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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QztVXH5txwVkxBsG7tp9qTz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001400448</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170144</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005018106</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Endostatin a Potential Biomarker for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Michael Coll</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boehme</surname>
            <given-names>Philip</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kramer</surname>
            <given-names>Frank</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mondritzki</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koehler</surname>
            <given-names>Till</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;lker</surname>
            <given-names>Jan-Erik</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karoff</surname>
            <given-names>Martin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dinh</surname>
            <given-names>Wilfried</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Klinik K&#246;nigsfeld</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ennepetal</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">NRW</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Klinik K&#246;nigsfeld der Deutschen Rentenversicherung Westfalen in Ennepetal (NRW) - University Hospital</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bayer AG</institution>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bayer AG - Drug Discovery - Experimental Medicine</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bayer AG</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Therapeutic Research Groups Cardiovascular III</institution>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bayer AG - Drug Discovery - Therapeutic Research Groups Cardiovascular III</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University Hospital Witten/Herdecke</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - HELIOS Clinic Wuppertal - University Hospital Witten/Herdecke</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">HELIOS Clinic Krefeld</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <country country="DE">Germany</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - HELIOS Clinic Krefeld</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Wilfried Dinh</bold>. Aprather Weg 18&#170;, 42113, Wuppertal. E-mail: <email>wilfried.dinh@bayer.com</email>, <email>wilfried.dinh@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Contribute equally to this work</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Author contributions</label>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Barroso MC, Dinh W; Acquisition of data: Barroso MC, G&#252;lker JE, Dinh W; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Barroso MC, Boehme P, Kramer F, G&#252;lker JE,Mondritzki T, Koehler T, Karoff M, Dinh W; Statistical analysis: Dinh W; Writing of the manuscript: Barroso MC, Boehme P, Dinh W; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Boehme P, Kramer F, Mondritzki T, Koehler T, G&#252;lker JE, Karoff M, Dinh W.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>448</fpage>
      <lpage>456</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Endostatin is a circulating endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor preventing neovascularization. Previous studies demonstrated the prognostic value of Endostatin among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, the role of Endostatin among patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study aimed to investigate the association between serum Endostatin levels, natriuretic peptide levels and the severity of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and the diagnosis of HFpEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Endostatin serum concentrations were measured in 301 patients comprising 77 HFpEF patients, 169 patients with asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (ALVDD), and 55 controls with normal cardiac function.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Endostatin serum levels were significantly elevated in patients with HFpEF (median/interquartile range 179.0 [159-220]) and ALVDD (163.8 [145.4-191.3]) compared to controls (149.1 [130.6-176.9]), p &lt; 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively) and significant correlated with N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>This hypothesis-generating pilot study gives first evidence that Endostatin correlates with the severity of diastolic dysfunction and may become a novel biomarker for HFpEF. We hypothesize a rise in Endostatin levels may reflect inhibition of adaptive angiogenesis and adverse cardiac remodeling.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Endostatins</kwd>
        <kwd>Natriuretic Peptides</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The patient population affected by heart failure (HF) is growing in a constant manner. This is because of an aging society, western lifestyle and improved acute clinical care (e.g. after myocardial infarction).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Although, the treatment of chronic conditions improved over the last decades, mortality and morbidity rates in this patient population are amongst the highest for western healthcare systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In the United States (US) HF is the leading cause for hospitalization for patients older &gt; 65 years of age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In 2030 the direct costs for heart failure will reach 70 billion US$ in the US alone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Half of the patients affected by HF present with a diastolic dysfunction and a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), with this proportion increasing.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Clinical data proves that those patients suffering from a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) show better outcomes compared to HFpEF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A reason might be that no therapy has been shown to improve outcomes in HFpEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Current therapeutic options including fluid management, blood pressure control and physical exerciseto relief patients' symptoms. A major drawback regarding the development of new therapies for HFpEF, is the absence of clear diagnostic criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> This makes the definition of patient populations for clinical studies difficult. At present, the diagnosis is solely based echocardiography. Especially, the separation between HFpEF and HFrEF is even more challenging and misleading in patients with newly diagnosed HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Therefore new strategies for disease phenotyping in HF are urgently needed. New biomarkers may achieve better disease phenotyping.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Although, many reports have been published on HF biomarkers over the last decades, the impact on clinical decision making is still limited.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> BNP/NTproBNP demonstrated high clinical utility to identify patients at high risk for heart failure hospitalization and death. However, in this context these markers for clinical studies are only applicable in relatively stable patients and not in terminal HF patients. Furthermore, the use of BNP/NTproBNP in clinical practice to optimize therapy with drugs, which are known to improve patient`s outcome is suitable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> However, BNP/NTproBNP is not accepted as surrogate endpoint and can only exploratorily be used as endpoint in clinical trials. The appraisal of clinical utility of BNP/NTproBNP manifests in the current guidelines for the management of heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A number of publications propose Endostatin, a potent angiogenesis inhibitor, known mostly from oncology, as a potential new HF biomarker candidate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Most importantly Gouya et al. reported in a prospective observational cohort study in 151 HF patients, a correlation between elevated circulating Endostatin levels and mortality. Furthermore, this study showed a clear association between Endostatin levels and progressing diastolic dysfunction, the key characteristic of HFpEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> This is why we hypothesize that Endostatin could potentially be a biomarker suitable to diagnose and disease phenotype HFpEF patients. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the sole role of Endostatin as a biomarker for HFpEF and diastolic dysfunction.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Private University of Witten/Herdecke, Germany (project n&#176;. 91/08) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Signed written informed consent was obtained from all patients.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>Participants of the prospective observational cohort study were patients contacting the HELIOS Klinikum Wuppertal Heart Center (Wuppertal, Germany) for elective coronary angiography or diagnostic work-up of heart failure. Patients with a stable or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) and/or a diagnostic workup of CHF were included in the study. The exclusion criteria were: left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) &lt; 50%, known CAD with progressive chest pain within the last month, coronary angioplasty or myocardial infarction within 6 weeks, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, moderate-to-severe valvular heart disease, uncontrolled hypertension, atrial fibrillation or other severe arrhythmias, serum-creatinine &gt; 2,0 mg/dl. Patients selected for the control group had to have no history or symptoms of CHF, a normal ejection fraction &gt; 55%, a ratio of the early diastolic transmitral velocity (E) and the early diastolic tissue Doppler velocity (E&#180;) of &lt; 8, and normal NTproBNP values. A total of 301 patients were recruited and assigned to three groups based on echocardiographic diagnostic criteria as recommended by the European Society of Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The control group consisted of 55 patients (29 males) with normal diastolic function (DF). The group with asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (ALVDD) contained 169 patients (95 males) with E medial &lt; 8 cm/s, E/E' medial ratio 8-15 and NT-proBNP levels &lt; 220 pg/ml. The group with HFpEF comprised 77 patients (46 females, 31 males) displaying ALVDD Grad II - III with E/E&#180;ratio &gt; 15, NT-proBNP levels &gt; 220 pg/mL and current or previous signs or symptoms of heart failure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography</title>
        <p>Echocardiography was performed using a standard ultrasound system (Vivid 7, General Electric, Milwaukee, Wisconsin). A complete transthoracic study was performed including 2D, M-mode, spectral and colour Doppler techniques following current recommendations and guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The left atrium volume index (LAVI) was calculated using the biplane area-length method. Left ventricular EF was measured by means of the modified biplane Simpson's method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Left ventricular mass index (LVMi) was computed with the Devereux formula indexed to the body surface.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> HFpEF was defined in accordance with the EAE/ASE recommendation, based on the assessment of left ventricular diastolic function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Primary measurements included mitral inflow peak early (E-wave) and late (A-wave) diastolic filling velocities as well as systolic (S) and early diastolic (E') mitral annular velocities whereat in each case three consecutive beats were measured and averaged. Conventional transmitral flow was measured with Pulse-waved Doppler (PW). PW tissue Doppler imaging (DTI) was performed at the junction of the septal and lateral mitral annulus in the apical 4-chamber view. Based on primary measurements E/A and E/E' ratios were calculated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory analysis</title>
        <p>Peripheral venous whole blood samples were taken after 5 minutes at rest for routine laboratory testing (OGTT, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, creatine, leucocytes, hemoglobin, creatin kinase, TSH, hsCRP, GOT, GPT). Blood was drawn into pyrogen-free tubes without any additives, centrifuged at room temperature, aliquoted and stored at -80&#176;C. All laboratory analysis were outsourced to Roche Diagnostics (Penzberg, Germany) and performed on blinded samples. For analysis of plasma NT-proBNP the Elecsys 2010 NT-proBNP assay (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) was used. For measurement of Endostatin the ELISA assay of R&amp;D Systems (Minneapolis, MN USA) was used. All assays were performed according to manufacturer's recommendations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All analyses were performed using SPSS statistical software (SPSS 19.0, Chicago, IL, USA). The data are presented as median with 25<sup>th</sup>/75<sup>th</sup> percentiles (interquartile range) for continuous variables or as absolute numbers and corresponding percentages for categorical variables unless otherwise specified. Log transformed values were used for analysis as appropriate. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. We used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test as appropriate to test for normal distribution. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to analyze differences between the medians of two groups and the Kruskal-Wallis test to test the equality of medians among more than two distinct groups. Fisher's Test was used for the comparison of two sets of binary variables and the c<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> test to evaluate differences in proportions in more than 2 sets of categorical variables. Endostatin and NT-proBNP levels were compared across subjects with normal diastolic function, mild ALVDD and HFpEF by the Mann-Whitney U-test, and Jonckheere-Terpstra test. Spearman rank correlation was used to identify variables associated with Endostatin. A multivariable model was included to predict the presence of HFpEF and included the following covariates: Endostatin, age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease and body mass index. Due to the exploratory nature of this study, there is no minimum required sample size.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population characteristics</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> provides an overview of the clinical characteristics of all 301 patients included in our study. The three groups showed comparable diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate and history of myocardial infarction and stroke. Patients with mild ALVDD or HFpEF were older, more obese, had a higher systolic blood pressure on average and showed a higher prevalence of comorbidities including CAD and coronary artery bypass graft, as well as cardiovascular disease risk. In addition, treatments varied across groups.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of the study population. Values are median (25 75interquartile range) or absolute numbers and percentage (%)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Clinical variables(median/interquartile range or %)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Studied patient groups</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Control (n = 55)</th>
                <th align="center">mild ALVDD (n = 169)</th>
                <th align="center">HFpEF (n = 77)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (48-61)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (58-71)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (68-77)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25.5 (24.1-29.1)</td>
                <td align="center">27.8 (25.6-32.3)</td>
                <td align="center">27.5 (25.7-32.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Waist circumference (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (86-107)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (94-114)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (98-111)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hip circumference(cm)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (94-103)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (96-111)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (98-114)</td>
                <td align="center">0.003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">125 (110-136)</td>
                <td align="center">134 (127-140)</td>
                <td align="center">136 (130-140)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diastolic BP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70-80)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (76-84)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (72-84)</td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resting HR (beats/min)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (68-76)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (69-76)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (65-76)</td>
                <td align="center">0.51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CAD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (58,6)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (63,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CABG, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3.0)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (11.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (27.3)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (44.4)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (42.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.074</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">History of MI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (14.5)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (21.3)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (22.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.501</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">History of stroke, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3.0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.824</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cardiovascular risk factors</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Treated hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (69.1)</td>
                <td align="center">148 (88.1)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (96.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (7.3)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (26.6)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Medication</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACE inhibitor, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (47.3)</td>
                <td align="center">110 (65.1)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (54.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.042<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AT1 receptor blocker, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (10.9)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (10.1)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (29.9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diuretics, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (14.5)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (26.6)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (49.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ca<sup>2</sup> blocker, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (10.9)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (13.6)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (27.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.013<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#914;-blocker, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (50.9)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (60.9)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (74.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.021<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; HR: heart rate; CAD: coronary artery disease; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; MI: myocardial infarction; DF: diastolic function; ALVDD: left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; NS: non-significant. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to analyze differences between the medians of two groups and the Kruskal-Wallis test to test the equality of medians among more than two distinct groups.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Endostatin and diastolic function</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> summarizes the laboratory data and echocardiographic function parameter stratified by the study groups HFpEF vs. ALVDD vs. controls. Levels of Endostatin were 179.0 [159-220] ng/mL in HFpEF, 163.8 [145.4-191.3] ng/mL in ALVDD and 149 [130.6 - 176.9] ng/mL in the control group, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>). Serum levels of Endostatin were significantly higher in patients with HFpEF (p &lt; 0.001) and mild ALVDD (p = 0.001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>) compared to individuals from the control group. Furthermore, Endostatin serum concentration was elevated in patients with mild ALVDD compared to asymptomatic controls with normal diastolic and systolic function (p = 0,004). In addition, there was a significant association between increasing Endostatin quartiles and higher NT-pro-BNP levels. No clinically relevant differences were observed in the clinical routine laboratory assessments. In multivariable analysis included the covariates Endostatin, age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease and body mass index, age (p &lt; 0.001) and Endostatin (p = 0.008 were independently associated with HFpEF</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Laboratory data and echocardiographic parameters. (25-75interquartile range) or absolute numbers and percentage (%) X<sup>2</sup> test was used as appropriate</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Clinical variables</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Studied patient groups</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Control (n = 55)</th>
                <th align="center">mild ALVDD (n = 169)</th>
                <th align="center">HFpEF (n = 77)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Biomarker</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Endostatin (ng/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">149.1 (130.6-176.9)</td>
                <td align="center">163.8 (145.4-191.3)</td>
                <td align="center">179.0 (159-220)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NT-pro-BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">90.1 (45.8-129.2)</td>
                <td align="center">86.7 (43.7-170.7)</td>
                <td align="center">343.6 (151.7-703.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Routine parameter</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">189 (163-228)</td>
                <td align="center">193 (171-221)</td>
                <td align="center">191 (170-210)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (89-135)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (89-135)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (86-129)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (46-64)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (38-62)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (41-61)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triclyceride (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (83-185)</td>
                <td align="center">142 (100-206)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (104-189)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lp (a) (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5-27)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (6-39)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (6-52)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TSH (mU/l)</td>
                <td align="center">1.20 (0.94-2.09)</td>
                <td align="center">1.42 (0.824-2.08)</td>
                <td align="center">1.315 (0.80-1.90)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">0.8 (0.7-0.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.9 (0.7-0.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.9 (0.75-1.10)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">hsCRP</td>
                <td align="center">0.1 (0.1-0.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.3 (0.1-0.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.3 (0.2-0.69)</td>
                <td align="center">0.005<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glucose</td>
                <td align="center">89 (84-97)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (91-111)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (89-103)</td>
                <td align="center">0.020<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hb (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">14.3 (13.3-15.1)</td>
                <td align="center">14.1 (13.2-15.0)</td>
                <td align="center">13.6 (12.5-14.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CK (U/l)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (58-105)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (60-114)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (55-104)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SGOT (U/l)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (21-31)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (21-31)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (21-32)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LV geometry</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IVS (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (9-11)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (10-13)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (11-14)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PLW (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (9-11)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (10-13)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (11-14)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEDD(mm)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (42-47)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (39-48)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (41-50)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVESD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (28-34)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (25-34)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (27-36)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVMi (g/m&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (62-84)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (67-102)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (77-119)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Systolic function</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (62-72)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (61-71)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (63-73)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S<sub>max</sub> (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">7.2 (6.3-8.0)</td>
                <td align="center">6.3 (5.7-7.5)</td>
                <td align="center">6.1 (5.4-6.7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diastolic function</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LA-Index (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25.4 (21.8-28.7)</td>
                <td align="center">29.8 (25.7-33.3)</td>
                <td align="center">39.3 (36.7-49.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (60-80)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (50-70)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70-90)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (50-70)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70-90)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70-90)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A ratio</td>
                <td align="center">1.14 (0.68-1.25)</td>
                <td align="center">0.75 (0.67-0.86)</td>
                <td align="center">1.11 (0.85-1.25)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E'septal (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">8.4 (7.3-9.4)</td>
                <td align="center">5.9 (5.2-6.8)</td>
                <td align="center">5.4 (4.6-6.3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E'lateral (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">10.7 (9.5-13.0)</td>
                <td align="center">8.2 (6.9-9.5)</td>
                <td align="center">6.9 (5.6-8.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Average E'(cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">9.8 (8.6-11.0)</td>
                <td align="center">7.2 (6.1-8.1)</td>
                <td align="center">6.2 (5.2-7.2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E'septal ratio</td>
                <td align="center">8.0 (6.9-9.0)</td>
                <td align="center">10.2 (8.3-11.9)</td>
                <td align="center">15.1 (12.5-17.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E'average ratio</td>
                <td align="center">7.0 (6.0-7.7)</td>
                <td align="center">8.4 (6.8-10.1)</td>
                <td align="center">13.3 (11.1-14.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05); NT-proBNP: N-terminal fragment of the prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; Lp (a): lipoprotein (a); TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; hsCRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein; Hb: hemoglobin; CK: creatinkinase; SGOT: serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; IVS: interventricular septum; PLW: posterior lateral wall; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; EF: ejection fraction; LA: left atrial; E: early diastolic transmitral velocity; A: late diastolic transmitral velocity; E': early diastolic tissue Doppler velocity; DF: diastolic function; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; NS: non-significant. The Mann&#8209;Whitney U-test was used to analyze differences between the medians of two groups and the Kruskal-Wallis test to test the equality of medians among more than two distinct groups.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>(A) The boxplot graphics show serum Endostatin levels for the ALVDD, HFpEF patients and the control group. (B)The correlation between Endostatin levels and the E/E' ratio as surrogate for increased left ventricular filling pressures. (C) The logarithmic dot blot displays the correlation of Endostatin serum levels with NT-proBNP.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0448-70144-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Association of Endostatin levels with cardiac structure and function</title>
        <p>Increasing quartiles of Endostatin were significantly associated with structural changes of the heart like the extent of LV- hypertrophy and left atrial enlargement, reflecting adverse cardiac remodeling. Moreover, increasing quartiles of Endostatin were significantly associated with worsening diastolic function measured by tissue Doppler imaging (E', E/E') (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>). Thus, patients within the highest quartiles of Endostatin serum levels showed more advanced cardiac remodeling (LV hypertrophy and left atrial enlargement) as well as more severe diastolic function abnormalities reflecting increasing left ventricular filling pressures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>). Consistently, there was a significant positive moderate correlation between Endostatin and NT-proBNP levels (r = 0.32, p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic parameters stratified according to serum Endostatin quartiles. Values are median (interquartile range) or n (%). X<sup>2</sup> test was used as appropriate</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Parameter</th>
                <th align="center">Endostatin 1<sup>rd</sup> quartile</th>
                <th align="center">Endostatin 2<sup>nd</sup> quartile</th>
                <th align="center">Endostatin 3<sup>rd</sup> quartile</th>
                <th align="center">Endostatin 4<sup>th</sup> quartile</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LV geometry</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IVS (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (9-12)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (11-13)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (11-13)</td>
                <td align="center">12 10-14)</td>
                <td align="center">0.032<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PLW (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (10-13)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (10-13)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (10-13)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (10-14)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEDD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (41-47)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (40-47)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (40-49)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (40-48)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LEVSD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (27-34)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (26-32)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (27-35)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (24-37)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVMi (g/m&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center">76.4 (61.6-100.4)</td>
                <td align="center">74.2 (66.2-97.8)</td>
                <td align="center">87.8 (72.9-100.3)</td>
                <td align="center">94.5 (70.8-117.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.024<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Systolic function</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection fraction (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (60-70)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (63-72)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (61-71)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (63-74)</td>
                <td align="center">0.029<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S<sub>max</sub> (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">6.6 (5.8-7.7)</td>
                <td align="center">6.6 (5.8-7.7)</td>
                <td align="center">6.4 (5.6-7.2)</td>
                <td align="center">6.1 (5.3-7.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.005<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Diastolic function</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LA-Index (ml/m&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center">28.6 (23.8-35.3)</td>
                <td align="center">31.2 (25.7-35.2)</td>
                <td align="center">29.9 (25.7-36.9)</td>
                <td align="center">33.4 (27.9-38.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.023<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (50-75)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (50-70)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (50-80)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (60-80)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (60-80)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (60-80)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70-90)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70-95)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A ratio</td>
                <td align="center">0.9 (0.7-1.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.9 (0.7-1.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.8 (0.7-1.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.8 (0.7-1.1)</td>
                <td align="center">NS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E'septal (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">6.9 (5.6-8.0)</td>
                <td align="center">6.0 (5.3-7.3)</td>
                <td align="center">6.3 (5.3-7.3)</td>
                <td align="center">5.6 (4.9-6.2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E'lateral (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">9.1 (7.1-10.7)</td>
                <td align="center">8.6 (7.0-10.2)</td>
                <td align="center">8.3 (7.0-10.2)</td>
                <td align="center">7.5 (6.3-8.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Average E'</td>
                <td align="center">7.9 (6.8-9.3)</td>
                <td align="center">7.4 (6.3-8.5)</td>
                <td align="center">7.6 (6.2-8.3)</td>
                <td align="center">6.4 (5.5-7.5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E'septal ratio</td>
                <td align="center">8.8 (7.5-11.4)</td>
                <td align="center">10.3 (8.3-12.5)</td>
                <td align="center">10.8 (8.3-13.0)</td>
                <td align="center">12.1 (9.8-15.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E'average ratio</td>
                <td align="center">7.5 (6.5-9.8)</td>
                <td align="center">8.5 (7.1&#8212;10.5)</td>
                <td align="center">8.9 (7.1-11.5)</td>
                <td align="center">10.5 (8.4-13.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Laboratory</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NT-pro-BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">81.40 (45.1-137.3)</td>
                <td align="center">93.25 (43.70-211.6)</td>
                <td align="center">104.6 (52.8-179.7)</td>
                <td align="center">218.2 (100.35-516.15)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). IVS: interventricular septum; PLW: posterior lateral wall; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end&#8209;systolic diameter; EF: ejection fraction; LA: left atrial; E: early diastolic transmitral velocity; A: late diastolic transmitral velocity; E': early diastolic tissue Doppler velocity; NT&#8209;proBNP: N-terminal fragment of the prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide; DF: diastolic function; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic dysfunction; NS: non&#8209;significant, HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to analyze differences between the medians of two groups and the Kruskal&#8209;Wallis test to test the equality of medians among more than two distinct groups.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>We hypothesized that circulating Endostatin levels are altered in patients with ALVDD and HFpEF. Furthermore, elevated levels are associated with the presence and severity of diastolic function abnormalities. To verify the hypothesis we performed a clinical observational study including 301 patients, which were assigned based on their echocardiographic characteristics to three different groups. To our knowledge, this is the first published report linking increased circulating Endostatin levels to the presence and severity of diastolic function abnormalities and HFpEF in a well phenotyped cohort of patients with normal systolic function. In the present study, Endostatin showed a graded increase from controls over ALVDD to HFpEF. Furthermore, higher Endostatin levels were significantly associated with established markers of structural cardiac abnormalities including the LAVi and increased LV mass as well as functional abnormalities like E/E' ratio. Particularly, an increased LAVi without concomitant mitral valve disease reflects a chronic remodeling process typical for HFpEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Consistently, we found that elevated Endostatin levels were associated with elevated NT-proBNP levels, a well-recognized prognostic marker and indicator of elevated ventricular filling pressures among patients, independent from LVEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Endostatin, a 20-kDa proteolytic fragment from the C-terminal domain of collagen XVIII, was shown to have an inhibitory effect on tumor growth working as an antiangiogenic growth factor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Endostatin plays a role in the local balance of angiogenesis and shows potent anti-angiogenic activity by inhibiting proliferation and migration of endothelial cells in addition to inducing endothelial cell apoptosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Endostatin is produced by the proteolytic cleavage of the C-terminal domain of collagen XVIII, a component of the extracellular matrix. The precise mechanism of conversion from collagen XVIII to Endostatin has not yet been fully elucidated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Recent studies of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) demonstrate that Endostatin protein levels correlate significantly with reduced angiogenesis and poorly developed cardiac collateral vasculature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The results from our study fit well to the pathophysiological model used to explain the development of HFpEF. In general, HFpEF is a complex disease involving an interplay of various factors. There is the hypothesis that a failure of oxygen delivery to the cardiomycytes triggers a pro-angiogenic response in patients suffering from heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Nonetheless, angiogenic and antiangiogenic growth factors often co-exist in tissues with angiogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Thus, the status of endothelial cells and endothelial function is determined by a balance between these positive and negative factors on angiogenesis, and the balance may in inappropriate shifted towards antiangiogenic factors in patients with HF. It was shown that the role of microvascular dysfunction and microvascular inflammation is especial for patients with the diagnosis of HFpEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> A new pathophysiologic model presented by Redfield et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> points from pro-inflammatory coexisting conditions to systemic endothelial inflammation and impaired oxygen delivery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Global ventricular performance is highly dependent on oxygen supply and thus myocardial perfusion, and an essential component of myocardial perfusion during ventricular hypertrophy is the myocyte-microvascular balance and the myocyte/capillary ratio. In cardiac autopsy specimens, it has recently been shown that microvascular rarefaction is a downstream phenomenon in HFpEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Furthermore, Kitzman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> has demonstrated that HFpEF patients display significant abnormalities in the skeletal muscle as well as an abnormal capillary-to-fiber ratio, probably building the basis for severe exercise intolerance in HFpEF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> In addition, Gouya et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> have shown in a relatively small HFrEF study population that high levels of serum Endostatin were associated with all-cause mortality and concluded that the effect of increased angiogenesis is HF may be blunted by an overspill of anti-angiogenic factors such as Endostatin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Thus, we hypothesize that similar pathophysiological concepts may be involved in patients with HFpEF, were a high proportion of patients has a coincidence of coronary artery disease and diabetes, both damaging the endothelial structure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> This was also true for our patient population as shown in table 1. Endostatin could be moderator of the microvascular effects seen in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several limitations of this study must be acknowledged. The observational nature of the present study prohibits definitive determination of cause and effect relationships. Second, the present study was a single-center experience with a relatively small number of subjects. Third, longitudinal follow-up data were not available to test associations between the Endostatin serum levels and clinical outcomes. Moreover, we enrolled consecutive patients referred for elective coronary angiography and echocardiography, which may not represent a general population cohort without evidence or suspicious for cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>Further studies should include more patients from a broader population and capture longitudinal data including information about hospitalization and mortality.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In this exploratory hypothesis-generating study, we provide first evidence that Endostatin correlates with the presence and severity of diastolic dysfunction and HFpEF and may become a novel biomarker for the diagnosis and stratification of HFpEF. Increased Endostatin levels may reflect deterioration of diastolic function caused by adverse remodeling. Further prospective studies are needed to determine the causal relationship as well as the diagnostic and prognostic value of Endostatin in HFpEF and the potential role as a therapeutic target.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Sources of Funding</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Study Association</label>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Wilfried Dinh</bold>. Aprather Weg 18&#170;, 42113, Wuppertal. E-mail: <email>wilfried.dinh@bayer.com</email>, <email>wilfried.dinh@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn2">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Contribu&#237;ram igualmente para o estudo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <label>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</label>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Barroso MC, Dinh W; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Barroso MC, G&#252;lker JE, Dinh W; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Barroso MC, Boehme P, Kramer F, Mondritzki T, Koehler T, G&#252;lker JE, Karoff M, Dinh W; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Dinh W; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Barroso MC, Boehme P, Dinh W; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Boehme P, Kramer F, Mondritzki T, Koehler T, G&#252;lker JE, Karoff M, Dinh W.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesses</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A Endostatina &#233; um inibidor circulante end&#243;geno da angiog&#234;nese que previne a neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Estudos anteriores demonstraram o valor progn&#243;stico da Endostatina em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com frac&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr). No entanto, o papel da Endostatina entre os pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp) permanece incerto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Endostatina, n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos e a gravidade de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e diast&#243;lica e o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Mediu-se a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de Endostatina em 301 pacientes, compreendendo 77 pacientes com ICFEp, 169 pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda assintom&#225;tica diast&#243;lica (DVEAD) e 55 controles com a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca normal. Resultados: Os n&#237;veis de Endostatina no soro foram significativamente elevados em pacientes com ICFEp (mediana / intervalo interquartil 179,0 [159-220]) e DVEAD (163,8 [145,4-191,3]) em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles (149,1 [130,6-176,9]), p &lt; 0,001 e p = 0,004, respectivamente) e correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com o terminal do pro-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B <italic>(</italic>NT-proBNP<italic>).</italic></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Este estudo piloto gerador de hip&#243;tese fornece a primeira evid&#234;ncia de que a Endostatina se correlaciona com a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e pode tornar-se um novo biomarcador para ICFEp. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; de que um aumento nos n&#237;veis de Endostatina pode refletir inibi&#231;&#227;o da angiog&#234;nese adaptativa e remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca adversa.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Endostatinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deos Natriur&#233;ticos</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes afetados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) est&#225; crescendo de forma constante. Isto &#233; por causa de um envelhecimento da sociedade, estilo de vida ocidental e melhora nos cuidados cl&#237;nicos agudos (por exemplo, ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Apesar de que o tratamento de condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#243;nicas melhorou ao longo das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, as taxas de mortalidade e morbidade nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes est&#227;o entre os mais altos no sistema de sa&#250;de ocidental.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Nos Estados Unidos (EUA) a IC &#233; a principal causa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o para pacientes de &gt; 65 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Em 2030 os custos diretos pela insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca v&#227;o chegar a US $ 70 bilh&#245;es s&#243; nos EUA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A metade dos pacientes est&#227;o afetados por IC com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e frac&#231;&#227;o de ejec&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp) e esta propor&#231;&#227;o est&#225; aumentando.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Os dados cl&#237;nicos mostram que os pacientes que sofrem de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) apresentam melhores resultados em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com ICFEp.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Uma raz&#227;o pode ser que nenhuma terapia demonstrou melhorar os resultados na ICFEp.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas atuais para aliviar os sintomas dos pacientes incluem gerenciamento de fluidos, controle da press&#227;o arterial e exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos. Uma grande desvantagem no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento de novas terapias para o ICFEp &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos claros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Isso dificulta a defini&#231;&#227;o de popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes para estudos cl&#237;nicos. Atualmente, o diagn&#243;stico &#233; exclusivamente baseado em ecocardiografia. A separa&#231;&#227;o entre ICFEp e ICFEr &#233; ainda mais desafiadora e enganosa em pacientes com IC recentemente diagnosticado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Portanto, novas estrat&#233;gias para a fenotipagem da doen&#231;a em IC s&#227;o necess&#225;rias urgentemente. Novos biomarcadores podem atingir uma melhor fenotipagem da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Apesar de muitos relat&#243;rios sobre biomarcadores de IC terem sido publicados nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, o impacto na tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica ainda &#233; limitado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> BNP/NTproBNP demonstrou alta utilidade cl&#237;nica para identificar pacientes com alto risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e de morte. No entanto, neste contexto, esses marcadores para estudos cl&#237;nicos s&#243; s&#227;o aplic&#225;veis em pacientes relativamente est&#225;veis e n&#227;o em pacientes com IC terminal. Al&#233;m disso, o uso de BNP/NTproBNP &#233; adequado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para otimizar a terapia com drogas que sejam conhecidas por melhorar o resultado do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> No entanto, o BNP/NTproBNP n&#227;o &#233; aceito como desfecho substituto e s&#243; pode ser usado exploratoriamente como desfecho em ensaios cl&#237;nicos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da utilidade cl&#237;nica do BNP/NTproBNP se manifesta nas diretrizes atuais para o manejo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Uma s&#233;rie de publica&#231;&#245;es prop&#245;em a Endostatina, um potente inibidor da angiog&#234;nese, conhecido principalmente na oncologia, como potencial novo candidato ao biomarcador de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Mais importante ainda, Gouya et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> relataram em um estudo prospectivo de coorte observacional em 151 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis elevados de Endostatina circulante e a mortalidade. Al&#233;m disso, este estudo mostrou uma clara associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de Endostatina e a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica progressiva, a principal caracter&#237;stica da ICFEp.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> &#201; por isso que levantamos a hip&#243;tese de que a Endostatina poderia potencialmente ser um biomarcador adequado para diagnosticar o fen&#243;tipo da doen&#231;a em pacientes ICFEp. No presente estudo, buscamos investigar unicamente o papel da Endostatina como biomarcador para ICFEp e a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Privada de Witten/Herdecke, na Alemanha (projeto n&#186; 91/08) e conduzido de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. O consentimento informado por escrito e firmado foi obtido de todos os pacientes.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</title>
          <p>Os participantes do estudo prospectivo de coorte observacional foram pacientes que contataram o HELIOS Klinikum Wuppertal Heart Center (Wuppertal, Alemanha) para angiografia coron&#225;ria eletiva ou diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) est&#225;vel ou suspeita e / ou diagn&#243;stico de ICC foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 50%, DAC conhecida com dor tor&#225;cica progressiva no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s, angioplastia coron&#225;ria ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio dentro de 6 semanas, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular moderada a grave, hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou outras arritmias graves, soro-creatinina &gt; 2,0 mg/dl. Os pacientes selecionados para o grupo controle n&#227;o tiveram antecedentes ou sintomas de ICC, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal &gt; 55%, rela&#231;&#227;o da velocidade diast&#243;lica trasmitral precoce (E) e da velocidade di&#225;stolica precoce ao Doppler tisular (E') de &lt; 8, e valores NTproBNP normais. Um total de 301 pacientes foram recrutados e atribu&#237;dos a tr&#234;s grupos com base em crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, conforme recomendado pela Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> O grupo controle consistiu de 55 pacientes (29 do sexo masculino) com fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica normal (FDN). O grupo com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda assintom&#225;tica (DVEAD) tinha 169 pacientes (95 do sexo masculino) com E m&#233;dia &lt; 8 cm/s, E/E 'rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia 8-15 e NT-proBNP &lt; 220 pg/ml. O grupo com ICFEp compreendeu 77 pacientes (46 f&#234;meas, 31 do sexo masculino) apresentando DVEAD Grad II-III com rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' &gt; 15, NT-proBNP &gt; 220 pg/mL e sinais ou sintomas atuais ou pr&#233;vios de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
          <p>A ecocardiografia foi realizada utilizando um sistema de ultrassom padr&#227;o (Vivid 7, General Electric, Milwaukee, Wisconsin). Um estudo transtor&#225;cico completo foi realizado, incluindo t&#233;cnicas de Doppler 2D, Modo-M, espectrais e coloridas, seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es e diretrizes atuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> O &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (IVAE) foi calculado usando o m&#233;todo do comprimento da &#225;rea do biplano. A FEVE do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi medida por meio do m&#233;todo do biplano modificado de Simpson.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> O &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (iMVE) foi calculado com a f&#243;rmula de Devereux indexada &#224; superf&#237;cie do corpo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A ICFEp foi definido de acordo com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o EAE/ASE, baseada na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> As medidas prim&#225;rias inclu&#237;ram pico de velocidade do fluxo transmitral precoce (Onda-E) e velocidades de enchimento diast&#243;lico tardias (Onda-A), assim como velocidades mitrais anulares sist&#243;licas (S) e diast&#243;licas precoces (E'). Em cada caso, foram medidos e calculada a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s batidas consecutivas. O fluxo transmitral convencional foi medido com o Doppler pulsado-ondulado (DPO). A imagem de Doppler tissular PO (DTI) foi realizada na jun&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral septal e lateral na vis&#227;o apical de 4 c&#226;maras. Com base nas medidas prim&#225;rias, as rela&#231;&#245;es E/A e E/E' foram calculadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise laboratorial</title>
          <p>Foram tomadas amostras de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico total ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso para rotina de testes laboratoriais (TTOG, colesterol total, colesterol LDL, colesterol HDL, triglicer&#237;deos, creatina, leuc&#243;citos, hemoglobina, creatina quinase, TSH, PCR-as, TGO e TGP). O sangue foi colocado em tubos livres de pir&#243;genos, sem qualquer aditivo, centrifugado &#224; temperatura ambiente, dividido e armazenado a -80&#176;C. Todas as an&#225;lises laboratoriais foram terceirizadas para Roche Diagnostics (Penzberg, Alemanha) e foram realizados em amostras cegas. Para a an&#225;lise de NT-proBNP no plasma se usou o teste Elecsys 2010 NT-proBNP (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Alemanha). Foi utilizado para a medi&#231;&#227;o de Endostatina o teste ELISA de R&amp;D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, EUA. Todos os testes foram realizados de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do fabricante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando software estat&#237;stico SPSS (SPSS 19.0, Chicago, IL, EUA). Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia com percentis 25/75 (varia&#231;&#227;o interquartil) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas ou n&#250;meros absolutos e percentagens para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas correspondentes, a menos que especificado de outra forma. Os valores transformados em log foram utilizados para an&#225;lise conforme apropriado. Um valor de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para testar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado para analisar as diferen&#231;as entre as medianas dos dois grupos e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para testar a igualdade das medianas entre mais do que dois grupos diferentes. O teste de Fisher foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o de dois conjuntos de vari&#225;veis bin&#225;rias e o teste c<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> para avaliar diferen&#231;as de propor&#231;&#245;es em mais de dois conjuntos de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Os n&#237;veis de Endostatina e NT-proBNP foram comparados entre indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o normal diast&#243;lica, DVEAD leve e ICFEp pelo teste de Mann-Whitney U e o teste de Jonckheere-Terpstra. A correla&#231;&#227;o de postos de Spearman foi utilizada para identificar as vari&#225;veis associadas com a Endostatina. Um modelo multivari&#225;vel foi inclu&#237;do para predizer a presen&#231;a de ICFEp e incluiu as seguintes covari&#225;veis: Endostatina, idade, sexo, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coronariana e &#237;ndice de massa corporal. Devido &#224; natureza explorat&#243;ria deste estudo, n&#227;o existe um tamanho de amostra m&#237;nimo exigido.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> proporciona uma vis&#227;o geral das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos 301 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no nosso estudo. Os tr&#234;s grupos mostraram press&#245;es arteriais diast&#243;licas compar&#225;veis, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso e hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral. Pacientes com DVEAD leve ou ICFEp eram mais velhos, mais obesos, tinham em m&#233;dia maior press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, e mostraram uma maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades, incluindo DAC e by-pass de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, e risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Os tratamentos tamb&#233;m variaram entre os grupos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Os valores s&#227;o medianas (Intervalo interquartil 22-75) ou n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagem (%)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas (mediana /intervalo interquartil ou %)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupos de pacientes estudados</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Controle (n = 55)</th>
                  <th align="center">DVEAD Leve (n = 169)</th>
                  <th align="center">ICFEp (n = 77)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (48-61)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (58-71)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (68-77)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,5 (24,1-29,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,8 (25,6-32,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,5 (25,7-32,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia tor&#225;cica (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (86-107)</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (94-114)</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (98-111)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (94-103)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (96-111)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (98-114)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PA Sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (110-136)</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (127-140)</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (130-140)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PA Diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70-80)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (76-84)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (72-84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia em repouso (b/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (68-76)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (69-76)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (65-76)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DAC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (38,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (58,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (63,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ponte Safena, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (11,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ICP, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (27,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (44,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,074</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de IM, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (14,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (21,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (22,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,501</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de AVC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,824</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fatores de risco cardiovascular</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o tratada, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (69,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (88,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (96,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus,n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (26,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Medica&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inibidor ECA, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (47,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (65,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (54,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,042<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bloqueador de receptores AT1, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (10,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (10,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (29,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (14,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (26,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (49,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bloqueador Ca<sup>2</sup>, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (10,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (13,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (27,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#914;- Bloqueador, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (50,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (60,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (74,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>estatisticamente significante (p &lt; 0,05). IMC: &#237;ndice massa corp&#243;rea; PA: press&#227;o arterial; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; FD: fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; DVEAD: disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda diast&#243;lica; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. NS: n&#227;o significante. O teste U de Mann-Whitney foi usado para analisar as diferen&#231;as entre as medianas de dois grupos e o teste de Kruskal&#8209;Wallis para testar a igualdade das medianas entre mais de dois grupos distintos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Endostatina e fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref> ecocardiogr&#225;fico estratificada por grupos de estudo ICFEp vs DVEAD versus controles. Os n&#237;veis de Endostatina foram 179,0 [159-220] ng/mL em ICFEp, 163,8 [145,4-191,3] ng/mL em DVEAD e 149 [130,6-176,9] ng/ml no grupo de controle, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1A</xref>). Os n&#237;veis de Endostatina s&#233;rica foram significativamente mais elevados em pacientes com ICFEp (p &lt; 0,001) e DVEAD leve (p = 0,001, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>) em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos de controle. Al&#233;m disso, a Endostatina s&#233;rica estava elevada em pacientes com DVEAD leve em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles assintom&#225;ticos com fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica resume os dados laboratoriais e a fun&#231;&#227;o do par&#226;metro normal (p = 0,004). Houve tamb&#233;m uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o aumento dos quartis de Endostatina e n&#237;veis mais elevados de NT-proBNP. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as clinicamente relevantes na rotina cl&#237;nica nos resultados laboratoriais. A an&#225;lise multivariada incluiu as covari&#225;veis: Endostatina, idade, sexo, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, DAC e &#237;ndice de massa corporal, idade (p &lt; 0,001) e Endostatina (p = 0,008) as que estavam independentemente associadas com ICFEp.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dados laboratoriais e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. (Intervalo interquartil 25-75) ou n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagem (%). O teste &#967;<sup>2</sup> foi utilizado quando for apropriado</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupos de pacientes estudados</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Controle (n = 55)</th>
                  <th align="center">DVEAD Leve (n = 169)</th>
                  <th align="center">ICFEp (n = 77)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Biomarcador</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Endostatina (ng/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">149,1 (130,6-176,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">163,8 (145,4-191,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">179,0 (159-220)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NT-pro-BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">90,1 (45,8-129,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">86,7 (43,7-170,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">343,6 (151,7-703,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Par&#226;metros de rotina</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (163-228)</td>
                  <td align="center">193 (171-221)</td>
                  <td align="center">191 (170-210)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Colesterol LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (89-135)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (89-135)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (86-129)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Colesterol HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (46-64)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (38-62)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (41-61)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (83-185)</td>
                  <td align="center">142 (100-206)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (104-189)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Lp (a) (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (5-27)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (6-39)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (6-52)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TSH (mU/l)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.20 (0,94-2,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,42 (0,824-2,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,315 (0,80-1,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 (0,7-0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 (0,7-0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 (0,75-1,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCR-as</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1 (0,1-0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3 (0,1-0,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3 (0,2-0,69)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Glucose</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (84-97)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (91-111)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (89-103)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,020<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hb (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,3 (13,3-15,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,1 (13,2-15,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,6 (12,5-14,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CK (U/l)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (58-105)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (60-114)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (55-104)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AST (U/l)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (21-31)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (21-31)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (21-32)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Geometria VE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SIV (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (9-11)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (10-13)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (11-14)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PPL (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (9-11)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (10-13)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (11-14)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DDVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (42-47)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (39-48)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (41-50)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DSVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (28-34)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (25-34)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (27-36)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LVMi (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (62-84)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (67-102)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (77-119)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o Sist&#243;lica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (62-72)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (61-71)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (63-73)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S<sub>max</sub> (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,2 (6,3-8,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3 (5,7-7,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,1 (5,4-6,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice LA - (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,4 (21,8-28,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,8 (25,7-33,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">39,3 (36,7-49,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (60-80)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (50-70)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70-90)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (50-70)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70-90)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70-90)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14 (0,68-1,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75 (0,67-0,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11 (0,85-1,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E'septal (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,4 (7,3-9,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,9 (5,2-6,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4 (4,6-6,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E'lateral (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,7 (9,5-13,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,2 (6,9-9,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,9 (5,6-8,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">M&#233;dia E' (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,8 (8,6-11,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,2 (6,1-8,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2 (5,2-7,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o septal E/E'</td>
                  <td align="center">8,0 (6,9-9,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,2 (8,3-11,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,1 (12,5-17,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia E/E'</td>
                  <td align="center">7,0 (6,0-7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,4 (6,8-10,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,3 (11,1-14,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>estatisticamente significante (p &lt; 0,05); NT-proBNP: N-fragmento terminal do prohorm&#244;nio B-tipo natriur&#233;tico pept&#237;deo; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; Lp (a): lipoproteina (a); TSH: horm&#244;nio estimulador da tiroides; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C reativa alta sensibilidade; Hb: hemoglobina; CK: creatinaquinase; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; SIV: septo interventricular; PPL: parede posterior lateral; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; E: velocidade dist&#243;lica transmitral precoce; A: velocidade dist&#243;lica transmitral tardia; E': velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce Doppler tisular; FD: fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; DVED: disfun&#231;&#227;o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo diast&#243;lica; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; NS: n&#227;o significante. O teste U de Mann-Whitney foi usado para analisar as diferen&#231;as entre as medianas de dois grupos e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para testar a igualdade das medianas entre mais de dois grupos distintos</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Os gr&#225;ficos boxplot mostram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de endostatina para os pacientes com DVEAD, ICFEp e o grupo controle. B) A correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de Endostatina e a rela&#231;&#227;o E / E' como substituto para o aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. C) O Dot Blot logar&#237;tmico exibe a correla&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Endostatina com NT-proBNP.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0448-70144-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>N&#237;veis de associa&#231;&#227;o de Endostatina com a estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>Quartis crescentes de Endostatina estavam significativamente associados com mudan&#231;as estruturais do cora&#231;&#227;o como o grau de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e alargamento do &#225;trio esquerdo, refletindo um remodelamento card&#237;aco adverso. Al&#233;m disso, quartis crescentes de Endostatina estavam significativamente associados com o agravamento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica medida por Doppler tissular (E', E/E') (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). Assim, os pacientes dentro dos quartis mais altos dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Endostatina apresentaram remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca mais avan&#231;ada (hipertrofia do VE e aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo), bem como anormalidades da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica mais severas que refletem o aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>). De forma consistente, houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada positiva significativa entre os n&#237;veis de Endostatina e NT-proBNP (r = 0,32, p &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1C</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#225;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos estratificados de acordo com os quartis da endostatina no soro. Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dios (intervalo intercuartil) ou n (%). O teste &#967;<sup>2</sup> foi utilizado conforme apropriado</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                  <th align="center">Endostatina 1<sup>ro</sup> quartil</th>
                  <th align="center">Endostatina 2<sup>do</sup> quartil</th>
                  <th align="center">Endostatina 3<sup>ro</sup> quartil</th>
                  <th align="center">Endostatina 4&#186; quartil</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Geometria VE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SIV (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (9-12)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (11-13)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (11-13)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 10-14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PPL (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (10-13)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (10-13)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (10-13)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (10-14)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DDVE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (41-47)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (40-47)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (40-49)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (40-48)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LEVSD (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (27-34)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (26-32)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (27-35)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (24-37)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">LVMi (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">76,4 (61,6-100,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">74,2 (66,2-97,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">87,8 (72,9-100,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">94,5 (70,8-117,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,024<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o Sist&#243;lica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (60-70)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (63-72)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (61-71)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (63-74)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,029<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S<sub>max</sub> (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6 (5,8-7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6 (5,8-7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4 (5,6-7,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,1 (5,3-7,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice LA - (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,6 (23,8-35,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,2 (25,7-35,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,9 (25,7-36,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,4 (27,9-38,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (50-75)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (50-70)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (50-80)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (60-80)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (60-80)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (60-80)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70-90)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70-95)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 (0,7-1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 (0,7-1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 (0,7-1,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 (0,7-1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">NS</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E'septal (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,9 (5,6-8,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,0 (5,3-7,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3 (5,3-7,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6 (4,9-6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E'lateral (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,1 (7,1-10,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,6 (7,0-10,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,3 (7,0-10,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,5 (6,3-8,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">M&#233;dia E'</td>
                  <td align="center">7,9 (6,8-9,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4 (6,3-8,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6 (6,2-8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4 (5,5-7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o septal E/E'</td>
                  <td align="center">8,8 (7,5-11,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,3 (8,3-12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,8 (8,3-13,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,1 (9,8-15,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia E/E'</td>
                  <td align="center">7,5 (6,5-9,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,5 (7,1-10,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,9 (7,1-11,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,5 (8,4-13,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Laborat&#243;rio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NT-pro-BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">81,40 (45,1-137,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">93,25 (43,70-211,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">104,6 (52,8-179,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">218,2 (100,35-516,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>estatisticamente significante (p &lt; 0,05). SIV: septo interventricular; PPL: parede posterior lateral; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; E: velocidade dist&#243;lica transmitral precoce; A: velocidade dist&#243;lica transmitral tardia; E': velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce Doppler tisular; NT-proBNP: N-fragmento terminal do prohorm&#244;nio B-tipo natriur&#233;tico pept&#237;deo; FD: fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; DVED: disfun&#231;&#227;o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo diast&#243;lica; NS: n&#227;o significante; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. O teste U de Mann-Whitney foi usado para analisar as diferen&#231;as entre as medianas de dois grupos e o teste de Kruskal Wallis para testar a igualdade das medianas entre mais de dois grupos distintos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que os n&#237;veis circulantes de Endostatina est&#227;o alterados em pacientes com DVEAD e ICFEp. Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis elevados est&#227;o associados &#224; presen&#231;a e &#224; gravidade das anomalias da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Para verificar a hip&#243;tese realizamos um estudo cl&#237;nico observacional que incluiu 301 pacientes, os quais foram assignados em tr&#234;s grupos diferentes levando em conta as suas caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. No nosso entendimento, este &#233; o primeiro relat&#243;rio publicado conectando o aumento dos n&#237;veis circulantes de Endostatina &#224; presen&#231;a e &#224; gravidade das anomalias da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e ICFEp em uma coorte bem fenotipada de pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal. No presente estudo, a Endostatina mostrou um aumento gradual dos controles de DVEAD a ICFEp. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis mais altos de Endostatina se associaram significativamente com marcadores estabelecidos de anomalias card&#237;acas estruturais, incluindo e o iVAE aumento da massa do VE, assim como anomalias funcionais como a rela&#231;&#227;o E/E'. Particularmente, um iVAE aumentado sem doen&#231;a valvar mitral concomitante reflete um processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica t&#237;pico da ICFEp.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Consistentemente, descobrimos que os n&#237;veis elevados de endostatina estavam associados a n&#237;veis elevados de NT-proBNP, um marcador progn&#243;stico bem reconhecido e indicador de press&#245;es elevadas de enchimento ventricular, independente da FEVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Demostrou-se que la Endostatina, um fragmento proteol&#237;tico de 20 kDa do dom&#237;nio C-terminal do col&#225;geno XVIII, tem um efeito inibidor sobre o crescimento tumoral funcionando como fator de crescimento antiangiog&#233;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A endostatina desempenha um papel no equil&#237;brio local da angiog&#234;nese e mostra uma potente atividade anti-angiog&#234;nica pela inibi&#231;&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o e migra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas endoteliais al&#233;m de induzir a apoptose das c&#233;lulas endoteliais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A endostatina &#233; produzida pela clivagem proteol&#237;tica do dom&#237;nio C-terminal do col&#225;geno XVIII, um componente da matriz extracelular. O mecanismo preciso de convers&#227;o do col&#225;geno XVIII para Endostatina ainda n&#227;o foi completamente elucidado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Estudos recentes de pacientes com DAC demonstram que os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na Endostatina se correlacionam significativamente com angiog&#234;nese reduzida e vasculatura colateral card&#237;aca mal desenvolvida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os resultados de nosso estudo se encaixam bem no modelo fisiopatol&#243;gico usado para explicar o desenvolvimento de ICFEp. Em geral, ICFEp &#233; uma doen&#231;a complexa que implica uma intera&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios fatores. Existe a hip&#243;tese de que a falha da administra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio aos cardiomi&#243;citos desencadeia uma resposta pro-antig&#234;nica em pacientes que sofrem de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Por&#233;m, os fatores de crescimento angiog&#234;nicos e antiangiog&#234;nicos frequentemente coexistem em tecidos com angiog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Assim, o estado das c&#233;lulas endoteliais e da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; determinado por um equil&#237;brio entre esses fatores positivos e negativos na angiog&#234;nese, e o equil&#237;brio pode n&#227;o ser inadequado para fatores antiangiog&#234;nicos em pacientes com IC. Demostrou-se que o papel da disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular e da inflama&#231;&#227;o microvascular &#233; especial para pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Um novo modelo fisiopatol&#243;gico presentado por Redfield et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> assinala desde condi&#231;&#245;es coexistentes proinflamat&#243;rias &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o endotelial sist&#233;mica e o fornecimento de oxig&#234;nio piorado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O desempenho ventricular global depende em grande parte do fornecimento de oxig&#233;nio e, portanto, da perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, e um componente essencial da perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio durante a hipertrofia ventricular &#233; o equil&#237;brio mi&#243;cito-microvascular e a rela&#231;&#227;o de mi&#243;citos/capilares. Em esp&#233;cimes de aut&#243;psia card&#237;aca, recentemente foi demonstrado que a rarefa&#231;&#227;o microvascular &#233; um fen&#244;meno a jusante em ICFEp.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Al&#233;m disso, Kitzman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> t&#234;m demostrado que os pacientes com ICFEp apresentam anormalidades significativas no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, assim como uma rela&#231;&#227;o anormal de capilaridade a fibra, provavelmente constituindo a base para uma intoler&#226;ncia severa ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com ICFEp.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Al&#233;m disso, Gouya et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> mostraram em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de ICFEr relativamente pequena que altos n&#237;veis de Endocertina s&#233;rica estavam associados &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas e conclu&#237;ram que o efeito do aumento da angiog&#234;nese &#233; que a IC pode ser atenuada por um excesso de fatores anti-angiog&#234;nicos, como a Endostatina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">19</xref>Assim, colocamos a hip&#243;tese de que conceitos fisiopatol&#243;gicos similares podem estar envolvidos em pacientes com ICFEp, uma vez que a alta propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes tem uma coincid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria e diabetes, danificando ambos a estrutura endotelial. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Tamb&#233;m foi verdadeiro para nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes como mostramos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. A Endostatina poderia ser moderadora dos efeitos microvasculares observados nestes pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Devem-se reconhecer v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo. A natureza observacional deste estudo pro&#237;be a determina&#231;&#227;o definitiva de rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito. Em segundo lugar, o presente estudo foi uma experi&#234;ncia de um &#250;nico centro, com um relativamente pequeno n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos. Terceiro, os dados de seguimento longitudinal n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis para testar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Endostatina e os resultados cl&#237;nicos. Al&#233;m disso, inscrevemos pacientes consecutivos que foram submetidos a angiografia coron&#225;ria eletiva e ecocardiografia, o que pode n&#227;o representar uma coorte de popula&#231;&#227;o geral sem evid&#234;ncia ou suspeita de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Outros estudos devem incluir mais pacientes de uma popula&#231;&#227;o mais ampla e capturar dados longitudinais incluindo informa&#231;&#245;es sobre hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo explorat&#243;rio gerador de hip&#243;tese, fornecemos a primeira evid&#234;ncia de que a Endostatina se correlaciona com a presen&#231;a e severidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e ICFEp e pode se tornar um novo biomarcador para o diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o da ICFEp. O aumento dos n&#237;veis de endostatina pode refletir fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica prejudicada causada pela remodela&#231;&#227;o adversa. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos prospectivos para determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o de causalidade, bem como o valor diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico da endostatina na ICFEp e seu papel potencial como alvo terap&#234;utico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
