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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FJJDF5nWWHq5kpL7VkGYm4f</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001400440</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170150</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005020102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>First results of the Brazilian Registry of Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gu&#233;rios</surname>
            <given-names>&#202;nio Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chami&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saad</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Benchimol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Sandoli de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramori</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Avancini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Roberto Azevedo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">10</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giuliano</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">11</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Munhoz da Fontoura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pilar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pilar, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro (IECAC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC - MS), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Rede D'Or</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede D'Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Pesquisa Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cardiovasculares do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">SOS Cardio Servi&#231;os Hospitalares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">SOS Cardio Servi&#231;os Hospitalares, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: &#202;nio Eduardo Gu&#233;rios,</bold> Rua Hugo Simas, 322. Postal Code 80520-250, Pilarzinho, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>eguerios@cardiol.br</email>, <email>eguerios@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gu&#233;rios EE, Chami&#233; F; Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gu&#233;rios EE, Chami&#233; F, Montenegro M, Saad EB, Brito Junior FS, Caramori PA, Sim&#245;es LC, Oliveira FRA, Giuliano LC, Tavares CMF; Statistical analysis, Obtaining financin and Writing of the manuscript: Gu&#233;rios EE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Gu&#233;rios EE is proctor for St. Jude Medical / Abbott for percutaneous left atrial appendage closure.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>440</fpage>
      <lpage>447</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) is an effective alternative to oral anticoagulation (OA) for the prevention of stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To present the immediate results and late outcomes of patients submitted to LAAC and included in the Brazilian Registry of Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>91 patients with NVAF, high stroke risk (CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc score = 4.5 &#177; 1.5) and restrictions to OAC (HAS-BLED score = 3.6 &#177; 1.0) underwent 92 LAAC procedures using either the Amplatzer cardiac plug or the Watchman device in 11 centers in Brazil, between late 2010 and mid 2016.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Ninety-six devices were used (1.04 device/procedure, including an additional non-dedicated device), with a procedural success rate of 97.8%. Associated procedures were performed in 8.7% of the patients. Complete LAAC was obtained in 93.3% of the successful cases. In cases of incomplete closure, no residual leak was larger than 2.5 mm. One patient needed simultaneous implantation of 2 devices. There were 7 periprocedural major (5 pericardial effusions requiring pericardiocentesis, 1 non-dedicated device embolization and 1 coronary air embolism without sequelae) and 4 minor complications. After 128.6 patient-years of follow-up there were 3 deaths unrelated to the procedure, 2 major bleedings (one of them in a patient with an unsuccessful LAAC), thrombus formation over the device in 2 cases (both resolved after resuming OAC for 3 months) and 2 strokes (2.2%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In this multicenter, real world registry, that included patients with NVAF and high thromboembolic and bleeding risks, LAAC effectively prevented stroke and bleeding when compared to the expected rates based on CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc and HASBLED scores for this population. Complications rate of the procedure was acceptable considering the beginning of the learning curve of most of the involved operators.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Septal Occluder Devices</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Appendage</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>Medical Records</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Although still significantly underdiagnosed,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> atrial fibrillation (AF) is a public health issue with major socio-economic impact, and its relative incidence has constantly grown over the years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> One of the greatest risks of this arrhythmia is left atrial thrombus formation, which occurs in 10% of patients with AF (even when acute), and it is associated with a 3.5 times elevated risk for stroke, reaching average annual rates of 5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In order to prevent this devastating complication, the Guidelines recommend oral anticoagulation (OAC) with vitamin K antagonists or one of the new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) as Class I for the treatment of patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and at high risk for stroke, defined by the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In spite of being quite effective, these drugs depend on treatment adherence and, more importantly, their use is associated with high risk of bleeding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As a &#8220;local therapy&#8221; that does not depend on adherence and reduces the risk of bleeding, left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) proved to be an effective alternative to OAC for the prevention of stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), with lower bleeding risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In a recent meta-analysis, including about 88000 patients, LAAC has also shown to be superior to placebo and to double antiplatelet therapy and comparable to the NOACs in the prevention of mortality and stroke or systemic embolism in these patients, with a similar bleeding risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In spite of its great therapeutic potential and a vertiginous growth of its indication and application in other countries, the LAAC procedure is still little known and little used in Brazil, with scarce data in the national literature. This article aims to report the results of the largest Brazilian multicenter registry of LAAC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Ninety-one consecutive patients with permanent or paroxysmal NVAF, with high stroke risk and restrictions to OAC, underwent 92 LAAC procedures between 2010 and 2016 in 11 Brazilian centers. All patients that underwent LAAC in these centers were included, and the data related to the procedures and to the follow-up of patients were collected prospectively and analyzed retrospectively.</p>
      <p>A preoperative evaluation with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed in all patients. Patients with LAA thrombus or LAA anatomy deemed unfavorable to intervention (landing zone &lt; 13 mm or &gt; 30 mm or LA depth &lt; 10 mm) were excluded. For the eligible patients, the OACs were suspended when in use, 3-5 days pre-procedure. All the interventions were guided simultaneously by angiography and intraoperative TEE, and one of the 2 devices available in the Brazilian market (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) was implanted: the Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP, St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN), available since 2010, and the Watchman (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA), available since mid-2015. Both devices and their respective implant techniques have been described previously in detail.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Watchman device (left) and Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (right)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0440-70150-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Procedural success was defined as effective implantation of the occluder device in the LAA, without periprosthetic residual flow larger than 5 mm, according to evaluation of the intraoperative TEE. Major adverse events were defined as the occurrence of death, stroke, systemic embolization, device embolization, acute myocardial infarction, pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade or bleeding with the need for transfusion, data collected and reported during both hospitalization and follow-up.</p>
      <p>The follow-up considered the practice of each investigator, but it included at least one clinical visit in every center and one control TEE carried out from three months after the procedure, searching for the detection and quantification of periprosthetic residual flow or thrombus formation over the prosthesis. In case there is no finding or adverse event, the last follow-up available was considered in the analysis.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics v.20 software. Data for categorical variables were presented as frequencies and proportion. Continuous variables with normal distribution were described by mean &#177; standard deviation and compared through Student's t-test for paired samples. Other quantitative variables were described by median, first quartile and third quartile. The condition of normality was evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The clinical characteristics of patients are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Ninety-one patients (males 59.3%, mean age = 73.1 &#177; 10.1 years) with NVAF (62.6% permanent, 37.4% paroxysmal) and at high risk for systemic embolism (CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score = 4.5 &#177; 1.5, 49.5% with previous stroke) and for bleeding (HAS-BLED score = 3.6 &#177; 1.0, 61.5% with previous bleeding episodes while on OAC - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>) were treated. Major indications for LAAC were important previous bleeding episodes (mainly gastrointestinal or neurological) or labile INR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Sixty-eight percent of patients were deemed ineligible for OAC by their clinicians, whether with vitamin K antagonists or one of the NOACs.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical Characteristics of Patients (n = 91)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Result<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">73.1 &#177; 10.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">65-75</td>
              <td align="center">27 (29.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt;75</td>
              <td align="center">47 (51.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">54 (59.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Atrial Fibrillation</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Permanent</td>
              <td align="center">57 (62.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Paroxysmal</td>
              <td align="center">34 (37.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">58.2 &#177; 13.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CHADS<sub>2</sub>score</td>
              <td align="center">3.1 &#177; 1.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score</td>
              <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 1.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HAS-BLED score</td>
              <td align="center">3.6 &#177; 1.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ineligible for OA</td>
              <td align="center">62 (68.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Congestive cardiac failure</td>
              <td align="center">28 (30.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High blood pressure</td>
              <td align="center">78 (85.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">33 (36.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous CVA</td>
              <td align="center">45 (49.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral vascular disease</td>
              <td align="center">22 (24.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Renal and liver dysfunction</td>
              <td align="center">21 (23.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous bleeding</td>
              <td align="center">56 (61.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Labil INR</td>
              <td align="center">27 (29.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Drugs or alcohol</td>
              <td align="center">21 (23.1)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Mean &#177; standard deviation or frequency (percentage). LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; OA: oral anticoagulation; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; INR: international normalized ratio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>patients distribution according to CHADS<sub>2</sub>, CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc and HAS-BLED scores (n = 91)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Score</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CHADS<sub>2</sub></th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HAS-BLED</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1</td>
              <td align="center">10 (11.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2</td>
              <td align="center">21 (23.0)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (9.9)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (15.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3</td>
              <td align="center">27 (29.7)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (14.3)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (29.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">4</td>
              <td align="center">18 (19.8)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (28.6)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (35.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">5</td>
              <td align="center">12 (13.2)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (20.8)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (17.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">6</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.3)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (16.5)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">7</td>
              <td align="center">n/a</td>
              <td align="center">6 (6.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">8</td>
              <td align="center">n/a</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">n/a</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">9</td>
              <td align="center">n/a</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">n/a</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">3.1 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">3.6 &#177; 1.0</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; n/a: not applicable.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Contraindications to oral anticoagulation*. INR: international normalized ratio; OAC: oral anticoagulation. * the same patient may have multiple contraindications.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0440-70150-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Procedure-related data are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. Forty-five percent of the 92 interventions were performed with the aid of a proctor. An ACP was implanted in 94.6% of cases, and a Watchman device in 5.4% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). A total of 96 occluder devices was used in 92 procedures (1.04 device/procedure). Prosthesis implantation was successful in 97.8% of cases. The procedure was aborted in two patients due to short LAA depth (&lt; 10 mm) in one of the patients, and to an oversized landing zone (&gt; 30 mm) in another, both characteristics underestimated in the initial TEE. Due to an incomplete closure of the LAA following the implantation of an ACP 16 mm, one patient received an additional non-dedicated device (a septal occluder of 25 mm in diameter), with good initial results. However, a control fluoroscopy performed after 4 days revealed embolization of the device to the aortic arch. The prosthesis was removed percutaneously, and a second ACP 28 mm was successfully implanted over the initial ACP 16 mm, which led to complete closure of the LAA.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Periprocedural data (n = 92)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Result<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Access</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Transseptal</td>
              <td align="center">85 (92.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PFO/IC</td>
              <td align="center">7 (7.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>LAA diameter (implant zone)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angiography (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">20.9 &#177; 4.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TEE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">20.4 &#177; 4.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Device oversizing</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angiography (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18.1 &#177; 9.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TEE (%)</td>
              <td align="center">21.5 &#177; 13.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Implanted device (n)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACP</td>
              <td align="center">87 (94.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Watchman</td>
              <td align="center">5 (5.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-dedicated device</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Devices used per procedure</td>
              <td align="center">1.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sucess</td>
              <td align="center">90 (97.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Complete occlusion of the LAA</td>
              <td align="center">84 (93.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Associated intervention</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PFO occlusion</td>
              <td align="center">4 ( 4.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IC occlusion</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary angioplasty</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Major adverse events</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Procedure-related death</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CVA</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary air embolism</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TIA</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Embolization of dedicated device</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Acute myocardial infarction</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Cardiac tamponade</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Acute</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Late (&gt; 24h)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (3.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Major bleeding</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Mean &#177; Standard deviation (percentage);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Considering successful cases. PFO: patent foramen ovale; IC: interatrial communication; LAA: left atrial appendage; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography; ACP: Amplatzer Cardiac Plug; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; TIA: transient ischemic attack.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Implantation of the Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP) and Watchman devices. 3a and 3c) left atrial appendage angiographies, pre-occlusion; 3b) Post-implantation, ACP device; 3d) Post-implantation, Watchman device (*).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0440-70150-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The average diameter of the implanted prosthesis was 24.2 &#177; 3.8 mm, corresponding to the mean left atrial appendage dimensions of 20.4 &#177; 4.3 mm derived from TEE and 20.9 &#177; 4.1 mm from angiography (p = 0.012 between the diagnostic methods). Thus, the average oversizing of the implanted device was 21.5 &#177; 13% based on the TEE measurement and 18.1 &#177; 9.1% according to the angiography. The prosthesis sizes most frequently used were 24 and 26 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>), and the first selected device was effectively implanted in 95.6% of successful cases. Concomitant procedures (coronary angioplasty, closure of an atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale) were performed along with LAAC in 8.7% of cases. Average fluoroscopy time was 16.7 &#177; 8.7 minutes and a mean contrast volume of 157.5 &#177; 81.8 ml was used per procedure. The absence of periprosthetic residual flow was verified in 93.3% of successful cases and, among the residual leaks detected, none was larger than 2.5 mm.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of the sizes of the implanted devices (mm). Data are expressed in number of devices</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0440-70150-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>There were 7 periprocedural major adverse events: 5 cases of cardiac tamponade [3 of them late (24h - 5 days after intervention); 4 of 5 were treated with pericardiocentesis, however the other required surgical drainage], the non-dedicated device embolization mentioned above, and a coronary air embolism without sequelae. Minor complications occurred in 4 patients (4.4%): one pericarditis (post-tamponade), one discrete pericardial effusion without clinical repercussions, one case of post-procedural pulmonary congestion and one arteriovenous fistula. After a median length of stay in hospital of two days, all the patients but 2 (one considering the assistant clinician's preferences, the other for presenting one ulcerated plaque in the aorta) were discharged with the prescription of acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel, without OAC.</p>
      <p>Clinical follow-up was obtained in 97.8% of patients - 2 patients were lost to follow-up. After a period of 128.6 patient-years (median = 346 days and interquartile range of 195 to 985 days), there were three deaths unrelated to the procedure. There were two episodes of major bleeding: one of them in a patient with unsuccessful LAAC, which continued on warfarin therapy; the other was a gastrointestinal bleeding in a patient on dual antiplatelet aggregation therapy. Periprosthetic residual flow (all less than 2.5 mm) persisted in 5 of the 6 patients in whom they were originally detected, none of them with clinical consequences. No late development of residual flow was detected. In 2 patients, thrombus formation was detected over the device, both treated successfully after resuming OAC for three months. Only two patients (2.2%) had ischemic stroke at follow-up: one after six months, and the other 9 months after the intervention.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The basis for the hypothesis that systemic embolism can be prevented by closure of the LAA was the demonstration that, in patients with NVAF, more than 90% of atrial thrombi originate in this structure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> After the initial experience with the PLAATO device<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and with the use of non-dedicated Amplatzer occluders,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> more than 3500 patients were included in 2 randomized and several observational studies with the Watchman device,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> whose results led to the approval of the device by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2015. Several unicenter and multicenter registries with the ACP device and its last generation, Amulet, were also published, the biggest of them including more than 1000 patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Because of the favorable results of the intervention, the European Guidelines for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation validated the LAAC, in 2012, as a therapeutic strategy for patients with NVAF at a high stroke risk with a recommendation class IIb and a level of evidence B.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Surprisingly, this level of recommendation did not evolve in the guidelines upgrade, published in 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The current Guidelines of the American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association / Heart Rhythm Society for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation, published in 2014,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> do not yet include recommendations on indications for LAAC. However, considering the technical developments of the procedure, the recent FDA approval of the WATCHMAN device and, especially, the last favorable results from the PROTECT AF trial, which showed a significant reduction in mortality compared with OAC in the late follow-up,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> the use of LAAC in clinical practice has expanded significantly in the USA, and it is anticipated that these guidelines recommendations will be updated soon.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Published in 2016, and in accordance with this new body of information, the II Brazilian Guidelines for Atrial Fibrillation recognize LAAC as a valid alternative to OAC, with a class IIa recommendation, both for patients at high risk for thromboembolic phenomena and with contraindication for oral anticoagulants (level of evidence B), and for those with cardioembolic ischemic stroke despite correct use of oral anticoagulants (level of evidence C).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>One of the biggest limitations of the PROTECT-AF trial, a reference study on LAAC, was the unexpected complication rate of 7.7% associated with the implantation of the Watchman filter device.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> With the ACP device, national and international registries show that complication rates vary between 3.8% and 7.3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Although within this range, the rate of complications in the Brazilian Registry is relatively high, probably as a reflex of the beginning of the learning curve of most operators with both prostheses. A review of the literature shows, however, that continued experience with the intervention decreases the complication rate of the procedure to as low as 2.8%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The Brazilian Registry of Left Atrial Appendage Closure treated the population with the highest risk profile for systemic embolism and bleeding, compared to all registries and trials available in the literature. CHADS<sub>2</sub> and CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc average scores of 3.1 and 4.5 are equal or higher than those related to the study populations in the PROTECT-AF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> PREVAIL,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Ewolution<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> trials and in the multicenter experience with the ACP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> (2.2 and 3.5, 2.6 and 4.0, 2.8 and 4.5 and 2.8 and 4.5 respectively - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). Nonetheless, the annual stroke rate during the follow-up was notably low (1.7% - 2 events/128.6 patient-years, a reduction of 68.5% compared to the 5.4% annual rate estimated by the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score). This rate is between the 1.6% demonstrated in the meta-analysis, which includes the Watchman trials<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> and the 1.8% demonstrated by Tzikas et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> with the ACP trial, and confirms the efficacy of the intervention in our population.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison between mean CHADS<sub>2</sub> (5a) and CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc (5b) scores and proportion of patients with HAS-BLED score &#8805; 3 (5c) in the populations studied in the Brazilian Registry of Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure vs other registries and trials</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0440-70150-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Due to the underutilization and to the discontinuity of treatment, both reaching rates of up to 40%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> OAC reaches only a fraction of its therapeutic potential. For adherent patients, the risk of major bleeds remains significant. In spite of a best-use profile, the administration of NOACs is still associated with the occurrence of major bleeding in 2-3% of patients/year, even in those at low risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The older the patient, the higher the rates and the severity of bleeding. A recent study with 32000 American veterans aged over 74 years and with AF treated with warfarin showed a hospitalization incidence due to traumatic intracranial hemorrhage of 4.8/1000 patient-years, and 6.2/1000 patient-years, when multiple events per patient are included.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> In this sense, the Brazilian Multicenter Registry showed that the bleeding rate was reduced by 77% compared to the expected rates based on the HAS-BLED score (1.7 versus 7.4 events/100 patient-years). This is especially significant considering that 83.5% of patients had a high bleeding risk with a HAS-BLED score &#8805; 3 - also the worst risk profile compared to other studies available in the literature (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). If we consider only the patients effectively treated with LAAC, this rate is even lower, since one of the bleedings occurred in one of the patients whose intervention was unsuccessful, and this patient was treated with OAC.</p>
      <p>Although thrombus formation at the atrial sides both of the Watchman device and of the ACP has been reported in 2 - 5% of cases, thromboembolic stroke rates secondary to this cause are very low (0.3 - 0.7%), and in general thrombus resolution is obtained after resuming OAC for short periods of time (&lt; 3 months).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> This was also the case for the 2 patients in this Registry in which thrombus over the device was detected in the follow-up. Periprosthetic residual flow, found in 6 patients immediately after the intervention and which persisted in 5 of them at the follow-up, is also frequently described with both prostheses, but does not seem to have clinical significance if it is less than 5mm,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> which was also the case in all 6 patients.</p>
      <p>The clinical benefits of LAAC increase when patients with higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc and HAS-BLED scores are treated, and they become more evident over time, due to the interruption of cumulative bleeding risk associated with continuous anticoagulation therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> In addition to the reduction of objective stroke and bleeding rates, however, patients submitted to LAAC also experience a more subjective, but significant, quality of life improvement, especially due to the reduction of minor bleedings and to the lack of need for frequent monitoring, interactions with food and drugs and lifestyle restrictions associated with OACs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> These factors, although less measurable, must also be taken into account when the risk-benefit ratio of the intervention is calculated.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, LAAC has proven to be effective in a real-world population with high-risk AF for reducing significantly the annual stroke and bleeding rates when compared to the expected rates based on CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc and HAS-BLED scores. The complication rates of the procedure must be weighed against the risks, discomforts and limitations associated with continuous and uninterrupted exposure to OAC.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study has several limitations. As an inherent limitation to a non-randomized study, there is no control group, and the comparison of event rates was based on rates predicted by scores. As in every observational study, there may be flaws in patient selection. However, the Registry was designed in order to include all the patients who were candidate for the procedure (intention to treat), reflecting a real-world practice. Although the data have been prospectively collected, this is a retrospective analysis, without independent monitoring, or a core lab analyses. Especially due to reimbursement difficulties in Brazil, basically all centers included in this Registry are centers with low volume of LAAC and, thus, the learning curve of the operators is flattened, which has a direct impact on complication rates. The follow-up included more than 95% of patients treated, but not all of them. And, finally, all the data collected were spontaneously reported by investigators, without independent adjudication.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Sanna T, Diener HC, Passman RS, Di Lazzaro V, Bernstein RA, Morillo CA, et al; CRYSTAL AF Investigators. Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(26):2478-86. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1313600.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sanna</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diener</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Passman</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Lazzaro</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernstein</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morillo</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>CRYSTAL AF Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>370</volume>
          <issue>26</issue>
          <fpage>2478</fpage>
          <lpage>2486</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1313600</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, Cha SS, Bailey KR, Abhayaratns WP, et al. Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County, Minnesotta, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence. Circulation. 2006;114(2):119-25. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.595140. Erratum in: Circulation. 2006;114(11):e498.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miyasaka</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barnes</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gersh</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cha</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Primeiros Resultados do Registro Brasileiro de Oclus&#227;o Percut&#226;nea do Ap&#234;ndice Atrial Esquerdo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gu&#233;rios</surname>
            <given-names>&#202;nio Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chami&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saad</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Benchimol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Sandoli de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caramori</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Avancini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Roberto Azevedo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">10</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giuliano</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">11</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Munhoz da Fontoura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">6</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">7</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pilar, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro (IECAC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC - MS), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Vicente de Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Rede D'Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cardiovasculares do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="original">SOS Cardio Servi&#231;os Hospitalares, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: &#202;nio Eduardo Gu&#233;rios,</bold> Rua Hugo Simas, 322. CEP 80520-250, Pilarzinho, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>eguerios@cardiol.br</email>, <email>eguerios@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gu&#233;rios EE, Chami&#233; F; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gu&#233;rios EE, Chami&#233; F, Montenegro M, Saad EB, Brito Junior FS, Caramori PA, Sim&#245;es LC, Oliveira FRA, Giuliano LC, Tavares CMF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gu&#233;rios EE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Proctor da St. Jude Medical / Abbott para oclus&#227;o do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (OAAE) &#233; uma alternativa eficaz &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral (ACO) para a preven&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o-valvular (FANV).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Apresentar os resultados imediatos e o seguimento tardio de pacientes submetidos a OAAE e inclu&#237;dos no Registro Brasileiro de Oclus&#227;o Percut&#226;nea do Ap&#234;ndice Atrial Esquerdo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>91 pacientes com FANV, alto risco de AVC (escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc = 4,5 &#177; 1,5) e restri&#231;&#227;o &#224; AO (escore HAS-BLED = 3,6 &#177; 1,0) foram submetidos a 92 procedimentos de OAAE com as pr&#243;teses Amplatzer Cardiac Plug e Watchman em 11 centros do Brasil, entre o final de 2010 e a metade de 2016.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Utilizaram-se 96 pr&#243;teses no total (1,04 pr&#243;teses/procedimento, incluindo-se o uso de 1 pr&#243;tese n&#227;o-dedicada adicional em um dos casos), obtendo-se sucesso em 97,8% dos procedimentos. Realizaram-se procedimentos associados &#224; OAAE em 8,7% dos pacientes. Observou-se oclus&#227;o total do AAE em 93,3% dos casos com sucesso, e nos casos de oclus&#227;o incompleta, nenhum <italic>leak</italic> foi &gt; 2,5 mm. Um paciente necessitou do implante simult&#226;neo de 2 pr&#243;teses. Houve 7 complica&#231;&#245;es maiores periprocedimento (5 derrames peric&#225;rdicos necessitando pericardiocentese, 1 emboliza&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese n&#227;o-dedicada e 1 embolia a&#233;rea coronariana sem sequelas) e 4 menores. No seguimento de 128,6 pacientes-ano, houve 3 &#243;bitos n&#227;o relacionados ao procedimento, 2 sangramentos maiores (um deles em um dos casos de insucesso da OAAE), forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo sobre a pr&#243;tese em 2 casos (tratados com sucesso com reinstitui&#231;&#227;o da ACO por 3 meses), e 2 AVCs (2,2%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Neste registro multic&#234;ntrico de mundo real, que incluiu pacientes com FANV e alto risco de sangramento e de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, a OAAE foi eficaz na preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC e sangramento quando comparada &#224;s taxas de AVC previstas pelos escores CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>VASc e HASBLED para esta popula&#231;&#227;o. O &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento foi aceit&#225;vel, considerando se tratar do in&#237;cio da curva de aprendizado da maioria dos operadores envolvidos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-Chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Dispositivos para Oclus&#227;o Septal</kwd>
        <kwd>Ap&#234;ndice Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Registros M&#233;dicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Embora ainda significativamente subdiagnosticada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica com importante impacto socioecon&#244;mico, e sua incid&#234;ncia relativa est&#225; constantemente crescendo ao longo dos anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Um dos maiores riscos desta arritmia &#233; a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos no &#225;trio esquerdo, que ocorre em 10% dos pacientes com FA (mesmo que aguda), e se associa a um aumento de 3,5 vezes do risco de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), atingindo taxas anuais m&#233;dias de 5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>. Para prevenir esta complica&#231;&#227;o devastadora, as Diretrizes recomendam a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral (ACO) com antagonistas da vitamina K ou um dos novos anticoagulantes (NOACs) como classe I para o tratamento de pacientes com FA n&#227;o-valvular (FANV) e alto risco de AVC, definido pelo escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Apesar de bastante eficazes, estas drogas dependem de ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento e, ainda mais importante, seu uso se associa a riscos significativos de sangramento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Como uma &#8220;terapia local&#8221; que n&#227;o depende de ader&#234;ncia e reduz o risco de sangramento, a oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (OAAE) provou ser uma alternativa eficaz &#224; ACO para a preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC em pacientes com FANV, com um menor risco de sangramento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Em recente meta-an&#225;lise englobando cerca de 88000 pacientes, a OAAE tamb&#233;m mostrou ser superior ao placebo e &#224; dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e compar&#225;vel aos NOACs na preven&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade e AVC ou embolia sist&#234;mica nestes pacientes, com riscos similares de sangramento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar do seu grande potencial terap&#234;utico e do vertiginoso crescimento da sua indica&#231;&#227;o e aplica&#231;&#227;o em outros Pa&#237;ses, a OAAE ainda &#233; um procedimento pouco difundido e utilizado no Brasil, havendo dados escassos na literatura nacional. Este artigo tem como objetivo relatar os resultados do maior registro multic&#234;ntrico brasileiro de OAAE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Noventa e um pacientes consecutivos com FANV persistente ou parox&#237;stica, com alto risco de AVC e restri&#231;&#245;es &#224; ACO, foram submetidos a 92 procedimentos de OAAE entre 2010 e 2016 em 11 centros brasileiros. Todos os pacientes que realizaram OAAE nestes centros foram inclu&#237;dos, e os dados relativos aos procedimentos e ao seguimento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes foram coletados prospectivamente e analisados retrospectivamente.</p>
        <p>Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria com ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) foi realizada para todos os pacientes. Pacientes com trombo no AAE ou anatomia do AAE desfavor&#225;vel &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o (zona de implante &lt; 13 mm ou &gt; 30 mm ou profundidade do AAE &lt; 10 mm) foram exclu&#237;dos. Para os pacientes eleg&#237;veis, suspendeu-se a ACO, quando em uso, 3-5 dias pr&#233;-procedimento. Todas as interven&#231;&#245;es foram guiadas simultaneamente por angiografia e ETE transoperat&#243;rio, e implantou-se uma das 2 pr&#243;teses dispon&#237;veis no Mercado brasileiro (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>): o Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP, St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN), dispon&#237;vel desde 2010, e o Watchman (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA), dispon&#237;vel desde a metade de 2015. Ambas as pr&#243;teses e suas respectivas t&#233;cnicas de implante foram descritas previamente em detalhes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pr&#243;teses Watchman (esquerda) e Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (direita)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0440-70150-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Definiu-se sucesso do procedimento como o implante efetivo do dispositivo oclusor no AAE, sem fluxo peripr&#243;tese residual maior que 5 mm, conforme avalia&#231;&#227;o da ETE transoperat&#243;ria. Eventos adversos maiores foram definidos como a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito, AVC, emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, emboliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, derrame peric&#225;rdico com tamponamento card&#237;aco ou sangramento com necessidade de transfus&#227;o, dados estes coletados e reportados tanto durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o como no seguimento.</p>
        <p>O seguimento cl&#237;nico considerou a pr&#225;tica de cada investigador, por&#233;m incluiu em todos os centros ao menos uma visita cl&#237;nica e um ETE de controle realizados a partir de 3 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento, buscando a detec&#231;&#227;o e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de fluxo residual peripr&#243;tese ou a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo sobre a pr&#243;tese. No caso de n&#227;o haver qualquer achado ou evento adverso, o &#250;ltimo seguimento dispon&#237;vel foi considerado na an&#225;lise.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa computacional IBM SPSS Statistics v.20. Para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas frequ&#234;ncias e percentuais. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o Normal foram descritas por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e comparadas pelo teste t de Student para amostras pareadas. Outras vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas por mediana, 1&#186; quartil e 3&#186; quartil. A condi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 indicaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes est&#227;o detalhadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 1</xref>. Trataram-se 91 pacientes (59,3% masculinos, idade m&#233;dia = 73,1 &#177; 10,1 anos) com FANV (62,6% permanente, 37,4% parox&#237;stica) e alto risco para embolia sist&#234;mica (escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc = 4,5 &#177; 1,5, 49,5% com AVC pr&#233;vio) e para sangramento (escore HASBLED = 3,6 &#177; 1,0, 61,5% com epis&#243;dio pr&#233;vio de sangramento sob ACO - <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 2</xref>). As principais indica&#231;&#245;es para OAAE foram epis&#243;dio pr&#233;vio de sangramento importante (predominantemente gastrointestinal ou neurol&#243;gico) ou INR l&#225;bil (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>). Sessenta e oito por cento dos pacientes foram considerados pelos seus cl&#237;nicos como ineleg&#237;veis para ACO, seja com antagonistas da vitamina K ou com qualquer um dos NOACs.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes (n = 91)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Resultado<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">73,1 &#177; 10,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">65-75</td>
                <td align="center">27 (29,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 75</td>
                <td align="center">47 (51,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">54 (59,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Permanente</td>
                <td align="center">57 (62,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parox&#237;stica</td>
                <td align="center">34 (37,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">58,2 &#177; 13,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore CHADS<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">3,1 &#177; 1,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 1,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore HASBLED</td>
                <td align="center">3,6 &#177; 1,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ineleg&#237;vel para ACO</td>
                <td align="center">62 (68,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</td>
                <td align="center">28 (30,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">78 (85,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">33 (36,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">45 (49,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">22 (24,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica ou renal</td>
                <td align="center">21 (23,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sangramento pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">56 (61,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">INR l&#225;bil</td>
                <td align="center">27 (29,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Drogas ou &#225;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">21 (23,1)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou frequ&#234;ncia (percentual). FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ACO: anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; INR: international normalized ratio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com os escores CHADS<sub>2</sub>, CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc e HAS-BLED (n = 91)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Escore</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CHADS<sub>2</sub></th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HAS-BLED</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">10 (11,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">21 (23,0)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (9,9)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (15,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">27 (29,7)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (29,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="center">18 (19,8)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (35,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5</td>
                <td align="center">12 (13,2)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (20,8)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (17,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (16,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td align="center">na</td>
                <td align="center">6 (6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8</td>
                <td align="center">na</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">na</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9</td>
                <td align="center">na</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">na</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">3,1 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,6 &#177; 1,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; na: n&#227;o se aplica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Contraindica&#231;&#245;es &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral*. INR: international normalized ratio; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; AO: anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral. * o mesmo paciente pode ter m&#250;ltiplas contraindica&#231;&#245;es.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0440-70150-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 3</xref> mostra os dados relativos aos procedimentos. Quarenta e cinco por cento das 92 interven&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas com o aux&#237;lio de um <italic>proctor</italic>. Implantou-se um ACP em 94,6% dos casos, e uma pr&#243;tese de Watchman em 5,4% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>). Utilizou-se um total de 96 dispositivos oclusores nos 92 procedimentos (1.04 dispositivo/procedimento). Obteve-se sucesso no implante da pr&#243;tese em 97,8% dos casos. Os procedimentos foram abortados em 2 pacientes, devido a um AAE com profundidade insuficiente (&lt; 10 mm) em um deles, e com uma zona de implante muito grande (&gt; 30 mm) em outro, ambas estas caracter&#237;sticas subestimadas na ETE inicial. Devido a um fechamento incompleto do AAE ap&#243;s o implante de um ACP 16 mm, um paciente recebeu o implante adicional de uma pr&#243;tese n&#227;o-dedicada (oclusor septal de 25 mm de di&#226;metro), com bom resultado inicial. Entretanto, uma fluoroscopia de controle realizada ap&#243;s 4 dias evidenciou emboliza&#231;&#227;o do oclusor septal para o arco a&#243;rtico. Esta pr&#243;tese foi retirada via percut&#226;nea, e um segundo ACP 28 mm foi implantado com sucesso sobre o ACP 16 mm inicial, obtendo-se ent&#227;o oclus&#227;o completa do AAE.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados periprocedimento (n = 92)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Resultado<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Accesso</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Trans-septal</td>
                <td align="center">85 (92,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FOP/CIA</td>
                <td align="center">7 (7,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro do AAE (zona de implante)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angiografia (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">20,9 &#177; 4,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ETE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">20,4 &#177; 4,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Superdimensionamento da pr&#243;tese</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angiografia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18,1 &#177; 9,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ETE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21,5 &#177; 13,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Pr&#243;tese implantada (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACP</td>
                <td align="center">87 (94,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Watchman</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dispositivo n&#227;o-dedicado</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dispositivos utilizados por procedimento</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sucesso</td>
                <td align="center">90 (97,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Oclus&#227;o completa do AAE</td>
                <td align="center">84 (93,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref>)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o associada</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Oclus&#227;o de FOP</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Oclus&#227;o de CIA</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angioplastia coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Eventos adversos maiores</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#211;bito relacionado ao procedimento</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Embolia a&#233;rea coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AIT</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Emboliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivo dedicado</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tamponamento card&#237;aco</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Agudo</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tardio (&gt; 24h)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sangramento maior</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou frequ&#234;ncia (percentual);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Considerando os casos com sucesso. FOP: forame oval patente; CIA: comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial; AAE: ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo; ETE: ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica; ACP: Amplatzer Cardiac Plug; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; AIT: acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Implante do Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP) e da pr&#243;tese Watchman. 3a e 3c) angiografias do ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, pr&#233;-oclus&#227;o; 3b) P&#243;s-implante, ACP; 3d) P&#243;s-implante, Watchman (*).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0440-70150-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O di&#226;metro m&#233;dio das pr&#243;teses implantadas foi de 24,2 &#177; 3,8 mm, correspondentes a dimens&#245;es m&#233;dias do AAE de 20,4 &#177; 4,3 mm pela ETE e de 20,9 &#177; 4,1 mm pela angiografia (p = 0,012 entre os m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos). Assim, o superdimensionamento m&#233;dio do dispositivo implantado foi de 21,5 &#177; 13% em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida do ETE e 18,1 &#177; 9,1% em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida da angiografia. Os tamanhos de pr&#243;tese mais utilizados foram 24 e 26 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>), e o primeiro dispositivo selecionado foi efetivamente implantado em 95,6% dos casos com sucesso. Realizaram-se procedimentos concomitantes &#224; OAAE (angioplastia coronariana, oclus&#227;o de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial ou de forame oval patente) em 8,7% dos casos. O tempo m&#233;dio de fluoroscopia foi de 16,7 &#177; 8,7 minutos e um volume m&#233;dio de 157,5 &#177; 81,8 ml de contraste foi utilizado por procedimento. N&#227;o se detectou fluxo residual peripr&#243;tese em 93,3% dos casos com sucesso, e dentre os fluxos residuais detectados, nenhum tinha um di&#226;metro &gt; 2,5 mm.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das pr&#243;teses implantadas conforme seu tamanho (mm). Dados expressos em n&#250;mero de pr&#243;tese.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0440-70150-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Houve 7 eventos adversos maiores periprocedimento: 5 tamponamentos card&#237;acos [3 deles tardios (24h - 5 dias ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o); 4 dos 5 foram tratados com pericardiocentese, por&#233;m o outro necessitou de drenagem cir&#250;rgica], a embolia do dispositivo n&#227;o-dedicado citada previamente, e uma embolia a&#233;rea coronariana sem sequelas. Complica&#231;&#245;es menores ocorreram em 4 pacientes (4,4%): uma pericardite (p&#243;s-tamponamento), um derrame peric&#225;rdico pequeno sem repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica, um quadro de congest&#227;o pulmonar p&#243;s-procedimento e uma f&#237;stula arteriovenosa. Ap&#243;s a perman&#234;ncia hospitalar com uma mediana de 2 dias, todos os pacientes exceto 2 (um por prefer&#234;ncia do cl&#237;nico assistente, outro por apresentar uma placa ulcerada em aorta) receberam alta com a prescri&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e clopidogrel, sem ACO.</p>
        <p>Obteve-se o seguimento cl&#237;nico em 97,8% dos pacientes - perdeu-se o seguimento tardio em 2 deles. Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de 128,6 pacientes-ano (mediana = 346 dias e amplitude interquart&#237;lica de 195 a 985 dias), houve 3 &#243;bitos n&#227;o relacionados ao procedimento. Dois pacientes apresentaram sangramento maior: um deles foi um dos casos de insucesso da OAAE, em que o paciente manteve terapia com warfarina; o outro foi um sangramento gastrointestinal em um paciente que estava em uso de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria. Fluxos peripr&#243;tese residuais (todos &lt; 2,5 mm) persistiram em 5 dos 6 pacientes em que foram originalmente detectados, nenhum deles com qualquer consequ&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica. N&#227;o se detectaram fluxos residuais desenvolvidos tardiamente. Em 2 pacientes observou-se o desenvolvimento de trombo sobre a pr&#243;tese, ambos tratados com sucesso ap&#243;s a reinstitui&#231;&#227;o da ACO por 3 meses. Apenas 2 pacientes (2,2%) sofreram AVC isqu&#234;mico na evolu&#231;&#227;o: um ap&#243;s 6 meses, e o outro 9 meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A fundamenta&#231;&#227;o para a oclus&#227;o do AAE como medida preventiva de embolia sist&#234;mica foi a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que, em pacientes com FANV, mais de 90% dos trombos atriais se formam no interior desta estrutura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Ap&#243;s a experi&#234;ncia inicial com a pr&#243;tese PLAATO<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e com o uso de oclusores Amplatzer n&#227;o-dedicados,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> mais de 3500 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos em 2 estudos randomizados e v&#225;rios observacionais com a pr&#243;tese Watchman,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> cujos resultados levaram &#224; aprova&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese pelo <italic>Food and Drug Administration</italic> (FDA) em 2015. V&#225;rios registros uni e multic&#234;ntricos com o ACP e sua &#250;ltima gera&#231;&#227;o, o Amulet, foram tamb&#233;m publicados, o maior deles incluindo mais de 1000 pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Como consequ&#234;ncia dos resultados favor&#225;veis da interven&#231;&#227;o, as Diretrizes Europeias para Manejo da Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial validaram j&#225; em 2012 a OAAE como uma estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica para pacientes com FANV e alto risco de AVC com uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o classe IIb, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Surpreendentemente, este n&#237;vel de recomenda&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o evoluiu na atualiza&#231;&#227;o destas diretrizes, publicadas em 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> As Diretrizes correntes do American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Heart Rhythm Society para manejo de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, publicadas em 2014,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> ainda n&#227;o incluem recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a indica&#231;&#227;o da OAAE. Entretanto, dados os desenvolvimentos t&#233;cnicos do procedimento, a recente aprova&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese Watchman pelo FDA, e especialmente os &#250;ltimos resultados favor&#225;veis do trial PROTECT-AF, que demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de mortalidade com a OAAE em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; ACO no seguimento tardio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> o uso da OAAE na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica expandiu significativamente nos Estados Unidos, e antecipa-se que as recomenda&#231;&#245;es destas diretrizes ser&#227;o brevemente atualizadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Publicadas em 2016, e de forma compat&#237;vel com este novo corpo de informa&#231;&#245;es, as II Diretrizes Brasileiras de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial reconhecem a OAAE como uma alternativa v&#225;lida &#224; ACO, recomendando-a com classe IIa, tanto para pacientes com alto risco de fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos e contraindica&#231;&#227;o &#224; ACO (n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B), como para aqueles que sofreram um AVC cardioemb&#243;lico apesar do uso correto da ACO (n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma das maiores limita&#231;&#245;es do <italic>trial</italic> PROTECT-AF, estudo de refer&#234;ncia na OAAE, foi a inesperada taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es de 7,7% associada ao implante do filtro Watchman.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Com o ACP, registros nacionais e internacionais mostram taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es que variam de 3,8% a 7,3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Apesar de estar dentro desta faixa, a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es do Registro Brasileiro &#233; relativamente alta, provavelmente sendo reflexo do in&#237;cio da curva de aprendizado da maioria dos operadores com ambas as pr&#243;teses. A literatura mostra, entretanto, que a experi&#234;ncia continuada com a interven&#231;&#227;o reduz a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento para at&#233; 2,8%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O Registro Brasileiro de Oclus&#227;o do Ap&#234;ndice Atrial Esquerdo tratou a popula&#231;&#227;o com maior perfil de risco de emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e sangramento, em compara&#231;&#227;o a todos os registros e <italic>trials</italic> dispon&#237;veis na literatura. Os escores m&#233;dios CHADS<sub>2</sub> e CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc de 3,1 e 4,5 s&#227;o iguais ou maiores que aqueles referentes &#224;s popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas nos <italic>trials</italic> PROTECT-AF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> PREVAIL,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Ewolution<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e na experi&#234;ncia multic&#234;ntrica com o ACP<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> (respectivamente 2,2 e 3,5, 2,6 e 4,0, 2,8 e 4,5 e 2,8 e 4,5 - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>). Apesar disso, a taxa anual de AVC no seguimento foi notavelmente baixa (1,7% - 2 eventos / 128,6 pacientes-ano, uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 68,5% em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; taxa anual de 5,4% prevista pelo CHA2DS2-VASc score). Esta taxa se encontra entre os 1,6% demonstrados na meta-an&#225;lise que engloba os <italic>trials</italic> com o Watchman<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> e os 1,8% demonstrados por Tzikas et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> com o ACP e confirma a efic&#225;cia da interven&#231;&#227;o na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre os escores m&#233;dios CHADS<sub>2</sub> (5a) e CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc (5b) e entre a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com escore HASBLED &#8805; 3 (5c) nas popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas no Registro Brasileiro de Oclus&#227;o de Ap&#234;ndice Atrial Esquerdo versus outros registros e trials.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0440-70150-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Devido &#224; subutiliza&#231;&#227;o e &#224; descontinuidade do tratamento, ambas atingindo taxas de at&#233; 40%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> a ACO atinge apenas uma fra&#231;&#227;o do seu potencial terap&#234;utico. Para pacientes aderentes, permanece o risco significativo de sangramentos graves. Apesar do seu melhor perfil de uso, a administra&#231;&#227;o de NOACs ainda se associa &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramento maior em 2-3% dos pacientes/ano, mesmo naqueles de baixo risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Quanto mais idoso o paciente, maiores as taxas e a gravidade do sangramento. Um estudo recente com 32000 veteranos americanos com mais de 74 anos e FA em tratamento com warfarina mostrou uma incid&#234;ncia de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por hemorragia intracraniana traum&#225;tica de 4,8/1000 pacientes-ano, e 6,2/1000 pacientes-ano quando inclu&#237;dos m&#250;ltiplos eventos por paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Neste sentido, o Registro Multic&#234;ntrico Brasileiro mostrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 77% das taxas de sangramento em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#237;ndice previsto pelo escore HASBLED (1,7 x 7,4 eventos / 100 pacientes-ano). Isso &#233; especialmente significativo considerando que 83,5% dos pacientes tinham um alto risco de sangramento, definido por um escore HASBLED &#8805; 3 - tamb&#233;m o pior perfil de risco em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros estudos dispon&#237;veis na literatura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>). Considerando-se apenas os pacientes efetivamente tratados com a OAAE, esta taxa &#233; ainda menor, uma vez que um dos sangramentos ocorreu em um dos pacientes em que houve insucesso da interven&#231;&#227;o, e este paciente foi mantido sob ACO.</p>
        <p>Embora tenha sido descrita a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo sobre a face atrial tanto do Watchman como do ACP em 2 - 5% dos casos, as taxas AVC tromboemb&#243;lico secund&#225;rio a esta causa s&#227;o muito baixas (0,3 - 0,7%), e em geral se obt&#233;m resolu&#231;&#227;o do trombo ap&#243;s reinstitui&#231;&#227;o da ACO por per&#237;odos curtos de tempo (&lt; 3 meses).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Este tamb&#233;m foi o caso dos 2 pacientes deste Registro em que se detectou trombo sobre a pr&#243;tese no seguimento. Fluxo residual peripr&#243;tese, encontrado em 6 pacientes imediatamente ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o e que persistiu em 5 deles no seguimento, tamb&#233;m &#233; frequentemente descrito com ambas as pr&#243;teses, mas parece n&#227;o ter significado cl&#237;nico se for &lt; 5 mm,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> o que tamb&#233;m foi o caso em todos os 6 pacientes.</p>
        <p>O benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico da OAAE aumenta quando s&#227;o tratados pacientes com escores CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc e HAS-BLED mais altos, e se torna mais aparente &#224; medida que o tempo passa, devido &#224; suspens&#227;o do risco acumulado de sangramento associado &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Adicionalmente &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o objetiva das taxas de AVC e sangramento, no entanto, os pacientes submetidos &#224; OAAE experimentam tamb&#233;m uma melhora mais subjetiva, mas significativa, da qualidade de vida, especialmente devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de sangramentos menores e &#224; elimina&#231;&#227;o da necessidade de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o frequente, das intera&#231;&#245;es com dieta e drogas e das restri&#231;&#245;es de estilo de vida associadas &#224; ACO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Estes fatores, embora menos mensur&#225;veis, devem tamb&#233;m ser levados em conta quando se calcula a rela&#231;&#227;o risco / benef&#237;cio da interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a OAAE foi efetiva nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de mundo real com FA de alto risco por reduzir significativamente a taxa anual de AVC e de sangramento em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s taxas previstas pelos escores CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc e HAS-BLED. As taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es do procedimento devem ser pesadas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos riscos, desconfortos e limita&#231;&#245;es associados &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua e ininterrupta &#224; ACO.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Como limita&#231;&#227;o inerente a um estudo n&#227;o-randomizado, n&#227;o h&#225; grupo-controle, e a compara&#231;&#227;o das taxas de eventos se baseou em &#237;ndices preditos por escores. Como em todos os estudos observacionais, pode haver v&#237;cios na sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes. Entretanto, o Registro foi desenhado para incluir todos os pacientes candidatos ao procedimento (inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar), refletindo uma pr&#225;tica de mundo real. Embora os dados tenham sido prospectivamente coletados, esta &#233; uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva, sem monitora&#231;&#227;o independente, nem um laborat&#243;rio central (<italic>core lab</italic>) de an&#225;lise. Especialmente devido a dificuldades de reembolso no Brasil, praticamente todos os centros inclu&#237;dos neste Registro s&#227;o centros com baixo volume de OAAE e, por isso, as curvas de aprendizado dos operadores s&#227;o achatadas, o que tem impacto direto nas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es. O seguimento incluiu mais de 95% dos pacientes tratados, mas n&#227;o a totalidade deles. E, finalmente, todos os dados coletados foram reportados espontaneamente pelos investigadores, sem adjudica&#231;&#227;o independente.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
