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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">DZwHYxGGTXpMzfvgVXFVDvP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001400425</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170155</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pericardial Parietal Mesothelial Cells: Source of the Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme of the Bovine Pericardial Fluid</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ilsione Ribeiro de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Cabral Cavicchioli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Lourimar Jos&#233; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teodoro</surname>
            <given-names>Livia das Gra&#231;as Vieito Lombardi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Laura Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Roseli Aparecida da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Uberaba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba MG - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Roseli Aparecida da Silva Gomes</bold> Pra&#231;a Manoel Terra, 330. CEP 38025-015, Abadia, Uberaba, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>bioq@dcb.uftm.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Sousa Filho IR, Teodoro LGVL, Rodrigues MLP, Gomes RAS; Acquisition of data: Sousa Filho IR, Pereira ICC, Morais LJ, Rodrigues MLP; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Sousa Filho IR, Pereira ICC, Rodrigues MLP; Obtaining financing and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Teodoro LGVL, Rodrigues MLP, Gomes RAS; Writing of the manuscript: Sousa Filho IR, Pereira ICC, Morais LJ, Teodoro LGVL, Rodrigues MLP, Gomes RAS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>425</fpage>
      <lpage>431</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Angiotensin II (Ang II), the primary effector hormone of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), acts systemically or locally, being produced by the action of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) on angiotensin I. Although several tissue RASs, such as cardiac RAS, have been described, little is known about the presence of an RAS in the pericardial fluid and its possible sources. Locally produced Ang II has paracrine and autocrine effects, inducing left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, heart failure and cardiac dysfunction. Because of the difficulties inherent in human pericardial fluid collection, appropriate experimental models are useful to obtain data regarding the characteristics of the pericardial fluid and surrounding tissues.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evidence the presence of constituents of the Ang II production paths in bovine pericardial fluid and parietal pericardium.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Albumin-free crude extracts of bovine pericardial fluid, immunoprecipitated with anti-ACE antibody, were submitted to electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and gels stained with coomassie blue. Duplicates of gels were probed with anti-ACE antibody. In the pericardial membranes, ACE was detected by use of immunofluorescence.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Immunodetection on nitrocellulose membranes showed a 146-KDa ACE isoform in the bovine pericardial fluid. On the pericardial membrane sections, ACE was immunolocalized in the mesothelial layer.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The ACE isoform in the bovine pericardial fluid and parietal pericardium should account at least partially for the production of Ang II in the pericardial space, and should be considered when assessing the cardiac RAS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Renin-Angiotensin System</kwd>
        <kwd>Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A</kwd>
        <kwd>Pericardial Fluid</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy Left Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Cattle</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <funding-source>FAPEMIG</funding-source>
          <award-id>01650/2008</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by CAPES and FAPEMIG n. APQ 01650/2008.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It has been well established that dysregulation or overexpression of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) leads to several harmful vascular effects, contributing to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the primary effector hormone of that system, produced by the action of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) on its substrate, angiotensin I (Ang I).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Angiotensin II can act systemically or as a tissue factor, locally produced. Tissue Ang II has paracrine and autocrine actions, promoting cell growth, apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress and tissue damage, leading to hypertrophy, fibrosis, heart failure and cardiac dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Local tissue<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and intracellular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> RASs, such as cardiac RAS, have been described, although little is known about the presence of an RAS in the pericardial fluid and its possible sources. Angiotensin II, some growth factors and enzymes have been identified in that fluid.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Gomes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> have shown ACE activity in the human pericardial fluid, and Bechtloff et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> have shown the presence of the protein fraction of ACE in the pericardial fluid of patients with coronary artery disease. However, the source of that enzyme in the pericardial fluid remains unknown.</p>
      <p>Because of the difficulties inherent in pericardial fluid collection, the use of appropriate experimental models is essential. The heart is contained inside a fibroserous sac, the pericardial sac, which has an inner layer, the serous pericardium, which delimits the pericardial cavity. Serous pericardium has a visceral membrane, inseparable from the heart, and a parietal membrane, continuous with the visceral one. The pericardial fluid is found inside that cavity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Therefore, characterization in animal models of the pericardial fluid and surrounding tissues, including the source of the macromolecules of that fluid, is essential so that the results can be translated to human beings. This study aimed at collecting evidence in the bovine pericardial parietal membrane and pericardial fluid of the presence of constituents of the Ang II production paths.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Collection of bovine pericardial fluid and parietal pericardium</title>
        <p>This study used fragments of pericardial parietal membranes, as well as pericardial fluid, of six Nelore cattle (<italic>Bos indicus</italic>, 1758) collected in Delta slaughterhouse (Delta-MG), subject to authorization by the veterinarians in charge. The fragments of pericardial membranes collected were washed and conditioned in saline solution at 4&#186;C. The pericardial fluids, aspirated from the pericardial cavities with 20-mL sterile syringes, were maintained at 4&#186;C and, with the membranes, transported to the laboratory.</p>
        <p>Because this study was performed "ex vivo", it required no submission to the Ethics Committee in the Use of Animals (CEUA) UFTM, according to the Inner Regulation of the CEUA/UFTM, article 2, subsection I, &#167;2&#186;.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Processing of pericardial parietal membranes</title>
        <p>The fragments of the pericardial parietal membranes were washed in saline solution and dissected in horizontal laminar flow (Labconco, USA), in nutrient DMEM medium, to remove the adipose tissue of the epipericardial layer of the parietal pericardium. Then they were washed in TBS and sliced into fragments of approximately 1.0x0.3 cm, which were embedded in a cryoprotective medium (OCT) and submitted to frozen fixation with liquid nitrogen. After fixation, the fragments were sectioned in a cryostat (Leica Microsystems), and the 2-&#181;m sections obtained were mounted in glass slides, fixed in acetone for 10 minutes, and stored at -20&#186;C.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pericardial fluid processing</title>
        <p>The pericardial fluid was transferred to microcentrifuge tubes and centrifuged at 14000 rpm and 4&#186;C for 10 minutes (Centrifuge 5402, Eppendorf). The supernatants were collected, and the clear ones, with no visual blood contamination, were used, constituting a pericardial fluid pool.</p>
        <p>The high concentrations of albumin in the pericardial fluid were reduced by using blue agarose resin (Bio-Rad). Samples of 250 &#181;L of crude extract of pericardial fluid were incubated with 1 mL of blue agarose, balanced with sodium phosphate buffer 0.05 M, pH 6. They were incubated for 2 hours, at room temperature, under agitation. Then, the pericardial fluid extracts were centrifuged at 14000 rpm and 4&#186;C, and the supernatants were collected for further use.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Immunoprecipitation of pericardial fluid</title>
        <p>Samples of 500 &#181;L of pericardial fluid, obtained after removing albumin, were incubated with 2.5 &#181;L of anti-ACE antibody (200 &#181;g/mL, Santa Cruz), during the night. Then, 25 &#181;L of CL-4B Sepharose spheres (Amersham Biosciences) conjugated with G protein were added to the samples and incubated for 2 hours. The suspensions were centrifuged for 5 minutes at 14000 rpm. All procedures were performed under agitation at 4&#186;C. The supernatants were discarded and the precipitates collected were diluted with 20 &#181;L of the sample solution.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The immunocomplexes obtained were analyzed with SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)</title>
        <p>The immunocomplexes obtained were diluted with the sample solution under reducing conditions, at 70&#186;C, centrifuged and applied to gels at 7.5% concentration. The polypeptide bands were separated by use of SDS-PAGE (Mighty Small II SE 260, Amersham Biosciences) at constant 25-mA current. The gels obtained were fixed, stained with coomassie blue and bleached. Duplicates of non-fixed gels were transferred to the nitrocellulose membrane (Invitrogen), in TE 22 (Amersham Biosciences) transfer unit, containing modified Towbin buffer,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> under agitation, during the night, at 4&#186;C, with a constant 200-mA current. The membranes obtained were stained with Ponceau S to assess the presence of polypeptide fractions, bleached with distilled water, dried in filter paper and submitted to ACE immunodetection.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Immunodetection in nitrocellulose membranes</title>
        <p>The nitrocellulose membranes were incubated with 10% skim milk and 2% serum bovine albumin in Tris-buffered saline (TBS), during the night, under agitation, at 4&#186;C, to block nonspecific bindings. Then, that solution was replaced with another containing the primary anti-ACE antibody (200 &#181;g/mL, Santa Cruz), diluted at 1:100, and the membranes were incubated for 2 hours. After incubation with the primary antibody, the membranes were extensively washed with TBS and incubated with the secondary antibody [F(ab')<sub>2</sub>], rabbit anti-IgG, conjugated with peroxidase (Amersham), diluted at 1:1000, for 2 hours. The membranes were washed again, and the immunoreactive bands were revealed in a solution containing diaminobenzidine (DAB, Dako). The revelation was inactivated in distilled water. All antibodies were diluted in a solution of 1% bovine serum albumin and 0.05% Tween 20 in TBS, the incubation with antibodies being performed at room temperature under agitation. To determine the specificity of the reaction, the membranes were incubated without the primary antibody.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Immunofluorescence in pericardial parietal membranes</title>
        <p>The pericardial parietal sections obtained with the cryomicrotome were washed in TBS and incubated with anti-ACE antibody (200 &#181;g/mL, Santa Cruz), for 1 hour, at room temperature, in a dark humid chamber. After incubation with primary antibody, the sections were washed in TBS plus 0.05% Tween 20 several times and incubated with rabbit anti-IgG secondary antibody conjugated with rhodamine (Alexa Fluor Molecular Probes 568). After being extensively washed, the sections mounted with Fluoromount G (Southern Biotech) were observed and documented under a fluorescence microscope Olympus, with a 568-nm wave length. To determine the immunostaining specificity, control sections were incubated without the primary antibody.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>ACE detection in the bovine pericardial fluid</title>
        <p>When the crude extracts of the pericardial fluid underwent immunoprecipitation with anti-ACE antibody and were analyzed with SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions, a band with molecular mass of approximately 146 kDa, similar to the ACE mass (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>; arrow), was detected. Of the polypeptide bands observed, the most prominent was the IgG heavy chain, because the antibody was not removed after being added to the pericardial fluid during immunoprecipitation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>; arrow head). In addition, other thinner bands were noted and could have been co-immunoprecipitated or even not properly removed by washing with buffer. The bovine pericardial fluid ACE immunoprecipitation was confirmed with immunodetection in the nitrocellulose membranes, which evidenced the ACE isoform in the position expected for an enzyme (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>; arrow).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>SDS-PAGE of samples of bovine pericardial fluid immunoprecipitated with anti-ACE antibody. Representative gel (7.5%), stained with coomassie blue, showing the presence of a band with apparent molecular mass of 146 kDa (arrow), suggestive of an ACE isoform. The arrow head indicates IgG heavy chain. These results are representative of three independent experiments. PF: pericardial fluid; P (Da): patterns of molecular weights.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0425-70155-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Western Blot of samples of bovine pericardial fluid immunoprecipitated with anti-ACE antibody. The polypeptide fractions separated by SDS-PAGE were transferred to the nitrocellulose membranes and probed with anti-ACE antibody. The head indicates the immunomarked ACE isoform. These results are representative of three independent experiments. PF: pericardial fluid; P (Da): patterns of molecular weights.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0425-70155-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Immunolocalization of ACE in the pericardial membrane</title>
        <p>The histological sections of the parietal pericardium submitted to ACE detection by use of immunofluorescence showed unequivocal positivity for ACE in the mesothelial cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>, right). That positivity neither was continuous in the entire mesothelium nor had the same intensity. Specific fluorescence for ACE was not observed in the fibrous layer of the pericardial membrane, except for the blood vessels, because ACE is expressed in endothelial cells. Negative controls showed no staining. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> shows the histological section of the parietal pericardium stained with toluidine blue.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Right: image representative of sections of bovine pericardial parietal membranes, cryofixed and submitted to ACE immunodetection. Note the positive mesothelial layer (arrow). Left: histological section of bovine parietal pericardium stained with toluidine blue. Original magnification: 40x.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0425-70155-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study evidences the presence of an ACE isoform in bovine pericardial fluid, and establishes the ACE location in mesothelial cells of the bovine pericardial parietal membrane, for the first time, indicating that membrane as a possible source of the pericardial fluid ACE.</p>
      <p>The RAS, originally characterized as a circulating endocrine system, comprises several enzymatic paths and bioactive components that have several functions.</p>
      <p>Currently, there is plenty of evidence of the presence of tissue RASs that influence local cell actions, with intracellular and subcellular components.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Local RASs have been shown in many tissues/organs, such as heart, kidneys, adrenal glands, blood vessels, pancreas, liver, brain, and adipose tissue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Regarding the cardiac RAS, several of its constituents, such as angiotensinogen, renin, ACE, Ang I and Ang II, and AT1 and AT2 receptors, were detected in different regions of the heart, such as the atria, conduction system, heart valves, coronary arteries and ventricles, being synthesized by different cell types, such as fibroblasts and myocytes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The importance of the pericardium and pericardial fluid to control cardiac function has been established in past years. The quiescent nature of the visceral and parietal pericardium has been questioned, resulting in evidence for an important role in the production of substances that could have paracrine actions on the heart. When the human parietal pericardium is compared with that of other species, we observe that bovine parietal pericardium has the closest histological constitution to that of the human species.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Thus, characterizing the bovine pericardium, mainly the macromolecules and mediators produced by the cells that delimit the pericardial cavity, is paramount to the better understanding of the biology and importance of that membrane and of the pericardial fluid under physiological conditions or in association with any disease.</p>
      <p>The pericardial fluid is considered an ultrafiltrate of plasma, added by some components of the myocardial interstitial fluid. Its protein concentration is lower than that of the plasma, but with a relatively high albumin concentration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Substances detected in the human or animal pericardial fluid, such as endothelin-1, beta fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), Ang II, renin, atrial natriuretic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6, and cell adhesion molecules, could act upon the heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Modulation of growth and survival of cardiac myocytes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> are some biological effects of mediators existing in the pericardial fluid of patients with ischemic and non-ischemic cardiac diseases. Limana et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> have shown that, in response to myocardial infarction, epicardial c-kit+ cells reactivate an embryonic program, in which soluble factors of the pericardial fluid play a fundamental role. Thus, the knowledge about that fluid composition has pathophysiological importance and diagnostic significance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our results evidence the presence of an ACE isoform in the bovine pericardial fluid, showing the existence of a part of the RAS in the pericardial cavity, probably of local origin. Although the pericardial fluid is a plasma ultrafiltrate and plasma mediators, such as Ang II, can spread to the pericardial fluid with no restriction, the same does not happen with ACE. The structural organization of the mesotelial layer of the pericardium, both parietal and visceral ones, prevent that free circulation. The presence of tight junctions between the mesothelial cells<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> prevents paracellular transport of macromolecules with molecular mass above 40 KDa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Because the ACE isoform present in the bovine pericardial fluid has molecular mass of approximately 146 KDa, similar to that predicted for human ACE,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> the paracellular route would not be an access way to the pericardial cavity.</p>
      <p>In addition to the above cited factors, which partially support the local synthesis of ACE, ACE localization should be considered. Immunofluorescence evidenced positivity in parietal pericardial mesothelial cells and in the blood vessels of the pericardial membrane. Immunolocalization of ACE in blood vessels was expected, because ACE has ubiquitous distribution in the endothelium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> However, in mesothelial cells, its immunolocalization is a strong evidence that those cells are the source of pericardial fluid ACE, because: <italic>i</italic>) they have a close anatomical relationship with the pericardial cavity, because they delimit it; <italic>ii</italic>) ACE is an integral protein of the membrane, being, thus, produced by mesothelial cells, with its extracellular domain directed to the pericardial cavity;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><italic>iii</italic>) the ability of mesothelial cells to synthesize ACE has been demonstrated by the presence of that enzyme's mRNA in cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells, by use of RT-PCR;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><italic>iv</italic>) they have abundant endoplasmic reticulum and developed Golgi complex,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> consistent with the profile of cells capable of active protein synthesis.</p>
      <p>Corroborating with those arguments, several studies have shown the metabolic profile of mesothelial cells. Mesothelial cells synthesize and secrete lubricants, such as glycosaminoglycans and surfactant, to prevent friction and the formation of adhesions between the parietal and visceral surfaces.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> They play a critical role in homeostasis control of the serous membranes in response to injury, inflammation and immunoregulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> In addition, mesothelial cells play a central role in the repair of serous membranes, secretion of inflammatory mediators, chemokines, growth factors and extracellular matrix components. They have different phenotypes, which, depending on their location and activation status, reflect functional differences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The importance of local RASs has not been totally clarified. Higher concentrations of active cardiovascular mediators in the pericardial fluid than in the plasma raises a question about their origin and possible actions upon the surrounding tissues. The pericardial fluid of patients with coronary artery disease trigger substantial arterial contractions in isolated carotid arteries of rats, which are mediated primarily by ET-1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Our results showed both the presence of an ACE isoform in the pericardial fluid, and, for the first time, the immunolocalization of that protein in parietal pericardial mesothelial cells, suggesting that the parietal pericardial mesothelial layer is one possible source of the pericardial fluid ACE. Thus, the Ang II produced locally could act on its own pericardial mesothelial cells, both parietal and visceral, or even directly on the myocardium, promoting inflammation, oxidative stress and cell death, contributing to cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. In addition, it could act directly on the myocardial microcirculation promoting important vasomotor effects. In that context, the pericardial fluid would be an important reservoir of mediators that could modulate the functions of cardiac cells.</p>
      <p>The use of experimental models with tissues similar to the human ones, both regarding structural organization and cell constitution, would be more suitable for studying certain human conditions. In addition to structural organization, biochemical and molecular features are fundamental to achieving optimal balance between quantity and quality of the data produced and their relevance for the condition investigated.</p>
      <p>The structural features of the bovine pericardial mesotelial layer, similar to the human ones,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> suggest our results can be extended to human pericardial mesothelial cells, which could be the partial source of the human pericardial fluid ACE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A better knowledge of both the pericardial fluid constituents and the mesothelial cells in proper animal models could help understanding the paracrine or autocrine effects of mediators produced by the pericardium on the heart.</p>
      <p>One limitation of our study was the volume of the pericardial fluid obtained from the animals in the sample. Because of the difficulties inherent in collecting bovine pericardial fluid, the volume was relatively low. Thus, further research is required to clarify how mesothelial cells interact with their local environment and what is their contribution to the production of mediators in the pericardial fluid that can modulate cell actions essential to maintain cardiac homeostasis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The Ang II present in the bovine pericardial fluid is partially produced by the action of the ACE existing in that fluid, pericardial parietal mesothelial cells being a source of that ACE.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CAPES and FAPEMIG n. APQ 01650/2008.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ilsione Ribeiro de Sousa Filho, from Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro (UFTM).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>C&#233;lulas Mesoteliais Peric&#225;rdicas Parietais: Fonte da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina Existente no L&#237;quido Peric&#225;rdico Bovino</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ilsione Ribeiro de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Cabral Cavicchioli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Lourimar Jos&#233; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teodoro</surname>
            <given-names>Livia das Gra&#231;as Vieito Lombardi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Laura Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Roseli Aparecida da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba MG - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Roseli Aparecida da Silva Gomes</bold> Pra&#231;a Manoel Terra, 330. CEP 38025-015, Abadia, Uberaba, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>bioq@dcb.uftm.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Sousa Filho IR, Teodoro LGVL, Rodrigues MLP, Gomes RAS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sousa Filho IR, Pereira ICC, Morais LJ, Rodrigues MLP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Sousa Filho IR, Pereira ICC, Rodrigues MLP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Teodoro LGVL, Rodrigues MLP, Gomes RAS; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sousa Filho IR, Pereira ICC, Morais LJ, Teodoro LGVL, Rodrigues MLP, Gomes RAS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Angiotensina II (Ang II), o horm&#244;nio efetor prim&#225;rio do sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA), atuando em n&#237;veis sist&#234;micos ou locais, &#233; produzida pela a&#231;&#227;o da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) sobre a angiotensina I. Embora diversos SRAs teciduais, como o SRA card&#237;aco, tenham sido descritos em muitos estudos, dados de um SRA no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico e sua origem n&#227;o s&#227;o ainda dispon&#237;veis. A Ang II localmente produzida tem efeitos par&#225;crinos e aut&#243;crinos, induzindo a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, fibrose, insufici&#234;ncia e disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas. Devido &#224;s dificuldades inerentes &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico humano, modelos experimentais apropriados s&#227;o muito &#250;teis para obter dados relativos &#224;s suas caracter&#237;sticas bem como dos tecidos cont&#237;guos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Obter evid&#234;ncias da presen&#231;a de constituintes das vias de produ&#231;&#227;o de Ang II no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico e no peric&#225;rdio parietal bovinos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Extratos brutos de l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico bovino sem albumina (sobrenadantes), imunoprecipitados com anticorpo anti-ECA, foram submetidos a eletroforese (SDS-PAGE) e os g&#233;is corados com Coomassie Blue. Duplicatas dos g&#233;is foram sondadas com anticorpo anti-ECA. A detec&#231;&#227;o de ECA nas membranas peric&#225;rdicas foi realizada por imunofluoresc&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A imunodetec&#231;&#227;o sobre as membranas de nitrocelulose mostrou uma isoforma de ECA com 146 KDa no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico bovino. Nas sec&#231;&#245;es de membrana peric&#225;rdica, a ECA foi imunolocalizada na camada mesotelial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A isoforma de ECA do l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico bovino e do peric&#225;rdio parietal deve ser, pelo menos em parte, respons&#225;vel pela produ&#231;&#227;o de Ang II no espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico, devendo ser considerada quando o SRA card&#237;aco for avaliado.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Sistema Renina-Angiotensina</kwd>
        <kwd>Peptidil Dipeptidase A</kwd>
        <kwd>L&#237;quido Peric&#225;rdico</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Bovinos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES e FAPEMIG</funding-source>
          <award-id>01650/2008</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES e FAPEMIG n. APQ 01650/2008.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o consideradas a principal causa de morbimortalidade em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> J&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecido que a desregula&#231;&#227;o ou a superexpress&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina (SRA) leva a uma variedade de efeitos vasculares danosos, contribuindo para a fisiopatologia das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Angiotensina II (Ang II) &#233; o horm&#244;nio efetor prim&#225;rio desse sistema, sendo produzida atrav&#233;s da a&#231;&#227;o da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) sobre o seu substrato, a angiotensina I (Ang I).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A Ang II pode atuar sistemicamente ou como um fator tecidual, produzido localmente. A Ang II tecidual exerce a&#231;&#245;es par&#225;crinas e aut&#243;crinas, promovendo crescimento celular, apoptose, inflama&#231;&#227;o, estresse oxidativo e danos aos tecidos, levando a hipertrofia, fibrose, insufici&#234;ncia e disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Os SRAs teciduais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e intracelulares<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> locais, como o SRA card&#237;aco, j&#225; est&#227;o descritos na literatura, embora pouco se saiba a respeito da presen&#231;a de um SRA no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico e quais suas poss&#237;veis fontes. A Ang II, alguns fatores de crescimento e enzimas j&#225; foram identificados nesse l&#237;quido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Gomes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> mostraram atividade de ECA no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico humano e Bechtloff et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> mostraram a presen&#231;a da fra&#231;&#227;o proteica da ECA no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Entretanto, a fonte dessa enzima no l&#237;quido ainda permanece desconhecida.</p>
        <p>Devido &#224;s dificuldades inerentes &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico, o uso de modelos experimentais apropriados &#233; fundamental. O cora&#231;&#227;o est&#225; contido no interior de um saco fibrosseroso, o saco peric&#225;rdico, o qual apresenta um folheto mais interno, o peric&#225;rdico seroso, que delimita a cavidade peric&#225;rdica. O peric&#225;rdio seroso &#233; constitu&#237;do por um folheto visceral, insepar&#225;vel do cora&#231;&#227;o, e por um folheto parietal, cont&#237;nuo ao visceral. O l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico encontra-se no interior dessa cavidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico bem como dos tecidos circundantes de modelos animais &#233; essencial para que os resultados possam apresentar aplicabilidade de transla&#231;&#227;o para os seres humanos, incluindo a fonte das macromol&#233;culas desse l&#237;quido. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter na membrana peric&#225;rdica parietal e no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico bovinos evid&#234;ncias da presen&#231;a de constituintes das vias de produ&#231;&#227;o de Ang II.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Obten&#231;&#227;o do l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico e do peric&#225;rdio parietal bovinos</title>
          <p>Foram utilizados fragmentos de membranas peric&#225;rdicas parietais de seis bovinos da ra&#231;a Nelore (<italic>Bos indicus</italic> Linnaeus, 1758), bem como l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico, coletados no frigor&#237;fico de Delta (Delta-MG), mediante autoriza&#231;&#227;o dos veterin&#225;rios respons&#225;veis. Os fragmentos de membranas peric&#225;rdicas obtidos foram lavados e acondicionados em solu&#231;&#227;o salina a 4&#186;C. Os l&#237;quidos peric&#225;rdicos, aspirados das cavidades peric&#225;rdicas com seringas est&#233;reis de 20 mL, foram mantidos a 4&#186;C e, juntamente com as membranas, transportados para o laborat&#243;rio.</p>
          <p>Este estudo, por se tratar de condi&#231;&#245;es "ex vivo", n&#227;o necessitou de parecer da Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais (CEUA) UFTM para sua execu&#231;&#227;o (conforme Regulamento Interno da CEUA/UFTM, artigo 2, inciso I, &#167;2&#186;).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Processamento das membranas peric&#225;rdicas parietais</title>
          <p>Fragmentos de membranas peric&#225;rdicas parietais foram lavados em salina e dissecados em fluxo laminar horizontal (Labconco, EUA), na presen&#231;a de meio nutriente (DMEM), para retirada do tecido adiposo existente na camada epiperic&#225;rdica do peric&#225;rdio parietal. A seguir, foram lavados em TBS e recortados, sendo obtidos fragmentos de aproximadamente 1,0x0,3 cm, os quais foram colocados em meio crioprotetor (OCT) e submetidos ao processo de fixa&#231;&#227;o por congelamento em nitrog&#234;nio l&#237;quido. Ap&#243;s fixa&#231;&#227;o, os fragmentos foram seccionados em criostato (Leica Microsystems). Sec&#231;&#245;es de 2 &#181;m obtidas foram colocadas em l&#226;minas, fixadas em acetona por 10 minutos, e acondicionadas a -20&#186;C.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Processamento do l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico</title>
          <p>O l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico foi transferido para tubos de microcentr&#237;fuga e centrifugados a 14.000 rpm, a 4&#186;C, por 10 minutos (Centrifuge 5402, Eppendorf). Os sobrenadantes foram coletados e aqueles que apresentavam aspecto l&#237;mpido, sem contamina&#231;&#227;o visual com sangue, foram utilizados, sendo ent&#227;o constitu&#237;do um "<italic>pool</italic>" de l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico.</p>
          <p>A albumina presente no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico em concentra&#231;&#245;es elevadas foi reduzida pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o da resina Blue Agarose (Bio-Rad). Amostras de 250 &#181;L do extrato bruto de l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico foram incubadas com 1 mL de Blue Agarose, equilibrado com tamp&#227;o fosfato de s&#243;dio 0,05 M, pH 6. A incuba&#231;&#227;o foi realizada por 2 horas, &#224; temperatura ambiente, e sob agita&#231;&#227;o. Em seguida, os extratos de l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico foram centrifugados a 14.000 rpm, a 4&#186;C, e os sobrenadantes coletados para posterior utiliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Imunoprecipita&#231;&#227;o do l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico</title>
          <p>Amostras de 500 &#181;L de l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico, obtidas ap&#243;s a retirada de albumina, foram incubadas com 2,5 &#181;L de anticorpo anti-ECA (200 &#181;g/mL, Santa Cruz), durante a noite. Em seguida, 25 &#181;L de esferas de Sepharose CL-4B (Amersham Biosciences) conjugadas com prote&#237;na G foram adicionadas &#224;s amostras e incubadas por 2 horas. As suspens&#245;es foram centrifugadas por 5 minutos, a 14.000 rpm. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados sob agita&#231;&#227;o, a 4&#186;C. Os sobrenadantes foram descartados e os precipitados coletados solubilizados com 20 &#181;L de solu&#231;&#227;o de amostra.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Os imunocomplexos obtidos foram analisados em gel de poliacrilamida contendo SDS (SDS-PAGE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida-SDS (SDS-PAGE)</title>
          <p>Os imunocomplexos obtidos foram solubilizados com solu&#231;&#227;o de amostra em condi&#231;&#245;es redutoras, aquecidos a 70&#186;C, centrifugados e aplicados em g&#233;is com concentra&#231;&#227;o de 7,5%. As bandas polipept&#237;dicas foram separadas por SDS-PAGE (Mighty Small II SE 260, Amersham Biosciences), a uma corrente constante de 25 mA. Os g&#233;is obtidos foram fixados, corados com azul de Coomassie e descorados. Duplicatas dos g&#233;is n&#227;o fixadas foram transferidas para membrana de nitrocelulose (Invitrogen), em cuba de transfer&#234;ncia (TE 22 Amersham), contendo tamp&#227;o Towbin modificado,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> sob agita&#231;&#227;o, durante a noite, a 4&#186;C, com corrente constante de 200 mA. As membranas obtidas foram coradas com Ponceau S para verificar a presen&#231;a das fra&#231;&#245;es polipept&#237;dicas, descoradas com &#225;gua destilada, secas em papel de filtro e submetidas &#224; imunodetec&#231;&#227;o de ECA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Imunodetec&#231;&#227;o em membranas de nitrocelulose</title>
          <p>As membranas de nitrocelulose foram incubadas com leite desnatado 10% e albumina bovina s&#233;rica 2% em salina tamponada com Tris (TBS), durante a noite, sob agita&#231;&#227;o, a 4&#186;C, para bloquear liga&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o espec&#237;ficas. Em seguida, essa solu&#231;&#227;o foi substitu&#237;da por solu&#231;&#227;o contendo o anticorpo prim&#225;rio anti-ECA (200 &#181;g/mL, Santa Cruz), dilu&#237;do a 1:100, e as membranas foram incubadas por 2 horas. Ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o com anticorpo prim&#225;rio, as membranas foram exaustivamente lavadas com TBS e incubadas com anticorpo secund&#225;rio [F(ab')<sub>2</sub>], anti-IgG de coelho, conjugado com peroxidase (Amersham), dilu&#237;do a 1:1000, por 2 horas. As membranas foram novamente lavadas e as bandas imunorreativas foram reveladas em uma solu&#231;&#227;o contendo diaminobenzidina (DAB, Dako). A revela&#231;&#227;o foi inativada em &#225;gua destilada. Todos os anticorpos foram dilu&#237;dos em uma solu&#231;&#227;o constitu&#237;da por albumina bovina s&#233;rica 1% e Tween 20 0,05% em TBS, sendo as incuba&#231;&#245;es com os anticorpos realizadas &#224; temperatura ambiente e sob agita&#231;&#227;o. Para se determinar a especificidade da rea&#231;&#227;o, membranas foram incubadas sem a presen&#231;a do anticorpo prim&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Imunofluoresc&#234;ncia nas membranas peric&#225;rdicas parietais</title>
          <p>As sec&#231;&#245;es de peric&#225;rdio parietal obtidas ap&#243;s criomicrotomia foram lavadas em TBS e incubadas com anticorpo anti-ECA (200 &#181;g/mL, Santa Cruz), por 1 hora, &#224; temperatura ambiente, em c&#226;mara &#250;mida e escura. Ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o com anticorpo prim&#225;rio, as sec&#231;&#245;es foram lavadas em TBS mais Tween 20 0,05% diversas vezes e incubadas com o anticorpo secund&#225;rio anti-IgG de coelho conjugado com rodamina (Alexa Fluor Molecular Probes 568). Ap&#243;s serem exaustivamente lavadas, as sec&#231;&#245;es montadas com Fluoromount G (Southern Biotech) foram observadas e documentadas em microsc&#243;pio de fluoresc&#234;ncia Olympus, em comprimento de onda de 568 nm. Para determinar a especificidade da imunocolora&#231;&#227;o, sec&#231;&#245;es controle foram incubadas com omiss&#227;o do anticorpo prim&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o da ECA no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico bovino</title>
          <p>Quando os extratos brutos de fluido peric&#225;rdico foram submetidos &#224; imunoprecipita&#231;&#227;o com anticorpo anti-ECA e analisados por SDS-PAGE em condi&#231;&#245;es redutoras, foi detectada uma banda com massa molecular aproximada de 146 kDa, semelhante &#224; massa da ECA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>; seta). Dentre as bandas polipept&#237;dicas observadas, a mais proeminente &#233; a cadeia pesada de IgG, pois o anticorpo n&#227;o foi removido ap&#243;s ser adicionado ao fluido peric&#225;rdico durante a imunoprecipita&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>; cabe&#231;a de seta). Outras bandas menos espessas s&#227;o tamb&#233;m notadas e podem ter sido co-imunoprecipitadas ou mesmo n&#227;o terem sido adequadamente removidas pelas lavagens com tamp&#227;o. A imunoprecipita&#231;&#227;o de ECA do l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico bovino foi confirmada atrav&#233;s da imunodetec&#231;&#227;o nas membranas de nitrocelulose, que evidenciou a isoforma da ECA. A isoforma da ECA detectada encontra-se na posi&#231;&#227;o esperada para a enzima (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>; seta).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>SDS-PAGE de amostras do l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico bovino imunoprecipitadas com anticorpo anti-ECA. Gel representativo (7,5%), corado por azul de Coomassie, onde observamos a presen&#231;a de uma banda com massa molecular aparente de 146 kDa (seta), sugerindo ser uma isoforma de ECA. A cabe&#231;a de seta indica a cadeia pesada da IgG. Os resultados mostrados s&#227;o representativos de tr&#234;s experimentos independentes. FP: fluido peric&#225;rdico; P (Da): padr&#245;es de pesos moleculares.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0425-70155-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Western Blot de amostras do l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico bovino imunoprecipitadas com anticorpo anti-ECA. As fra&#231;&#245;es polipept&#237;dicas separadas por SDS-PAGE foram transferidas para membranas de nitrocelulose e sondadas com anticorpo anti-ECA. A seta indica a isoforma de ECA imunomarcada. Os resultados mostrados s&#227;o representativos de tr&#234;s experimentos independentes. FP: fluido peric&#225;rdico; P (Da): padr&#245;es de pesos moleculares.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0425-70155-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Imunolocaliza&#231;&#227;o da ECA na membrana peric&#225;rdica</p>
          <p>As sec&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas de peric&#225;rdio parietal submetidas &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o da ECA, atrav&#233;s da t&#233;cnica da imunofluoresc&#234;ncia, mostraram, de maneira inequ&#237;voca, a marca&#231;&#227;o positiva para ECA nas c&#233;lulas mesoteliais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>, &#224; direita). Essa marca&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi cont&#237;nua em todo o mesot&#233;lio nem com a mesma intensidade. Fluoresc&#234;ncia espec&#237;fica para ECA n&#227;o foi observada na camada fibrosa da membrana peric&#225;rdica, exceto nos vasos sangu&#237;neos, pois a ECA &#233; expressa nas c&#233;lulas endoteliais. Os controles negativos n&#227;o apresentaram nenhuma colora&#231;&#227;o. &#192; esquerda, sec&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica de peric&#225;rdio parietal corada por azul de toluidina.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#192; direita, imagens representativas de sec&#231;&#245;es de membranas peric&#225;rdicas parietais bovinas, fixadas por congelamento e submetidas &#224; imunodetec&#231;&#227;o de ECA. Notar a positividade da marca&#231;&#227;o na camada mesotelial (seta). &#192; esquerda, sec&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica de peric&#225;rdio parietal bovino corada por azul de toluidina. Aumentos originais: 40x.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0425-70155-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo evidencia a presen&#231;a de uma isoforma da ECA no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico bovino e estabelece a localiza&#231;&#227;o celular da ECA nas c&#233;lulas mesoteliais da membrana peric&#225;rdica parietal bovina, pela primeira vez, indicando essa membrana como uma poss&#237;vel fonte da ECA existente no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico.</p>
        <p>O SRA, originalmente caracterizado como um sistema end&#243;crino circulante, compreende um n&#250;mero de vias enzim&#225;ticas e componentes bioativos que exercem a&#231;&#245;es funcionais diversas.</p>
        <p>Evid&#234;ncias abundantes, atualmente, revelam tamb&#233;m a presen&#231;a de SRAs teciduais que influenciam em a&#231;&#245;es celulares locais e exibem componentes intracelulares e subcelulares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> SRAs locais foram demonstrados em muitos tecidos/&#243;rg&#227;os, entre eles o cora&#231;&#227;o, os rins, as gl&#226;ndulas adrenais, os vasos sangu&#237;neos, o p&#226;ncreas, o f&#237;gado, o c&#233;rebro e o tecido adiposo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Particularmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao SRA card&#237;aco, diversos constituintes desse sistema, como o angiotensinog&#234;nio, a renina, a ECA, a Ang I e a Ang II e os receptores AT1 e AT2, foram detectados em diferentes regi&#245;es do cora&#231;&#227;o, entre elas os &#225;trios, o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, as valvas, os vasos coron&#225;rios e os ventr&#237;culos, e s&#227;o sintetizados por diferentes tipos celulares, como os fibroblastos e os mi&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A import&#226;ncia do peric&#225;rdio e do fluido peric&#225;rdico no controle da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tem sido estabelecida nos &#250;ltimos anos. A natureza quiescente do peric&#225;rdio visceral e do parietal tem sido questionada, com evid&#234;ncias para um importante papel na produ&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias que poderiam exercer a&#231;&#245;es par&#225;crinas sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o. Quando comparamos o peric&#225;rdio parietal humano com o de outras esp&#233;cies, verificamos que o peric&#225;rdio parietal bovino &#233; o que apresenta constitui&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica mais pr&#243;xima &#224; da esp&#233;cie humana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Assim, a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio bovino, principalmente das macromol&#233;culas e mediadores produzidos pelas c&#233;lulas que delimitam a cavidade peric&#225;rdica, &#233; fundamental para se entender melhor a biologia e a import&#226;ncia dessa membrana bem como do l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico, em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas ou associadas a alguma doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>O l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico &#233; considerado um ultrafiltrado do plasma, adicionado de componentes do fluido intersticial mioc&#225;rdico. Sua concentra&#231;&#227;o proteica &#233; menor do que a do plasma, mas com uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de albumina relativamente elevada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Subst&#226;ncias j&#225; detectadas no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico humano ou no de animais, como a endotelina-1, o fator de crescimento de fibroblastos b (bFGF), a Ang II, a renina, o fator natriur&#233;tico atrial, o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF), a interleucina-6, mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o celular entre outras, poderiam exercer seus efeitos sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> A modula&#231;&#227;o do crescimento e a sobreviv&#234;ncia de mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> de c&#233;lulas endoteliais e de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> s&#227;o alguns dos efeitos biol&#243;gicos dos mediadores existentes no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico de pacientes com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas isqu&#234;micas e n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas. Limana et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> mostraram que, em resposta ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, c&#233;lulas epic&#225;rdicas c-kit+ reativam um programa embrion&#225;rio e fatores sol&#250;veis existentes no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico desempenham um papel fundamental nesse evento. Assim, conhecer a composi&#231;&#227;o desse l&#237;quido tem import&#226;ncia fisiopatol&#243;gica e signific&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados evidenciaram a presen&#231;a de uma isoforma de ECA no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico bovino, mostrando a exist&#234;ncia de parte do SRA na cavidade peric&#225;rdica, provavelmente com origem local. Embora o l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico seja um ultrafiltrado do plasma e os mediadores existentes no plasma, como a Ang II, possam se difundir para o l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico sem nenhuma restri&#231;&#227;o, o mesmo n&#227;o acontece com a ECA. A organiza&#231;&#227;o estrutural da camada mesotelial do peric&#225;rdio, tanto parietal como visceral, impediria essa livre circula&#231;&#227;o. A presen&#231;a de jun&#231;&#245;es de oclus&#227;o entre as c&#233;lulas mesoteliais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> n&#227;o permite o tr&#226;nsito paracelular de macromol&#233;culas com massa molecular acima de 40 KDa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Como a isoforma da ECA presente no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico bovino apresenta massa molecular aproximada de 146 KDa, semelhante &#224; massa molecular prevista da ECA humana,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> a rota paracelular n&#227;o seria uma via de acesso &#224; cavidade peric&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m dos fatores acima citados que, em parte, respaldam uma s&#237;ntese local de ECA, a localiza&#231;&#227;o da ECA tamb&#233;m deve ser considerada. A imunofluoresc&#234;ncia evidenciou uma marca&#231;&#227;o positiva nas c&#233;lulas mesoteliais peric&#225;rdicas parietais e nos vasos sangu&#237;neos existentes na membrana peric&#225;rdica. A imunolocaliza&#231;&#227;o da ECA nos vasos sangu&#237;neos j&#225; era esperada, pois a ECA apresenta distribui&#231;&#227;o ub&#237;qua no endot&#233;lio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> J&#225; nas c&#233;lulas mesoteliais, a imunolocaliza&#231;&#227;o &#233; um forte ind&#237;cio de que essas c&#233;lulas sejam a fonte da ECA existente no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico, pois: <italic>i</italic>) apresentam uma &#237;ntima rela&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica com a cavidade peric&#225;rdica, pois delimitam-na; <italic>ii</italic>) a ECA &#233; uma prote&#237;na integral de membrana, sendo portanto produzida pelas c&#233;lulas mesoteliais, com seu dom&#237;nio extracelular estando voltado para a cavidade peric&#225;rdica;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><italic>iii</italic>) a capacidade das c&#233;lulas mesoteliais sintetizarem a ECA foi demonstrada pela presen&#231;a do RNAm dessa enzima em c&#233;lulas mesoteliais peritoneais humanas em cultura, atrav&#233;s de RT-PCR;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><italic>iv</italic>) apresentam ret&#237;culo endoplasm&#225;tico abundante e complexo de Golgi desenvolvido,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> consistentes com o perfil de c&#233;lulas que realizam uma ativa s&#237;ntese proteica.</p>
        <p>Corroborando esses argumentos, diversos trabalhos t&#234;m demonstrado o perfil metab&#243;lico das c&#233;lulas mesoteliais. As c&#233;lulas mesoteliais sintetizam e secretam lubrificantes, incluindo glicosaminoglicanos e surfactante para prevenir a fric&#231;&#227;o e a forma&#231;&#227;o de ades&#245;es entre as superf&#237;cies parietal e visceral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Elas desempenham um papel cr&#237;tico na manuten&#231;&#227;o da homeostase das membranas serosas em resposta a les&#227;o, inflama&#231;&#227;o e imunorregula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> As c&#233;lulas mesoteliais tamb&#233;m t&#234;m papel central na repara&#231;&#227;o das serosas, na secre&#231;&#227;o de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios, quimiocinas, fatores de crescimento e componentes da matriz extracelular. Apresentam diferentes fen&#243;tipos, os quais, dependendo de sua localiza&#231;&#227;o e estado de ativa&#231;&#227;o, refletem diferen&#231;as funcionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A import&#226;ncia de SRA locais ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem esclarecida. A presen&#231;a de mediadores cardiovasculares ativos em maiores concentra&#231;&#245;es no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico do que no plasma suscita quest&#227;o sobre suas origens e suas poss&#237;veis a&#231;&#245;es nos tecidos circundantes. L&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana desencadeiam contra&#231;&#245;es arteriais substanciais em art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas de rato isoladas, as quais s&#227;o mediadas primariamente pela ET-1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Nossos resultados mostraram a presen&#231;a de uma isoforma de ECA no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico e a imunolocaliza&#231;&#227;o, pela primeira vez, dessa prote&#237;na nas c&#233;lulas mesoteliais parietais peric&#225;rdicas, sugerindo a camada mesotelial peric&#225;rdica parietal como uma das poss&#237;veis fontes da ECA existente no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico. Assim, a Ang II produzida localmente poderia atuar nas pr&#243;prias c&#233;lulas mesoteliais peric&#225;rdicas, tanto parietais como viscerais, ou ainda diretamente no mioc&#225;rdio, promovendo a inflama&#231;&#227;o, o estresse oxidativo e a morte celular, contribuindo para a hipertrofia e fibrose card&#237;acas. Al&#233;m disso, poderia atuar diretamente sobre a microcircula&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica promovendo efeitos vasomotores importantes. Nessa vis&#227;o, o l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico representaria um importante reservat&#243;rio de mediadores que poderiam modular as fun&#231;&#245;es das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas.</p>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de modelos experimentais com tecidos semelhantes aos tecidos humanos, em organiza&#231;&#227;o estrutural e em constitui&#231;&#227;o celular, seria mais adequada para o estudo de determinadas condi&#231;&#245;es humanas. Al&#233;m da organiza&#231;&#227;o estrutural, as caracteriza&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;mica e molecular s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es fundamentais para a obten&#231;&#227;o de um balan&#231;o &#243;timo entre a quantidade e a qualidade dos dados produzidos e sua relev&#226;ncia para a condi&#231;&#227;o investigada.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas estruturais da camada mesotelial peric&#225;rdica bovina, semelhantes &#224; humana,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> sugerem que nossos resultados possam ser estendidos &#224;s c&#233;lulas mesoteliais peric&#225;rdicas humanas, sendo essas a poss&#237;vel fonte de parte da ECA existente no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico humano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Uma melhor compreens&#227;o dos constituintes do l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico bem como das c&#233;lulas mesoteliais em modelos animais adequados poderia ajudar no entendimento dos efeitos par&#225;crinos ou aut&#243;crinos dos mediadores produzidos pelo peric&#225;rdio sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Entre as limita&#231;&#245;es de nosso estudo deve ser considerado o volume de l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico obtido dos animais que constitu&#237;ram nossa amostra. Devido &#224;s dificuldades inerentes a obten&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico, inclusive bovino, esse volume foi relativamente pequeno. Assim, mais pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para investigar como as c&#233;lulas mesoteliais interagem com seu meio ambiente local e qual a sua real contribui&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o de mediadores existentes no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico que possam modular a&#231;&#245;es celulares fundamentais para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da homeostase card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>A Ang II presente no l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico bovino &#233; produzida, em parte, pela a&#231;&#227;o da ECA existente nesse l&#237;quido, sendo as c&#233;lulas mesoteliais peric&#225;rdicas parietais uma das fontes dessa ECA.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES e FAPEMIG n. APQ 01650/2008.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Ilsione Ribeiro de Sousa Filho pela Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro (UFTM).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
