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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">P5S4TCBCd3tmLkKgg3ZL48G</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001400432</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170151</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005020103</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac, Metabolic and Molecular Profiles of Sedentary Rats in the Initial Moment of Obesity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jacobsen</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Barcellos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
            <given-names>J&#243;ctan Pimentel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon Henrique Salom&#233; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Ferreira do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sugizaki</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Mateus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES), Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina - UNESP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina - UNESP, Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">SINOP</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MT</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), SINOP, MT - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Andr&#233; Soares Leopoldo,</bold> Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, CEP 29075-410, Goiabeiras, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil. E-mail: <email>andresoaresleopoldo@gmail.com</email>, <email>andre.leopoldo@ufes.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Jacobsen BB, Cicogna AC, Leopoldo APL, Leopoldo AS; Acquisition of data: Jacobsen BB, Cordeiro JP, Campos DHS, Nascimento AF, Sugizaki MM, Cicogna AC; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Jacobsen BB, Cordeiro JP, Campos DHS, Nascimento AF, Sugizaki MM, Cicogna AC, Padovani CR, Leopoldo APL, Leopoldo AS; Statistical analysis: Cicogna AC, Padovani CR; Obtaining financing: Cicogna AC, Leopoldo APL, Leopoldo AS; Writing of the manuscript: Jacobsen BB, Sugizaki MM, Cicogna AC, Padovani CR, Leopoldo APL, Leopoldo AS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>432</fpage>
      <lpage>439</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Different types of high-fat and/or high-energy diets have been used to induce obesity in rodents. However, few studies have reported on the effects observed at the initial stage of obesity induced by high-fat feeding on cardiac functional and structural remodelling.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To characterize the initial moment of obesity and investigate both metabolic and cardiac parameters. In addition, the role of Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling in short-term exposure to obesity was verified.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Thirty-day-old male Wistar rats were randomized into two groups (n = 19 each): control (C; standard diet) and high-fat diet (HF, unsaturated high-fat diet). The initial moment of obesity was defined by weekly measurement of body weight (BW) complemented by adiposity index (AI). Cardiac remodelling was assessed by morphological, histological, echocardiographic and papillary muscle analysis. Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling proteins were determined by Western Blot.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The initial moment of obesity occurred at the 3<sup>rd</sup> week. Compared with C rats, the HF rats had higher final BW (4%), body fat (20%), AI (14.5%), insulin levels (39.7%), leptin (62.4%) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (15.5%) but did not exhibit alterations in systolic blood pressure. Echocardiographic evaluation did not show alterations in cardiac parameters. In the HF group, muscles were observed to increase their +dT/dt (C: 52.6 &#177; 9.0 g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s and HF: 68.0 &#177; 17.0 g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s; p &lt; 0.05). In addition, there was no changes in the cardiac expression of Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling proteins.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The initial moment of obesity promotes alterations to hormonal and lipid profiles without cardiac damage or changes in Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet</kwd>
        <kwd>Hight-Fat</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac function</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Obesity is considered a major syndrome of the XXI century and has reached epidemic proportions worldwide in recent decades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> According to the World Health Organization, the number of overweight individuals has reached over a billion people, and more than 30% of this population is obese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Obesity is a complex disease, and while some authors have suggested that genetic factors contribute its development,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> most research emphasizes that major causes of obesity are the so-called exogenous factors, especially the consumption of highly available, palatable food, and lack of exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A number of different types of high-fat and/or high-energy diets have been used to induce obesity and mimic human metabolic syndrome in rodents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> However, few studies have investigated the initial stage of obesity induced by a high-fat diet. Researchers have observed the initial moment of obesity in animals fed a high-fat diet after 4 weeks of treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> However, molecular and cardiac parameters in this initial stage were not presented.</p>
      <p>Studies have shown that excess body fat leads to several cardiovascular abnormalities that correlate with the duration and intensity of obesity in humans and in animal models.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Thus, it becomes necessary to identify the duration and intensity of damage in the early period of the disease. Furthermore, it is important to verify the mechanisms involved in this process, since studies have shown that abnormalities in Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling may be responsible for the development of cardiac dysfunction in obesity models induced by a high-fat diet.</p>
      <p>Due to the lack of studies, our purpose was to characterize the initial moment of obesity and investigate both the metabolic and cardiac parameters in obese rats. In addition, the role of Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling in short-term exposure to obesity was evaluated.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animal Care</title>
        <p>All experiments and procedures were performed in accordance with the <italic>Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</italic> published by the U.S. National Institutes of Health and approved by the Botucatu Medical School Ethics Committee (UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil) (approval numberFMB-PE-5/2009).</p>
        <p>Thirty-day-old male <italic>Wista</italic>r rats were distributed into two groups: control (C, n = 19) and high-fat diet (HF, n = 19). Group C was fed a standard diet containing 12.3% of its energy from fat, 57.9% from carbohydrate, and 29.8% from protein.The HF animals were fed four high-fat diets (RC Focus 2413, 2414, 2415, and 2416) that differed in their flavouring but not in their micro- and macronutrients. The high-fat diets contained 49.2% of their energy from fat, 28.9% from carbohydrates, and 21.9% from protein as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> All rats were housed in individual cages in an environmentally controlled, clean-air room at 23 &#177; 3&#176;C with a 12-h light/dark cycle (lights on at 6am) and 60 &#177; 5% relative humidity. After starting the experimental protocol, food consumption (FC), energy intake (EI), feed efficiency (FE), and body weight (BW) were recorded weekly. EI was calculated as follows: EI = average weekly EI multiplied by the caloric value of each diet (C or HF). FE (%) is the ability to convert EI to BW and was determined as the mean BW gain (g)/total calorie intake (kcal) x100.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Characterization of the Initial Moment of Obesity</title>
        <p>After starting the experimental protocol, BW was recorded once a weekto characterize the initial moment of obesity. When C and HF groups presented a significant difference in BW, the animals were anesthetized by ketamine injection (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (0.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneal (IP) injection, decapitated, and thoracotomized, and the fat pads were dissected and weighed. The initial moment of obesity was defined by BW (g) measurements that were recorded weekly and complemented by <italic>post-mortem</italic> adiposity index (AI) using the following formula: AI = [body fat (BF)/ BW] x 100. BF (g) was measured from the sum of the individual fat pad weights: epididymal fat + retroperitoneal fat + visceral fat.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Systolic blood pressure</title>
        <p>The systolic blood pressure (SBP) of the tail was measured one week before euthanasia with a tail plethysmograph. The animals were warmed in a wooden box at 40&#176;C with heat generated for four minutes to cause vasodilation of the tail artery, and the animals were then transferred to an iron cylindrical support. A sensor was placed in the proximal region of the tail and coupled to an electro-sphygmomanometer (NarcoBioSystem, International Biomedical Inc, TX, USA). The electro-sphygmomanometer was attached to a computer,and SBP was measured using the Biopac software (Biopac Systems Inc., CA, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Insulin tolerance test (ITT)</title>
        <p>Blood samples were drawn from the tip of the tail at basal condition and after the intraperitoneal administration of regular insulin (Novolin<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> R, Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) at a dose of 1.5 IU/kg body weight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Blood glucose was then collected at 0 (basal), 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min. Glucose levels were determined using a handheld glucometer (Accu-ChekAdvantage; Roche Diagnostics Co., Indianapolis, USA). Insulin resistance was determined from the area under the curve for glucose (AUC; 0-30 minutes).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic evaluation</title>
        <p>One week before euthanasia, echocardiographic evaluation was performed using a commercially available echocardiograph (Philips HDI-5000), and left ventricular (LV) structural variables were evaluated as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Metabolic and hormonal profile</title>
        <p>Blood samples were collected, and the serum was separated by centrifugation at 3,000 &#215; g for 15 minutes at 4&#176;C. Glucose, total cholesterol (T-Chol), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and hormones (insulin and leptin) were analysed. Glucose, TChol, HDL and LDL were measured using an automatic enzymatic analysis system (Biochemical analyzer BS-200, Mindray, China). The leptin and insulin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methodology using commercial kits (Linco Research Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Morphological and histological analysis</title>
        <p>After the initial moment of obesity, the heart weight (HW), HW/final body weight (FBW) ratio, papillary muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and collagen fraction (n = 14; each group) were recorded.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Papillary Muscle Function</title>
        <p>Papillary muscles isolated from the LV were evaluated as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>The papillary muscles were evaluated under the baseline condition of 2.5 mM Ca<sup>2+</sup>, post-rest contraction (PRC) and after elevation of extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration. PRC was studied at an extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration of 0.5 mM, in which the stimulus was paused for 10, 30, and 60 s before restarting the stimulation. Inotropic responses were recorded 5 min after the addition of each dose of extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mM) to the bathing solution.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Western Blot analysis</title>
        <p>LV tissue (C; n = 6; HF; n = 6) was analysed by Western Blot to quantify the L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel, SERCA2A: Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase (SERCA2a) and phospholamban (PLB). expression as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Specific antibodies were obtained against SERCA2 ATPase (ABR, Affinity BioReagents, CO, USA; MA3-910, 1:2,500), PLB (ABR, Affinity BioReagents, CO, USA;MA3-922, 1:500) and L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel alpha 1C (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO;C4980, 1:200). Binding of the primary antibody was detected with peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (rabbit or mouse, depending on the protein). Quantification of blots was performed by Scion Image software (Scion based on NIH image). Targeted bands were normalized to the expression of b-actin by using an antibody (SC81178; 1:1000) obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The statistical analysis was performed using the Sigma Stat 3.5 software (SYSTAT Software Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). The distribution of the variables was assessed by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality, and the results were reported as means &#177; standard deviation (SD). Comparisons between groups were performed using Student'st-test for independent samples and a repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) when appropriate. The level of significance considered was 5%.</p>
        <p>The sample size (n) was estimated using the equation: n = [(Z1-&#945;/2 + Z1-&#946;) x r/&#916;)2, where n is the sample size, Z is the z score, a is the two-sided significance level (0.05; type I error), b is the statistical power (80%; type II error), r is the SD and &#916; is the minimal difference between groups. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>The sample size needed to detect a significant between groups is 10 rats per group; however, we decided to use 19 animals per group for most of the analyses.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>BW was similar in the first two weeks of treatment in both groups C and HF (<italic>data not shown</italic>); however, during the third week, BW was greater in group HF than in group C. This moment was characterized as the initial moment of obesity.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the general characteristics, comorbidities and hormone results from C and HF rats after characterizing the initial moment of obesity (3 weeks). The FBW and weight gain were both higher in HF than in C. The high-fat diet promoted a substantial elevation of epididymal and visceral fat pad weight and BF. However, initial BW and retroperitoneal fat pad weight did not differ between the groups. AI was higher in HF animals (14.5%) compared to C animals. Compared with C group, HF had a lower FC, a greater FE, but a similar EI. Glucose, T-Chol and HDL levels, and SBP were similar between the groups. However, the AUC for glucose obtained in the insulin tolerance test, and LDL, insulin and leptin levels were significantly higher in HF compared to C.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General characteristics, comorbidities and hormones</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Groups</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">C (n = 19)</th>
              <th align="center">HF (n = 19)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IBW, g</td>
              <td align="center">148 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">147 &#177; 12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FBW, g</td>
              <td align="center">290 &#177; 18</td>
              <td align="center">302 &#177; 22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WG, g</td>
              <td align="center">142 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">155 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Epididymal, g</td>
              <td align="center">4.6 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">5.6 &#177; 1.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Retroperitoneal, g</td>
              <td align="center">5.4 &#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">6.4 &#177; 1.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Visceral, g</td>
              <td align="center">4.1 &#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">4.9 &#177; 0.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BF, g</td>
              <td align="center">14.1 &#177; 3.0</td>
              <td align="center">16.9 &#177; 3.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AI, %</td>
              <td align="center">4.9 &#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">5.6 &#177; 0.9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">182 &#177; 27</td>
              <td align="center">181 &#177; 21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AUC, mg/dL/min</td>
              <td align="center">2129 &#177; 193</td>
              <td align="center">230 8 &#177; 218<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">T-Chol, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">63.2 &#177; 10.4</td>
              <td align="center">68.3 &#177; 6.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">49.2 &#177; 7.7</td>
              <td align="center">52.9 &#177; 4.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">9.0 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">10.4 &#177; 2.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">127 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">131 &#177; 14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Insulin, ng/mL</td>
              <td align="center">0.83 &#177; 0.16</td>
              <td align="center">1.16 &#177; 0.28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Leptin, ng/mL</td>
              <td align="center">2.34 &#177; 0.57</td>
              <td align="center">3.80 &#177; 1.26<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Values are means &#177; SD; control (C) and high-fat diet (HF) groups; n: number; IBW: initial body weight; FBW: final body weight; WG: weight gain; BF: body fat; AI: adiposity index; AUC: area under the curve for glucose determined in insulin tolerance test (ITT); T-Chol: total cholesterol; HDL: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. C. Student's t-test for independent samples.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The morphological and histological analyses are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. Heart weight (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>), heart/FBW ratio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>), myocyte CSA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>), and LV collagen fraction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref>) were similar between the groups.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Morphological analysis of control (C) versus high-fat diet (HF) rats. A: Heart weight. B: Heart/final body weight ratio. C: Myocyte cross-sectional area (40&#215; magnification lens); representative haematoxylin and eosin-stained left ventricular cross-sections from C and HF rats. D: Interstitial collagen volume fraction of myocardium (20&#215; magnification lens) from C and HF rats; representative picrosirius red-stained left ventricular sections from C and HF rats. Arrows represent the interstitial collagen volume fraction of C and HF. Data presented as the mean &#177; SD. Student&#8217;s t test was used for independent samples. There are no differences between groups</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0432-70151-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiographic evaluation showed that the HF rats did not show a difference in heart rate (HR), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVDD), left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVSD), posterior wall thickness in diastole (PWTd), relative wall thickness (RWT), left atrium (LA), left ventricular mass (LVM), fractional shortening (FS) endocardial, FS midwall, posterior wall shortening velocity (PWSV), earlydiastolic mitral inflow (E-wave), latediastolic mitral inflow (A-wave), early-to-late diastolic mitral inflow ratio (mitral E/A), E-wave deceleration time (EDT) or isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) compared to C rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). However, the HF group presented higher aortic diameter (AO) in relation to C. After 3 weeks, the treatment did not promote contractile dysfunction in basal condition or after Ca<sup>2+</sup> stimulation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). However, the results demonstrated that during manoeuvre PRC, an increase in contractile phase was observed after 60 seconds in group HF compared to C, as visualized by positive tension derivative normalized per CSA (+dT/dt) (C: 52.6 &#177; 9.0 g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s and HF: 68.0 &#177; 17.0 g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s; p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2E</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3(A-C)</xref> shows that 3 weeks of high-fat feeding did not alter the protein levels of the L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel, SERCA2a or PLB.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiography data</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Groups</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">C (n = 10)</th>
              <th align="center">HF (n= 10)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR, bpm</td>
              <td align="center">341 &#177; 40</td>
              <td align="center">316 &#177; 22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVDD, mm</td>
              <td align="center">7.85 &#177; 0.53</td>
              <td align="center">7.98 &#177; 0.37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVSD, mm</td>
              <td align="center">3.66 &#177; 0.63</td>
              <td align="center">3.70 &#177; 0.44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PWTd, mm</td>
              <td align="center">1.47 &#177; 0.06</td>
              <td align="center">1.44 &#177; 0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RWT</td>
              <td align="center">0.19 &#177; 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.18 &#177; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AO, mm</td>
              <td align="center">3.39 &#177; 0.14</td>
              <td align="center">3.53 &#177; 0.13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA, mm</td>
              <td align="center">5.27 &#177; 0.32</td>
              <td align="center">5.39 &#177; 0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVM, g</td>
              <td align="center">0.81 &#177; 0.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.83 &#177; 0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FS endocardial, %</td>
              <td align="center">53.6 &#177; 5.7</td>
              <td align="center">53.6 &#177; 4.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FS midwall, %</td>
              <td align="center">33.0 &#177; 3.0</td>
              <td align="center">33.9 &#177; 3.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PWSV, mm/s</td>
              <td align="center">40.38 &#177; 5.49</td>
              <td align="center">38.79 &#177; 3.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E-Wave (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">94.5 &#177; 13.6</td>
              <td align="center">87.4 &#177; 3.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A-Wave (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">67.4 &#177; 18.7</td>
              <td align="center">60.2 &#177; 4.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral E/A</td>
              <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 0.4</td>
              <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EDT, ms</td>
              <td align="center">42.0 &#177; 4.8</td>
              <td align="center">43.8 &#177; 4.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IVRT, ms</td>
              <td align="center">20.4 &#177; 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">20.1 &#177; 3.8</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Data presented as the mean &#177; standard deviation. C: control and HF: high-fat diet groups; n: number; HR: heart rate; LVDD: left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVSD: left ventricular end-systolic dimension; PWTd: posterior wall thickness in diastole; RWT: relative wall thickness; AO: aortic diameter; LA: left atrium; LVM: left ventricle mass; FS endocardial: fractional shortening; FS midwall: fractional shortening; PWSV: posterior wall shortening velocity;early (E-wave) and late (A-wave) diastolic mitral inflow; E/A: early-to-late diastolic mitral inflow ratio; EDT: E-wave deceleration time; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 versus C (control). Student's t test for independent samples.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Basal condition (A, B and C), post-rest contraction (D, E and F) and effects of increasing extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration (G, H and I ) in papillary muscles of control (C) and high-fat diet (HF) rats (white bars = C; black bars = HF; n = 19 in each condition). Maximum developed tension normalized percross-sectional area (DT) [g/mm<sup>2</sup>], negative (-dT/dt[g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s]) and positive (+dT/dt[g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s]) tension derivatives normalized per cross-sectional area. Data presented as the means &#177; SD. *p &lt; 0.05 versus C. Student&#8217;s t-test for independent samples (A, B and C) and repeated-measures two-way ANOVA (D, E, F, G, H and I); Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc test</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0432-70151-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiac protein expression by Western Blot. The data are means &#177; SD (n = 6 in each group); control (C) and high-fat diet (HF); A: L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel; B: Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase (SERCA2a) and C: phospholamban (PLB). Student&#8217;s t-test for independent samples</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0432-70151-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The determination of the initial moment of obesity is essential to control the duration of experimental protocols because it allows one to accurately assess the influence of exposure to adiposity and, consequently, obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Interestingly, little information is available on this process and its cardiovascular consequences.</p>
      <p>Some researchers have shown metabolic, cardiac and molecular characteristics only at the end of the experiment,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> which precludes analyses regarding the precise onset of disturbances caused by excess adipose tissue and their intensity. A question that arises from the present study is why the experimental studies have not characterized the initial moment of obesity. Thus, the major finding was that there were alterations in the metabolic and lipid profiles at the initial moment of obesity, but without accompanying cardiac damage or changes to Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling proteins.</p>
      <p>High-fat diets are generally accepted as a method of generating a valid rodent model for obesity. According to the data obtained, we developed a valid rodent model for diet-induced obesity with unsaturated fat. After 3 weeks, HF animals showed higher weight gain (16%) and body fat (20%) than C animals. The findings are in agreement with several authors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> In addition, the animal model presented some features of metabolic syndrome, such as central obesity, glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia, but without alterations in SBP, thus demonstrating obesity with its comorbidities. In contrast, previous investigations have observed numerous comorbidities associated with short-term obesity, such as hypertension and diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The initial moment of obesity caused important metabolic abnormalities, such as elevated leptin (62.5%) and insulin (40%) levels in the HF group. According to the literature, leptin is a hormone secreted by adipose tissue and has a direct relationship with the amount of BF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> The relationship between leptin levels and fat shows that the amount of leptin is approximately 3 times higher than BF. Furthermore, leptin is able to directly activate nitric oxide production via L-arginine, which is dependent on endothelial integrity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and may be a determining factor in the absence of hypertension. In addition, hyperinsulinemia was observed with insulin sensitivity damage, since the glucose AUC was higher in group HF than group C.</p>
      <p>The initial moment of obesity did not cause cardiac remodelling, as visualized by histological and echocardiographic analysis. Dhanasekaran et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> reported that insulin resistance induced by obesity with associated hyperinsulinemia could promote cardiac remodelling via the growth-promoting properties of insulin or by attenuating the anti-apoptotic signalling of the phosphatidylinositol 3' -kinase/protein kinase B pathway.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Studies in mice with (functional) leptin deficiency have suggested that the cardiac hypertrophy developing in states of chronic hyperleptinaemia may result from an inability to transduce anti-hypertrophic and/or cardioprotective effects of the adipokine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nonetheless, obesity is still considered a risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disorders, despite the called "obesity paradox". A number of rodent models of obesity have been studied in terms of cardiovascular adaptations. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Diet-induced obese rats exhibit many of the hemodynamic alterations associated with human obesity, but there is no evidence to date that these animals will develop severe cardiac depression. In the current study, echocardiographic and papillary muscle analysis showed that there was no change in cardiac parameters in both groups. The absence of functional changes may be due to the short term of the exposure to HF diet.</p>
      <p>According to the results, short-term exposure to HF diet promoted specific changes at contraction phase after the PRC manoeuvre, indicating absence of myocardial function impairment. This result could be related to Ca handling changes; however, our results show that there was no change in the levels of Ca<sup>2+</sup> L-type channels, PLB or SERCA2a protein, suggesting that the kinetic properties of calcium are preserved in the onset of obesity. Furthermore, the post-translational modifications known to affect the activity of these proteins, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation, were not investigated in the present study.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The study did not investigate post-translational modifications known to affect the activity of proteins, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation, which could consolidate the absence of alterations in the expression of proteins involved in the intracellular calcium handling at the initial moment of obesity.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The initial moment of obesity promotes alterations to hormonal and lipid profiles without cardiac damage and changes to Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling in a rat model of unsaturated high-fat diet-induced obesity. Taken together, these findings could be relevant to human pathology and enable the verification and prevention of disturbances in the early period of obesity.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>This manuscript has been proofread and edited by native English speakers with related biomedical backgrounds from the American Journal Experts.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPES and FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfis Card&#237;aco, Metab&#243;lico e Molecular de Ratos Sedent&#225;rios no Momento Inicial da Obesidade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jacobsen</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Barcellos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
            <given-names>J&#243;ctan Pimentel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon Henrique Salom&#233; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Ferreira do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sugizaki</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Mateus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Padovani</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES), Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina - UNESP, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), SINOP, MT - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233; Soares Leopoldo,</bold> Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, CEP 29075-410, Goiabeiras, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil. E-mail: <email>andresoaresleopoldo@gmail.com</email>, <email>andre.leopoldo@ufes.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Jacobsen BB, Cicogna AC, Leopoldo APL, Leopoldo AS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Jacobsen BB, Cordeiro JP, Campos DHS, Nascimento AF, Sugizaki MM, Cicogna AC,; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Jacobsen BB, Cordeiro JP, Campos DHS, Nascimento AF, Sugizaki MM, Cicogna AC, Padovani CR, Leopoldo APL, Leopoldo AS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cicogna AC, Padovani CR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Cicogna AC, Leopoldo APL, Leopoldo AS; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Jacobsen BB, Sugizaki MM, Cicogna AC, Padovani CR, Leopoldo APL, Leopoldo AS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Diferentes tipos de dietas hiperlip&#237;dicas e/ou hipercal&#243;ricas t&#234;m sido usados para induzir obesidade em roedores. No entanto, poucos estudos relataram os efeitos da obesidade induzida por dieta hiperlip&#237;dica em sua fase inicial sobre a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca funcional e estrutural.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Caracterizar o momento inicial da obesidade e investigar par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos e card&#237;acos. Al&#233;m disso, analisar o papel do tr&#226;nsito de Ca<sup>+2</sup> em curtos per&#237;odos de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos Wistar com idade de 30 dias foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (n = 19 em cada grupo): controle (C, dieta padr&#227;o) e dieta hiperlip&#237;dica (HL, dieta rica em gordura insaturada). O momento inicial da obesidade foi definido por medidas semanais do peso corporal, complementadas pelo &#237;ndice de adiposidade (IA). A remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi avaliada por an&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica, histol&#243;gica, ecocardiogr&#225;fica e funcional dos m&#250;sculos papilares. Prote&#237;nas envolvidas no tr&#226;nsito de Ca<sup>2+</sup> foram determinadas por <italic>Western Blot</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O momento inicial da obesidade ocorreu na terceira semana. Em compara&#231;&#227;o aos ratos C, os animais HL apresentaram maior peso corporal final (4%), gordura corporal (20%), IA (14,5%), n&#237;veis de insulina (39,7%), leptina (62,4%) e lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (15,5%), mas n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o sist&#243;lica. A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica n&#227;o mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros card&#237;acos. No grupo HL, observou-se um aumento no +dT/dt (C: 52,6 &#177; 9,0 g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s e HL: 68,0 &#177; 17,0 g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s; p &lt; 0,05) muscular. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es na express&#227;o card&#237;aca de prote&#237;nas envolvidas no tr&#226;nsito de Ca<sup>2+</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O momento inicial da obesidade promove altera&#231;&#245;es nos perfis hormonais e lip&#237;dicos sem causar danos card&#237;acos ou mudan&#231;as no tr&#226;nsito de Ca<sup>2+</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta Hiperlip&#237;dica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#225;lcio</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiposidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A obesidade &#233; considerada uma importante s&#237;ndrome do s&#233;culo XXI que alcan&#231;ou propor&#231;&#245;es epid&#234;micas em todo o mundo nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> De acordo com a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, o n&#250;mero de pessoas com sobrepeso ultrapassou um bilh&#227;o de pessoas, sendo que mais de 30% dessa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; obesa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A obesidade &#233; uma doen&#231;a complexa e, enquanto alguns autores sugeriram que fatores gen&#233;ticos contribuam para seu desenvolvimento,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> a maioria dos estudos enfatizam que as principais causas da obesidade s&#227;o os chamados fatores ex&#243;genos, particularmente o consumo e a alta disponibilidade de alimentos palat&#225;veis, e a falta de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diferentes tipos de dietas hiperlip&#237;dicas (HL) e/ou hipercal&#243;ricas s&#227;o utilizadas para induzir a obesidade e simular, em roedores, a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica que ocorre em humanos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> No entanto, poucos estudos investigaram o est&#225;gio inicial da obesidade induzida por uma dieta rica em gorduras. Pesquisadores observaram o momento inicial da obesidade em animais alimentados por uma dieta HL ap&#243;s 4 semanas de tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Contudo, n&#227;o foram apresentados par&#226;metros moleculares e card&#237;acos nesse est&#225;gio inicial.</p>
        <p>Estudos mostraram que o excesso de gordura causa anormalidades cardiovasculares que se correlacionam com a dura&#231;&#227;o e a intensidade da obesidade tanto em modelos com humanos como em modelos com animais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Assim, torna-se necess&#225;rio identificar a dura&#231;&#227;o e a intensidade dos danos no per&#237;odo inicial da doen&#231;a. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; importante verificar os mecanismos envolvidos nesse processo, uma vez que estudos mostraram que dist&#250;rbios no tr&#226;nsito de Ca<sup>2+</sup> podem ser respons&#225;veis pelo desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em modelos de obesidade induzidos por uma dieta HL.</p>
        <p>Devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de estudos, nosso objetivo foi caracterizar o momento inicial da obesidade e investigar tantos par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos como card&#237;acos em ratos obesos. Al&#233;m disso, avaliamos o papel do tr&#226;nsito de Ca<sup>2+</sup> em curtos per&#237;odos de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; obesidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Cuidado dos animais</title>
          <p>Todos os experimentos e procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com o Guia para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio (<italic>Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</italic>) publicado pelo Instituto Nacional de Sa&#250;de dos EUA (<italic>U.S. National Institutes of Health</italic>) e aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil) (n&#250;mero -PE-5/2009).</p>
          <p>Ratos Wistar com idade de 30 dias foram distribu&#237;dos em dois grupos - controle (C, n = 19) e dieta HL (n = 19). O grupo C recebeu uma dieta padr&#227;o contendo 12,3% de sua energia de gordura, 57,9% de carboidratos, e 29,8% de prote&#237;na. O grupo HL recebeu quatro dietas (RC Focus 2413, 2414, 2415, e 2416) que se diferiram quanto ao sabor, mas n&#227;o quanto ao teor de micro e macronutrientes. As dietas HLs continham 49,2% de sua energia em gordura, 28,% em carboidratos, e 21,9% em prote&#237;na, como descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Todos os ratos foram mantidos em gaiolas individuais em um ambiente de ar limpo e temperatura e umidade controladas -23 &#177; 3&#176;C, em um ciclo claro/escuro de 12/12 horas (luzes acessas &#224;s 6h da manh&#227;) e umidade relativa de 60 &#177; 5%. Ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do protocolo experimental, o consumo alimentar (CA), a Ingest&#227;o cal&#243;rica (IC), a efici&#234;ncia alimentar (EA) e o peso corporal (PC) foram analisados semanalmente. A IC correspondeu ao consumo alimentar m&#233;dio semanal multiplicado pelo valor energ&#233;tico (kcal) da dieta. A EA (%) &#233; a habilidade de converter o IC em PC, determinada pela m&#233;dia do ganho de peso (g) dividido pela ingest&#227;o energ&#233;tica total (Kcal) x 100.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do momento inicial da obesidade</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do protocolo experimental, o peso corporal (PC) foi registrado uma vez por semana para caracterizar o momento inicial da obesidade. Quando os grupos C e HL apresentaram diferen&#231;a significativa no PC, os animais foram anestesiados por inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de cetamina (50 mg/kg) e xilazina (0.5 mg/kd), decapitados e toracotomizados, e o tecido adiposo dissecado e pesado. O momento inicial da obesidade foi definido por medidas de PC (g) registrados semanalmente, complementadas pelo &#237;ndice de adiposidade (IA) <italic>post-mortem</italic> utilizando a f&#243;rmula: IA = [gordura corporal (GC) / PC] x 100. A GC (g) foi medida pela soma dos seguintes constituintes do tecido adiposo: gordura epididimal + gordura retroperitoneal + gordura visceral.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da cauda do rato foi medida uma semana anterior &#224; eutan&#225;sia utilizando-se um pletism&#243;grafo de cauda. Os animais foram mantidos em uma caixa de madeira a 40&#186;C por 4 minutos para vasodilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria da cauda, e em seguida transferidos para um suporte cil&#237;ndrico de ferro. Um sensor foi colocado na regi&#227;o proximal da cauda e acoplado a um esfigmoman&#244;metro eletr&#244;nico (<italic>Narco BioSystem, International Biomedical Inc</italic>, TX, EUA). O esfigmoman&#244;metro eletr&#244;nico foi conectado a um computador, e a PAS medida usando-se o programa Biopac software (Biopac Systems Inc., CA, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; insulina (TTI)</title>
          <p>As amostras de sangue foram coletadas da extremidade da cauda em condi&#231;&#227;o basal e ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de insulina regular (Novolin&#174; R, Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Dinamarca) a uma dose de 1,5 UI/kg de peso corporal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> As amostras de sangue para dosagem de glicose foram coletadas em 0 (basal), 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 minutos. Os n&#237;veis de glicose foram determinados usando um glicos&#237;metro manual (Accu-Chek Advantage; Roche Diagnostics Co., Indian&#225;polis, EUA). A resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica foi determinada a partir da &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC; 0-30 minutos) para glicose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Uma semana anterior &#224; eutan&#225;sia, realizou-se avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica por meio de umecocardi&#243;grafo dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (Philips HDI-5000), e as vari&#225;veis estruturais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foram analisadas conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Perfil metab&#243;lico e hormonal</title>
          <p>As amostras de sangue foram coletadas, e o soro separado por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 3000 x g por 15 minutos a 4<sup>o</sup>C. Foram analisados os n&#237;veis de glicose, colesterol total (CT), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), e dos horm&#244;nios insulina e leptina. Os n&#237;veis de glicose, CT, HDL e LDL foram medidos por um sistema autom&#225;tico de an&#225;lise enzim&#225;tica (<italic>Biochemical analyzer</italic> BS-200, Mindray, China). Os n&#237;veis de leptina e de insulina foram determinados pelo m&#233;todo de imunoadsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (ELISA), usando-se kits comerciais (<italic>Linco Research Inc</italic>., St. Louis, MO, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica e histol&#243;gica</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o momento inicial da obesidade, foram registados o peso do cora&#231;&#227;o, a raz&#227;o peso do cora&#231;&#227;o/peso corporal final, &#225;rea seccional transversa do m&#250;sculo papilar e fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno de cada grupo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo funcional do m&#250;sculo papilar isolado</title>
          <p>Os m&#250;sculos papilares isolados do VE foram avaliados conforme descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Os m&#250;sculos papilares foram avaliados em condi&#231;&#227;o basal (Ca<sup>2+</sup> a 2,5 mM), na Contra&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-pausa (CPP) e ap&#243;s eleva&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o extracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup>. A CPP foi estudada a uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> extracelular de 0,5 mM, na qual o est&#237;mulo foi interrompido por 10, 30 e 60 segundos antes de se reiniciar a estimula&#231;&#227;o. As respostas inotr&#243;picas foram registradas 5 minutos ap&#243;s adi&#231;&#227;o de cada dose extra de Ca<sup>2+</sup> extracelular (0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0, e 2,5 mM) &#224; solu&#231;&#227;o do banho.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Western Blot</title>
          <p>O tecido do VE (C; n = 6; HL; n = 6) foi analisado por <italic>Western Blot</italic> para quantificar a express&#227;o de canal de Ca<sup>2+</sup> do tipo L, fosfolamban (PLB) e Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (SERCA2a) como descrito anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Foram obtidos anticorpos espec&#237;ficos contra SERCA2 (ABR, Affinity BioReagents, CO, EUA; MA3-910, 1:2,500), PLB (ABR, Affinity BioReagents, CO, EUA; MA3-922, 1:500) e canal de Ca<sup>2+</sup> do tipo L alfa 1C (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO; C4980, 1:200). A liga&#231;&#227;o do anticorpo prim&#225;rio foi detectada com anticorpos secund&#225;rios conjugados com peroxidase (coelho ou camundongo, dependendo da prote&#237;na). A quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>blots</italic> foi realizada pelo programa Scion Image (Scion com base nas imagens do <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic>). As bandas-alvo foram normalizadas &#224; express&#227;o de &#946;-actina utilizando-se um anticorpo (SC81178; 1:1000) obtido da Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada pelo programa Sigma Stat 3.5 (SYSTAT Software Inc., San Jose, CA, EUA). A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada quanto &#224; normalidade pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, e os resultados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas pelo teste t de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras independentes e an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) com dois fatores para medidas repetidas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado foi de 5%.</p>
          <p>O tamanho amostral foi estimado a partir da equa&#231;&#227;o n = [(Z1-&#945;/2 + Z1-&#946;) x r/&#916;)2, em que &#8220;n&#8221; &#233; o tamanho da amostra, Z &#233; o z-score, &#945; &#233; o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia bicaudal (0,05; erro tipo I), &#946; &#233; o poder estat&#237;stico (80%; erro tipo II), r &#233; o DP e &#916; &#233; a m&#237;nima diferen&#231;a entre os grupos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> O tamanho da amostra necess&#225;rio para detectar diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos era de 10 ratos por grupo. No entanto, decidimos usar 19 animais por grupo para a maioria das an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O PC foi similar nas duas primeiras semanas de tratamento em ambos os grupos C e HL (dados n&#227;o apresentados). Contudo, durante a terceira semana, o PC foi maior no grupo HL que no grupo C. Este momento foi caracterizado como o momento inicial da obesidade.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta caracter&#237;sticas gerais, comorbidades e resultados hormonais dos ratos C e HL ap&#243;s caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do momento inicial da obesidade (3 semanas). O peso corporal final e o ganho de peso foram maiores no grupo HL que no grupo C. A dieta HL promoveu um aumento substancial do tecido adiposo epididimal e visceral, e da GC. Entretanto, o PC inicial e o peso de gordura retroperitoneal n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos. O IA foi maior nos animais do grupo HL (14,5%)em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais C. Em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C, o grupo HL apresentou um consumo alimentar mais baixo, uma maior EA, mas uma IC similar. Os n&#237;veis de glicose, CT e HDL, e a PS foram similares entre os grupos. No entanto, a AUC para a glicose obtida no teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; insulina, e os n&#237;veis de LDL, insulina e leptina foram significativamente maiores no grupo HL que no grupo C.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais, comorbidades e horm&#244;nios</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupos</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 19)</th>
                <th align="center">Hiperlip&#237;dico (n = 19)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso corporal inicial, g</td>
                <td align="center">148 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">147 &#177; 12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso corporal final,g</td>
                <td align="center">290 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">302 &#177; 22<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ganho de peso, g</td>
                <td align="center">142 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">155 &#177; 10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Epididimal, g</td>
                <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">5,6 &#177; 1,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Retroperitoneal, g</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 &#177; 1,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Visceral, g</td>
                <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">4,9 &#177; 0,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gordura corporal, g</td>
                <td align="center">14,1 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">16,9 &#177; 3,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de adiposidade, %</td>
                <td align="center">4,9 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">5,6 &#177; 0,9<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">182 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">181 &#177; 21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;rea sob a curva, mg/dL/min</td>
                <td align="center">2129 &#177; 193</td>
                <td align="center">2308 &#177; 218<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">63,2 &#177; 10,4</td>
                <td align="center">68,3 &#177; 6,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL - colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">49,2 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">52,9 &#177; 4,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-colesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">9,0 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">10,4 &#177; 2,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">127 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">131 &#177; 14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insulina, ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td align="center">1,16 &#177; 0,28<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Leptina, ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center">2,34 &#177; 0,57</td>
                <td align="center">3,80 &#177; 1,26<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Valores em m&#233;dia &#177; DP; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. Controle. Teste t de Student para amostras independentes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As an&#225;lises morfol&#243;gicas e histol&#243;gicas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>. O peso do cora&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1A</xref>), a raz&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/peso corporal final (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1B</xref>), a &#225;rea seccional transversa dos mi&#243;citos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1C</xref>), e a fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno do VE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1D</xref>) foram similares entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica dos ratos controles (C) versusratos que receberam dieta hiperlip&#237;dica (HL). A: peso do cora&#231;&#227;o. B: raz&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/peso corporal final. C: &#225;rea seccional transversa dos mi&#243;citos (aumento 40&#215;); cortes transversais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo corados com hematoxilina e eosina de ratos C e HL. D: fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno intersticial (aumento 20&#215;) de ratos C e HL; se&#231;&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo coradas em picrosirius de ratos C e HL. Setas representama fra&#231;&#227;o de volume de col&#225;geno intersticialde C e HL. Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; DP. O teste t de Student foi usado para amostras independentes. N&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a entre os grupos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0432-70151-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica mostrou que os ratos HL n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE (DDVE), di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE (DSVE), espessura da parede posterior na di&#225;stole (EPPd), espessura relativa da parede (ERP), di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), massa do VE, fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento endoc&#225;rdico (FE), FE mesoc&#225;rdico, velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior (VEPP), velocidade do fluxo transvalvar mitral correspondente &#224; fase de enchimento inicial (onda-E),velocidade do fluxo transvalvar mitral correspondente &#224; fase de enchimento tardia consequente &#224; contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (onda-A), raz&#227;o da onda-E/onda-A (E/A mitral), tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda-E (TDE) e tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos ratos C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>). Entretanto, o grupo HL apresentou maior dimens&#227;o da aorta em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C. Ap&#243;s 3 semanas, o tratamento n&#227;o promoveu disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na condi&#231;&#227;o basal ou ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o com Ca<sup>2+</sup>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>). Contudo, os resultados mostraram que durante a manobra de CPP, observou-se aumento na fase contr&#225;til ap&#243;s 60 segundos no grupo HL em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo C, visualizado pela derivada positiva normalizada por &#225;rea seccional transversa (+dT/dt) (C: 52,6 &#177; 9,0 g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s e HL: 68,0 &#177; 17,0 g/mm<sub>2</sub>/s; p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2E</xref>). A<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3 (A-C)</xref> mostra que 3 semanas de dieta HL n&#227;o alterou os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na do canal Ca<sup>2+</sup> do tipo L, SERCA2a ou PLB.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados da ecocardiografia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupos</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 10)</th>
                <th align="center">Hiperlip&#237;dico (n = 10)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">341 &#177; 40</td>
                <td align="center">316 &#177; 22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DDVE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">7,85 &#177; 0,53</td>
                <td align="center">7,98 &#177; 0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DSVE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">3,66 &#177; 0,63</td>
                <td align="center">3,70 &#177; 0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EPP, mm</td>
                <td align="center">1,47 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">1,44 &#177; 0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ERP</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 &#177; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DA, mm</td>
                <td align="center">3,39 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">3,53 &#177; 0,13*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do AE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">5,27 &#177; 0,32</td>
                <td align="center">5,39 &#177; 0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa do VE, g</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,83 &#177; 0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FE endocard&#237;co, %</td>
                <td align="center">53,6 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">53,6 &#177; 4,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FE mesoc&#225;rdico, %</td>
                <td align="center">33,0 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">33,9 &#177; 3,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VEPP, mm/s</td>
                <td align="center">40,38 &#177; 5,49</td>
                <td align="center">38,79 &#177; 3,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Onda-E- (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">94,5 &#177; 13,6</td>
                <td align="center">87,4 &#177; 3,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Onda -A (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">67,4 &#177; 18,7</td>
                <td align="center">60,2 &#177; 4,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A mitral</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TDE, ms</td>
                <td align="center">42,0 &#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center">43,8 &#177; 4,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TRIV, ms</td>
                <td align="center">20,4 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">20,1 &#177; 3,8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; EPPD: espessura da parede posterior na di&#225;stole; ERP: espessura relativa da parede; DA: dimens&#227;o da aorta; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento endoc&#225;rdico; VEPP: velocidade de encurtamento da parede posterior; onda-E: velocidade do fluxo transvalvar mitral correspondente &#224; fase de enchimento inicial; onda-A: velocidade do fluxo transvalvar mitral correspondente &#224; fase de enchimento tardia consequente &#224; contra&#231;&#227;o atrial; E/A mitral: raz&#227;o onda-E/onda-A; TDE: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda-E; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Condi&#231;&#227;obasal (A, B e C), contra&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-pausa (CPP) (D, E e F) e efeitos da concentra&#231;&#227;o crescente de Ca<sup>2+</sup> extracelular (G, H e I) nos m&#250;sculos papilares de ratos controles (C) e de ratos que receberam dieta hiperlip&#237;dica (HL) (colunas brancas = C; colunas pretas = HL; n = 19 em cada condi&#231;&#227;o). Tens&#227;o m&#225;xima normalizada por &#225;rea seccional transversa (TD) [g/mm<sup>2</sup>], derivadas da tens&#227;o negativa (-dT/dt[g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s]) e positiva (+dT/dt[g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s]) normalizadas por &#225;rea seccional transversa. Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; DP. *p 0,05 versus C. Teste t de Student para amostras independentes (A, B e C) e ANOVA com dois fatores para medidas repetidas (D, E, F, G, H e I); teste post-hoc de Student-Newman-Keuls</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0432-70151-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Express&#227;ode prote&#237;na card&#237;aca por Western Blot. Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; DP (n = 6 em cada grupo); controle (C) e dieta hiperlip&#237;dica (HL); A: canal de Ca<sup>2+</sup> do tipo L; B: Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (SERCA2a) e C: fosfolamban (PLB). Teste t de Student para amostras independentes.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0432-70151-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o do momento inicial da obesidade &#233; essencial para controlar a dura&#231;&#227;o dos protocolos experimentais, pois permite avaliar, com precis&#227;o, a influ&#234;ncia da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; adiposidade e, consequentemente, da obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Interessante notar que h&#225; pouca informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel sobre esse processo bem como das consequ&#234;ncias cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Alguns pesquisadores apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas metab&#243;licas, card&#237;acas e moleculares apenas no final do experimento,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> o que limita a an&#225;lise do in&#237;cio exato dos dist&#250;rbios causados pelo excesso de tecido adiposo e de sua intensidade. Uma pergunta que surge a partir do presente estudo &#233; o porqu&#234; de estudos experimentais n&#227;o haverem caracterizado o momento inicial da obesidade. Portanto, nosso principal achado foi a exist&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es nos perfis metab&#243;licos e lip&#237;dicos no momento inicial da obesidade, que n&#227;o s&#227;o acompanhadas por danos card&#237;acos ou altera&#231;&#245;es nas prote&#237;nas de transporte do Ca<sup>2+</sup>.</p>
        <p>As dietas HLs s&#227;o em geral aceitas como um m&#233;todo para gerar um modelo v&#225;lido de obesidade em roedores. De acordo com os dados obtidos, n&#243;s desenvolvemos um modelo v&#225;lido em roedores de obesidade induzida pela dieta com uso de gordura insaturada. Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s semanas, os animais HL apresentaram maior ganho de peso (16%) e de gordura corporal (20%) que os animais C. Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com os relatados por v&#225;rios autores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o modelo animal apresentou algumas caracter&#237;sticas de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, tais como obesidade central, intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose e dislipidemia, mas sem altera&#231;&#245;es na PS, mostrando, assim, a obesidade e suas comorbidades. Por outro lado, estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram v&#225;rias comorbidades associadas com obesidade em curto prazo, tais como hipertens&#227;o e diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O momento inicial da obesidade causou anormalidades metab&#243;licas importantes, tais como aumento dos n&#237;veis de leptina (62,5%) e insulina (40%) no grupo HL. Segundo a literatura, a leptina &#233; um horm&#244;nio secretado pelo tecido adiposo, e tem uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta com a quantidade de GC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de leptina e gordura mostra que a quantidade de leptina &#233; aproximadamente 3 vezes maior que a de GC. Al&#233;m disso, a leptina &#233; capaz de ativar diretamente a produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico via L-arginina, que &#233; dependente da integridade endotelial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e pode ser um fator determinante na aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o. Ainda, foi observadahiperinsulinemia com danos na sensibilidade &#224; insulina, uma vez que a AUC para a glicose foi maior no grupo HL que no grupo C.</p>
        <p>O momento inicial da obesidade n&#227;o causou remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, segundo an&#225;lises histol&#243;gicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Dhanasekaran et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> relataram que a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica induzida pela obesidade com hiperinsulinemia associada promoveu remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por meio das propriedades anab&#243;licas da insulina ou da atenua&#231;&#227;o da sinaliza&#231;&#227;o anti-apopt&#243;tica da via fosfatidilinositol 3&#8217;-quinase/prote&#237;na quinase B.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Estudos em camundongos com defici&#234;ncia (funcional) de leptina sugeriram que a hipertrofia card&#237;aca desenvolvida em estados de hiperleptinemia cr&#244;nica pode resultar da incapacidade de se converter os efeitos anti-hipertr&#243;ficos e/ou cardioprotetores da adipocina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, a obesidade ainda &#233; considerada um fator de risco no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, apesar do chamado &#8220;paradoxo da obesidade&#8221;. Muitos modelos de obesidade com roedores t&#234;m mostrado adapta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Ratos com obesidade induzida por dieta exibem altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas associadas &#224; obesidade humana, mas n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncia at&#233; o momento de que esses animais desenvolver&#227;o depress&#227;o card&#237;aca grave. No presente estudo, as an&#225;lises ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e do m&#250;sculo papilar mostraram que n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros card&#237;acos em nenhum dos grupos. A aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais pode ser devido &#224; curta exposi&#231;&#227;o a uma dieta HL.</p>
        <p>De acordo com os resultados, a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; dieta HL em curto prazo promoveu altera&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas na fase de contra&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s CPP, indicando aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais mioc&#225;rdicas. Tal resultado poderia estar relacionado &#224;s mudan&#231;as no tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio; contudo, nossos resultados mostraram que n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup> tipo L, PLB ou prote&#237;na do SERCA2a, sugerindo que as propriedades cin&#233;ticas do c&#225;lcio est&#227;o preservadas no in&#237;cio da obesidade. Ainda, as modifica&#231;&#245;es translacionais que sabidamente afetam a atividade dessas prote&#237;nas, tais como fosforila&#231;&#227;o e glicosila&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foram investigadas neste estudo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O estudo n&#227;o investigou modifica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-translacionais conhecidas por influenciarem a atividade de prote&#237;nas, tais como fosforila&#231;&#227;o e glicosila&#231;&#227;o, o que poderia contribuir para consolidar a aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es na express&#227;o das prote&#237;nas envolvidas no transporte de c&#225;lcio intracelular no momento inicial da obesidade.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O momento inicial da obesidade promove altera&#231;&#245;es nos perfis hormonais e lip&#237;dicos sem causar danos card&#237;acos ou altera&#231;&#245;es no transporte de Ca<sup>2+</sup> em um modelo de obesidade induzida por dieta rica em gordura insaturada em ratos. Esses resultados podem ser relevantes &#224; patologia humana e possibilitam a verifica&#231;&#227;o e a preven&#231;&#227;o dos dist&#250;rbios no per&#237;odo inicial da obesidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Este artigo foi revisado e editado pela American Journal Experts.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPES e FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
