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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pQwHt8457xPWCrg9prtnxqD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001400404</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170143</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005018105</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Large Accumulation of Collagen and Increased Activation of Mast Cells in Hearts of Mice with Hyperlipidemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cheng</surname>
            <given-names>Yunpeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhu</surname>
            <given-names>Yanqiu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Jiashu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duan</surname>
            <given-names>Xingping</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Ying</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Dalian Medical University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">First Affiliated Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Dalian University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Ultrasonics</institution>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Ultrasonics - Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Dalian Medical University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">College of Pharmacy</institution>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">College of Pharmacy - Dalian Medical University - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ying Zhang</bold>. 116044, Dalian, Liaoning - China. E-mail: <email>zhangying_xn@163.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Cheng Y; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Cheng Y, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Duan X; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cheng Y, Zhu Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>404</fpage>
      <lpage>409</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Hyperlipidemia, which is characterized by an elevation of lipids in the bloodstream, is a major risk factor for cardiac disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The present study investigated the role of fibrosis in the progression of hyperlipidemia in the mice heart, and whether mast cell activation was associated with the fibrosis process.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Hyperlipidemia was produced in C57BL / 6 mice by feeding them on a high-fat diet for 8 weeks.To assess tissue fibrosis, picrosirius red staining was performed. Hematoxylin &amp; eosin (H&amp;E) staining was performed to identify the histopathological changes in the hearts. Immunohistochemistry was also accomplished to determine the localization of transforming growth factor (TGF)-&#946; and &#945;-smooth muscle actin (&#945;-SMA). Western blotting was performed to analyze the expression of chymase, tryptase, TGF-&#946;, &#945;-SMA and activity of Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway. At the end, serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) levels were measured. All the values were expressed as means &#177; SD, the statistical significance level adopted was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Hyperlipidemia mice showed significantly increased collagen deposition in the hearts compared with normal mice. In addition, H&amp;E staining showed significant cellular degeneration. Cardiac muscle was arranged in disorder with fracture in mice of the model group. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis revealed that expression levels of tryptase, chymase, &#946;-catenin, TGF-&#946; and &#945;-SMA were significantly increased in the hyperlipidemia mice compared with the control group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The results indicated that mast cell activation might induce cardiac fibrosis by tryptase and chymase in hyperlipidemia, which had a close relationship with the increased activity of TGF-&#946;/Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperlipidemias / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Leukemia, Mast-Cell</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Hyperlipidemia refers to hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and mixed hyperlipidemia, and is a very common biochemical disorder<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> with significantly risk of cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> It is reported that the hyperglycemia, another metabolic disorder, has a strong association with cardiac fibrosis that may reduce myocardial compliance and contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, the role of the hyperlipidemia in the development of cardiac fibrosis is poorly understood.</p>
      <p>Cardiac fibrosis, which is a common pathologic feature of end-stage heart disease, always results in serious cardiac dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Therefore, potential causes of cardiac fibrosis have to be investigated. Although cardiac fibrosis is an important stage in the progression of heart disease, the mechanisms underlying fibrosis development and progression are still unclear. The process of fibrosis is mechanically characterized by myofibroblast accumulation, collagen deposition, extracellular matrix remodeling, and increased tissue stiffness, so that impairs the organ's function by reducing tissue elasticity and compliance. As reported, the Wnt/&#946;-catenin/TGF-&#946; signaling pathway is a key mediator of fibroblast activation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and play important role in driving the aberrant synthesis of the extracellular matrix in heart fibrotic diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Mast cells have been recognized as important effector cells in tissue fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Potentially mast cell activation and degranulation could result in the release of inflammatory and profibrotic mediators promoting tissue fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Mast cells express serine proteases: tryptase and chymase, are associated with fibrosis in various diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> As reported, hyperlipidemia could skew the transcriptional regulation of pro-inflammatory factors of myeloid cell, including mast cells, to promote myeloid cell extravasation and atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> However, little is known about their involvement in cardiac fibrosis in hyperlipidemia mice.</p>
      <p>In this study, we aimed to investigate whether hyperlipidemia is associated with cardiac fibrosis. Furthermore, we evaluated the activity of TGF-&#946;/Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway, the expression levels of tryptase, chymase and &#945;-SMA in hyperlipidemia mice.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Declaration of ethics in animals</title>
        <p>Eight-week-old C57BL / 6 mice were purchased from the Experimental Animal Center of Dalian Medical University (Dalian, China). Mice were allowed access to water and food ad libitum, but fasted overnight with water available before surgery. All animal experiments were approved by the ethics committee of Dalian Medical University and performed in accordance with the institutional guidelines, and in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Induction of experimental hyperlipidemia</title>
        <p>Via random number table, the animals were divided into two experimental groups (n = 8, for convenience) : control group received a normal diet , and the hyperlipidemia (H-lipid) group received high fat diet (HFD, D12451, Research diet, USA) for 8 weeks. Hyperlipidemia was documented by estimating the level of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in serum using commercially available kits (<italic>Jiancheng Biotech</italic>, Nanjing, China).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Morphological changes</title>
        <p>After 8 weeks' high-fat diet, the mice were sacrificed. The hearts of mice were removed, and fixed in 10% (v/v) neutral formalin and processed by standard histological techniques. The hearts were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) and picrosirius red staining. Then they were examined for the morphological changes. The hearts of mice were also used to determinate expression of protein of chymase, tryptase, TGF-&#946;, &#946;-catenin and &#945;-SMA by western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Western blot analysis</title>
        <p>According to the manufacturer's instructions, proteins were extracted from mice hearts with protein extraction kit (<italic>KeyGen Biotech</italic>, Nanjing, China). Protein was measured according to the procedure of bicinchoninic acid (BCA) (Solarbio, Beijing, China), with bovine serum albumin as the standard. Proteins (20 &#181;g) were resuspended in electrophoresis sample buffer containing &#946;-mercaptoethanol and separated by electrophoresis on a pre-cast 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA), followed by electrotransfer to a PVDF membrane (Millipore, Bedford, MA). Membranes were blocked using 5% non-fat milk in Tris-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween-20 (TBST) for 2 h at 37&#176;C. &#946;-actin served as loading control. Membranes were incubated overnight at 4&#176;C with a 1:1000 dilution of polyclonal antibody for tryptase, chymase, TGF-&#946;, &#946;-catenin and &#945;-SMA respectively (<italic>Beijing Boisynthesis Biotechnology</italic>, China), and with a 1:1500 dilution of monoclonal antibody for &#946;-actin (Beyotime, China). After subsequent washing with TBST, the blots were then incubated with secondary antibodies. After extensive washing with TBST, membranes were exposed to the enhanced chemiluminescence-plus reagents (ECL) from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Haimen, China) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Emitted light was documented with a BioSpectrum-410 multispectral imaging system with a Chemi HR camera 410(Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Protein bands were visualized and photographed under transmitted ultraviolet light. The image was used for semiquantitative measurements based on band densitometry.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Immunohistochemical staining</title>
        <p>Histological sections of mice hearts (4 &#181;m thick) were mounted on poly-L-lysine-coated slides. Slides were deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated in graded alcohols. Sections were pretreated with citrate buffer (0.01 mol/L citric acid, pH 6.0) for 20 min at 95 &#176;C. Then, at room temperature, they were immersed in PBS containing 3% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> for 10 min. After exposing them to 10% normal goat serum in PBS for 30 min at room temperature, the tissue sections were incubated at 4&#176;C overnight with rabbit polyclonal anti-&#945;-SMA and TGF-&#946; (dilution 1:100). Then sections were rinsed with PBS, incubated with biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG for 20 min at room temperature and treated with 3,30-diaminobenzidine chromogen for 5 min at room temperature. Finally, sections were counterstained with hematoxylin for 6 min.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Collagen quantification</title>
        <p>Picrosirius red staining was performed with serially sectioned tissues. Paraffin-embedded tissues were deparaffinized in xylene, rehydrated in graded alcohols and then incubated in 0.1% Sirius Red solution for 1 h at room temperature. Finally, sections were counterstained with hematoxylin for 2 min. The sections were studied under a light microscope at different magnifications</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was computed using SPSS 13.0 software. Group data were expressed as mean &#177; S.D. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of the studied data, and, then, parametric or non-parametric tests were used for the analysis of normal or non-normal data distribution, respectively. Data with normal distribution underwent unpaired Student's sample t-test. In all statistical analyses, Two-sided p &lt; 0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant result.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Serum biochemistry changed after high-fat diet treatment</title>
        <p>Following continuous feeding with high-fat diet for 8 weeks, serum levels of TC and TG in the H-lipid group were significantly higher than the control group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Serum levels of TC and TG after high-fat diet for 8 weeks. (mmol/l)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="45%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="45%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Group</th>
                <th align="center">TG</th>
                <th align="center">TC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Control</td>
                <td align="center">0.73 &#177; 0.12</td>
                <td align="center">1.87 &#177; 0.25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">H-lipid</td>
                <td align="center">1.21 &#177; 0.13</td>
                <td align="center">3.34 &#177; 0.33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p value</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.05</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histological examinations</title>
        <p>H&amp;E staining of heart tissues showed that myocardial fibers in control group were in order and their structure was normal. There was no broken fiber, the nucleus of myocardial cell was regular. However, the muscle fiber was arranged in disorder, extensively collapsed and degenerated in hyperlipidemia group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Change in heart photomicrographs of hyperlipidemic mice. Hearts were stained with H&amp;E (A-B). Representative sections from hearts of a control mouse (A), hyperlipidemic mouse (B). H&amp;E, magnification &#215; 400.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0404-70143-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hyperlipidemia increased mast cell chymase and tryptase production</title>
        <p>Since mast cell protease play essential role in fibrosis process, their production levels in the case of hyperlipidemia would be our concern. To investigate this, mice heart were immediately removed after sacrifice for western blot analysis. The results of western blot showed that the protein expressions of chymase and tryptase were increased significantly compared with the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of hyperlipidemia on the protein expression of tryptase, chymase, TGF-&#946;, &#946;-catenin and &#945;-SMA in hyperlipidemic mice's hearts. The bar graph shows the relative expression ratio of each protein calculated after normalization by &#946;-actin. Data are expressed as mean&#177; S.D. (*p &lt; 0.05 vs Control group; n = 8)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0404-70143-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hyperlipidemia promoted activity of TGF-&#946; and WNT/&#946;-catenin pathway.</title>
        <p>TGF-&#946; is a pro-fibrotic cytokine that induces proliferation of macrophages and fibroblast through the induction of other growth factors. The Wnt/&#946;-catenin signaling pathway is essential for the fibrosis induced by TGF-&#946;. Western blot analysis of TGF-&#946; and &#946;-catenin showed that increased expression of both proteins were evident in H-lipid group compared to the control group. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>)</p>
        <p>The immunohistochemistry results were similar to the mentioned above. The protein expressions of TGF-&#946; in the mice's hearts of H-lipid group were significantly increased compared with the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of hyperlipidemia on the protein expression of TGF-&#946; in hyperlipidemic mice's hearts. The hearts were immunohistochemical stained (A-B). Representative sections from hearts of a control mouse (A), a hyperlipidemic mouse (B). Immunohistochemical staining, magnification &#215; 400.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0404-70143-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hyperlipidemia induced great collagen accumulation in the heart</title>
        <p>Picrosirius red staining suggested significant greater collagen content in the H-lipid group compared with the control groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>) moreover, the immunohistochemistry (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>) and western blot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) results showed that the expression levels of &#945;-SMA in the heart tissues of the H-lipid group were increased significantly compared with the control group.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of hyperlipidemia on the collagen accumulation in hyperlipidemic mice's hearts. The hearts were picro-sirius red stained (A-B). Representative sections from hearts of a control mouse (A), hyperlipidemic mouse (B). Picro-sirius red staining, magnification &#215;400.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0404-70143-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effect of hyperlipidemia on the protein expression of &#945;-SMA in hyperlipidemic mice's hearts. The hearts were immunohistochemical stained (A-C). Representative sections from hearts of a control mouse (A), hyperlipidemic mouse (B). Immunohistochemical staining, magnification &#215; 400.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0404-70143-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Hyperlipidemia is a clinical and metabolic disorder characterized by abnormal elevation of the major circulatory lipid and lipoprotein levels that accounts for approximately 56% cases of cardiovascular diseases worldwide and causes about 4.4 million deaths annually.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> As reported, the death risk from ischemic heart disease is significantly high in patients with essential hyperlipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, it was reported that high-calorie diet feeding could induce hyperlipidemia and promoted heart injury and failure in rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> However, there is little knowledge about the mechanisms underlying these biological changes. Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathologic feature of end-stage heart disease. Therefore, as potential causes of cardiac fibrosis have to be investigated, we researched whether hyperlipidemia is associated with the cardiac fibrosis progression, contributing to the pathogenesis of heart failure. In the present study, the level of TC and TG in serum was significantly higher in H-lipid group, which indicates that the model of hyperlipidemia mice has been established successfully. Then we investigated the changes in mice heart morphology by H&amp;E staining. The results showed muscular layer of heart arranged in disorder with fracture in mice of the model group. Picrosirius red staining suggested significantly greater collagen content in the H-lipid group compared with the control groups, and western blot showed that the expression level of &#945;-SMA, known as marker of myofibroblast, in H-lipid group was significantly higher than in control group.</p>
      <p>Mast cells have been recognized as important effector cells in tissue fibrosis. As reported, mast cells express serine proteases; tryptase and chymase that are associated with fibrosis in various diseases. However, little is known about their involvement in heart disease induced by hyperlipidemia. In our study, the results of western blot showed that the protein expressions of tryptase and chymase in the mice's heart of H-lipid group were increased compared with the control group. To further explore the molecular mechanism of cardiac fibrosis in hyperlipidemia mice, using western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining, we examined the protein expressions of TGF-&#946; which are intricately linked with the profibrotic effects of mast cells, and the Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway that is essential for the fibrosis induced by TGF-&#946;. The results of western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that the protein expressions of TGF-&#946; in the mice's heart of H-lipid group were significantly increased compared with the control group. Moreover, the results of western blot analysis showed that the changed protein expression level of &#946;-catenin was similar to TGF-&#946;.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>In summary, as the pathogenesis indicates, the progression of cardiac fibrosis may be induced by hyperlipidemia. Interestingly, heart tissues from hyperlipidemia mice revealed increased mast sell activation e upregulated activity of TGF-&#946;/Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway. The results of this study demonstrated that the mast cells and TGF-&#946;/Wnt/&#946;-catenin pathway were not only very important for the cardiac tissue fibrosis in hyperlipidemia but also a possible target for therapy.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Thinn Hlaing T, Park A. Hyperlipidemia. Medicine. 2013;41(10):607-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thinn Hlaing</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
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          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.009.</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
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        <mixed-citation>20 Slack J, Nevin NC. Hyperlipidaemic xanthomatosis. I. Increased risk of death from ischaemic heart disease in first degree relatives of 53 patients with essential hyperlipidemia and xanthomatosis. J Med Genet. 1968;5(1):4-8. PMID: 5653869.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Slack</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nevin</surname>
              <given-names>NC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hyperlipidaemic xanthomatosis. I. Increased risk of death from ischaemic heart disease in first degree relatives of 53 patients with essential hyperlipidemia and xanthomatosis</article-title>
          <source>J Med Genet</source>
          <year>1968</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>4</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">5653869</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
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              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Kuo</surname>
              <given-names>WW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuo</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yeh</surname>
              <given-names>YL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shen</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheng</surname>
              <given-names>YH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
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          <article-title>Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-263 reduces hyperlipidemia and the heart failure process in high-calorie diet-fed induced heart dysfunction in rats</article-title>
          <source>J Funct Foods</source>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Grande Ac&#250;mulo de Col&#225;geno e Aumento da Ativa&#231;&#227;o de Mast&#243;citos nos Cora&#231;&#245;es de Ratos com Hiperlipidemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cheng</surname>
            <given-names>Yunpeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhu</surname>
            <given-names>Yanqiu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Jiashu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duan</surname>
            <given-names>Xingping</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Ying</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Ultrasonics - Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">College of Pharmacy - Dalian Medical University - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ying Zhang</bold>. 116044, Dalian, Liaoning - China. E-mail: <email>zhangying_xn@163.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cheng Y; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cheng Y, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Duan X; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cheng Y, Zhu Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A hiperlipidemia, que se caracteriza por uma eleva&#231;&#227;o dos lip&#237;deos na corrente sangu&#237;nea, &#233; um importante fator de risco para a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo investigou o papel da fibrose na progress&#227;o da hiperlipidemia no cora&#231;&#227;o do rato e se a ativa&#231;&#227;o dos mast&#243;citos estava associada ao processo de fibrose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>A hiperlipidemia foi produzida em ratos C57BL/6 alimentando-os com uma dieta rica em gordura durante 8 semanas. Para avaliar a fibrose tecidual, foi realizada colora&#231;&#227;o vermelha picro-Sirius. A colora&#231;&#227;o com hematoxilina e eosina (H &amp; E) foi feita para identificar as altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas nos cora&#231;&#245;es. A imuno-histoqu&#237;mica tamb&#233;m foi levada a cabo para determinar a localiza&#231;&#227;o do fator de crescimento transformante (TGF) -&#946; e &#945;-actina do m&#250;sculo liso (&#945;-SMA). O Western Blot foi realizado para analisar as express&#245;es de quimase, triptase, TGF-&#946;, &#945;-SMA e a atividade da via Wnt / &#946;-catenina. Finalmente, se mediram os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total (TC) e triglicer&#237;deos (TG). Todos os valores foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os ratos hiperlipid&#234;micos mostraram aumento significativo da deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno nos cora&#231;&#245;es em compara&#231;&#227;o com ratos normais. Al&#233;m disso, a colora&#231;&#227;o de H &amp; E mostrou degenera&#231;&#227;o celular significativa. O m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco estava em desordem com ruptura de fibras em ratos do grupo modelo. A an&#225;lise imuno-histoqu&#237;mica e o Western Blot revelaram que os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de triptase, quimase, &#946;-catenina, TGF-&#946; e &#945;-SMA estavam significativamente aumentados nos ratos hiperlipid&#234;micos em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Os resultados indicaram que a ativa&#231;&#227;o de mast&#243;citos pode induzir fibrose card&#237;aca por triptase e quimase em hiperlipidemia, a qual teve uma rela&#231;&#227;o estreita com a atividade aumentada da via TGF-&#946; / Wnt / &#946;-catenina.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hioperlipidemias / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose</kwd>
        <kwd>Leucemia de Mast&#243;citos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hiperlipidemia se refere &#224; hipercolesterolemia, hipertrigliceridemia e hiperlipidemia mista e &#233; um dist&#250;rbio bioqu&#237;mico muito comum<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> com risco significativo de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> &#201; relatado que a hiperglicemia, outra desordem metab&#243;lica, tem uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o com a fibrose card&#237;aca que pode reduzir a distensibilidade mioc&#225;rdica e contribuir para a patog&#234;nese da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No entanto, o papel da hiperlipidemia no desenvolvimento de fibrose card&#237;aca &#233; pouco compreendido.</p>
        <p>A fibrose card&#237;aca, que &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica patol&#243;gica comum da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca em est&#225;gio final, sempre resulta em disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca grave.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Portanto, as causas potenciais da fibrose card&#237;aca devem ser investigadas. Embora a fibrose card&#237;aca seja um est&#225;gio importante na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, os mecanismos subjacentes ao desenvolvimento e progress&#227;o dela ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o claros. O processo de fibrose &#233; mecanicamente caracterizado por acumula&#231;&#227;o de miofibroblasto, deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno, remodela&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular e aumento da rigidez do tecido, de modo que prejudica a fun&#231;&#227;o do &#243;rg&#227;o, reduzindo a elasticidade e distensibilidade do tecido. Conforme relatado, a via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o Wnt / &#946;-catenina / TGF-&#946; &#233; um mediador chave da ativa&#231;&#227;o de fibroblastos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e desempenha um papel importante na condu&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese aberrante da matriz extracelular em doen&#231;as fibr&#243;ticas card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os mast&#243;citos foram reconhecidos como importantes c&#233;lulas efetoras na fibrose tecidual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Potencialmente a ativa&#231;&#227;o e desgrana&#231;&#227;o de mast&#243;citos podem resultar na libera&#231;&#227;o de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios e profibr&#243;ticos que promovam a fibrose tecidual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Os mast&#243;citos expressam proteases de serina, triptase e quimase que est&#227;o associadas &#224; fibrose em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Conforme relatado, a hiperlipidemia pode distorcer a regula&#231;&#227;o transcricional dos fatores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios da c&#233;lula mieloide, incluindo os mast&#243;citos, para promover o extravasamento e a aterosclerose das c&#233;lulas mieloides.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o envolvimento deles na fibrose card&#237;aca em ratos com hiperlipidemia.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, buscamos pesquisar se a hiperlipidemia est&#225; associada &#224; fibrose card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m disso, avaliamos a atividade da via TGF-&#946; / Wnt / &#946;-catenina, os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de triptasa, quimase e &#945;-SMA em ratos hiperlipid&#234;micos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Declara&#231;&#227;o de &#233;tica em animais</title>
          <p>Os ratos C57BL/6 de oito semanas de idade foram comprados no Centro Experimental Animal da Universidade M&#233;dica de Dalian (Dalian, China). Os ratos podiam acessar a &#225;gua e os alimentos ad libitum, mas jejuavam durante a noite com &#225;gua dispon&#237;vel antes da cirurgia. Todas as experi&#234;ncias em animais foram aprovadas pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da Dalian Medical University e realizadas de acordo com as diretrizes institucionais e de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Indu&#231;&#227;o de hiperlipidemia experimental</title>
          <p>Por meio da tabela de n&#250;meros aleat&#243;rios, os animais foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais (n = 8, por conveni&#234;ncia): o grupo controle recebeu uma dieta normal e o grupo de hiperlipidemia (l&#237;pidos H) recebeu dieta rica em gordura (HFD, D12451, Dieta de pesquisa, EUA) durante 8 semanas. A hiperlipidemia foi documentada estimando o n&#237;vel de colesterol total (TC) e triglicer&#237;deos (TG) no soro usando kits comercialmente dispon&#237;veis (<italic>Jiancheng Biotech</italic>, Nanjing, China).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 8 semanas de dieta rica em gordura, os ratos foram sacrificados. Os cora&#231;&#245;es dos ratos foram removidos e fixados em formalina neutra 10% (v/v) e processados por t&#233;cnicas histol&#243;gicas padr&#227;o. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram corados com hematoxilina e eosina (H &amp; E) e picro-Sirius. Em seguida, foram examinadas as altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas. Os cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos tamb&#233;m foram usados para determinar a express&#227;o proteica de quimase, triptase, TGF-&#946;, &#946;-catenina e &#945;-SMA por an&#225;lise Western Blot e colora&#231;&#227;o imuno-histoqu&#237;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Western Blot</title>
          <p>De acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante, as prote&#237;nas foram extra&#237;das dos cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos com kit de extra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na (<italic>KeyGen Biotech</italic>, Nanjing, China). A prote&#237;na foi medida de acordo com o procedimento de &#225;cido bicincon&#237;nico (BCA) (Solarbio, Pequim, China), com albumina de soro bovino como padr&#227;o. As prote&#237;nas (20 &#181;g) foram ressuspensas em tamp&#227;o de amostra de eletroforese contendo &#946;-mercaptoetanol e separadas por eletroforese num gel SDS-poliacrilamida 10% pr&#233;-moldado (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA), seguido de transfer&#234;ncia eletr&#244;nica a uma membrana PVDF (<italic>Millipore</italic>, Bedford, MA). As membranas foram bloqueadas usando 5% de leite sem gordura em solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada com Tris com 0,1% de Tween-20 (TBST) durante 2h a 37&#176;C. A &#946;-Actina serviu como controle de carga. As membranas foram incubadas durante a noite a 4&#176;C com uma dilui&#231;&#227;o 1: 1000 de anticorpo policlonal para triptase, quimase, TGF-&#946;, &#946;-catenina e &#945;-SMA, respectivamente (Pequim Boisynthesis biotechnology, China) e com uma dilui&#231;&#227;o de 1: 1500 de anticorpo monoclonal para a &#946;-actina (Beyotime, China). Ap&#243;s a lavagem subsequente com TBST, foram ent&#227;o incubadas com anticorpos secund&#225;rios. Ap&#243;s uma extensa lavagem com TBST, as membranas foram expostas aos reagentes mais avan&#231;ados de quimioluminisc&#234;ncia (ECL) do Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Haimen, China) de acordo com o protocolo do fabricante. A luz emitida foi documentada com um sistema de imagem multiespectral BioSpectrum-410 com uma c&#226;mera Chemi HR 410 (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, EUA). As bandas de prote&#237;nas foram visualizadas e fotografadas sob luz ultravioleta transmitida. A imagem foi utilizada para medi&#231;&#245;es semiquantitativas com base na densitometria de banda.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Colora&#231;&#227;o imuno-histoqu&#237;mica</title>
          <p>Se&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas de cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos (4 &#181;m de espessura) foram montadas em l&#226;minas revestidas de poli-L-lisina. As l&#226;minas foram desparafinadas em xileno e reidratadas em &#225;lcoois graduados. As se&#231;&#245;es foram pr&#233;-tratadas com solu&#231;&#227;o reguladora de citrato (0,01 mol/L de &#225;cido c&#237;trico, pH 6,0) durante 20 min a 95&#176;C. Em seguida, &#224; temperatura ambiente foram imersos em PBS contendo 3% de H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> durante 10 min. Depois de exp&#244;-las a 10% de soro de cabra normal em PBS durante 30 min &#224; temperatura ambiente, as se&#231;&#245;es de tecido foram incubadas a 4&#176;C durante a noite com anti-&#945;-SMA e TGF-&#946; policlonais de coelho (dilui&#231;&#227;o 1: 100). Em seguida, se&#231;&#245;es foram enxaguadas com PBS, incubadas com <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.gbtbiosciences.com/index.php/eletroforesse/western-blotting-anticorpos/anticorpo-coelho-anti-igg-cabra-hrp-1-5-ml-detail">anticorpo de coelho-anti IgG de cabra</ext-link>biotinilada durante 20 minutos &#224; temperatura ambiente e tratadas com cromog&#234;nio de 3,30-diaminobenzidina durante 5 min &#224; temperatura ambiente. Finalmente, as se&#231;&#245;es foram contrastadas com hematoxilina durante 6 min.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno</title>
          <p>Foi realizada colora&#231;&#227;o vermelha de picro-Sirius em tecidos seccionados em s&#233;rie. Os tecidos embebidos em parafina foram desparafinados em xileno, reidratados em &#225;lcoois graduados e depois incubados em vermelho Sirius 0,1% durante 1 h &#224; temperatura ambiente. Finalmente, as se&#231;&#245;es foram contrastadas com hematoxilina durante 2 min. As se&#231;&#245;es foram estudadas sob um microsc&#243;pio de luz em diferentes amplia&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi calculada usando o software SPSS 13.0. Os dados do grupo foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; S.D. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi utilizado para verificar a normalidade dos dados estudados e, ent&#227;o, foram utilizados testes param&#233;tricos ou n&#227;o param&#233;tricos para an&#225;lise de distribui&#231;&#227;o de dados normal ou n&#227;o normal, respectivamente. Os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram submetidos &#224; teste <italic>t</italic> de Student da amostra. Em todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas, p &lt; 0,05 de dois lados foi considerado para indicar um resultado estatisticamente significante.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>A bioqu&#237;mica s&#233;rica mudou ap&#243;s o tratamento com dieta rica em gordura</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua com dieta rica em gordura durante 8 semanas, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TC e TG no grupo H-lip&#237;dico foram significativamente maiores que os do grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TC e TG ap&#243;s dieta rica em gordura durante 8 semanas. (mmol/l)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="45%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="45%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Grupo</th>
                  <th align="center">TG</th>
                  <th align="center">TC</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Controle</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73 &#177; 0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">1,87 &#177; 0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">H-l&#237;pido</td>
                  <td align="center">1,21 &#177; 0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">3,34 &#177; 0,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Valor de p</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,05</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>TC: colesterol total; TG: triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exames histol&#243;gicos</title>
          <p>A colora&#231;&#227;o H &amp; E de tecidos do cora&#231;&#227;o mostraram que as fibras do mioc&#225;rdio no grupo de controle estavam em ordem e a sua estrutura era normal. N&#227;o houve fibra rompida, o n&#250;cleo da c&#233;lula do mioc&#225;rdio estava normal. No entanto, a fibra muscular estava disposta em desordem, amplamente colapsada e degenerada no grupo hiperlipidemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Mudan&#231;a em microfotografias card&#237;acas de ratos hiperlipid&#234;micos. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram corados com H &amp; E (A-B). Se&#231;&#245;es representativas dos cora&#231;&#245;es de um rato de controle (A), rato hiperlipid&#234;mico (B). H &amp; E, amplia&#231;&#227;o &#215; 400. </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0404-70143-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hiperlipidemia aumenta a produ&#231;&#227;o da quimase e triptase de mast&#243;citos</title>
          <p>Desde que a protease dos mast&#243;citos desempenha um papel essencial no processo de fibrose, seus n&#237;veis de produ&#231;&#227;o no caso de hiperlipidemia seria a nossa preocupa&#231;&#227;o. Para investiga-la, cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos foram removidos imediatamente ap&#243;s o sacrif&#237;cio para an&#225;lise de Western blot. Os resultados do Western blot mostraram que a express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas de quimase e triptase estava significativamente aumentada em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>)</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeito da hiperlipidemia na express&#227;o proteica da triptase, da quimase, do TGF-&#946;, da &#946;-catenina e da &#945;-SMA nos cora&#231;&#245;es dos ratos hiperlipid&#234;micos. O gr&#225;fico de barras mostra a rela&#231;&#227;o de express&#227;o relativa de cada prote&#237;na calculada ap&#243;s a normaliza&#231;&#227;o por &#946;-actina. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; SD. (*p &lt; 0,05 versus grupo controle; n = 8).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0404-70143-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hiperlipidemia promoveu atividade de TGF-&#946; e via Wnt/ &#946;-catenina</title>
          <p>TGF-&#946; &#233; uma citocina pr&#243;-fibr&#243;tica que induz a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de fibroblastos e macr&#243;fagos, por meio da indu&#231;&#227;o de outros fatores de crescimento. A via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o / &#946;-catenina Wnt &#233; essencial para a fibrose induzida por TGF-&#946;. A an&#225;lise de Western blot de TGF-&#946; e &#946;-catenina mostrou um aumento da express&#227;o de ambas as prote&#237;nas que era evidente no grupo H-l&#237;pido comparado com o grupo de controle. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>Os resultados de imuno-histoqu&#237;mica foram semelhantes aos mencionados acima. As express&#245;es proteicas de TGF-&#946; em cora&#231;&#245;es do grupo H-lip&#237;dico dos ratos estavam significativamente aumentadas em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeito da hiperlipidemia na express&#227;o proteica de TGF-&#946; nos cora&#231;&#245;es dos ratos hiperlipid&#234;micos. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram imunohistoqu&#237;micamente corados (A-B). Se&#231;&#245;es representativas dos cora&#231;&#245;es de um rato de controle (A), um rato hiperlipid&#234;mico (B). Colora&#231;&#227;o imuno-histoqu&#237;mica, amplia&#231;&#227;o &#215; 400.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0404-70143-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>A hiperlipidemia induziu grande deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno no cora&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A colora&#231;&#227;o picro-Sirius vermelha sugeriu significativo maior teor de col&#225;geno no grupo H-l&#237;pido, quando comparado com os grupos de controle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">figura 4</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, os resultados da imuno-histoqu&#237;mica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>) e do Western blot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>) mostraram que os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de &#945;-SMA no tecido do cora&#231;&#227;o do grupo H-l&#237;pido estavam significativamente aumentados em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeito da hiperlipidemia na acumula&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno nos cora&#231;&#245;es dos ratos hiperlipid&#234;micos. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram corados com picro-Sirius vermelho (A-B). Se&#231;&#245;es representativas dos cora&#231;&#245;es de um rato de controle (A), rato hiperlipid&#234;mico (B). Picro-Sirius colora&#231;&#227;o vermelha, amplia&#231;&#227;o &#215; 400. </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0404-70143-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeito da hiperlipidemia na express&#227;o proteica de &#945;-SMA em cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos hiperlipid&#234;micos. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram imunohistoquimicamente corados (A-C). Se&#231;&#245;es representativas dos cora&#231;&#245;es de um rato de controle (A), rato hiperlipid&#234;mico (B). Colora&#231;&#227;o imuno-histoqu&#237;mica, amplia&#231;&#227;o &#215; 400.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0404-70143-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hiperlipidemia &#233; um dist&#250;rbio cl&#237;nico e metab&#243;lico caracterizado pela eleva&#231;&#227;o anormal dos principais lip&#237;deos circulat&#243;rios e dos n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;nas que representa aproximadamente 56% dos casos de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no mundo e causa ao redor de 4,4 milh&#245;es de mortes anuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Como foi informado, o risco de morte por cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica &#233; significativamente alto em pacientes com hiperlipidemia essencial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, relatou-se que a dieta de alto conte&#250;do cal&#243;rico poderia induzir hiperlipidemia e promover a les&#227;o card&#237;aca e a insufici&#234;ncia em ratos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> H&#225; por&#233;m, pouco conhecimento sobre os mecanismos subjacentes nestas mudan&#231;as biol&#243;gicas. A fibrose card&#237;aca &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica patol&#243;gica comum da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca em est&#225;gio final. Portanto, como as causas potenciais da fibrose card&#237;aca devem ser investigadas, pesquisamos se a hiperlipidemia est&#225; associada &#224; progress&#227;o da fibrose card&#237;aca, contribuindo para a patog&#234;nese da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. No presente estudo, o n&#237;vel de TC e TG no soro foi significativamente maior no grupo H-lip&#237;dico, o que indica que o modelo de ratos com hiperlipidemia foi estabelecido com sucesso. Em seguida, pesquisamos as altera&#231;&#245;es na morfologia card&#237;aca dos ratos por colora&#231;&#227;o H &amp; E. Os resultados mostraram uma camada muscular do cora&#231;&#227;o disposta em desordem com ruptura em ratos do grupo modelo. A colora&#231;&#227;o vermelha de picro-Sirius sugeriu um teor de col&#225;geno significativamente maior no grupo H-lip&#237;dico em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos controle, e o Western Blot mostrou que o n&#237;vel de express&#227;o de &#945;-SMA, conhecido como marcador de miofibroblasto, no grupo lip&#237;deos foi significativamente maior do que no grupo de controle. Os mast&#243;citos foram reconhecidos como importantes c&#233;lulas efetoras na fibrose tecidual. Conforme relatado, os mast&#243;citos expressam proteases de serina; triptase e quimase as quais est&#227;o associadas &#224; fibrose em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre seu envolvimento em doen&#231;as card&#237;acas induzidas por hiperlipidemia. No nosso estudo, os resultados de Western blot mostraram que as express&#245;es proteicas de triptase e de quimase no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos do grupo H-lip&#237;dico estavam aumentadas em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Para explorar ainda mais o mecanismo molecular da fibrose card&#237;aca em ratos de hiperlipidemia, utilizando an&#225;lise Western Blot e colora&#231;&#227;o imuno-histoqu&#237;mica, examinamos as express&#245;es proteicas de TGF-&#946; que est&#227;o intrincadamente ligadas aos efeitos profibr&#243;ticos dos mast&#243;citos e a via Wnt / &#946;-catenina que &#233; essencial para a fibrose induzida por TGF-&#946;. Os resultados da an&#225;lise Western Blot e da colora&#231;&#227;o imuno-histoqu&#237;mica demonstraram que as express&#245;es proteicas de TGF-&#946; no cora&#231;&#227;o do grupo de ratos H-l&#237;pidos aumentaram significativamente em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Al&#233;m disso, os resultados da an&#225;lise Western Blot mostraram que o n&#237;vel de express&#227;o de prote&#237;na alterada de &#946;-catenina era semelhante ao TGF-&#946;.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Em resumo, como a patog&#234;nese indica, a progress&#227;o da fibrose card&#237;aca pode ser induzida por hiperlipidemia. De modo interessante, os tecidos card&#237;acos de ratos hiperlipid&#234;micos revelaram aumento da ativa&#231;&#227;o de mast&#243;citos e atividade aumentada da via TGF-&#946; / Wnt / &#946;-catenina. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que os mast&#243;citos e a via TGF-&#946; / Wnt / &#946;-catenina n&#227;o eram apenas muito importantes para a fibrose do tecido card&#237;aco na hiperlipidemia, mas tamb&#233;m um poss&#237;vel alvo para a terapia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
