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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VShbqvyDJggQHfgFpF4c5fg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001400410</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170145</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005019102</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography with Tissue Doppler in Systemic Sclerosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roque</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Carneiro de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio-Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Percival D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arruda</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Lucia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Becker</surname>
            <given-names>Derly</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Lazaro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Tude</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marina Carneiro de Freitas Roque,</bold> Rua S&#227;o Gall, 82. CEP 05054-170, Vila Ipojuca, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>marinexcfr@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Roque MCF, Arruda AL, Gomes SB, Becker D, Andrade JL, Rodrigues ACT; Acquisition of data: Roque MCF, Sampaio-Barros PD, Arruda AL, Gomes SB, Becker D, Rodrigues ACT; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Roque MCF, Sampaio-Barros PD, Arruda AL, Becker D, Andrade JL, Rodrigues ACT; Statistical analysis: Roque MCF, Rodrigues ACT; Writing of the manuscript: Roque MCF, Sampaio-Barros PD, Gomes SB, Becker D, Andrade JL, Rodrigues ACT; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Roque MCF, Sampaio-Barros PD, Arruda AL, Andrade JL, Rodrigues ACT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>410</fpage>
      <lpage>415</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Systemic sclerosis (SS) is a connective tissue abnormality characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Cardiac involvement with consequent myocardial dysfunction in SS is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in patients with SS and preserved systolic function.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Patients with SS were evaluated with two-dimensional echocardiography with tissue Doppler for analysis of chamber diameters, LV mass index (LVMI), indexed left atrial volume (iLAV), systolic function of both ventricles, and presence and degree of diastolic dysfunction (DD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We evaluated 50 patients, divided according to the presence of DD into Group 1 (n = 25; normal diastolic function, E/A ratio &#8805; 0.8, deceleration time [DT] &gt; 150 ms and &lt; 200 ms, and septal e&#8217; &gt; 8 cm/s) and Group 2 (n = 25; with DD, subdivided into type I DD [E/A &lt; 0.8, DT &gt; 200 ms], type II [E/A &#8805; 0.8, septal e&#8217; &lt; 8 cm/s, iLAV &gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>], and type III [E/A &gt; 2, DT &lt; 150 ms, septal e&#8217; &lt; 8 cm/s]). Type I DD was the most frequent (34%), followed by type II DD (16%). LVMI and iLAV were similar in both groups, but septal and lateral e&#8217; were reduced only in Group 2. In Group 2, we observed that patients with moderate DD had longer disease duration (p = 0.02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of type I DD was elevated in SS and associated with aging. Disease duration emerged as an important factor in moderate DD. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Ventricles / function</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleroderma, Systemic</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Systemic sclerosis (SS) is a diffuse connective tissue disease characterized by skin and internal organ fibrosis and thickening, vascular alterations, and eventual ischemic ulcers and visceral abnormalities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The prevalence of SS varies between 7 and 489 individuals per million persons and may vary by gender (more common in women), age (usually emerges between the third and fifth decades of life), and ethnicity (more common in the US and Australia than in Japan or Europe).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> SS can be clinically subdivided into a limited form of the disease, which only affects the skin of the face, hands, and feet, or a diffuse form, which occurs with thickening of the extremities and abdomen, trunk, and roots of the limbs. The cardiac involvement in SS can be primary (myositis, heart failure, cardiac fibrosis, coronary artery disease, conduction abnormalities, and pericardial disease) or secondary (resulting mainly from pulmonary fibrosis and renal insufficiency).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction (DD) may be secondary to myocardial fibrosis, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, hypertension, renal disease, or respiratory sleep disorder. Echocardiography reveals myocardial disease in 50% to 70% of the cases, but in most patients, cardiac dysfunction is clinically silent until the disease reaches a more advanced stage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Techniques derived from two-dimensional echocardiography, such as tissue Doppler, have been used for the evaluation and early detection of ventricular dysfunction in various situations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Their use in the study of SS, however, has been limited to studies of small size<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> or with inadequate methodologic definition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the LV diastolic function by echocardiography associated with tissue Doppler in patients with SS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Method</title>
      <p>The study included patients with SS attending the Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic of the <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</italic> at the Medical School of <italic>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> in the period between November 2010 and December 2011, of both sexes, and older than 18 years. All patients fulfilled the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and, subsequently, the new classification criteria of the ACR and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> We included outpatients with SS without severe visceral manifestations (especially interstitial fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, cardiomyopathy, or scleroderma renal crisis), as well as without severe comorbidities. All patients had Raynaud's phenomenon. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</italic> and all patients signed an informed consent for participation.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Transthoracic echocardiography</title>
        <p>All patients underwent an initial two-dimensional echocardiography with tissue Doppler imaging (Artida, Toshiba, Japan) for a complete evaluation of the ventricular structure and function, with emphasis on an analysis of the diastolic LV function. Based on the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> we obtained measurements of the systolic and diastolic diameters of the LV with the two-dimensional mode to calculate the ejection fraction (Teichholz method). We also obtained the diameters of the aortic root and left atrium from the parasternal long axis view. The calculation of the LV mass was performed using the measurements of the diastolic LV thickness and cavity by the Devereux method<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and indexed by body surface area. The indexed left atrial volume (iLAV) was obtained from the apical two-chamber and four-chamber views by the modified Simpson method. Valvular alterations were evaluated with the two-dimensional mode, conventional Doppler, and color mapping, with the pulmonary pressure measurement obtained by tricuspid regurgitation and added to the estimate of the right atrial pressure from inferior vena cava.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diastolic function analysis</title>
        <p>Transmitral Doppler measurements were obtained with the Doppler sample volume positioned on the edge of the leaflets in the apical four-chamber view to obtain the E (initial) and A (late) waves, E/A ratio, and E-wave deceleration time (DT). We also obtained tissue Doppler tracings from the apical four-chamber view with the Doppler sample volume positioned in the basal region of the septum and in the lateral mitral annulus ring for analysis of s&#8217;, e&#8217;, and a&#8217; wave velocity.</p>
        <p>The analysis of the diastolic function was performed based on the classification below, following the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>- Normal Function: iLAV &lt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, E/A 0.8-1.5, E-wave DT &gt; 150 ms and &lt; 200 ms, septal e' wave &#8805; 8 cm/s.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- DD type I (mild): E/A &lt; 0.8, E-wave DT &gt; 200 ms, septal e' wave &lt; 8 cm/s.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- DD type II (moderate): iLAV &#8805; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, E/A 0.8-1.5, E-wave DT between 150-200 ms, septal e' wave &lt; 8 cm/s with an E/e' ratio &gt; 13.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- DD type III (severe): iLAV &gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, E/A &gt; 2, E-wave DT &lt; 150 ms, septal e' wave &lt; 8 cm/s with an E/e' ratio &gt; 13.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Based on the diastolic function analysis, the patients were divided into two groups: Group 1, with normal diastolic function and Group 2, with DD. The patients were also analyzed in relation to the degree of DD presented. The presence of an inadequate acoustic window and decreased LV ejection fraction (&lt; 50%) were considered exclusion criteria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess normality. For continuous variables with normal distribution, the data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation and for variables without normal distribution, as median and interquartile range (IQR). The categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers and percentages. The groups were compared using two-tailed unpaired Student's <italic>t</italic> test for variables with normal distribution and Wilcoxon test for variables without normal distribution. To assess the degree of DD, we used analysis of variance (ANOVA) and, subsequently, Dunnett&#8217;s test.</p>
        <p>The statistical analyses were performed using the software JMP, version 8 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>We analyzed 54 patients with SS, three of whom were excluded due to inadequate acoustic window and one due to decreased LV ejection fraction, totaling 50 patients. Most (n = 46) participants were female, and their mean age was 52 &#177; 11 years. The median disease duration was 9 years (IQR 5-15 years). The minimum and maximum disease durations were 3 and 45 years, respectively. Only three patients had hypertension, and none had diabetes or a history of manifestation of coronary artery disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The echocardiographic data including LV ejection fraction, diameters of the cardiac chambers, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, ventricular mass index, and iLAV were within normal values for this group of patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patients&#8217; clinical data and medications</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">52 &#177; 11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female sex</td>
              <td align="center">46 (92%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Disease duration (years) (interquartile range)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (5 - 15)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Depression (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pulmonary hypertension (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (12%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Calcium channel blocker (n, %)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (56%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiographic data of the total sample of patients and subgroups with and without diastolic dysfunction</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Total n = 50</th>
              <th align="center">Without DD n = 25</th>
              <th align="center">With DD n = 25</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic root (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">29 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">29 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">29 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">0.631</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left atrium (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">36 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">36 &#177; 4.7</td>
              <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 5.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.489</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">iLAV (cm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">27 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">24 &#177; 4.8</td>
              <td align="center">29 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">0.417</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">44 &#177; 5</td>
              <td align="center">43 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">44 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SW (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">9.7 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">9.5 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.247</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PW (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">29 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">9.5 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.768</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">62 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">63 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">62 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">0.172</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV mass index (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">88 &#177; 28</td>
              <td align="center">87 &#177; 20</td>
              <td align="center">90 &#177; 34</td>
              <td align="center">0.950</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PASP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">30 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">25 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">35 &#177; 17</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">84 &#177; 19</td>
              <td align="center">88 &#177; 17</td>
              <td align="center">80 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center">0.137</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">79 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center">68 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">91 &#177; 23</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/A</td>
              <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">1.3 &#177; 0.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.24</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DT (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">188 &#177; 44</td>
              <td align="center">162 &#177; 25</td>
              <td align="center">214 &#177; 45</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Septal e' (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">8.5 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">10.0 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">7.1 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lateral e' (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">11.6 &#177; 2.7</td>
              <td align="center">13.4 &#177; 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Septal E/e'</td>
              <td align="center">10.4 &#177; 3.6</td>
              <td align="center">8.9 &#177; 2.3</td>
              <td align="center">11.9 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lateral E/e'</td>
              <td align="center">7.7 &#177; 2.7</td>
              <td align="center">8.3 &#177; 3.3</td>
              <td align="center">7.1 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.189</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>DD: diastolic dysfunction; iLAV: indexed left atrial volume; LV: left ventricle; SW: septal wall; PW: posterior wall; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; E: early diastolic filling wave; A: late diastolic filling wave; DT: E-wave deceleration time; e&#8217;: tissue Doppler early diastolic wave. Unpaired Student&#8217;s t test for comparison between subgroups with and without diastolic dysfunction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The patients presented a very high prevalence of DD, with half of the study sample (25 patients) presenting some degree of DD, of whom the majority (17 patients, 34%) had mild DD (type I) and a lower portion had type II DD (8 patients, 16%), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. None of the patients had type III DD.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A and B: Pulsed Dopper images showing transmitral flow and septal tissue Doppler showing a normal diastolic pattern. C and D: Tissue Doppler images showing a reduced e&#8217; wave (7.4 cm/s), compatible with moderate diastolic dysfunction (pseudonormal pattern).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0410-70145-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The groups with and without DD did not differ regarding gender or presence of hypertension. On the other hand, the group with DD was significantly older than the one without DD (58 &#177; 9 years <italic>versus</italic> 46 &#177; 10 years, respectively, p &lt; 0,05). The disease duration showed no significant difference between the groups, and the median disease duration was 8 years (IQR 3.5-11.0 years) for patients without DD and 11 years (IQR 6.0-16.5 years) for those with DD (p = 0.178; Wilcoxon test). The LV mass index and the iLAV were also similar in both groups. However, the lateral and septal e' waves were reduced only in patients with DD, resulting in an increased septal E/e' ratio. The lateral E/e' relation did not differ between the groups. The pulmonary pressure was also higher in Group 2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>When we analyzed the subgroups according to the degree of DD, we observed that it was not only age that was related to the presence of DD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>); for patients with moderate DD (type II), we observed that the duration of the disease was significantly prolonged when compared with patients without DD or with mild DD(p = 0,02). Patients without DD and those with mild DD had disease durations of 9 &#177; 7 years and 9 &#177; 4 years, respectively, compared with 18 &#177; 14 years among patients with moderate DD.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Relationship between the degree of diastolic dysfunction and disease duration (p = 0.02). Relationship between the degree of diastolic dysfunction and disease duration in years (p = 0,02)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0410-70145-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Cardiac involvement often occurs in SS and is usually associated with a more reserved prognosis, representing the second most common cause of death after pulmonary involvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In order to study the presence of early cardiac involvement in SS, the present study assessed the frequency of DD in a group of patients with preserved systolic function. It has been observed that the use of Doppler tissue imaging associated with conventional echocardiography increases the diagnostic accuracy of this method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> This was confirmed in our study, which observed the occurrence of DD in half of the patients studied, although this population exhibited preserved systolic function and a low prevalence of other risk factors for DD, such as hypertension, ventricular hypertrophy, or diabetes. Population studies evaluating diastolic function in community-dwelling individuals have observed that DD is mainly associated with increasing age, but is rarely found in the absence of risk factors for diastolic abnormalities, being uncommon even in elderly individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Similarly, Kuznetsova et al., in a study evaluating diastolic function in the general population,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> have shown that in subjects aged between 50-59 years (a similar age range as our cohort), the proportion of total DD reached 42%, and type I DD (abnormal relaxation) was found in about 32% and type II DD in approximately 10% of the population. These values were not very different from those found in our sample of patients with SS; the prevalence of DD was 50%, with 34% of the individuals presenting type I DD, with a prevalence possibly slightly higher for type II DD (16% of the patients with SS). This population study found, in a similar way, an association between DD with age and body mass index, in addition to the presence of comorbidities, such as high blood pressure and increased serum creatinine. It is important to emphasize that in the referred study, almost 70% of the patients with type I DD had hypertension, with this proportion increasing to almost 80% in the subgroup with type II DD. On the other hand, only three patients in our sample had hypertension, and the absence of other comorbidities strongly suggests that DD was associated with SS. It has been reported more recently a higher prevalence of DD in patients with SS when compared with individuals of the same age in the general population. Meune et al. reported the presence of mild DD in 50% of the patients with type I DD (abnormal relaxation) found in a control group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A study conducted by Hinchcliff et al. observed alteration of relaxation in only 23% of the patients with SS, and its presence was associated with increased mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> We also observed that the degree of DD was mild in most patients, with few cases of moderate DD and no patient with severe DD. These findings suggest that the disease itself evolves more frequently with subtle diastolic changes, prevailing alterations in ventricular relaxation with intracardiac pressures still within normal limits, as demonstrated by the normal E/e&#8217; ratio in most cases.</p>
      <p>DD may be the result of a primary myocardial involvement in SS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> or may be secondary to hypertension, LV hypertrophy, pericardial diseases, and coronary disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In our group of patients, the number of hypertensive patients or patients with other comorbidities associated with DD was not significant, which leads us to believe that the probable cause of this abnormality was the primary cardiac involvement. The presence of a LV mass index within normal values in our sample also corroborates the hypothesis that the evolution of the disease itself is the cause of the cardiac dysfunction, thus rejecting the LV hypertrophy as the cause of DD. Primary myocardial structural changes (fibrosis) may, in turn, cause DD. Tzelepis et al., using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> have shown the occurrence of delayed enhancement (compatible with fibrosis) in about 60% of the patients with SS, even in those without evident systolic dysfunction. The presence of DD is clinically important in the evolution of patients with SS, since cardiac involvement in SS is associated with increased mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In addition, the increased LV diastolic pressures are transmitted to the lungs, with consequent pulmonary hypertension. During exercise, with the increased diastolic pressures, the pulmonary pressure may be even higher, as demonstrated in patients with SS during exercise echocardiography,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> leading to symptom worsening. It is important to note, however, that the absence of DD during examination does not exclude the presence of myocardial fibrosis.</p>
      <p>When we analyzed the factors associated with DD, we observed that the patients were quite similar in regards to clinical characteristics, except in relation to the greater prevalence of DD in older individuals. Several changes in cardiac structure and function derive from the aging process, including a reduced number and increased size of myocytes, with resulting increase in connective tissue.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In addition, dead myocytes are replaced by collagen, with consequent interstitial fibrosis, making the heart more rigid and less complacent, therefore affecting the diastolic relaxation. When we compared patients with and without DD, we observed that there was no influence of disease duration on DD. However, when we analyzed the subgroups, we observed that in addition to age, there was a significant association between disease duration and moderate DD. The association between myocardial fibrosis and longer disease duration may be related to a greater number of flares of cardiac Raynaud's phenomenon in patients with SS of long duration, since the successive vascular ischemic changes contribute to increased fibrosis. However, none of the patients, even with a longer disease course, presented important DD (restrictive pattern). It is possible that this pattern of more advanced DD may ultimately be found in patients with associated LV systolic dysfunction, but these cases were not evaluated in the present study.</p>
      <p>Echocardiographic analysis of the cardiac function is simple and effective, allowing monitoring of the disease and early diagnosis of changes such as DD through the use of conventional Doppler associated with tissue Doppler. As the cardiac involvement is associated with a more severe progression, the demonstration of this involvement by echocardiography could indicate a need for stricter monitoring of this population, in addition to being used as an indication of therapeutic improvement.</p>
      <p>As a limitation of this study, the relationship between DD and myocardial fibrosis can only be accepted as hypothetical since the patients did not undergo magnetic resonance imaging to test this association. The study had a cross-sectional design and we still lack long-term prognostic data, which could be associated with the presence of DD in this group of patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>DD is frequent in patients with SS and normal systolic function. It is characteristically mild and associated with more advanced age. A longer disease duration is associated with a more pronounced DD pattern.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Fun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo com Ecocardiografia Associada a Doppler Tecidual na Esclerose Sist&#234;mica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roque</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Carneiro de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio-Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Percival D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arruda</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Lucia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Becker</surname>
            <given-names>Derly</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Lazaro de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Tude</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marina Carneiro de Freitas Roque,</bold> Rua S&#227;o Gall, 82. CEP 05054-170, Vila Ipojuca, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>marinexcfr@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Roque MCF, Arruda AL, Gomes SB, Becker D, Andrade JL, Rodrigues ACT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados:Roque MCF, Sampaio-Barros PD, Arruda AL, Gomes SB, Becker D, Rodrigues ACT; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Roque MCF, Sampaio-Barros PD, Arruda AL, Becker D, Andrade JL, Rodrigues ACT; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Roque MCF, Rodrigues ACT; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Roque MCF, Sampaio-Barros PD, Gomes SB, Becker D, Andrade JL, Rodrigues ACT; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Roque MCF, Sampaio-Barros PD, Arruda AL, Andrade JL, Rodrigues ACT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A esclerose sist&#234;mica (ES) &#233; uma anomalia do tecido conjuntivo caracterizada por fibrose da pele e dos &#243;rg&#227;os internos. O envolvimento card&#237;aco com consequente disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na ES est&#225; associado a uma maior morbimortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) em pacientes com ES e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com ES foram estudados com ecocardiografia bidimensional com Doppler tecidual para an&#225;lise dos di&#226;metros cavit&#225;rios, &#237;ndice de massa do VE (IMVE), volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo (VAEi), fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica biventricular e presen&#231;a, al&#233;m de grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (DD) pelo Doppler convencional e tecidual.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Estudamos 50 pacientes, divididos conforme presen&#231;a de DD em Grupo 1 (n = 25; fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica normal, raz&#227;o E/A &#8805; 0,8, tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o [TD] &gt; 150 ms e &lt; 200 ms e e&#8217; septal &gt; 8 cm/s) e Grupo 2 (n = 25; com presen&#231;a de DD, subdividido em DD tipo I [E/A &lt; 0,8, TD &gt; 200 ms], tipo II [E/A &#8805; 0,8, e&#8217; septal &lt; 8 cm/s, VAEi &gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>] e tipo III [E/A &gt; 2, TD &lt; 150 ms, e&#8217; septal &lt; 8 cm/s]. A DD tipo I foi a mais frequente (34%), seguida de DD tipo II (16%). O IMVE e o VAEi foram similares entre os grupos, por&#233;m a e&#8217; septal e lateral estiveram reduzidas apenas no Grupo 2. No Grupo 2, observamos que os pacientes com DD moderada apresentavam maior dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a (p = 0,02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DD tipo I foi elevada na ES e esteve associada ao envelhecimento. No caso da DD moderada, a dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a despontou como um fator importante. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ventr&#237;culos do Cora&#231;&#227;o / fun&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Escleroderma Sist&#234;mico</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A esclerose sist&#234;mica (ES) &#233; uma doen&#231;a difusa do tecido conjuntivo caracterizada por fibrose e espessamento da pele e de &#243;rg&#227;os internos, altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares e eventuais &#250;lceras isqu&#234;micas e altera&#231;&#245;es viscerais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A preval&#234;ncia da ES varia entre 7 e 489 indiv&#237;duos por milh&#227;o de pessoas e pode variar quanto ao g&#234;nero (mais comum nas mulheres), idade (geralmente se inicia entre a terceira e quinta d&#233;cadas de vida) e etnia (mais comum nos EUA e Austr&#225;lia do que no Jap&#227;o ou Europa).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A ES pode ser clinicamente subdivida em forma limitada, que afeta apenas a pele da face, m&#227;os e p&#233;s, ou difusa, que cursa com espessamento tanto das extremidades quanto do abdome, tronco e ra&#237;zes dos membros. O acometimento card&#237;aco na ES pode ser prim&#225;rio (miosite, fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fibrose card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, anormalidades na condu&#231;&#227;o e doen&#231;a peric&#225;rdica) ou secund&#225;rio (resultante principalmente de fibrose pulmonar e insufici&#234;ncia renal).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (DD) e/ou sist&#243;lica pode ser secund&#225;ria &#224; fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), doen&#231;a renal ou dist&#250;rbio respirat&#243;rio do sono. A ecocardiografia revela doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica em 50% a 70% dos casos, mas na maioria dos pacientes, a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; clinicamente silenciosa at&#233; est&#225;gio mais avan&#231;ado da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> T&#233;cnicas derivadas da ecocardiografia bidimensional, como o Doppler tecidual, t&#234;m sido utilizadas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o e detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o para o estudo da ES, no entanto, tem sido limitada a estudos menores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> ou com defini&#231;&#227;o metodol&#243;gica inadequada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE atrav&#233;s da ecocardiografia associada ao Doppler tecidual em pacientes com ES.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todo</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes com ES atendidos no Ambulat&#243;rio de Reumatologia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo no per&#237;odo de novembro 2010 a dezembro 2011, de ambos os sexos e maiores de 18 anos. Todos os pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios do Col&#233;gio Americano de Reumatologia (ACR)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e, posteriormente, os novos crit&#233;rios classificat&#243;rios do ACR e da Liga Europeia contra o Reumatismo (EULAR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes esclerod&#233;rmicos ambulatoriais sem manifesta&#231;&#245;es viscerais graves (especialmente fibrose intersticial, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, miocardiopatia ou crise renal esclerod&#233;rmica), bem como sem comorbidades graves. Todos os pacientes apresentavam fen&#244;meno de Raynaud. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas e todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento para participa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes realizaram inicialmente ecocardiografia bidimensional com Doppler tecidual (Artida, Toshiba, Jap&#227;o) para avalia&#231;&#227;o completa da estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, com &#234;nfase na an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE. Com base nas diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> foram realizadas medidas dos di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico do VE pelo modo bidimensional para c&#225;lculo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;todo de Teichholz). Foram obtidos ainda os di&#226;metros da raiz a&#243;rtica e &#225;trio esquerdo a partir do plano paraesternal longitudinal. O c&#225;lculo da massa do VE foi realizado a partir das medidas de espessura diast&#243;lica do VE e sua cavidade pelo m&#233;todo de Devereux<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e indexado para superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea. O volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo (VAEi) foi obtido a partir do plano apical de duas e quatro c&#226;maras pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado. Altera&#231;&#245;es valvares foram avaliadas pelo modo bidimensional, Doppler convencional e mapeamento colorido, com a medida da press&#227;o pulmonar obtida pelo refluxo tric&#250;spide e somada &#224; estimativa da press&#227;o do &#225;trio direito pela veia cava inferior.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</title>
          <p>As medidas do Doppler transmitral foram obtidas com a amostra do Doppler posicionada na extremidade das c&#250;spides no corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras para obten&#231;&#227;o das ondas E (inicial) e A (tardia), raz&#227;o E/A e o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o (TD) da onda E. Obtivemos ainda os tra&#231;ados de Doppler tecidual a partir do corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras, com a amostra do Doppler na regi&#227;o basal do septo e no anel lateral mitral, para an&#225;lise das velocidades das ondas s&#8217;, e&#8217; e a&#8217;.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi realizada com base na classifica&#231;&#227;o abaixo, a partir das recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <p>- Fun&#231;&#227;o normal: VAEi &lt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, E/A 0,8-1,5, TD da onda E &gt; 150 ms e &lt; 200 ms, onda e&#8217; septal &#8805; 8 cm/s.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>- DD tipo I (discreta): E/A &lt; 0,8, TD da onda E &gt; 200 ms, onda e&#8217; septal &lt; 8 cm/s.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>- DD tipo II (moderada): VAEi &#8805; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, E/A 0,8-1,5, TD da onda E entre 150-200 ms, onda e' septal &lt; 8 cm/s com rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; &gt; 13.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>- DD tipo III (importante): VAEi &gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, E/A &gt; 2, TD &lt; 150 ms, e' septal &lt; 8 cm/s com rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; &gt; 13.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>A partir da an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1, com fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica normal e Grupo 2, com DD. Os pacientes foram tamb&#233;m analisados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau de DD apresentado. A presen&#231;a de janela ac&#250;stica inadequada e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE reduzida (&lt; 50%) foram considerados crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para avaliar normalidade. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, os dados est&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e para as vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas est&#227;o apresentadas em n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens. Os grupos foram comparados pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado (bicaudal) para as vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e teste de Wilcoxon para vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau de DD, foi utilizada an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) e, subsequentemente, o teste de Dunnett.</p>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o <italic>software</italic> JMP, vers&#227;o 8 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, EUA). Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>N&#243;s analisamos 54 pacientes com ES, dos quais tr&#234;s foram exclu&#237;dos por apresentarem janela ac&#250;stica inadequada e um por apresentar fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE reduzida, totalizando 50 pacientes. A maioria (n = 46) dos participantes era do sexo feminino e a idade m&#233;dia foi de 52 &#177;11 anos. O tempo mediano de dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a foi de 9 anos (IIQ 5-15 anos). Os tempos m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo de dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a foram de 3 e 45 anos, respectivamente. Somente tr&#234;s pacientes apresentavam HAS e nenhum apresentava diabetes ou hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a coronariana (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). Os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, como fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, di&#226;metros das cavidades card&#237;acas, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar, &#237;ndice de massa ventricular e VAEi, estavam dentro dos valores normais para este grupo de pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos e medica&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">46 (92%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a (anos) (intervalo interquartil)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (5 - 15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Depress&#227;o (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (n, %)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (n,%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (12%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio (n,%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (56%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da amostra total de pacientes e de subgrupos com e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Total n = 50</th>
                <th align="center">Sem DD n = 25</th>
                <th align="center">Com DD n = 25</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raiz aorta (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0,631</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">36 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,489</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VAEi (cm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0,417</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico VE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">44 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">43 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">44 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PS (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">9,7 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">9,5 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,247</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PP (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">9,5 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,768</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0,172</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa do VE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">88 &#177; 28</td>
                <td align="center">87 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">90 &#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center">0,950</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PSAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">30 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">35 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">84 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">88 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">0,137</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">79 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">91 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 &#177; 0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">188 &#177; 44</td>
                <td align="center">162 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">214 &#177; 45</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e' septal (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">8,5 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,0 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">e' lateral (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">11,6 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td align="center">13,4 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e' septal</td>
                <td align="center">10,4 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,9 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">11,9 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/e' lateral</td>
                <td align="center">7,7 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td align="center">8,3 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,189</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>DD: disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; VAEi: volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PS: parede septal; PP: parede posterior; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; E: onda diast&#243;lica de enchimento inicial; A: onda de enchimento tardio; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E; e&#8217;: onda diast&#243;lica inicial do Doppler tecidual. Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o entre subgrupos com e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os pacientes apresentavam uma preval&#234;ncia bastante elevada de DD, com metade da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada (25 pacientes) apresentando algum grau de DD, sendo a maioria (17 pacientes, 34%) com DD leve (tipo I) e uma menor parte com DD tipo II (oito pacientes, 16%), como mostra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>. Nenhum paciente apresentava DD grau III.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A e B) Imagens de Doppler pulsado mostrando fluxo transmitral e de Doppler tecidual septal mostrando padr&#227;o diast&#243;lico normal. C e D) Imagens de Doppler tecidual mostrando onda e&#8217; reduzida (7,4 cm/s), compat&#237;vel com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica moderada (padr&#227;o pseudonormal).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0410-70145-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os grupos com e sem DD n&#227;o diferiram em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo ou presen&#231;a de HAS. Por outro lado, o grupo com DD era significativamente mais velho que o sem DD (58 &#177; 9 anos <italic>versus</italic> 46 &#177; 10 anos, respectivamente, p &lt; 0,05). O tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre os grupos, sendo a mediana dos tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de 8 anos (IIQ 3,5 - 11,0 anos) para os pacientes sem DD e 11 anos (IIQ 6,0 - 16,5 anos) para aqueles com DD (p = 0,178; teste de Wilcoxon). O &#237;ndice de massa do VE e o VAEi tamb&#233;m foram similares em ambos os grupos. Entretanto, as ondas e' lateral e septal encontravam-se reduzidas apenas em pacientes com DD, resultando em uma rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' septal aumentada. A rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' lateral n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos. A press&#227;o pulmonar tamb&#233;m foi mais elevada no Grupo 2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Quando analisamos os subgrupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau de DD, observamos que n&#227;o foi apenas a idade que esteve relacionada &#224; presen&#231;a de DD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>); para os pacientes com DD moderada (tipo II), observamos que a dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a foi significativamente mais longa quando comparada &#224; dos pacientes sem DD ou com DD discreta (p = 0,02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). Os pacientes sem DD e aqueles com DD discreta apresentavam dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de 9 &#177; 7 anos e 9 &#177; 4 anos, respectivamente, comparados a 18 &#177; 14 anos entre os pacientes com DD moderada.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e a dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a em anos (p = 0,02).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0410-70145-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O acometimento card&#237;aco ocorre frequentemente na ES e est&#225; geralmente associado a um progn&#243;stico mais reservado, representando a segunda causa mais comum de &#243;bito, ap&#243;s o comprometimento pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Buscando estudar a presen&#231;a de acometimento card&#237;aco precoce na ES, o presente estudo avaliou a frequ&#234;ncia de DD em um grupo de pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada. Tem sido observado que o uso do Doppler tecidual associado &#224; ecocardiografia convencional aumenta a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica deste m&#233;todo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Isto pode ser confirmado em nosso estudo, que observou a presen&#231;a de DD em metade dos pacientes estudados, apesar desta popula&#231;&#227;o ter apresentado fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada e baixa preval&#234;ncia de outros fatores de risco para DD, como HAS, hipertrofia ventricular ou diabetes. Estudos populacionais que avaliaram a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em indiv&#237;duos na comunidade observaram que a DD est&#225; associada principalmente ao aumento da idade, por&#233;m &#233; raramente encontrada na aus&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para anormalidades diast&#243;licas, sendo incomum mesmo em indiv&#237;duos idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Similarmente, Kuznetsova et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> em um estudo que avaliou a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, mostrou que em indiv&#237;duos na faixa et&#225;ria de 50-59 anos (semelhante &#224; de nosso estudo), a propor&#231;&#227;o de DD total chegava a 42%, sendo a DD tipo I (altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento) encontrada em cerca de 32% da popula&#231;&#227;o e a DD tipo II em aproximadamente 10% da mesma. Esses valores n&#227;o foram muito diferentes daqueles encontrados em nossa amostra de pacientes com ES; a preval&#234;ncia de DD foi de 50%, com 34% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentando DD tipo I, com preval&#234;ncia possivelmente um pouco maior para a DD tipo II (16% dos pacientes com ES). Este estudo populacional encontrou, de maneira semelhante, uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre DD com idade e &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, al&#233;m da presen&#231;a de comorbidades, como press&#227;o arterial elevada e aumento da creatinina. &#201; importante enfatizar ainda que neste estudo, quase 70% dos pacientes com DD tipo I apresentavam HAS, sendo que esta propor&#231;&#227;o aumentou para quase 80% no subgrupo com DD tipo II. Por outro lado, somente tr&#234;s pacientes em nossa amostra apresentavam HAS e a aus&#234;ncia de outras comorbidades sugere fortemente que a DD esteja associada &#224; ES. Mais recentemente, tem sido relatada uma maior preval&#234;ncia de DD em pacientes com ES quando comparados a indiv&#237;duos de mesma idade na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Meune et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> observaram a presen&#231;a de DD discreta em 50% dos pacientes com ES, em compara&#231;&#227;o a 23% em um grupo controle. Um estudo realizado por Hinchcliff et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> observou altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento em somente 23% dos pacientes com ES, e sua presen&#231;a esteve associada a uma maior mortalidade. Observamos ainda que o grau de DD foi leve na grande maioria dos pacientes, com poucos casos de DD moderada e nenhum paciente com DD importante. Esses achados sugerem que a doen&#231;a em si cursa com mais frequ&#234;ncia com altera&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;licas sutis, prevalecendo a altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento ventricular com press&#245;es intracard&#237;acas ainda dentro dos limites da normalidade, como demonstrado pela rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; normal em grande parte dos casos.</p>
        <p>A DD pode ser resultado de um envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico prim&#225;rio na ES,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> ou pode se apresentar de forma secund&#225;ria &#224; HAS, hipertrofia do VE, doen&#231;as do peric&#225;rdio e doen&#231;a coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Em nosso grupo de pacientes, n&#227;o havia um n&#250;mero significativo de hipertensos nem outras comorbidades associadas &#224; DD, o que nos leva a crer que a causa prov&#225;vel desta anormalidade fosse o envolvimento card&#237;aco prim&#225;rio. A presen&#231;a do &#237;ndice de massa do VE dentro da normalidade em nossa amostra tamb&#233;m corrobora a hip&#243;tese de que a pr&#243;pria evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a seja a causa da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, afastando, assim, a hipertrofia do VE como causa da DD. Altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais prim&#225;rias do mioc&#225;rdio (fibrose) podem, por sua vez, causar DD. Tzelepis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> utilizando resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, mostraram a presen&#231;a de realce tardio (compat&#237;vel com fibrose) em cerca de 60% dos pacientes com ES, mesmo naqueles sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica evidente. A presen&#231;a de DD tem import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica na evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com ES, uma vez que o envolvimento card&#237;aco na ES est&#225; associado ao aumento da mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Adicionalmente, o aumento das press&#245;es diast&#243;licas do VE &#233; transmitido para o pulm&#227;o, com consequente hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. Durante o exerc&#237;cio, com o aumento das press&#245;es diast&#243;licas, a press&#227;o pulmonar pode ficar ainda mais elevada, conforme demonstrado em pacientes com ES durante ecocardiografia com exerc&#237;cio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> levando &#224; piora de sintomas. &#201; importante destacar, no entanto, que a aus&#234;ncia de DD no exame n&#227;o exclui a presen&#231;a de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>Ao analisarmos os fatores associados &#224; DD, observamos que os pacientes eram bastante semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, exceto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia de DD em indiv&#237;duos com mais idade. In&#250;meras modifica&#231;&#245;es na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca decorrem do processo de envelhecimento, entre elas uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero e aumento no tamanho dos mi&#243;citos, com resultante aumento do tecido conjuntivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Al&#233;m disso, mi&#243;citos mortos s&#227;o substitu&#237;dos por col&#225;geno, com consequente fibrose intersticial, tornando o cora&#231;&#227;o mais r&#237;gido e menos complacente, afetando, desta forma, o relaxamento diast&#243;lico. Quando comparamos os pacientes com e sem DD, observamos que n&#227;o houve influ&#234;ncia da dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a na DD. No entanto, ao analisarmos os subgrupos, observamos, al&#233;m da idade, uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa da dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a com DD moderada. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e maior tempo de doen&#231;a pode estar relacionada a um maior n&#250;mero de crises de Raynaud card&#237;aco em pacientes com ES de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que as sucessivas altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares isqu&#234;micas contribuem para um aumento da fibrose. No entanto, nenhum dos pacientes, mesmo com um curso mais prolongado de doen&#231;a, apresentou DD importante (padr&#227;o restritivo). &#201; poss&#237;vel que este padr&#227;o de DD mais avan&#231;ado seja encontrado em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE associada, por&#233;m estes casos n&#227;o foram avaliados no presente estudo.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pela ecocardiografia &#233; realizada de maneira simples e eficaz, possibilitando monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e diagn&#243;stico precoce de altera&#231;&#245;es como a DD, atrav&#233;s do uso do Doppler convencional associado ao Doppler tecidual. Como o envolvimento card&#237;aco encontra-se associado a uma evolu&#231;&#227;o mais grave, a demonstra&#231;&#227;o deste acometimento pela ecocardiografia poderia indicar a necessidade de acompanhamento mais rigoroso desta popula&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de ser utilizado como indicativo de melhora terap&#234;utica.</p>
        <p>Como limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a DD e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica pode ser considerada apenas como hipot&#233;tica, pois os pacientes n&#227;o realizaram resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica para testar tal associa&#231;&#227;o. O estudo teve um desenho transversal e, portanto, n&#227;o temos ainda dados de longo prazo a respeito de progn&#243;stico que possam ser associados &#224; presen&#231;a de DD neste grupo de pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A DD &#233; frequentemente encontrada em pacientes com ES e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal, &#233; caracteristicamente de grau leve e est&#225; associada &#224; idade mais avan&#231;ada. A dura&#231;&#227;o mais prolongada da doen&#231;a esteve associada a um padr&#227;o mais acentuado de DD.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
