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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NCyXcTpWJSTTGT7hKnw9b6G</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001400397</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170149</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005020101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association of Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction with Coronary Microvascular Resistance in Patients with Cardiac Syndrome X</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Long</surname>
            <given-names>Ming</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Zhibin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhuang</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaodong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Zena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guo</surname>
            <given-names>Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liao</surname>
            <given-names>Xinxue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luo</surname>
            <given-names>Chufan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">First Affiliated Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Sun Yat-sen University</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Guangzhou</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou - China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ming Long</bold>, 58 Zhongshan Rd II. 510080, Guangzhou - China. E-mail: <email>longming@mail.sysu.edu.cn</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Long M, Huang Z, Liao X, Luo C; Acquisition of data: Long M, Huang Z, Luo C; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Long M, Zhuang X; Obtaining financing: Long M, Huang Z, Liao X; Writing of the manuscript: Long M, Huang Z, Liao X, Luo C; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Long M, Liao X, Luo C; Supervision: Long M, Guo Y, Liao X.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>397</fpage>
      <lpage>403</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Although a proportion of CSX patients have impaired brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in response to hyperemia, suggesting that endothelial dysfunction in these patients may be systemic and not just confined to the coronary circulation; the underlying mechanisms triggering endothelial dysfunction in these patients are still incompletely understood.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess the association of the index of Microcirculatory Resistance (IMR) with endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in patients with CSX.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We studied 20 CSX patients and 20 age and gender-matched control subjects. Thermodilution-derived coronary flow reserve (CFR) and IMR were measured using a pressure-temperature sensor-tipped guidewire. Brachial artery FMD was measured using high-resolution, two-dimensional ultrasound images obtained with a Doppler ultrasound device (HDI-ATL 5000, USA) with a 5 MHz to 12 MHz linear-array transducer.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Compared with in control subjects, CFR was significantly lower (2.42 &#177; 0.78 vs. 3.59 &#177; 0.79, p &lt; 0.001); IMR was higher (32.2 &#177; 8.0 vs. 19.5 &#177; 5.5, p &lt; 0.001); the concentration of hs-CRP and FMD was higher (4.75 &#177; 1.62 vs. 2.75 &#177; 1.50; 5.24 &#177; 2.41 vs. 8.57 &#177; 2.46, p &lt; 0.001) in CSX patients. The Duke treadmill score (DTS) was correlated positively to CFR and FMD (0.489 and 0.661, p &lt; 0.001), it was negative to IMR and hsCRP (-0.761 and -0.087, p &lt; 0.001) in CSX patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The main finding in this study is that the DTS measured in patients with CSX was associated to hsCRP and FMD. Moreover, the independent effects of exercise tolerance can significantly impair FMD and hsCRP in CSX patients; especially it is particularly important to whom where FMD was associated negatively with IMR.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Endothelium / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Brachial Artery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Although multiple pathophysiologic abnormalities have been reported in cardiac syndrome X (CSX), generalized endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are accepted as major pathophysiologic mechanisms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It has been proposed that because of endothelial dysfunction, reduced coronary vasodilatation and abnormal arterial constriction comes about in patients with CSX.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> It was also demonstrated that endothelium-dependent and independent dilatation is impaired in CSX. Masci PG et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> have shown that a proportion of CSX patients have impaired brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in response to hyperemia suggesting that endothelial dysfunction in these patients may be systemic and not just confined to the coronary circulation. However, the underlying mechanisms triggering endothelial dysfunction in these patients are still incompletely understood. Studies have shown that impaired brachial artery FMD is significantly associated with elevated hs-CRP concentrations in patients with CSX<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>. These were an important role for inflammation in the modulation of coronary microvascular responses in patients with CSX.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The Index of Microcirculatory Resistance (IMR) is measured at peak hyperemia, thereby eliminating the variability of resting vascular tone and hemodynamics. With recent technological advances, it is now possible to measure pressure while estimating coronary flow with a single pressure-temperature sensor-tipped coronary wire.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Therefore, IMR is a readily available, quantitative and reproducible, wire-based method for invasively assessing coronary microvascular function independent of the epicardial artery in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The aim of the present study was to assess the association of IMR with endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in patients with CSX.</p>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient population and study protocol</title>
        <p>The present prospective study was conducted in the Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. We enrolled 20 CSX patients (CSX group) who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for CSX in the present study as follow:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> (1) a typical history of exertional angina; (2) a positive exercise treadmill test; and (3) angiographically normal epicardial coronary arteries without minimal irregularities.</p>
        <p>This study was our series of research on coronary microvascular dysfunction, and for the first time, we directly demonstrated the relationship of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in increased microvascular resistance in CSX patients in the small size sample of our previous study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The control group consisted of 18 age- and gender-matched subjects who were referred for diagnostic coronary angiography due to atypical chest discomfort, with a negative exercise treadmill test and completely normal coronary arteries at angiography.</p>
        <p>Subjects with any of the following clinical conditions were excluded from this study: other specific forms of cardiac disease (for example, variant angina, cardiomyopathies, and valvular or congenital heart disease), any regional wall motion abnormalities at resting echocardiogram, ejection fraction less than 50%, atrial fibrillation or left bundle branch block on ECG, uncontrolled hypertension (&gt; 160/100 mmHg) or diabetes mellitus (fasting plasma glucose &gt; 7.0 mmol/L and/or postprandial glucose &gt; 11.0 mmol/L), systemic disorders, and liver or renal insufficiency.</p>
        <p>The hospital Ethics Committee approved the study protocol, and each subject gave written informed consent to the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coronary angiography</title>
        <p>In all study participants, selective coronary angiography was performed using standard Judkins technique. Coronary arteries were visualized in left and right oblique planes with cranial and caudal angulations. Injection of contrast medium (Iopromide, Ultravist-370; Schering AG, Berlin, Germany) was carried out by an automatic injector, at a speed of 5 ml/s for left coronary artery and 3 ml/s for right coronary artery.</p>
        <p>All anti-angina and anti-ischemic medications, except sublingual nitroglycerin, were withheld for at least one week before the examination. All coronary angiograms were analyzed by two experienced independent investigators and only angiograms with visually smooth contours with no wall irregularities were accepted as normal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Intracoronary thermodilution measurements</title>
        <p>After coronary angiography, a coronary pressure wire (PressureWire-4, Radi Medical Systems, Wilmington, Mass.) was calibrated outside the body, equalized to the guiding catheter pressure with the sensor positioned at the ostium of the guiding catheter, and then advanced it until the wire sensor was located in the distal third of the left anterior descending coronary artery, with the transducer distance at 7~10 cm from the guide tip.</p>
        <p>With commercially available software (Radi Medical Systems), the shaft of the pressure wire can act as a proximal thermistor by detecting changes in temperature-dependent electrical resistance. The sensor near the tip of the wire simultaneously measures pressure and temperature and can thereby act as a distal thermistor. The transit time of room-temperature saline injected down a coronary artery can be determined using a thermodilution technique.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Three injections of saline (3 mL, room temperature) were administered into the coronary artery, and the baseline mean transit time (bTmn) was measured. Intravenous adenosine (140 ug/kg/min) was then administered to induce steady-state maximal hyperemia, then three more injections of saline (3 mL, room temperature) were given, and the hyperemic mean transit time (hTmn) was measured. Simultaneous measurements of mean aortic pressure (P<italic>a</italic>, by guiding catheter) and mean distal coronary pressure (P<italic>d</italic>, by pressure wire) were also made in the resting and maximal hyperemic states. CFR was calculated as bTmn divided by hTmn. IMR was calculated as the distal coronary pressure at maximal hyperemia divided by the inverse of hTmn. Fractional flow reserve (FFR) was calculated by the ratio of P<italic>d</italic>/P<italic>a</italic> at maximal hyperemia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of FMD in the brachial artery</title>
        <p>Brachial artery FMD was measured using a standardized technique.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> All subjects were studied in the morning, having abstained from alcohol, caffeine and food for 12 h before the test. The diameter of the artery was measured using high-resolution, two-dimensional ultrasound images obtained with a Doppler ultrasound device (HDI-ATL 5000, USA) with a 5 MHz to 12 MHz linear-array transducer. The right brachial artery was scanned over a longitudinal section, approximately 3 cm to 5 cm above the right elbow. Depth and gain settings were optimized to identify the lumen-to-vessel wall interface. An ECG monitor integrated with the ultrasound machine was also applied. When an optimal image of the brachial artery was obtained, the surface of the skin was marked, and the arm was maintained in the same position throughout the study. Following the measurement of baseline brachial artery diameter, a pneumatic tourniquet placed around the forearm distal to the target artery was inflated to a pressure of 250 mmHg, and inflation was held for 5 min. Reactive hyperemia in the brachial artery was then induced by rapid cuff deflation. A second scan was performed continuously for 60 s before and 120 s after cuff deflation. The ultrasound images were recorded using digital video. The diameter of the brachial artery was measured from the anterior to the posterior interface between the media and adventitia at a fixed distance. The mean diameter was calculated from four cardiac cycles synchronized using the R-wave peaks on the ECG. All measurements were recorded at end-diastole to avoid possible errors resulting from variable arterial compliance. Maximal vasodilation was observed 60 s after cuff release. FMD was calculated as the percentage change in artery diameter from baseline to reactive hyperemia. All of the ultrasonographic assessments were performed by the same blinded radiologist.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein measurements</title>
        <p>Blood samples were immediately centrifuged at 2000 g for 10 min, and serum was stored at &#8722;80&#186;C for the subsequent analysis of biochemical markers. The level of hsCRP was measured at 550 nm by a particle enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay (Orion Diagnostic, USA) on a Hitachi 7170A (Hitachi, Japan) analyzer. The lower limit of detection for the method is 0.125 mg/L. The interassay coefficient of variations were 0.14% and 2.1% at mean values of 8.20 mg/L and 0.31 mg/L, respectively; the intra-assay coefficients of variation were 0.13% and 2.3% at mean values of 8.21 mg/L and 0.30 mg/L, respectively. An hs-CRP concentration &gt; 3 mg/L was considered abnormal as suggested previously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 13.0 software. Data were expressed as mean &#177; SD unless otherwise specified. Categorical variables were presented using the absolute number and its proportion. Continuous variables between groups were compared by paired Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test. Proportions were compared by the Fisher exact test when the expected frequency was &lt; 5, otherwise the chi-square test was applied. If the data followed a normal distribution, two-sample independent Student&#8217;s T test was used; otherwise, two-sample Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test was used. Pearson&#8217;s correlation analysis was used to test univariate relations. Significance was considered to be achieved for two-tailed p values &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population and clinical demographics in two group of patients</title>
        <p>Patients&#8217; clinical demographics and characteristics for the use of medications in both groups are documented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The two groups were similar for age, gender, height, weight, cardiovascular risk factors, blood pressure, heart rate, and left ventricular function, and there were no differences in characteristics for the use of medications between these two groups.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical Demographics in cardiac syndrome X patients and controls</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">CSX group (n = 20)</th>
                <th align="center">Control group (n = 20)</th>
                <th align="center">p Value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age, y</td>
                <td align="center">53.6 &#177; 9.8</td>
                <td align="center">54.7 &#177; 10.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.727</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male gender, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (25.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (30.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.709</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height, cm</td>
                <td align="center">162.0 &#177; 8.0</td>
                <td align="center">161.9 &#177; 7.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.968</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight, kg</td>
                <td align="center">63.2 &#177; 7.6</td>
                <td align="center">62.3 &#177; 8.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.730</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Risk factors, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systemic hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">10 (50.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (35.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.312</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">5 (25.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (20.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.690</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypercholesterolemia</td>
                <td align="center">4 (20.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (30.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.441</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Current smokers</td>
                <td align="center">2 (10.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.614</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family history of coronary disease</td>
                <td align="center">3 (15.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (10.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.614</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systolic blood pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">127.8 &#177; 12.2</td>
                <td align="center">125.9 &#177; 12.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.622</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">73.7 &#177; 10.2</td>
                <td align="center">73.8 &#177; 6.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.971</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rest heart rate, beats/min</td>
                <td align="center">70.5 &#177; 7.5</td>
                <td align="center">68.2 &#177; 8.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.376</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left ventricular ejection fraction, %</td>
                <td align="center">58.9 &#177; 7.6</td>
                <td align="center">60.3 &#177; 6.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.555</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Use of medication, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspirin</td>
                <td align="center">16 (80.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (80.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Statins</td>
                <td align="center">12 (60.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (45.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.317</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-blockers</td>
                <td align="center">11 (55.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (35.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.180</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACE inhibitors and/or ARB</td>
                <td align="center">4 (20.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (30.0%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.441</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Values are given as number of patients (%) or mean &#177; SD. ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Mann-Whitney test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Comparisons of CFR, IMR and FFR between groups</title>
        <p>No significant difference was present in exercise duration between groups. Thermodilution-derived IMR could be easily measured in all studied cases. CFR and IMR were significantly lower in CSX group than in Control group, and the FFR values were not different in two groups. The mean values for CFR and IMR was 2.42 &#177; 0.78 vs 3.59 &#177; 0.79 and 32.2 &#177; 8.0 vs 19.5 &#177; 5.5, whereas FFR (0.95 &#177; 0.02 and 0.94 &#177; 0.03) showed no differences (p &gt; 0.05 for all comparisons) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparisons of coronary physiology and exercise test results in cardiac syndrome X patients and controls</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">CSX group (n = 20)</th>
                <th align="center">Control group (n = 20)</th>
                <th align="center">p Value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CFR</td>
                <td align="center">2.42 &#177; 0.78</td>
                <td align="center">3.59 &#177; 0.79</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMR</td>
                <td align="center">32.2 &#177; 8.0</td>
                <td align="center">19.5 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FFR</td>
                <td align="center">0.95 &#177; 0.02</td>
                <td align="center">0.94 &#177; 0.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.470</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Exercise duration (minutes)</td>
                <td align="center">7.60 &#177; 2.30</td>
                <td align="center">9.20 &#177; 2.86</td>
                <td align="center">0.059</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Net exercise-induced</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ST-segment deviation (millimeters)</td>
                <td align="center">1.85 &#177; 0.75</td>
                <td align="center">0.25 &#177; 0.25</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Treadmill angina index</td>
                <td align="center">0.45 &#177; 0.69</td>
                <td align="center">0.00 &#177; 0.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Double product (mmHg.bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">26051 &#177; 6177</td>
                <td align="center">27366 &#177; 5247</td>
                <td align="center">0.472</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DTS</td>
                <td align="center">-2.2 &#177; 7.7</td>
                <td align="center">8.1 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Serum hsCRP, mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">4.75 &#177; 1.62</td>
                <td align="center">2.75 &#177; 1.50</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Brachial FMD, %</td>
                <td align="center">5.24 &#177; 2.41</td>
                <td align="center">8.57 &#177; 2.46</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Values are given as mean &#177; SD. CFR: coronary flow reserve; IMR: index of microvascular resistance; FFR: fractional flow reserve; DTS: Duke treadmill score; bpm: beats per minute; FMD: flow-mediated dilation;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>Mann-Whitney test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Relationships between hs-CRP, FMD, IMR and DTS</title>
        <p>In CSX patients, the DTS was correlated negatively to IMR (r = -0.761, p &lt; 0.001) and positively to FMD (r = -0.661, p = 0.002) with CFR (r = 0.489, p = 0.029), while evaluating correlations of myocardial ischemic threshold with IMR and CFR, we found that exercise duration was correlated positively to FMD (r = 0.448, p = 0.048) with CFR (r = 0.599; p = 0.005) and negatively to IMR (r=&#8722;0.604; p = 0.005), however, the DTS and exercise duration was not relevant with hsCRP (r = -0.087, p = 0.716 and r = 0.016, p = 0.948) and FFR (r = -0.309, p = 0.761and r = -0.091, p = 0.703). Importantly, the FMD was associated negatively with IMR (r = -0.869, p &lt; 0.001). Interestedly, double product was significantly correlated to hsCRP (r = -0.502; p = 0.024) and not significantly correlated to FMD (r = 0.328, p = 0.158), CFR (r = 0.429, p = 0.059), IMR (r = -0.399, p = 0.082), and FFR (r = 0.015, p = 0.951) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pearson correlation between hs-CRP, FMD, IMR and DTS in cardiac syndrome X patients and controls group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">CSX group (correlation coefficient)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Control group (correlation coefficient)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">DTS (p value)</th>
                <th align="center">exercise duration <break/> (p value)</th>
                <th align="center">double product <break/> (p value)</th>
                <th align="center">DTS (p value)</th>
                <th align="center">exercise duration <break/> (p value)</th>
                <th align="center">double product <break/> (p value)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CFR</td>
                <td align="center">0.489* (0.029)</td>
                <td align="center">0.599* (0.005)</td>
                <td align="center">0.429 (0.059)</td>
                <td align="center">0.241 (0.307)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.126 (0.598)</td>
                <td align="center">0.229 (0.332)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMR</td>
                <td align="center">-0.761* (0.000)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.604* (0.005)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.399 (0.082)</td>
                <td align="center">0.156 (0.511)</td>
                <td align="center">0.053 (0.823)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.258 (0.272)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FFR</td>
                <td align="center">-0.073 (0.761)</td>
                <td align="center">0.091 (0.703)</td>
                <td align="center">0.015 (0.951)</td>
                <td align="center">0.143 (0.548)</td>
                <td align="center">0.252 (0.284)</td>
                <td align="center">0.293 (0.210)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">hsCRP, mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">-0.087 (0.716)</td>
                <td align="center">0.016 (0.948)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.502* (0.024)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.006 (0.980)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.072 (0.763)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.430 (0.058)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FMD, %</td>
                <td align="center">0.661* (0.002)</td>
                <td align="center">0.448* (0.048)</td>
                <td align="center">0.328 (0.158)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.254 (0.279)</td>
                <td align="center">-0.092 (0.701)</td>
                <td align="center">0.036 (0.880)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>CFR: coronary flow reserve; IMR: index of microvascular resistance; FFR: fractional flow reserve; DTS: Duke treadmill score; bpm: beats per minute; FMD: flow-mediated dilation; (*p &lt; 0.05, Statistical test performed: linear regression analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In control group, the DTS, exercise duration and double product was all not correlated to hsCRP, FMD, CFR, IMR, and FFR.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In our past study, we firstly found that coronary microvascular dysfunction in patients with CSX was represented by the increased IMR and the impaired CFR. For the further study, the main finding in this study is that the DTS measured in patients with CSX was associated of hsCRP and FMD. An interesting secondary finding is that double product was significantly correlated to hsCRP. These findings reinforce the importance of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in the microvascular dysfunction of CSX patients. They also highlight the independent effects of exercise tolerance can significantly impair FMD and associated of hsCRP in CSX patients. Thirdly, it is particularly important to that the FMD was associated negatively with IMR.</p>
      <p>IMR is a quantitative, reproducible index that is independent of epicardial coronary disease and specific for the microcirculation. Our previous studies suggested that IMR might be a more superior and reliable index reflecting coronary microcirculatory function. CSX patients are often strongly symptomatic and difficult to manage, which affects microvascular systems and increases vascular tonus. In our past study, coronary microvascular dysfunction in CSX patients was associated with increased IMR, we further documented that the FMD was associated negatively with IMR. It has been suggested that coronary microvascular dysfunction is caused by showed a correlation between coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction and peripheral vascular dilatation. Our findings also agree with data from Tondi P et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> who reported FMD in patients who had cardiac syndrome X.</p>
      <p>Several studies have demonstrated that endothelial dysfunction and inflammation can be pathophysiological mechanisms of CSX patients, and our results were completely consistent with these opinions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, insulin resistance,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and estrogen deficiency<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> have been reported to be highly prevalent in CSX patients and probably contribute to microcirculatory dysfunction in these patients. Moreover, Ong et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> confirmed a significant correlation between obesity and reduced flow mediated dilatation as well as with hs-CRP concentrations, and they suggested that obesity contributes to low-grade inflammation and impaired FMD in CSX patients. Further studies confirmed that impairment balance between tPA, PAI-1 endothelin-1 and NO, increased sympathetic tonus, abnormal coronary flow reserve, and microvascular spasm were possibly one of the mechanisms of CSX.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The level of C reactive protein in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries correlates with the frequency and duration of chest pain and the extent of ST-segment depression on exercise testing and ambulatory monitoring.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Verma et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> reported that recombinant human CRP directly inhibits endothelial progenitor cells differentiation, survival and function at concentrations known to predict adverse vascular outcomes. Therefore, the enhanced extent of inflammation observed in patients with CSX may reduce endothelial progenitor cells levels and function in blood circulation, resulting in attenuated repair capacity of vasculature. Our data supported these findings that hsCRP was significantly correlated to DTS and double product in CSX patients, and it was suggested that exercise tolerance can significantly associated of hsCRP in CSX patients. This suggests that the inflammatory damaged vascular endothelial function, further affecting the cardiac microvascular reserve function, influenced the exercise tolerance in CSX patients.</p>
      <p>FMD is a noninvasive index of endothelial function and vascular health in humans. During the past decades, a large body of evidence accumulated has indicated that an impaired FMD is detectable in CSX patients, suggesting a generalized abnormality in vascular function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Our data also shows the same result that FMD was associated with IMD and it reflected the microvascular function in CSX patients. Masci et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> showed that these patients with lower FMD responses had a higher probability of having transient myocardial perfusion defects on thallium-201 single-photon emission computed tomographic. Furthermore, Lekakis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> suggested that CSX patients had significantly lower brachial artery FMD in response to hyperemia than healthy controls. In addition, it has been demonstrated that coronary microvascular dysfunction as well as peripheral artery endothelial dysfunction in CSX can be associated with elevated CRP concentrations. Teragawa et al. <!--marcar 26 com xref--> 26 showed, for example, that impaired microvascular coronary responses to intracoronary acetylcholine were significantly more common in patients with chest pain, normal coronary arteriograms and elevated CRP levels compared to patients with normal CRP concentrations.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>This is a prospective, observational study designed to demonstrate invasively coronary microvascular dysfunction in CSX patients. The primary limitation was the comparatively small number of patients, but the diagnostic criteria we adopted were well-characterized, including only patients with completely normal coronary angiograms, effort-induced angina pectoris, and positive exercise stress test, which resulted in a relatively low incidence of CSX. Second, we did not exclude subjects with traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia or smoking, which can also influence vascular function and lead to CMD. However, the CSX patients were strictly matched to a control group, with no differences between groups in clinical demographics and cardiovascular risk factors, which gives strength to our findings.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The main finding in this study is that the DTS measured in patients with CSX was associated of hsCRP and FMD. Moreover, the independent effects of exercise tolerance can significantly impair FMD and be associated with hsCRP in CSX patients, especially, it is particularly important to those where FMD was associated negatively with IMR.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Guangdong Science and Technology Foundation and partially funded by Guangdong Natural Science Foundation.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Ming Long, from First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alevizaki</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Desses</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souvatzoglou</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endothelial dysfunction of conduit arteries in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus without microalbuminuria</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>164</fpage>
          <lpage>168</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9217886</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o de Inflama&#231;&#227;o e Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial com Resist&#234;ncia Microvascular Coronariana em Pacientes com S&#237;ndrome Card&#237;aca X</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Long</surname>
            <given-names>Ming</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Zhibin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhuang</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaodong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Zena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guo</surname>
            <given-names>Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liao</surname>
            <given-names>Xinxue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luo</surname>
            <given-names>Chufan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou - China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ming Long</bold>, 58 Zhongshan Rd II. 510080, Guangzhou - China. E-mail: <email>longming@mail.sysu.edu.cn</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Long M, Huang Z, Liao X, Luo C; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Long M, Huang Z, Luo C; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Long M, Zhuang X; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Long M, Huang Z, Liao X; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Long M, Huang Z, Liao X, Luo C; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Long M, Liao X, Luo C; Supervis&#227;o: Long M, Guo Y, Liao X.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Embora uma propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCX tenha dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial (DMF) prejudicada em resposta &#224; hiperemia, sugerindo que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial nestes pacientes pode ser sist&#233;mica e n&#227;o limitar-se &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana, os mecanismos subjacentes que desencadeiam a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial nestes pacientes ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente compreendidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia microcirculat&#243;ria (IMR) com a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a inflama&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com SCX.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudaram-se 20 pacientes com SCX e 20 sujeitos de controle emparelhados em idade e g&#233;nero. A reserva de fluxo coronariano derivada da termodilui&#231;&#227;o (RFC) e a IMR forma medidas usando um fio guia com ponta de sensor de temperatura e press&#227;o. A DMF da art&#233;ria braquial foi medida utilizando imagens ultrass&#243;nicas bidimensionais de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o obtidas com um aparelho de ultrassom Doppler (HDI-ATL 5000, EE.UU.) com transdutor linear de 5 MHz a 12 MHz.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o com os sujeitos de controle, a RFC foi significativamente menor (2,42 &#177; 0,78 vs 3,59 &#177; 0,79, p &lt; 0,001); o IMR foi maior (32,2 &#177; 8,0 frente a 19,5 &#177; 5,5, p &lt; 0,001); a concentra&#231;&#227;o de PCR-as e DMF foi maior (4,75 &#177; 1,62 frente a 2,75 &#177; 1,50, 5,24 &#177; 2,41 diante de 8,57 &#177; 2,46, p &lt; 0,001) em pacientes com SCX. A escore de Duke (ED) se correlacionou positivamente com RFC e DMF (0,489 e 0,661, p &lt; 0,001), foi negativa para IMR e PCR-as (-0,761 e -0,087, p &lt; 0,001) em pacientes com SCX.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O principal achado neste estudo &#233; que o ED medido em pacientes com SCX esteve associado a PCR-as e DMF. Por outra parte, os efeitos independentes da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio podem piorar significativamente a DMF e a PCR-as em pacientes com SCX especialmente, &#233; particularmente importante que a DMF se associou negativamente com a RIM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Braquial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Embora se tenham informado m&#250;ltiplas anormalidades fisiopatol&#243;gicas na s&#237;ndrome card&#237;aca X (SCX), a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial generalizada e a inflama&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o aceitas como principais mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Tem se proposto que como resultado da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o coronariana reduzida e a constri&#231;&#227;o arterial anormal se produz em pacientes com SCX.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Tamb&#233;m se demostrou que a dilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio e a independente est&#227;o prejudicadas na SCX. Masci et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> demostraram que uma propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCX tem dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial (DMF) prejudicada em resposta &#224; hiperemia, o que sugere que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial nestes pacientes pode ser sist&#233;mica e n&#227;o se limitar &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana. Por&#233;m, os mecanismos subjacentes que desencadeiam a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial nestes pacientes ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o bem compreendidos. Estudos t&#234;m demostrado que a piora da DMF da art&#233;ria braquial se associa significativamente com elevadas concentra&#231;&#245;es de PCR-as em pacientes com SCX.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Estes tinham um papel importante para a inflama&#231;&#227;o na modula&#231;&#227;o das respostas microvasculares coron&#225;rias em pacientes com SCX.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O &#205;ndice de Resist&#234;ncia Microcirculat&#243;ria (IMR) &#233; medido no pico de hiperemia, eliminando a variabilidade do tom vascular e da hemodin&#226;mica em repouso. Com os recentes avances tecnol&#243;gicos, agora &#233; poss&#237;vel medir a press&#227;o enquanto se estima o fluxo coronariano com um &#250;nico fio guia com sensor de temperatura e presi&#243;n.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Portanto, IMR &#233; um m&#233;todo facilmente dispon&#237;vel, quantitativo e reproduz&#237;vel, baseado em fios guia para avaliar de forma invasiva a fun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana independente da art&#233;ria epic&#225;rdica no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de IMR com a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e inflama&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com SCX.</p>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>O presente estudo prospectivo se realizou no Departamento de Cardiologia, o Primeiro Hospital Afiliado da Universidade Sun Yat-sen. Inscreveram-se 20 pacientes SCX (grupo SCX) que cumpriram os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de SCX no presente estudo como segue:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> (1) hist&#243;ria t&#237;pica de angina de esfor&#231;o; (2) teste de exerc&#237;cio ergom&#233;trico positivo; e (3) art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas angiograficamente normais sem irregularidades m&#237;nimas.</p>
          <p>Este estudo foi nossa serie de pesquisa sobre disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana, e por primeira vez demostramos diretamente um aumento da resist&#234;ncia microvascular em pacientes com SCX na amostra de pequeno tamanho de nosso estudo anterior.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O grupo de controle consistiu em 18 sujeitos de idade e g&#233;nero emparelhados que foram encaminhados para angiografia coronariana diagn&#243;stica devido ao desconforto tor&#225;cico at&#237;pico, com um teste negativo da cinta ergom&#233;trica e art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias completamente normais em a angiografia.</p>
          <p>Os sujeitos com qualquer um dos seguintes quadros cl&#237;nicos foram exclu&#237;dos deste estudo: outras formas espec&#237;ficas de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca (por exemplo, angina variante, cardiomiopatias e cardiopatia valvular ou cong&#233;nita), qualquer anomalia regional do movimento da parede no ecocardiograma de repouso, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 50, fibrila&#231;&#227;o auricular o bloqueio de ramo esquerdo em ECG, hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada (&gt; 160/100 mmHg) o diabetes mellitus (glicose plasm&#225;tica de jejum &gt; 7.0 mmol/L e/o glicose p&#243;s-prandial &gt; 11.0 mmol/L), dist&#250;rbios sist&#233;micos e insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica o renal.</p>
          <p>O Comit&#233; de &#201;tica do hospital aprovou o protocolo do estudo e cada sujeito deu seu consentimento informado por escrito para o estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiografia coronariana</title>
          <p>Em todos os participantes do estudo, a angiografia coronariana seletiva se realizou utilizando a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o de Judkins. As art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias se visualizaram em planos obl&#237;quos esquerdo e direito com angula&#231;&#245;es cranial e caudal. A inje&#231;&#227;o de meio de contraste (Iopromide, Ultravist-370, Schering AG, Berlim, Alemanha) se realizou mediante um injetor autom&#225;tico, a uma velocidade de 5 ml/s para a coronariana esquerda e de 3 ml/s para a coronariana direita.</p>
          <p>Todos os medicamentos antiangina e anti-isqu&#233;micos, exceto a nitroglicerina sublingual, foram suspendidos durante ao menos uma semana antes do exame. Todos os angiogramas coronarianos foram analisados por dois pesquisadores experientes independentes e s&#243; os angiogramas com contornos visualmente lisos, sem irregularidades na parede se aceitaram como normais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es intracoronarias de termodilui&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Depois da angiografia coronariana, se calibrou um fio guia de press&#227;o coronariana (PressureWire-4, Radi Medical Systems, Wilmington, Massachusetts) fora do corpo, se igualou &#224; press&#227;o do cateter guia com o sensor localizado no &#243;stio do cateter guia e depois se avan&#231;ou at&#233; que o sensor se localizou no ter&#231;o distal da art&#233;ria coronariana descendente anterior esquerda, mantendo a dist&#226;ncia do transdutor a 7 ~ 10 cm da ponta guia.</p>
          <p>Com o software dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (Radi Medical Systems), fio guia de press&#227;o pode atuar como termistor proximal detectando mudan&#231;as na resist&#234;ncia el&#233;ctrica dependente da temperatura. O sensor da ponta do fio guia mede simultaneamente a press&#227;o e a temperatura e pode atuar assim como termistor distal. O tempo de tr&#226;nsito da solu&#231;&#227;o salina a temperatura ambiente injetada em uma art&#233;ria coronariana pode determinar-se mediante uma t&#233;cnica de termodilui&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Administraram-se tr&#234;s inje&#231;&#245;es de solu&#231;&#227;o salina (3 ml, temperatura ambiente) na art&#233;ria coronariana, e se mediu o tempo de tr&#226;nsito m&#233;dio de referencia (bTmn). Administrou-se adenosina intravenosa (140 &#181;g/kg/min) para induzir hiperemia m&#225;xima em estado estacion&#225;rio, depois se administraram tr&#234;s inje&#231;&#245;es mais de solu&#231;&#227;o salina (3 ml, temperatura ambiente) e se mediu o tempo de tr&#226;nsito hiper&#233;mico m&#233;dio (hTmn). Realizaram-se medi&#231;&#245;es simult&#226;neas da press&#227;o a&#243;rtica media (P<italic>a</italic>, mediante cateter guia) e da press&#227;o arterial distal media (P<italic>d</italic>, mediante fio guia de press&#227;o) nos estados de repouso e m&#225;ximo hiper&#233;mico. RFC se calculou como bTmn dividido por hTmn. A IMR se calculou como a press&#227;o coronariana distal &#224; hiperemia m&#225;xima dividida pela inversa de hTmn. A reserva de fluxo fraccionada (FFR) se calculou pela rela&#231;&#227;o de P<italic>d</italic>/P<italic>a</italic> na hiperemia m&#225;xima.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o da DMF na art&#233;ria braquial</title>
          <p>A DMF da art&#233;ria braquial se mediu utilizando uma t&#233;cnica estandardizada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Todos os sujeitos foram estudados pela manh&#227;, em abstin&#234;ncia de &#225;lcool, cafe&#237;na e alimentos durante 12 h antes do teste. O di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria se mediu utilizando imagens ultrass&#243;nicas bidimensionais de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o obtidas com um dispositivo de ultrassom Doppler (HDI-ATL 5000, EE.UU.) com um transdutor linear de 5 MHz a 12 MHz. A art&#233;ria braquial direita se escaneou em uma sec&#231;&#227;o longitudinal, aproximadamente 3 cm a 5 cm por encima do cotovelo direito. Os ajustes de profundidade e gan&#226;ncia se otimizaram para identificar a interfase de parede l&#250;men-a-vaso. Tamb&#233;m se utilizou um monitor ECG integrado com a m&#225;quina de ultrassom. Quando se obteve uma imagem &#243;tima da art&#233;ria braquial, se marcou a superf&#237;cie da pele e se manteve o bra&#231;o na mesma posi&#231;&#227;o ao longo do estudo. Ap&#243;s a medi&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial basal, um torniquete pneum&#225;tico colocado ao redor do antebra&#231;o distal &#224; art&#233;ria alvo foi inflado para uma press&#227;o de 250 mmHg e a infla&#231;&#227;o foi mantida durante 5 min. A hiperemia reativa na art&#233;ria braquial se induziu ent&#227;o por defla&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida do manguito. Realizou-se uma segunda explora&#231;&#227;o continuamente durante 60 s antes e 120 s depois da defla&#231;&#227;o do manguito. As imagens de ultrassom foram gravadas usando v&#237;deo digital. O di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial se mediu desde a interfase anterior &#224; posterior entre a m&#233;dia e a advent&#237;cia a uma dist&#226;ncia fixa. O di&#226;metro meio se calculou a partir de quatro ciclos card&#237;acos sincronizados usando os picos da onda R no ECG. Todas as medi&#231;&#245;es se registraram na di&#225;stole final para evitar poss&#237;veis erros resultantes da distensibilidade arterial vari&#225;vel. A vasodilata&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima se observou 60 s depois da libera&#231;&#227;o do manguito. A DMF se calculou como a mudan&#231;a porcentual no di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria desde a l&#237;nea de base &#224; hiperemia reativa. Todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es ecogr&#225;ficas foram realizadas pelo mesmo radiologista cegado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas da prote&#237;na C-reativa s&#233;rica de alta sensibilidade</title>
          <p>As amostras de sangue se centrifugaram imediatamente a 2000 g durante 10 min, e o soro se armazenou a -80&#186;C para an&#225;lise posterior de marcadores bioqu&#237;micos. O n&#237;vel de PCR-as se mediu a 550 nm mediante um ensaio imunoturbidim&#233;trico com aumento de part&#237;culas (Orion Diagnostic, EE.UU.) em um analisador Hitachi 7170A (Hitachi, Jap&#227;o). O limite inferior de detec&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo &#233; de 0,125 mg/l. A varia&#231;&#227;o inter-ensaio foi de 0,14% e 2,1% com valores meios de 8,20 mg/L e 0,31 mg/L, respectivamente; os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o intra-ensaio foram de 0,13% e 2,3% com valores meios de 8,21 mg/L e 0,30 mg/L, respectivamente. Uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de PCR-as &gt; 3 mg/L se considerou anormal como se sugeriu previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estad&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estad&#237;stica se realizou com o software SPSS 13.0. Os dados se expressaram como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o a menos que se especifique o contr&#225;rio. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas se apresentaram utilizando o n&#250;mero absoluto e sua propor&#231;&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis continuas entre os grupos se compararam mediante o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado. As propor&#231;&#245;es se compararam mediante o teste exato de Fisher quando a frequ&#234;ncia esperada foi &lt; 5, no caso contr&#225;rio se aplicou o teste do qui-quadrado. Se os dados seguiam uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, se utilizou o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student de duas amostras independentes; no caso contr&#225;rio, se utilizou um teste de Wilcoxon pareado. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson se utilizou para testar as rela&#231;&#245;es univariadas. Considerou-se que a signific&#226;ncia se atingia para valores de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e demografia cl&#237;nica em dois grupos de pacientes</title>
          <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes para o uso de medicamentos em ambos grupos est&#227;o documentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 1</xref>. Os dois grupos foram similares em quanto a idade, sexo, altura, peso, fatores de risco cardiovascular, press&#227;o arterial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas para o uso de medicamentos entre estes dois grupos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome card&#237;aca X e controles</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo CSX (n = 20)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo Controle (n = 20)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade, a</td>
                  <td align="center">53,6 &#177; 9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">54,7 &#177; 10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,727</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,709</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altura, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">162,0 &#177; 8,0</td>
                  <td align="center">161,9 &#177; 7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,968</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso, kg</td>
                  <td align="center">63,2 &#177; 7,6</td>
                  <td align="center">62,3 &#177; 8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,730</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fatores de risco, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o sist&#233;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (50,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,312</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,690</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipercolesterolemia</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,441</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fumantes</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,614</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Antecedentes familiares de doen&#231;a coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,614</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">127,8 &#177; 12,2</td>
                  <td align="center">125,9 &#177; 12,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,622</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">73,7 &#177; 10,2</td>
                  <td align="center">73,8 &#177; 6,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,971</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso, batimentos/min</td>
                  <td align="center">70,5 &#177; 7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">68,2 &#177; 8,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,376</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, %</td>
                  <td align="center">58,9 &#177; 7,6</td>
                  <td align="center">60,3 &#177; 6,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,555</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Uso de medica&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aspirina</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (80,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (80,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estatinas</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (60,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (45,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,317</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Betabloquedores</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (55,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,180</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inhibidores da ECA e/ou ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,441</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>Os valores se apresentam como n&#250;mero de pacientes (%) ou m&#233;dia &#177; DP. ACE: enzima conversora da angiotensina; ARB: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina II;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p> teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#245;es de RFC, IMR e FFR entre grupos</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio entre os grupos. A IMR derivada da termodilui&#231;&#227;o podia ser facilmente medida em todos os casos estudados. RFC e IMR foram significativamente menores no grupo de SCX que no grupo de controle, e os valores de FFR n&#227;o foram diferentes nos dois grupos. Os valores m&#233;dios de RFC e IMR foram 2,42 &#177; 0,78 vs. 3,59 &#177; 0,79 e 32,2 &#177; 8,0 vs. 19,5 &#177; 5,5, enquanto que FFR (0,95 &#177; 0,02 e 0,94 &#177; 0,03) n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as (p &gt; 0,05 para todas as compara&#231;&#245;es) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#245;es da fisiologia coron&#225;ria e resultados do teste de exerc&#237;cios em pacientes card&#237;acos com s&#237;ndrome card&#237;aca X e controles</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo CSX (n = 20)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo Controle (n = 20)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RFC</td>
                  <td align="center">2,42 &#177; 0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">3,59 &#177; 0,79</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMR</td>
                  <td align="center">32,2 &#177; 8,0</td>
                  <td align="center">19,5 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RFF</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,470</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio (minutos)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,60 &#177; 2,30</td>
                  <td align="center">9,20 &#177; 2,86</td>
                  <td align="center">0,059</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Exerc&#237;cio induzido neto</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Desvio do segmento ST (mil&#237;metros)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,85 &#177; 0,75</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25 &#177; 0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice de angina de esfor&#231;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45 &#177; 0,69</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00 &#177; 0,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Double produto (mmHg.bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">26051 &#177; 6177</td>
                  <td align="center">27366 &#177; 5247</td>
                  <td align="center">0,472</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ED</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,2 &#177; 7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">8,1 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Soro PCR-as, mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">4,75 &#177; 1,62</td>
                  <td align="center">2,75 &#177; 1,50</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DMF Braquial, %</td>
                  <td align="center">5,24 &#177; 2,41</td>
                  <td align="center">8,57 &#177; 2,46</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>Os valores s&#227;o dados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. RFC: reserva de fluxo coronariano; IMR: &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia microvascular; RFF: reserva de fluxo fracionada; ED: Escore de Duke; Bpm: batimentos por minuto; DMF: dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p> teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rela&#231;&#245;es entre PCR-as, DMF, IMR e ED</title>
          <p>Nos pacientes com SCX, a ED se correlacionou negativamente com a TMI (r = -0,761, p &lt; 0,001) e positivamente com a DMF (r = -0,661, p = 0,002) com RFC (r = 0,489, p = 0,029), avaliando as correla&#231;&#245;es do umbral isqu&#234;mico mioc&#225;rdico com IMR e RFC, se encontrou que a dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio se correlacionou positivamente com a DMF (r = 0,448, p = 0,048) com RFC (r = 0,599; p = 0,005) e negativamente a IMR (r = -0,604; = 0,005), por&#233;m, a ED e a dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o foram relevantes com PCR-as (r = -0,087, p = 0,716 e r = 0,016, p = 0,948) e FFR (r = -0,309, p = 0,761 e R = -0,091, p = 0,703). &#201; importante destacar que a DMF se associou negativamente com a IMR (r = -0,869, p &lt; 0,001). O duplo produto se correlacionou significativamente com PCR-as (r = -0,502; p = 0&#180;,024) e n&#227;o se correlacionou significativamente com a DMF (r = 0,328, p = 0,158), RFC (r = 0,429, p = 0,059) -0,399, p = 0,082), e FFR (r = 0,015, p = 0,951) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre PCR-as, DMF, IMR e ED em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome card&#237;aca X e controles</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo SCX (coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo controle (coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">ED (Valor de p)</th>
                  <th align="center">Dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio (Valor de p)</th>
                  <th align="center">Duplo produto (Valor de p)</th>
                  <th align="center">ED (Valor de p)</th>
                  <th align="center">Dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio (Valor de p)</th>
                  <th align="center">Duplo produto (Valor de p)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RFC</td>
                  <td align="center">0,489* (0,029)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,599* (0,005)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,429 (0,059)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,241 (0,307)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,126 (0,598)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,229 (0,332)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMR</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,761* (0,000)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,604* (0,005)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,399 (0,082)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,156 (0,511)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,053 (0,823)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,258 (0,272)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RFF</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,073 (0,761)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,091 (0,703)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015 (0,951)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,143 (0,548)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,252 (0,284)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,293 (0,210)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">hsCRP, mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,087 (0,716)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016 (0,948)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,502* (0,024)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,006 (0,980)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,072 (0,763)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,430 (0,058)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DMF, %</td>
                  <td align="center">0,661* (0,002)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,448* (0,048)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,328 (0,158)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,254 (0,279)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,092 (0,701)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,036 (0,880)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>RFC: reserva de fluxo coronariano; IMR: &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia microvascular; RFF: reserva de fluxo fracionada; ED: Escore de Duke; Bpm: batimentos por minuto; DMF: dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo; (* p &lt; 0,05, Teste estad&#237;stico realizado: an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear e coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>No grupo controle, a ED, a dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio e o duplo produto n&#227;o estavam correlacionados com PCR-as, DMF, RFC, IMR e FFR.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No nosso estudo anterior, primeiramente encontramos que a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana em pacientes com SCX estava representada pelo aumento da TMI e a altera&#231;&#227;o de RFC. Para o estudo adicional, o principal achado neste estudo &#233; que o ED medido em pacientes com SCX estava associado a PCR-as e DMF. Um achado secund&#225;rio interessante &#233; que o duplo produto se correlacionou significativamente com PCR-as.</p>
        <p>O IMR &#233; um &#237;ndice quantitativo, reproduz&#237;vel, independente da doen&#231;a coronariana epic&#225;rdica e espec&#237;fico para a microcircula&#231;&#227;o. Nossos estudos pr&#233;vios sugeriram que o IMR pode ser um &#237;ndice mais superior e fi&#225;vel que reflita a fun&#231;&#227;o microcirculat&#243;ria coronariana. Os pacientes com SCX costumam ser fortemente sintom&#225;ticos e dif&#237;ceis de manejar, o que afeta os sistemas microvasculares e aumenta o t&#244;nus vascular. No nosso estudo anterior, a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana em pacientes com SCX se associou com aumento da RIM, temos documentado ademais que a DMF se associou negativamente com a RIM. Foi sugerido que a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana &#233; causada por uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial microvascular coronariana e a dilata&#231;&#227;o vascular perif&#233;rica. Nossos resultados tamb&#233;m est&#227;o de acordo com os dados de Tondi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> que informaram da DMF em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome card&#237;aca X.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a inflama&#231;&#227;o podem ser mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos de pacientes com SCX e nossos resultados foram completamente consistentes com essas opini&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Fatores de risco cardiovasculares tradicionais, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e defici&#234;ncia de estrog&#234;nio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> t&#234;m sido altamente prevalentes em pacientes com SCX e provavelmente contribuem para a disfun&#231;&#227;o microcirculat&#243;ria nesses pacientes. Por outra parte, Ong et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> confirmaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre obesidade e DMF, assim como com as concentra&#231;&#245;es de PCR-as, e sugeriram que a obesidade contribui para inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau e piora da DMF em pacientes com SCX. Outros estudos confirmaram que o compromisso do balan&#231;o entre tPA, PAI-1 endotelina-1 e ON, o aumento do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico, a reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio anormal e o espasmo microvascular foram possivelmente um dos mecanismos da SCX.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> O n&#237;vel de prote&#237;na C reativa em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica e art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias normais se correlaciona com a frequ&#234;ncia e dura&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cico e a extens&#227;o da depress&#227;o do segmento ST nos testes de esfor&#231;o e a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Verma et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> relataram que a CRP recombinante humana inibe diretamente a diferencia&#231;&#227;o, sobreviv&#234;ncia e fun&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais em concentra&#231;&#245;es conhecidas por prever resultados vasculares adversos. Portanto, a maior extens&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o observada em pacientes com SCX pode reduzir os n&#237;veis das c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais e sua fun&#231;&#227;o na circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, o que resulta em uma capacidade de repara&#231;&#227;o atenuada da vasculatura. Nossos dados apoiaram estes achados donde PCR-as se correlacionou significativamente com ED e duplo produto em pacientes com SCX, e se sugeriu que a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio pode associar-se significativamente &#224; PCR-as em pacientes com SCX. Isto sugere que a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial vascular inflamada danificada, que afeta ainda mais a fun&#231;&#227;o de reserva microvascular card&#237;aca, influiu na toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com SCX.</p>
        <p>A DMF &#233; um &#237;ndice n&#227;o invasivo da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e da sa&#250;de vascular nos seres humanos. Durante as &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, uma grande quantidade de evidencia acumulada tem indicado que uma DMF prejudicada &#233; detect&#225;vel nos pacientes com SCX, o que sugere uma anomalia generalizada na fun&#231;&#227;o vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Nossos dados tamb&#233;m demostram o mesmo resultado, a DMF se associou com IMD e refletiu a fun&#231;&#227;o microvascular nos pacientes com SCX. Masci et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> mostraram que estes pacientes com menor resposta &#224; DMF tinham uma maior probabilidade de ter defeitos de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica transit&#243;rios na tomografia computadorizada de emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico de t&#225;lio-201. Ademais, Lekakis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> sugeriram que os pacientes com SCX tiveram uma DMF da art&#233;ria braquial significativamente mais baixa em resposta &#224; hiperemia que os controles saud&#225;veis. Tamb&#233;m foi demostrado que a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana, assim como a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial da art&#233;ria perif&#233;rica em SCX podem estar associadas com elevadas concentra&#231;&#245;es de PCR.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Este &#233; um estudo observacional prospectivo desenhado para demostrar de forma invasiva a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana em pacientes com SCX. A limita&#231;&#227;o primaria foi o n&#250;mero comparativamente pequeno de pacientes, mas os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos que adotamos estavam bem caracterizados, incluindo s&#243; os pacientes com angiografia coronariana completamente normal, angina de peito induzida pelo esfor&#231;o e teste de esfor&#231;o positivo, o que resultou em uma incid&#234;ncia relativamente baixa de SCX. Em segundo lugar, n&#227;o exclu&#237;mos sujeitos com fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais, tais como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, hipercolesterolemia o tabagismo, que tamb&#233;m podem influir na fun&#231;&#227;o vascular e conduzir a DMC. Por&#233;m, os pacientes SCX foram estritamente emparelhados a um grupo controle, sem diferen&#231;as entre os grupos na demografia cl&#237;nica e nos fatores de risco cardiovascular, o que refor&#231;a nossos achados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A principal descoberta neste estudo &#233; que o ED medido em pacientes com SCX estava associado com PCR-as e DMF. Al&#233;m disso, os efeitos independentes da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio podem prejudicar significativamente a DMF e a PCR-as associada em pacientes com SCX especialmente, e &#233; particularmente importante para aqueles em que a DMF estava associada negativamente ao IMR.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Guangdong Science and Technology Foundation e parcialmente financiado pelo Guangdong Natural Science Foundation.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Ming Long pela First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
