</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EuroScore II</td>
                <td align="center">0.88 [0.56 - 17.68]</td>
                <td align="center">1.67 [0.79 - 6.0]</td>
                <td align="center">0.214</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection fraction</td>
                <td align="center">0.60 [0.32 - 0.80]</td>
                <td align="center">0.60 [0.48 - 0.70]</td>
                <td align="center">0.581</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke volume </td>
                <td align="center">35 [10 - 118]</td>
                <td align="center">32 [20 - 35]</td>
                <td align="center">0.691</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diastolic volume</td>
                <td align="center">88 [8 - 173]</td>
                <td align="center">83.5 [51 - 108]</td>
                <td align="center">0.444</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVSD</td>
                <td align="center">29 [18 - 50]</td>
                <td align="center">29 [24 - 32]</td>
                <td align="center">0.449</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVDD</td>
                <td align="center">45 [31 - 59]</td>
                <td align="center">44 [35 - 48]</td>
                <td align="center">0.401</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PW</td>
                <td align="center">8 [6 - 12]</td>
                <td align="center">8 [7 - 11]</td>
                <td align="center">0.912</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Septum</td>
                <td align="center">8 [6 - 13]</td>
                <td align="center">8 [7 - 13]</td>
                <td align="center">0.482</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LA</td>
                <td align="center">44.5 [30 - 73]</td>
                <td align="center">42 [41 - 65]</td>
                <td align="center">0.409</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aortic sinus</td>
                <td align="center">30 [18 - 42]</td>
                <td align="center">31 [27 - 37]</td>
                <td align="center">0.293</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>(+)</label>
              <p>Logistic regression. Postop: postoperative; LOS: length of stay; ICU: intensive care unit; Preop: preoperative; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; PW: posterior wall; LA: left atrial diameter.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Death showed a statistically significant association with: AF; laboratory markers (preoperative hemoglobin, CRP and BNP); and echocardiographic marker (pulmonary hypertension &gt; 55 mm Hg). The other variables in this sample showed no statistically significant association with death in CP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Deaths of patients diagnosed with constrictive pericarditis according to demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Total</th>
                <th align="center">deaths (lethality)</th>
                <th align="center">HR</th>
                <th align="center">95%CI</th>
                <th align="center">p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#167;</xref></sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Early death<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">yes</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">6 (66.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sex</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.98</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">male</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">7 (10.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">female</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">2 (10.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.98</td>
                <td align="center">0.20 - 4.75</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.484</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 44</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7.13%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 44</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">6 (13.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.93</td>
                <td align="center">0.48 - 7.75</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiology</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.626</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idiopathic</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">7(12.06%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tuberculosis</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5.55%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Post-cardiac surgery</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Radiotherapy</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systemic disease</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atrial fibrillation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.05</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">yes</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">6 (20.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">3.87</td>
                <td align="center">1.01 - 16.23</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">no</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>NYHA &#8805; 2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1.00</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">no</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">yes</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">7 (10.29%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.93</td>
                <td align="center">0.19 - 4.51</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Total symptom duration (days)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.356</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 24</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center"> 5 (17.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 24</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">4 (13.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.51</td>
                <td align="center">0.12 - 2.13</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>ICU LOS &#8805; 3 days</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.454</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">no</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">5 (11.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">yes</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.91</td>
                <td align="center">0.70 - 1.16</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Postop. hospital LOS &#8805; 10 days</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.503</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">no</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">5 (13.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">yes</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">4 (10.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.54</td>
                <td align="center">0.14 - 2.05</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PASP &gt; 55 mm Hg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.046</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">no</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">5 (8.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">yes</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">3 (37.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">4.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.38 - 24.2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Preop. hemoglobin</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.003</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 13</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">8 (24.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 13</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>C reactive protein</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.0</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 7.4</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 7.4</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">7 (87.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">8.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.04 - 69.33</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>BNP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.011</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 157</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 157</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">7 (21.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">NC</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>CI: confidence interval; ICU: intensive care unit; LOS: length of stay; Postop: postoperative; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; Preop: preoperative; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Early death (&#8804; 30 postoperative days);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>57 available data;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>63 available data;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>Fisher exact test; NC: could not be calculated.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Thus, in patients with CP, death was associated with the presence of AF, lower hemoglobin levels (&lt; 13 g/dL), higher CRP (&#8805; 7.4 mg/dL) and BNP (&#8805; 157 pg/mL) levels, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) &gt; 55 mm Hg. Their respective HR are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tables 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">6</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Variables associated with death</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Late death (n = 3)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Early death (n = 6)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">+</xref></sup></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">median [min-max]</th>
                <th align="center">median [min-max]</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">23 [48 - 69]</td>
                <td align="center">23 [51 - 61]</td>
                <td align="center">0.884</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Symptom duration (days)</td>
                <td align="center">24 [12 - 96]</td>
                <td align="center">12 [1 - 24]</td>
                <td align="center">0.366</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Postop. hospital LOS</td>
                <td align="center">58 [40 - 71]</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 [1 - 23]</td>
                <td align="center">0.175</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Preop. hemoglobin</td>
                <td align="center">9.6 [11.8 - 12.6]</td>
                <td align="center">12 [10.2 - 13]</td>
                <td align="center">0.507</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BNP</td>
                <td align="center">683 [160 - 692]</td>
                <td align="center">431 [321 - 465]</td>
                <td align="center">0.469</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine</td>
                <td align="center">1.1 [1.04 - 1.36]</td>
                <td align="center">0.95 [0.77 - 1.58]</td>
                <td align="center">0.48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRP</td>
                <td align="center">74.5 [5.76 - 74.8]</td>
                <td align="center">29.4 [18.58 - 83.9]</td>
                <td align="center">0.491</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>(+)</label>
              <p>Logistic regression. Postop: postoperative; Preop: preoperative; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CRP: C reactive protein.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Despite the advances in complementary methods, in many patients, the correct diagnosis of pericardial constriction is established late, with a mean time elapsed between symptom onset and diagnosis of 24 months.</p>
      <p>Constrictive pericarditis can simulate a large variety of clinical and cardiological syndromes, such as liver cirrhosis, myocardial failure and restrictive cardiomyopathies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The clinical findings are those of HF, with anasarca and ascites predominating over lower limb edema. Nonspecific symptoms include fatigue, anorexia, nausea, dyspepsia and weight loss. Thus, correct diagnosis requires a high index of clinical suspicion by the cardiologist.</p>
      <p>The clinical findings reported in a case series of the Mayo Clinic were: HF (67%); chest pain (8%); abdominal symptoms (6%); restrictive symptoms (5%); atrial arrhythmias (4%); and severe liver disease (4%). In 6% of the cases, there was low cardiac output, repetitive pleural effusion and syncope. The duration of symptoms prior to surgery was also long, of 11.7 months, ranging from 3 days to 30 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our case series, the major symptom was biventricular NYHA functional class III-IV HF (78%), with predominance of right HF, and ascites. The patients had cardiac cachexia, increased jugular venous pulse and Kussmaul sign. Pericardial knock was an infrequent finding, observed in 20% of our cases; however, when present, it suggested CP. On auscultation, the pericardial knock is characterized by a rough, sharp, protodiastolic sound that results from the vibration of the ventricular wall during the rapid filling phase, coinciding with the rapid Y descent. It can be mistaken for the third cardiac sound, which, however, is usually lower pitched. One of the patients was being assessed for liver transplantation; however, the increase in jugular venous pulse with rapid Y descent and pericardial knock suggested the correct diagnosis of pericardial constriction. A significant number of patients (34%) had AF, probably due to the long course of their disease.</p>
      <p>Tuberculosis, collagenosis, neoplasms and previous cardiac surgery are some etiologies of CP, which is most commonly idiopathic or secondary to viral pericarditis. In developed countries, the most frequent etiologies are post-cardiac surgery and post-radiation. Tuberculosis continues to be a frequent etiology in developing countries or in immunosuppressed patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The etiologies found in our study were as follows: idiopathic (69%), tuberculosis (21%), post-cardiac surgery (6%), systemic inflammatory disease (2%), and post-radiation (1%). In the case series of the Mayo Clinic, the etiological diagnosis was established in 73% of the 135 patients studied, the major being as follows: post-cardiac surgery (18%), pericarditis (16%), and post-radiation (13%). Other less frequently reported etiologies were rheumatological diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, polymyalgia, myopericarditis, psoriatic arthritis, and Still&#8217;s disease. In that case series, the infectious causes were infrequent: one case of fungal pericarditis and two of tuberculosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Physiological and structural data can be obtained by use of echocardiography, and cardiac tomography and resonance. Recent advances in diagnostic methods have provided complementary assessment in patients with diagnostic suspicion of constriction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Echocardiography is the first non-invasive test that can help when CP is suspected, allowing the differential diagnosis with forms of right ventricular failure, such as restrictive cardiomyopathy, pulmonary hypertension, and mitral valve disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The major findings include pericardial thickening, better visualized on transesophageal echocardiogram, abnormal movement of the ventricular septum, dilatation and lack of inspiratory collapse of the inferior vena cava, respiratory variation in mitral (&gt; 25%) and tricuspid (&gt; 40%) flows, normal or increased velocity of E&#8217; waves, and biatrial enlargement.</p>
      <p>In our case series, only 54% of the cases had an echocardiogram suggestive of pericardial constriction. It is worth noting that 30% of the patients had no pericardial thickening, despite surgical confirmation. Thus, the diagnosis of CP and indication for pericardiectomy should not be postponed in the absence of pericardial thickening or when there is no other signal of pericardial constriction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> It is worth noting that, in the absence of echocardiographic signs suggestive of CP, the diagnosis of CP is delayed. Many services lack more sophisticated complementary exams, such as resonance and tomography. The presence of signs and symptoms of right HF should raise the suspicion of restrictive syndrome. Regarding the topographic and etiological diagnosis of restrictive syndromes, we should consider endocardial, myocardial and, especially among us, pericardial affections. Thus, when the echocardiogram is inconclusive, other complementary exams should be performed to confirm the diagnosis of pericardial constriction, such as cardiac tomography and resonance. The later the diagnosis, the worse the prognosis.</p>
      <p>Tomography and resonance provide a fair anatomical assessment of the pericardium and cardiac chambers. In addition, resonance imaging provides the functional assessment of diastolic restriction signs. In our study, resonance imaging suggested CP in 96% of the patients.</p>
      <p>The pericardium has a fibrous structure with T1 and T2 hypointense characteristic as compared to the myocardium. A pericardial thickness of 2 mm is considered normal. Pericardial thickening of 4 mm suggests CP, and that of 6 mm has high specificity for the diagnosis of constriction. Approximately 10% to 20% of the patients undergoing surgery have normal pericardial thickness, which, thus, does not rule out the diagnosis. In such cases, there is visceral pericardial inflammation (epicarditis), pericardiectomy being often curative. Talreja et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> in a retrospective study of 26 patients diagnosed with CP and normal pericardial thickness (&lt; 2 mm), have found the following etiologies: cardiac surgery (42%), chest radiation (19%), post-myocardial infarction (12%), and idiopathic (12%).</p>
      <p>In most cases, resonance imaging provides the presumptive diagnosis of CP. In addition to pericardial thickening, other characteristics provided by that exam, such as atypical movement of the ventricular septum and inferior vena cava dilatation, should be valued.</p>
      <p>In only 4% of the cases, the diagnosis was complemented with catheterization and chest tomography. Thus, even with important clinical suspicion and no confirmation by complementary exams, we indicate exploratory thoracotomy, because, if the diagnosis is not performed, a poor outcome is highly likely.</p>
      <p>Another finding in our case series was low BNP levels (median, 157 pg/mL), despite the advanced functional class HF. That could be explained by diastolic restriction and lower parietal tension, determining a lower stimulus to BNP release. In previous studies, CP had lower BNP levels as compared to those of other restrictive syndromes, such as restrictive cardiomyopathy, and that measurement could be useful for the differential diagnosis with other restrictive syndromes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Thus, in patients with predominantly right HF and normal or mildly elevated BNP levels, CP should be considered in the differential diagnosis.</p>
      <p>Asymptomatic patients should undergo periodical assessment of liver function, functional capacity and jugular venous pressure. The clinical treatment consists in anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, diuretics and antibiotics. The treatment for tuberculosis should begin prior to surgery and continue after that. Diuretics should be used to reduce, but not eliminate, jugular venous pressure, ascites and edema, because patients need preload to maintain cardiac output. </p>
      <p>Pericardiectomy is the definite treatment for pericardial constriction in symptomatic patients. Increased jugular venous pressure, need for diuretics, evidence of liver failure and reduced functional capacity are indicative of surgery. All our patients were symptomatic and had a long disease course, having thus indication for surgery.</p>
      <p>Nine patients (10.7%) died, six in the early postoperative period (within 30 days from surgery), and three, later. Most deaths were due to low cardiac output after pericardiectomy, and two deaths were secondary to cardiogenic and septic shock. In our case series, the following factors were related to death: laboratory markers (anemia, increased inflammatory activity: CRP and BNP levels); clinical marker (AF); and imaging (pulmonary artery hypertension).</p>
      <p>The possible mechanism that relates increased mortality and BNP levels has not been totally clarified. We can assume that elevations in that biomarker reflect factors that influence survival, such as myocardial dysfunction, ischemia and increased filling pressures.</p>
      <p>Despite the 10.7% mortality, the EuroScore was low. However, the EuroScore study did not contemplate patients undergoing pericardiectomy. We believe, thus, that other perioperative risk scores should be used in patients undergoing pericardiectomy.</p>
      <p>Constrictive pericarditis has a variable prognosis with in-hospital mortality ranging from 5% to 16%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Tokuda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> have assessed 346 patients submitted to pericardiectomy and found a 10% mortality rate, with the following predictors of worse prognosis: functional class IV; kidney failure; previous cardiac surgery; and use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Peset et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> have reported a 16% mortality rate, 80% being due to right HF and low cardiac output. Bashi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> however, have reported a reduction in mortality from 16%, in the 1954-73 period, to 11%, in the 1974-86 period, attributed to improvement in postoperative care. In the last period, however, the patients had more advanced disease.</p>
      <p>In the study of the Mayo Clinic<italic>,</italic> with 135 patients, there were 39 deaths (29%), 26 of which occurred after hospital discharge. The 5- and 10-year survivals were 71% and 52%, respectively. The survival determinants were: age, previous radiotherapy, functional class, and sodium concentration. Signs and symptoms of functional class II-IV HF were detected in approximately 31% of the patients at some point of their disease course (mean time, 7 months after surgery). The late predictors of HF were age, radiation and ascites.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Similarly to our results, Bertog et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> have found increased pulmonary artery pressure as an adverse factor, which was attributed to the severity of the concomitant pericardial constriction, myocardial dysfunction or associated pulmonary pathologies.</p>
      <p>The ejection fraction can decrease in the postoperative period and can require months to normalize; during that period, the use of digoxin, diuretics and vasodilators can be clinically useful. Other determinants of the prognosis depend on the extent of myocardial atrophy and fibrosis, and on the degree of calcification and adhesion between the epicardium and myocardium, which hinders surgical debridement.</p>
      <p>Constrictive pericarditis is curable when early diagnosed and has a good postoperative outcome. Its better understanding and identification will enable us to reduce its high morbidity and mortality rates.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Constrictive pericarditis manifests with signs and symptoms of biventricular HF, with predominance of right HF, and slightly elevated BNP levels.</p>
      <p>The diagnosis is late, with median of 24 months between symptom onset and the correct diagnosis.</p>
      <p>Magnetic resonance imaging has better sensitivity for the diagnosis as compared to echocardiography.</p>
      <p>Clinical markers (AF), laboratory measures (hemoglobin &lt; 13 g/dL, CRP &#8805; 7.4 mg/dL, BNP &#8805; 157 pg/mL) and imaging (PASP &gt; 55 mm Hg) were associated with mortality.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The sample consisted mainly of patients with CP of idiopathic etiology, from one single cardiology tertiary center, which can represent bias of selection, and limit the external validity of the results.</p>
        <p>Because echocardiography was performed by one single examiner, the reproducibility of the results, that is, intra- and inter-observer variability, could not be assessed. However, the examiner was experienced and blind to the other results.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Araki</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oshima</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Usui</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Japan Adult Cardiovascular Database Organization. Outcome of pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis in Japan: a nationwide outcome study</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>571</fpage>
          <lpage>576</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.04.054</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Bashi VV, John S, Ravikumar E, Jairaj PS, Shyamsunder K, Krishnaswami S. Early and late results of pericardiectomy in 118 cases of constrictive pericarditis. Thorax. 1988;43(8):637-41. PMID:3175976</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bashi</surname>
              <given-names>VV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>John</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ravikumar</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jairaj</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shyamsunder</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krishnaswami</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early and late results of pericardiectomy in 118 cases of constrictive pericarditis</article-title>
          <source>Thorax</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>637</fpage>
          <lpage>641</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3175976</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Import&#226;ncia dos Achados Cl&#237;nicos e Laboratoriais no Diagn&#243;stico e Progn&#243;stico Cir&#250;rgico de Pacientes com Pericardite Constritiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu Thiago Pessoa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Felix Jos&#233; Alvarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tonini</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique Valente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: F&#225;bio Fernandes,</bold> Rua Apinages, 711 apto 104. CEP 05017-000, Perdizes, Sumar&#233;. SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>ffernandes@cardiol.br</email>, <email>fabio.fernandes@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Fernandes F, Melo DTP, Ramires FJA, Mady C; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Fernandes F, Melo DTP, Dias RR, Tonini M, Fernandes VS, Rochitte CE; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Fernandes F, Melo DTP, Mady C; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Melo DTP, Moreira CHV; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fernandes F, Mady C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento: </title>
          <p>Estudos internacionais t&#234;m relatado o valor de perfil cl&#237;nico e exames de imagem no diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico da pericardite constritiva. Entretanto, dados da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira s&#227;o escassos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo: </title>
          <p>Avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, sensibilidade de exames de imagem e fatores relacionados ao &#243;bito em uma s&#233;rie de casos de pericardite constritiva submetidos &#224; pericardiectomia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos: </title>
          <p>Pacientes com pericardite constritiva confirmada por cirurgia foram avaliados retrospectivamente quanto a vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais. Dois m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos foram utilizados: ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca. Preditores de mortalidade foram determinados por an&#225;lise univariada usando metodologia das propor&#231;&#245;es de Cox e <italic>hazard ratio</italic>. Todos os testes foram considerados bicaudais e um erro alfa &#8804; 5% foi considerado como significante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados: </title>
          <p>Foram estudados 84 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 44 &#177; 17,9 anos, sendo 67% do sexo masculino. Sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) predominantemente direita estiveram presentes com estase jugular, edema e ascite em 89%, 89% e 62% dos casos, respectivamente. Etiologia idiop&#225;tica foi observada em 69% dos casos, seguida por tuberculose em 21%. Apesar do grau de IC, encontramos baixos n&#237;veis de BNP (mediana de 157 pg/mL). As sensibilidades diagn&#243;sticas para constri&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma e da resson&#226;ncia foram 53,6% e 95,9%, respectivamente. Durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, houve 9 &#243;bitos (10,7%) e os fatores de risco foram: anemia, eleva&#231;&#245;es de BNP, PCR, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar &gt; 55 mmHg e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es: </title>
          <p>Pericardite constritiva manifesta-se com sinais e sintomas de IC biventricular com predom&#237;nio &#224; direita e baixos n&#237;veis de BNP. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica apresenta melhor sensibilidade para diagn&#243;stico. Marcadores cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e de imagem estiveram associados ao &#243;bito. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Pericardite Constritiva/cirurgia, Diagnostico, Progn&#243;stico, Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Pericardiectomia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A pericardite constritiva (PC) &#233; uma doen&#231;a consequente &#224; perda da elasticidade do peric&#225;rdio, gerando uma s&#237;ndrome restritiva. Trata-se de uma causa infrequente de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), pouco diagnosticada em virtude de sua fisiopatologia peculiar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O peric&#225;rdio inel&#225;stico impede o enchimento ventricular, levando geralmente a sinais e sintomas de IC direita, podendo confundir-se com outras causas de IC e doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas, o que compromete a evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente, pois a PC &#233; uma doen&#231;a potencialmente cur&#225;vel e, quanto mais precoce for tratada, melhor o progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios t&#234;m relatado o perfil cl&#237;nico e o valor dos exames de imagem no diagn&#243;stico da PC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Entretanto, dados da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira s&#227;o escassos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, sensibilidade de exames de laborat&#243;rio e fatores relacionados ao &#243;bito em uma s&#233;rie de casos de PC submetidos &#224; pericardiectomia em um per&#237;odo de 13 anos em um centro de refer&#234;ncia terci&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram estudados retrospectivamente 95 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de PC submetidos a pericardiectomia no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2002 a agosto de 2015. Desses, 11 foram exclu&#237;dos por apresentarem dados incompletos em prontu&#225;rio, restando para an&#225;lise final 84 casos.</p>
          <p>Foram coletados os seguintes dados cl&#237;nicos: idade, sexo, tempos de sintomas e de interna&#231;&#227;o, ascite, edema, <italic>knock</italic> peric&#225;rdico, estase jugular, pulso paradoxal, sinal de Kussmaul e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA). O <italic>knock</italic> peric&#225;rdico foi caracterizado como um som rude, protodiast&#243;lico, coincidindo com o nadir do descenso Y. Foram analisados exames laboratoriais [hemoglobina, pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP), prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR)]. A dosagem de BNP foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia (Bayer ADVIA Centaur Bayer Diagnostics, S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil).</p>
          <p>Os exames de ecocardiografia e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios foram considerados sugestivos do diagn&#243;stico quando houve descri&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos dois achados compat&#237;veis com constri&#231;&#227;o, tais como: espessamento peric&#225;rdico, presen&#231;a de <italic>bounce</italic> septal (deslocamento paradoxal), redu&#231;&#227;o inspirat&#243;ria da onda E mitral (&gt; 25%) e dilata&#231;&#227;o de veia cava inferior. Quando mais de um exame estava dispon&#237;vel, optamos por selecionar o mais antigo.</p>
          <p>Pericardite tuberculosa foi diagnosticada pela bi&#243;psia do peric&#225;rdio, com demonstra&#231;&#227;o de granuloma caseoso ou rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase positiva para o bacilo. As pericardites constritivas p&#243;s-radia&#231;&#227;o e p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica foram definidas nos casos com antecedente de radioterapia mediastinal e cirurgia card&#237;aca, respectivamente. Pericardite constritiva idiop&#225;tica foi definida quando os pacientes n&#227;o se enquadraram em nenhum dos grupos citados.</p>
          <p>A sobrevida foi obtida atrav&#233;s de prontu&#225;rios ou contatos telef&#244;nicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pericardiectomia</title>
          <p>Foi realizada pericardiectomia atrav&#233;s de esternotomia mediana em todos os casos, sem uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Pericardiectomia total foi definida como excis&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio anterior at&#233; os nervos fr&#234;nicos e a face diafragm&#225;tica. A retirada do peric&#225;rdio visceral e parietal foi realizada sempre que tecnicamente poss&#237;vel.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Inicialmente foi realizada an&#225;lise descritiva. Medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e dispers&#227;o foram descritas em m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o ou por medianas e valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos, conforme suas distribui&#231;&#245;es. Vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram reportadas por frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e porcentagens. Os testes do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher foram realizados para avaliar diferen&#231;as entre grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</p>
          <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram testadas para avaliar se apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk e visualmente por gr&#225;ficos Quantil-Quantil (Q-Q plot) ou histogramas. Metodologia de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi utilizada quando haviam desfechos dicot&#244;micos.</p>
          <p>Preditores de mortalidade foram determinados por an&#225;lise univariada usando metodologia das propor&#231;&#245;es de Cox. <italic>Hazard ratio</italic> (HR) foi demonstrado com seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% e valores de alfa (p). Devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes avaliados no estudo n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar a an&#225;lise m&#250;ltipla para investigar os fatores independentemente associados ao &#243;bito.</p>
          <p>Todos os testes foram considerados bicaudais e um erro alfa &#8804;5% foi considerado como estaticamente significante. Utilizou-se intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% na an&#225;lise.</p>
          <p>Os dados foram inseridos no programa <italic>Microsoft Excel 365</italic> e analisados no programa estat&#237;stico STATA vers&#227;o 13.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram estudados 84 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 44 &#177; 17,9 anos, sendo 77% do sexo masculino. &#192; interna&#231;&#227;o, todos apresentavam sintomas de IC, predominando estase jugular (89%), edema (89%) e ascite (62%). A mediana de tempo da presen&#231;a desses sintomas foi de 24 meses, variando de 1 a 1460 dias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>). O tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia no hospital foi de 10 dias, e na unidade de terapia intensiva, 3 dias. A etiologia foi predominantemente idiop&#225;tica (69,1%), seguida por tuberculose (21,4%), p&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca (5,9%), doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica (2,4%) e radioterapia (1,2%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com pericardite constritiva segundo caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th align="center">Valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (77,4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">44,4 (&#177; 18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">44,5 [14 - 86]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tempo de sintomas (meses)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">24 [1 - 1460]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>BNP (pg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">157 [14 - 692]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PCR (mg/dL)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">***</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">7,40 [0,72 - 142]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hemoglobina (g/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">13 [8,0 - 17,4]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Creatinina (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">m&#233;dia (dp)</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 (&#177; 0,24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>EuroScore</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 [0,56 - 17,68]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tempo na UTI (dias)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">3,00 (0 - 80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de hospital (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">10 [0 - 91]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (34,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA III-IV (%)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (78,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Turg&#234;ncia jugular</td>
                <td align="center">75 (89%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Knock</italic> peric&#225;rdico</td>
                <td align="center">17 (20%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulso paradoxal</td>
                <td align="center">11 (13%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Edema</td>
                <td align="center">75 (89%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ascite</td>
                <td align="center">52 (62%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sinal de Kussmaul</td>
                <td align="center">12 (14%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Derrame pleural</td>
                <td align="center">37 (44%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Calcifica&#231;&#227;o RX de t&#243;rax</td>
                <td align="center">19 (22%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Letalidade</td>
                <td align="center">9 (10,7%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>Dados ausentes:</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>27;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>(**)</label>
              <p>20;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>(***)</label>
              <p>17</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <p>BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; DP: desvio&#8209;padr&#227;o; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Apesar do grau avan&#231;ado de IC, encontramos baixos n&#237;veis de BNP, com mediana de 157 pg/mL [14-692], e atividade inflamat&#243;ria elevada (PCR), com mediana de 7,40 [0,72-142]. Presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica na radiografia de t&#243;rax foi observada em 19 pacientes (22,6%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>Dos exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos realizados, somente 45 (53,6%) foram sugestivos de PC em sua conclus&#227;o, sendo que espessamento peric&#225;rdico foi encontrado em 59 (70,2%), seguido de varia&#231;&#227;o de fluxo mitral e tric&#250;spide &#224; respira&#231;&#227;o em 38 (45,2%), denotando restri&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 2</xref>). Quanto &#224; resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca, 73 pacientes realizaram o exame, havendo sinais sugestivos de PC em 70 (95,9%). O achado de espessamento peric&#225;rdico (espessura peric&#225;rdica &gt; 4 mm) foi demonstrado em 66 (90,4%) exames, sendo as altera&#231;&#245;es mais comuns dilata&#231;&#227;o aortocava (70 - 95,9%)deixar apenas 95,9% e &#8220;bouncing septal&#8221; (deslocamento paradoxal do septointerventricular, 64 - 87,6%) deixar apenas 87,6%. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sugestiva de PC</td>
                <td align="center">45 (54,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o sugestiva de PC</td>
                <td align="center">38 (45,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessamento peric&#225;rdico</td>
                <td align="center">59 (70,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varia&#231;&#227;o de fluxo mitral e tric&#250;spide &#224; respira&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">38 (45,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PSAP &gt;55</td>
                <td align="center">8 (9,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (32 - 80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Volume sist&#243;lico (mL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (10 - 118)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Volume diast&#243;lico (mL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (8 - 173)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>DSVE (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (18 - 50)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>DDVE (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (31 - 59)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>AE (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">43,5 (30 - 73)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Seio a&#243;rtico (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (18 - 42)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Septo interventricular (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (6 - 13)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PP (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (6 - 12)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <p>PC: pericardite constritiva; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PP: parede posterior; AE: di&#226;metro de &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis da resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">N&#176;</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o fizeram</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">13,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sugestiva de PC</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">95,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o sugestiva de PC</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Realce peric&#225;rdico</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">19,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Realce mioc&#225;rdico</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">12,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8220;<italic>Bouncing septal</italic>&#8221;</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">87,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dilata&#231;&#227;o aortocava</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">95,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;trio esquerdo aumentado</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">79,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">(25 - 82)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Espessamento peric&#225;rdico (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">mediana (m&#237;n - m&#225;x)</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">(0 - 20)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <p>PC: pericardite constritiva.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de sobrevida</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s tempo m&#233;dio de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de 14,6 dias (desvio-padr&#227;o de 13,2 dias) e tempo mediano de 10 dias, variando de 0 a 91 dias, verificaram-se, dentre os 84 pacientes avaliados, 9 &#243;bitos (letalidade: 10,7%), sendo que 6 (66,6%) ocorreram nos 30 primeiros dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (&#243;bito precoce), e os outros 3 ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo.</p>
          <p>A causa de &#243;bito precoce mais frequente foi choque cardiog&#234;nico (5 pacientes - 55,5%), sendo que apenas um paciente apresentou choque misto, cardiog&#234;nico associado a s&#233;ptico. Quanto aos tr&#234;s &#243;bitos ocorridos ap&#243;s o 30&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, um foi precedido por choque misto (cardiog&#234;nico e s&#233;ptico), e os outros dois, por choque cardiog&#234;nico.</p>
          <p>Quanto &#224; mortalidade precoce, n&#227;o houve qualquer associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis estudadas e &#243;bito precoce (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estat&#237;stica descritiva das vari&#225;veis quantitativas dos pacientes com pericardite constritiva segundo ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito ap&#243;s pericardiectomia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">&#211;BITO</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="3">p<italic><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">+</xref></sup></italic></th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">N&#195;O (n = 75)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">SIM (n = 9)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">mediana (m&#237;n-m&#225;x)</th>
                  <th align="center">mediana (m&#237;n-m&#225;x)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">43 [14 - 86]</td>
                  <td align="center">48 [23 - 69]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de sintomas (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 [2 - 1460]</td>
                  <td align="center">12 [1 - 96]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,485</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-op.</td>
                  <td align="center">10 [3 - 91]</td>
                  <td align="center">6 [0 - 40]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo em UTI</td>
                  <td align="center">3 [2 - 80]</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5 [0 - 8]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,464</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemoglobina pr&#233;-op.</td>
                  <td align="center">13,3 [8 - 17,4]</td>
                  <td align="center">11,9 [9,6 - 13]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06 [0,62 - 1,75]</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0 [0,77 - 1,58]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,815</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Prote&#237;na C reativa</td>
                  <td align="center">5,54 [0,72 - 142]</td>
                  <td align="center">32,2 [5,76 - 83,8]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BNP</td>
                  <td align="center">143 [14 - 468]</td>
                  <td align="center">432 [160 - 692]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Euroscore</italic> II</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88 [0,56 - 17,68]</td>
                  <td align="center">1,67 [0,79 - 6,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,214</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60 [0,32 - 0,80]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60 [0,48 - 0,70]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,581</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume sist&#243;lico</td>
                  <td align="center">35 [10 - 118]</td>
                  <td align="center">32 [20 - 35]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,691</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume diast&#243;lico</td>
                  <td align="center">88 [8 - 173]</td>
                  <td align="center">83,5 [51 - 108]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,444</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DSVE</td>
                  <td align="center">29 [18 - 50]</td>
                  <td align="center">29 [24 - 32]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,449</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DDVE</td>
                  <td align="center">45 [31 - 59]</td>
                  <td align="center">44 [35 - 48]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,401</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PP</td>
                  <td align="center">8 [6 - 12]</td>
                  <td align="center">8 [7 - 11]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,912</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Septo</td>
                  <td align="center">8 [6 - 13]</td>
                  <td align="center">8 [7 - 13]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,482</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AE</td>
                  <td align="center">44,5 [30 - 73]</td>
                  <td align="center">42 [41 - 65]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,409</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Seio a&#243;rtico</td>
                  <td align="center">30 [18 - 42]</td>
                  <td align="center">31 [27 - 37]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,293</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN22">
                <label>(+)</label>
                <p>Teste de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PP: parede posterior; AE: di&#226;metro de &#225;trio esquerdo; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Foi encontrada signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na associa&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito com os seguintes achados: FA; marcadores laboratoriais: valor de hemoglobina pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, PCR e BNP; marcador ecocardiogr&#225;fico: hipertens&#227;o pulmonar &gt; 55 mmHg; as demais vari&#225;veis nesta amostra n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o, de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, com &#243;bito na PC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabelas 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#211;bitos em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de pericardite constritiva segundo caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Total</th>
                  <th align="center">n<sup>o</sup> &#243;bitos (letalidade)</th>
                  <th align="center">HR</th>
                  <th align="center">Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%</th>
                  <th align="center">p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">&#167;</xref></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>&#211;bito precoce<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">sim</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (66,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,98</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (10,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20 - 4,75</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,484</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt;44</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7,13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805;44</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (13,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,93</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48 - 7,75</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Etiologia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,626</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idiop&#225;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">7(12,06%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tuberculose</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5,55%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">P&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Radioterapia</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,05</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">sim</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (20,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,87</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 - 16,23</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">n&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NYHA &#8805;2</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">n&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (12,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">sim</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (10,29%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19 - 4,51</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Tempo total de sintomas (dias)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,356</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (17,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12 - 2,13</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Tempo UTI &#8805; 3 dias<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">&#8225;</xref></sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,454</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">n&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">sim</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70 - 1,16</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o PO &#8805; 10 dias</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,503</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">n&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (13,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">sim</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14 - 2,05</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>PSAP &gt;55 mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,046</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">n&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (8,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">sim</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (37,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,38 - 24,2</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Hemoglobina pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,003</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt;13</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (24,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805;13</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Prote&#237;na C reativa</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,0</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt;7,4</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805;7,4</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (87,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 - 69,33</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>BNP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,011</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt;157</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805;157</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (21,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">NP</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN23">
                <p>BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; PO: p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN24">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>&#211;bito precoce (&#8804; 30 dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio);</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN25">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>57 dados dispon&#237;veis;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN26">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>63 dados dispon&#237;veis;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN27">
                <label>&#167;</label>
                <p>teste exato de Fisher; NP: n&#227;o poss&#237;vel calcular.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Portanto, em pacientes acometidos por PC, &#243;bito esteve mais associado &#224; presen&#231;a de FA, valores mais baixos de hemoglobina (&lt; 13 g/dL), mais elevados de PCR (&#8805; 7,4 mg/dL) e BNP (&#8805; 157 pg/mL), assim como &#224; presen&#231;a de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica na art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) &gt; 55 mmHg. Seus respectivos HR est&#227;o descritos nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabelas 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">6</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis ao &#243;bito</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">&#211;bito tardio (n = 3)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">&#211;bito precoce (n = 6)</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">p<italic><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28">+</xref></sup></italic></th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">mediana (m&#237;n-m&#225;x)</th>
                  <th align="center">mediana (m&#237;n-m&#225;x)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">23 [48 - 69]</td>
                  <td align="center">23 [51 - 61]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,884</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de sintomas (dias)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 [12 - 96]</td>
                  <td align="center">12 [1 - 24]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,366</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-op.</td>
                  <td align="center">58 [40 - 71]</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 [1 - 23]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,175</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemoglobina pr&#233;-op.</td>
                  <td align="center">9,6 [11,8 - 12,6]</td>
                  <td align="center">12 [10,2 - 13]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,507</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BNP</td>
                  <td align="center">683 [160 - 692]</td>
                  <td align="center">431 [321 - 465]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,469</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 [1,04 - 1,36]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95 [0,77 - 1,58]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCR</td>
                  <td align="center">74,5 [5,76 - 74,8]</td>
                  <td align="center">29,4 [18,58 - 83,9]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,491</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN28">
                <label>(+)</label>
                <p>Teste de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar da evolu&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos complementares, observamos que, em uma boa porcentagem dos pacientes, o correto diagn&#243;stico de constri&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica ainda &#233; tardio, com uma m&#233;dia de 24 meses entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>A PC pode simular uma grande variedade de s&#237;ndromes cl&#237;nicas e cardiol&#243;gicas, tais como: cirrose hep&#225;tica, fal&#234;ncia mioc&#225;rdica e miocardiopatias restritivas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O quadro cl&#237;nico &#233; de IC com presen&#231;a de anasarca e ascite predominando sobre edema de membros inferiores. Sintomas inespec&#237;ficos incluem fadiga, anorexia, n&#225;useas, dispepsia e perda de peso. Portanto, o correto diagn&#243;stico requer um alto grau de suspeita cl&#237;nica pelo cardiologista.</p>
        <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico descrito na casu&#237;stica da Mayo Clinic foi: IC (67%); dor tor&#225;cica (8%); sintomas abdominais (6%); sintomas de restri&#231;&#227;o (5%); arritmias atriais (4%); e doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica severa (4%). Em 6% dos casos, havia baixo d&#233;bito, derrame pleural de repeti&#231;&#227;o e s&#237;ncope. A dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas anteriormente ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico tamb&#233;m foi prolongada, de 11,7 meses, variando de 3 dias a 30 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nossa casu&#237;stica, tamb&#233;m observamos como principal sintoma presen&#231;a de IC biventricular classe funcional III-IV (78%) com predom&#237;nio de IC direita e ascite. Os pacientes se apresentavam com caquexia card&#237;aca, eleva&#231;&#227;o de pulso venoso jugular e sinal de Kussmaul. O <italic>knock</italic> peric&#225;rdico foi achado infrequente, observado em 20% dos nossos casos, por&#233;m, quando presente, foi sugestivo de PC. A caracter&#237;stica da ausculta do <italic>knock</italic> peric&#225;rdico &#233; de som agudo, rude, protodiast&#243;lico, que resulta da vibra&#231;&#227;o da parede ventricular na fase de enchimento r&#225;pido coincidindo com o nadir do descenso Y, podendo ser confundido com a terceira bulha. Geralmente a terceira bulha &#233; mais grave. Em um caso, o paciente estava em avalia&#231;&#227;o para transplante hep&#225;tico, por&#233;m, a eleva&#231;&#227;o do pulso venoso jugular com descenso Y acentuado e <italic>knock</italic> peric&#225;rdico sugeriu o correto diagn&#243;stico de constri&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica. Observamos tamb&#233;m em expressivo n&#250;mero de pacientes (34%) presen&#231;a de FA, provavelmente pelo longo tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Dentre as etiologias de PC encontram-se tuberculose, colagenoses, neoplasias e cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via. De maneira geral, causas mais comuns s&#227;o as idiop&#225;ticas e as secund&#225;rias a pericardite viral. Nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos as etiologias mais frequentes s&#227;o p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca e p&#243;s-irradia&#231;&#227;o. A tuberculose ainda continua uma etiologia frequente nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento ou em pacientes imunodeprimidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, observamos: etiologia idiop&#225;tica (69%), tuberculose (21%), p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca (6%), doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica (2%), e p&#243;s-radia&#231;&#227;o (1%). Na casu&#237;stica da Mayo Clinic, de 135 pacientes, o diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico foi estabelecido em 73% deles, sendo as principais etiologias: p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca (18%), pericardite (16%) e p&#243;s-irradia&#231;&#227;o (13%). Outras etiologias menos frequentes descritas foram as doen&#231;as reumatol&#243;gicas: artrite reumatoide, polimialgia, miopericardite, artrite psori&#225;tica e doen&#231;a de Still. Nessa casu&#237;stica, as causas infecciosas foram tamb&#233;m infrequentes: um caso de pericardite f&#250;ngica e dois de tuberculose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e estruturais podem ser obtidas pelo ecocardiograma, tomografia e resson&#226;ncia do cora&#231;&#227;o. Recentes avan&#231;os nos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos t&#234;m permitido avalia&#231;&#227;o complementar nos pacientes com suspeita diagn&#243;stica de constri&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O ecocardiograma &#233; o primeiro exame n&#227;o invasivo que pode auxiliar na suspeita da doen&#231;a e permitir o diagn&#243;stico diferencial de formas de insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita, tais como: miocardiopatia restritiva, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e valvopatia mitral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os principais achados incluem espessamento peric&#225;rdico, melhor visualizado pelo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, movimenta&#231;&#227;o anormal do septo interventricular, dilata&#231;&#227;o e aus&#234;ncia de colapso inspirat&#243;rio da veia cava inferior, varia&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria dos fluxos mitral (&gt; 25%) e tric&#250;spide (&gt; 40%), ondas E&#8217; com velocidade normal ou aumentada, e dilata&#231;&#227;o biatrial.</p>
        <p>Em nossa casu&#237;stica, apenas 54% dos casos apresentavam ecocardiograma sugestivo de constri&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica. Outro dado interessante &#233; que em 30% dos pacientes n&#227;o havia espessamento peric&#225;rdico, a despeito da confirma&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Dessa forma, o diagn&#243;stico de PC e a indica&#231;&#227;o de pericardiectomia n&#227;o devem ser postergados na aus&#234;ncia de espessamento peric&#225;rdico ou quando n&#227;o h&#225; outros sinais de constri&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o que, na aus&#234;ncia de sinais sugestivos de PC pelo ecocardiograma, h&#225; retardo diagn&#243;stico de PC. Muitos servi&#231;os n&#227;o possuem exames complementares mais sofisticados, tais como resson&#226;ncia e tomografia. Ao identificar sinais e sintomas de IC direita, o cl&#237;nico deve suspeitar de s&#237;ndrome restritiva. Quanto ao diagn&#243;stico topogr&#225;fico e etiol&#243;gico das s&#237;ndromes restritivas, devemos pensar nas afec&#231;&#245;es endoc&#225;rdicas, mioc&#225;rdicas e, principalmente em nosso meio, peric&#225;rdicas. Portanto, se o ecocardiograma n&#227;o for conclusivo, devemos solicitar outros exames complementares para confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de constri&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica, tais como tomografia e resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca. Quanto mais tardio o diagn&#243;stico, pior o progn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>A tomografia e a resson&#226;ncia permitem boa avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica do peric&#225;rdio e das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas; al&#233;m disso, a resson&#226;ncia tamb&#233;m permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional de sinais de restri&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Em nosso estudo, a resson&#226;ncia foi sugestiva de PC em 96% dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>O peric&#225;rdico apresenta estrutura fibrosa com caracter&#237;stica hipointensa em ambas sequ&#234;ncias de T1 e T2, quando comparado ao mioc&#225;rdio. Considera-se peric&#225;rdio normal, uma espessura de 2 mm. Espessamento de 4 mm sugere PC, e o valor de 6 mm tem alta especificidade para diagn&#243;stico de constri&#231;&#227;o. Aproximadamente 10% a 20% dos pacientes submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico t&#234;m espessura peric&#225;rdica normal; portanto, esse achado n&#227;o descarta o diagn&#243;stico. Nesses casos, existe inflama&#231;&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio visceral (epicardite) e a cirurgia de pericardiectomia, em muitos casos, &#233; curativa. Talreja et al.<italic>,</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> em estudo retrospectivo de 26 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de PC e espessura peric&#225;rdica normal (&lt;2 mm), encontraram como etiologia: cirurgia card&#237;aca (42%), irradia&#231;&#227;o tor&#225;cica (19%), p&#243;s-infarto mioc&#225;rdico (12%), e idiop&#225;tica (12%).</p>
        <p>Na grande maioria dos casos, a resson&#226;ncia permite o diagn&#243;stico presuntivo de PC. O cl&#237;nico deve valorizar, al&#233;m do espessamento, outras carater&#237;sticas que o m&#233;todo permite aferir, tais como movimenta&#231;&#227;o at&#237;pica do septo interventricular e dilata&#231;&#227;o da veia cava inferior.</p>
        <p>Em apenas 4% o diagn&#243;stico foi complementado com cateterismo e tomografia de t&#243;rax. Dessa forma, mesmo com suspeita cl&#237;nica importante e aus&#234;ncia de confirma&#231;&#227;o por m&#233;todos complementares, indicamos a toracotomia exploradora, pois, se o diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o &#233; feito, existe grande probabilidade de m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Outro achado interessante em nossa casu&#237;stica s&#227;o n&#237;veis baixos de BNP (mediana de 157 pg/mL), a despeito de classe funcional avan&#231;ada e sintom&#225;tica. A explica&#231;&#227;o para tal fato seria a restri&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e menor tens&#227;o parietal, ocasionando menor est&#237;mulo para a libera&#231;&#227;o de BNP. Em estudos pr&#233;vios, a PC apresentou n&#237;veis menores de BNP quando comparada a outras s&#237;ndromes restritivas, como miocardiopatia restritiva, podendo ser &#250;til no diagn&#243;stico diferencial com outras s&#237;ndromes restritivas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Dessa forma, em pacientes com IC predominantemente direita e valores normais ou pouco elevados BNP, devemos considerar a PC como um dos poss&#237;veis diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais.</p>
        <p>Nos pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, avalia&#231;&#245;es peri&#243;dicas devem ser realizadas de fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, capacidade funcional e press&#245;es venosas jugulares. O tratamento cl&#237;nico &#233; feito com anti-inflamat&#243;rios, corticosteroides, diur&#233;ticos e antibi&#243;ticos. Para tuberculose, deve ser realizado antes da cirurgia e continuado depois dela. Os diur&#233;ticos devem ser utilizados com o objetivo de reduzir, mas n&#227;o eliminar, a press&#227;o venosa jugular, a ascite e o edema, pois esses pacientes precisam de pr&#233;-carga para manter o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>A pericardiectomia &#233; o tratamento definitivo para a constri&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica nos casos sintom&#225;ticos. A presen&#231;a de aumento da press&#227;o venosa jugular, a necessidade de diur&#233;ticos, a evid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica e a redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional s&#227;o indicativos de cirurgia. Todos os nossos pacientes eram sintom&#225;ticos com tempo tardio de evolu&#231;&#227;o, tendo, portanto, indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
        <p>Nove pacientes (10,7%) faleceram, seis no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio precoce (em 30 dias) e tr&#234;s, tardiamente. A maior parte dos &#243;bitos ocorreu pelo baixo d&#233;bito ap&#243;s pericardiectomia, sendo, em dois casos, secund&#225;rio a choque cardiog&#234;nico e s&#233;ptico. Em nossa casu&#237;stica, encontramos marcadores laboratoriais (anemia, n&#237;veis aumentados de atividade inflamat&#243;ria: PCR e BNP), cl&#237;nicos (FA) e de imagem (hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar) como fatores relacionados ao &#243;bito.</p>
        <p>O poss&#237;vel mecanismo que explica o aumento da mortalidade relacionado ao BNP ainda n&#227;o &#233; totalmente esclarecido. Podemos supor que eleva&#231;&#245;es desse biomarcador reflitam fatores que influenciam a sobrevida, tais como: disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, isquemia e eleva&#231;&#245;es das press&#245;es de enchimento.</p>
        <p>A despeito da mortalidade de 10,7%, observamos um EuroScore baixo. No entanto, o estudo EuroScore n&#227;o contemplava pacientes submetidos a pericardiectomia. Dessa forma, acreditamos que outros escores de risco peri-operat&#243;rio devam ser utilizados em pacientes submetidos a pericardiectomia.</p>
        <p>A PC &#233; uma doen&#231;a com progn&#243;stico vari&#225;vel com mortalidade intra-hospitalar de 5% a 16%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Tokuda et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> avaliaram 346 pacientes submetidos a pericardiectomia e tiveram mortalidade de 10%, sendo os preditores de pior progn&#243;stico: classe funcional IV, insufici&#234;ncia renal, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via e uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Peset et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> observaram mortalidade de 16%, sendo 80% decorrente de IC direita e baixo d&#233;bito. Por outro lado, Bashi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> observaram decl&#237;nio na mortalidade de 16%, no per&#237;odo de 1954-73, para 11%, no per&#237;odo de 1974-86, decorrente da melhora nos cuidados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios. No entanto, no &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo, os pacientes estavam em est&#225;gio mais avan&#231;ado da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>No estudo da Mayo Clinic<italic>,</italic> em 135 pacientes, houve 39 &#243;bitos (29%), sendo que desses, 26 ocorreram ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. A sobrevida em 5 e 10 anos foi respectivamente de 71% e 52%. Os determinantes de sobrevida foram: idade, radioterapia pr&#233;via, classe funcional e concentra&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio. Cerca de 31% dos pacientes ainda apresentavam sinais e sintomas de IC classe funcional II-IV em algum momento da evolu&#231;&#227;o, com m&#233;dia de 7 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico. Os preditores de IC tardios foram idade, radia&#231;&#227;o e ascite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#192; semelhan&#231;a de nossos resultados, Bertog et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> encontraram aumento da press&#227;o pulmonar como fator adverso, o que foi atribu&#237;do a severidade da constri&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica concomitante, disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou patologias pulmonares associadas.</p>
        <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pode se reduzir no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e levar meses para se normalizar; nesse &#237;nterim, o uso de digoxina, diur&#233;ticos e vasodilatadores pode ser de utilidade cl&#237;nica. Outros fatores que determinam o progn&#243;stico dependem do grau de atrofia e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, assim como do grau de calcifica&#231;&#227;o e ades&#227;o entre epic&#225;rdico e mioc&#225;rdico, que dificulta o desbridamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
        <p>A PC &#233; uma afec&#231;&#227;o cur&#225;vel quando diagnosticada precocemente e tem boa evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. Com o maior conhecimento e principalmente reconhecimento dessa afec&#231;&#227;o, poderemos diminuir as elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade ainda presentes no nosso meio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A PC manifesta-se com sinais e sintomas de IC biventricular com predom&#237;nio &#224; direita e n&#237;veis de BNP pouco elevados.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico &#233; tardio, com mediana de 24 meses entre os sintomas e o correto diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica apresenta melhor sensibilidade para diagn&#243;stico quando comparada ao ecocardiograma.</p>
        <p>Marcadores cl&#237;nicos (FA), laboratoriais (hemoglobina &lt; 13 g/dL, PCR &#8805; 7,4 mg/dL, BNP &#8805; 157 pg/mL) e de imagem (PSAP &gt; 55 mmHg) estiveram associados com mortalidade.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>A amostra foi composta predominantemente por casos com etiologia idiop&#225;tica, provenientes de um &#250;nico centro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia, o que pode representar vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o e limitar a validade externa dos resultados.</p>
          <p>O ecocardiograma foi realizado por um mesmo examinador, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel avaliar a reprodutibilidade de resultados, ou seja, a variabilidade intra- e inter-observador. No entanto, foi realizado por examinador experiente e que estava cego para os resultados das demais avalia&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
