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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8F4CXQfKbPGgjZqSWMTXHBx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001400389</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170165</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Special Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>2017 Guidelines for Arterial Hypertension Management in Primary Health Care in Portuguese Language Countries</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vin&#237;cius Bol&#237;var</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Osni</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Armando Serra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Capingana</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Pires</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Vanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Irenita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menete</surname>
            <given-names>Alda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">10</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">11</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">10</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">11</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Miryan Bandeira dos Prazeres Cassandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">12</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">13</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Carnaxide</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, E.P.E. - Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Educacional Lucas Machado</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FCMMG</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Educacional Lucas Machado (FCMMG/FELUMA), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Santo Andr&#233;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Hospitalar de Leiria</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Leiria</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Leiria - Hospital de Santo Andr&#233;, Leiria - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Santos Dumont</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Santos Dumont, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Superior de Ci&#234;ncias de Sa&#250;de do Cuando Cubango de Angola</institution>
        <country country="AO">Angola</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Superior de Ci&#234;ncias de Sa&#250;de do Cuando Cubango de Angola - Angola</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ordem dos M&#233;dicos de Cabo Verde</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Col&#233;gio da Especialidade de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="CV">Cabo Verde</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Col&#233;gio da Especialidade de Cardiologia da Ordem dos M&#233;dicos de Cabo Verde - Cabo Verde</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Mo&#231;ambique</institution>
        <country country="MZ">Mo&#231;ambique</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Mo&#231;ambique - Mo&#231;ambique</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ordem dos M&#233;dicos de Mo&#231;ambique</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Col&#233;gio da Especialidade de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="MZ">Mo&#231;ambique</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Col&#233;gio da Especialidade de Cardiologia da Ordem dos M&#233;dicos de Mo&#231;ambique - Mo&#231;ambique</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Dr. Ayres de Menezes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Tom&#233;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ST">S&#227;o Tom&#233; e Pr&#237;ncipe</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Dr. Ayres de Menezes, S&#227;o Tom&#233; - S&#227;o Tom&#233; e Pr&#237;ncipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>13</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Am&#233;rico Boavida</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Luanda</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AO">Angola</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Am&#233;rico Boavida, Luanda - Angola</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 - Pr&#233;dio do HU 8&#186; andar - sala 6, UFRJ. CEP 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>, <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>389</fpage>
      <lpage>396</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Chronic Disease / mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The World Health Organization (WHO) goal to reduce mortality due to chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD) by 2% per year requires a huge effort from countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>This challenge for health professionals asks for a global political action on control of social measures, with cost-effective population interventions to reduce CNCD and their risk factors (RF). Health professionals should demand from their government the implementation of acceptable cost measures, such as tobacco cessation counseling, guidance on healthy feeding practices and need for regular physical exercise, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) control, and promotion of teaching and updating activities in programs directed to those issues. Those measures would contribute with around 70% of the goal of 2% per year reduction in CNCD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>Dyslipidemia, SAH and obesity are highly prevalent multifactorial diseases in Portuguese language countries (PLC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>Systemic arterial hypertension is the major RF for complications, such as stroke, acute myocardial infarction and chronic kidney disease, corresponding in importance to dyslipidemia and obesity for the development of atherosclerotic diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>In addition to their significant epidemiological impact, the non-pharmacological treatment of those cardiovascular RF plays a relevant economic role in the expenditures of the Ministries of Health, Social Security and Economy, because those affections are major causes directly or indirectly involved with absenteeism in the workplace. There is evidence that preventive actions are more promising in the primary health care setting.</p>
      <p>The number of adults with SAH increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, being 597 million men and 529 million women. That increase might be due to both population aging and increase in number.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> When analyzing the trends in blood pressure (BP) levels of 19.1 million adults from several population studies in the past four decades (1975-2015), the elevated levels shifted from high-socioeconomic-level countries to low-intermediate-socioeconomic-level countries of South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. However, BP levels remain high in Eastern and Central Europe and Latin America.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several trends were identified when analyzing the proportional mortality and percentage change in the mortality rates due to hypertensive diseases and their outcomes, ischemic heart diseases (IHD) and stroke, in the PLC from 1990 to 2015 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The highest proportional mortality rates due to hypertensive diseases were observed in Brazil, Mozambique and Angola. Portugal had the highest human development index (HDI) in 2015 and the highest mortality due to stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The reduced access, around 50-65%, to essential pharmacological treatment in low-and low-intermediate-socioeconomic-level countries might have contributed to those results. In addition, in 40% of those countries there is less than 1 physician per 1000 in habitants, and a small number of hospital beds for the care of the uncontrolled-SAH-related outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Thus, joint actions to implement primary prevention measures can reduce the outcomes related to hypertensive disease, especially IHD and stroke. It is mandatory to ensure the implementation of guidelines for the management of SAH via a continuous process, involving educational actions, lifestyle changes and guaranteed access to pharmacological treatment.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Proportional mortality and annual percentage of change in mortality rates in both sexes, all ages, from 1990 to 2015, due to hypertensive disease, ischemic heart disease and stroke, in addition to human development index (HDI) and population in 2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Countries</th>
              <th align="center">Hypertensive disease</th>
              <th align="center">Ischemic heart disease</th>
              <th align="center">Stroke</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">HDI 2015</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Population 2015<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Proportional mortality (annual % change in mortality rates)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brazil</td>
              <td align="center">1.77 (+1.79)</td>
              <td align="center">14.44 (+0.44)</td>
              <td align="center">10.61 (+0.12)</td>
              <td align="center">0.754<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">205,002,000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mozambique</td>
              <td align="center">1.46 (+0.27)</td>
              <td align="center">3.84 (+1.25)</td>
              <td align="center">5.37 (+0.52)</td>
              <td align="center">0.418<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">25,727,911</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angola</td>
              <td align="center">1.28 (-0.97)</td>
              <td align="center">4.65 (-0.96)</td>
              <td align="center">5.35 (-1.09)</td>
              <td align="center">0.533<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">25,789,024</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Portugal</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 (+1.20)</td>
              <td align="center">12.71 (-1.32)</td>
              <td align="center">14.96 (-2.32)</td>
              <td align="center">0.843<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">10,374,822</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Guinea-Bissau</td>
              <td align="center">0.53 (-0.43)</td>
              <td align="center">4.87 (+0.25)</td>
              <td align="center">5.07 (+0.22)</td>
              <td align="center">0.424<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,844,000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">East Timor</td>
              <td align="center">1.33 (+0.38)</td>
              <td align="center">11.84 (+1.16)</td>
              <td align="center">10.02 (+0.57)</td>
              <td align="center">0.605<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,212,107</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Macao</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
              <td align="center">0.566<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">#</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">642,900</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cape Verde</td>
              <td align="center">0.75 (-0.62)</td>
              <td align="center">11.74 (+1.34)</td>
              <td align="center">13.74 (-0.18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.648<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">524,833</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Saint Thomas and Prince</td>
              <td align="center">0.44 (-0.55)</td>
              <td align="center">8.18 (-0.41)</td>
              <td align="center">10.22 (-0.18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.574<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">190,000</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>last year available - 2015,</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>last year available - 2014, NA: not available. Source:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
						</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagnosis and classification</title>
        <p>The risk resulting from high BP levels increases with age, and every 2-mmHg elevation is associated with a 7% and a 10% increase in the risk of death due to IHD and stroke, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>At the medical office, BP can be assessed by use of either the automated or auscultatory method, being elevated when systolic BP (SBP) &#8805; 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP (DBP) &#8805; 90 mm Hg, at least on two occasions.</p>
        <p>The diagnosis of SAH is based on the measurement at the doctor's office of two or more high BP values on at least two occasions. The classification of BP according to measurements taken at the medical office, for individuals older than 18 years, is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Ambulatory BP monitoring for 24 hours (ABPM) or home BP monitoring (HBPM) can help in the diagnosis of white-coat hypertension (WCH) and masked hypertension (MH). The WCH relates to the difference between BP measured at the office (high) and that measured with ABPM or HBPM (normal). In MH, the situation is the opposite (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). In view of the suspicion of WCH and MH, ABPM is mandatory, and may be replaced by HBPM in communities where ABPM is not available. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the flowchart for the diagnosis of SAH.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Blood pressure classification according to measurements taken at the office for individuals older than 18 years</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Classification</th>
                <th align="center">SBP (mm Hg)</th>
                <th align="center">DBP (mm Hg)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 120</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804; 80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prehypertension</td>
                <td align="center">121 &#8211; 139</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#8211; 89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stage 1 hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">140 &#8211; 159</td>
                <td align="center">90 &#8211; 99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stage 2 hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">160 &#8211; 179</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#8211; 109</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stage 3 hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 180</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 110</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>When SBP and DBP are in different categories, the highest should be used to classify BP.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Systolic hypertension is considered isolated if SBP &#8805; 140 mm Hg and DBP &lt; 90 mm Hg, and it should be classified into stages 1, 2 and 3. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure. Source: 7th Brazilian guideline for arterial hypertension management, 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart for the diagnosis of arterial hypertension. BP: blood pressure; ABPM: ambulatory BP monitoring; HBPM: home BP monitoring; SBP: systolic BP; DBP: diastolic BP.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0389-70165-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The ABPM enables the identification of circadian BP changes, especially those related to sleep. In ABPM, BP is considered increased when BP in 24 hours &#8805; 130/80 mmHg, ranging from wakefulness &#8805; 135/85 mm Hg to sleep &#8805; 120/70 mmHg. For HBPM, BP is considered elevated when &#8805; 135/85 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Recommended technique for measuring blood pressure</title>
        <p>Initially the patients should be informed about the procedure, and the steps on <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> should be followed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Blood pressure should be measured by all health professionals on every clinical assessment and at least once a year.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommended technique for measuring office blood pressure by using the auscultatory method</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                <td align="left">BP should be measured with a validated, calibrated and accurate sphygmomanometer, with cuff size adequate to arm circumference (according to the manufacturer's recommendation): usually cuff width close to 40% and cuff length covering 80-100% of arm circumference.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                <td align="left">The cuff should be placed snugly, 2-3 cm above the cubital fossa, with its compressive part centralized on the brachial artery, and the arm supported at heart level.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                <td align="left">The patient should rest at a calm environment for 5 minutes, sitting in a chair with back supported, legs uncrossed and feet on the floor. The patient should be relaxed, having neither exercised in the previous 30 minutes, nor consumed tobacco, alcohol or energetic foods (including coffee) in the previous 1 hour.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                <td align="left">In addition, BP will be measured after 2 minutes in the supine position with the arm supported, especially for diabetics and the elderly, and when orthostatic hypotension is suspected. It is worth noting that measuring BP in the sitting position will be useful for therapeutic decision-making, while that in the orthostatic position, for treatment changes in case of orthostatic hypotension.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                <td align="left">The cuff should be inflated rapidly up to 30 mm Hg above the level the radial pulse can no longer be palpated, and then deflated at approximately 2 mm Hg/beat. SBP will be determined by auscultation of the first sound (Korotkoff phase I), and DBP, by disappearance of the sounds (Korotkoff phase V). If the heart beats persist until level zero, determine DBP on the muffling of sounds (Korotkoff phase IV).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                <td align="left">The first reading should be discarded, and two sequential readings in both members should be taken, the highest one being recorded. If arrhythmia is present, more measurements should be taken to determine mean BP.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                <td align="left">Record the BP reading obtained for the patient. Reassess BP levels at least monthly until control is achieved, and then every 3 months.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>BP: blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical assessment and risk stratification</title>
        <p>Complementary assessment is aimed at detecting target-organ damage (TOD), aiding cardiovascular risk stratification and identifying signs of secondary SAH. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the recommended complementary tests (routine and for specific populations).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommended complementary tests (routine and for specific populations)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">Routine tests for all hypertensive patients</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Urinalysis</td>
                <td align="left">Fasting glycemia and HbA1c</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">eGFR</td>
                <td align="left">Total cholesterol, HDL-C and serum triglycerides</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Conventional ECG</td>
                <td align="left">Serum levels of creatinine, potassium and uric acid</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Recommended tests to search for TOD in specific populations</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chest X ray</td>
                <td align="left">Clinical suspicion of cardiac and/or pulmonary impairment. Aortic dilatation or aneurysm (if echocardiogram is not available). Suspicion of aorta coarctation.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Echocardiogram</td>
                <td align="left">Evidence of LVH on ECG or patients with clinically suspected HF. LVH = LV mass corrected for BS &#8805; 116 g/m<sup>2</sup> (men) or 96 g/m<sup>2</sup> (women)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Albuminuria</td>
                <td align="left">Diabetic hypertensive patients, with metabolic syndrome or at least two RF. Normal values &lt; 30 mg/24h.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carotid US</td>
                <td align="left">Carotid murmur, CbVD signs, atherosclerotic disease in other sites. IMT values &gt; 0.9 mm and/or atherosclerotic plaques.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Renal US or Doppler</td>
                <td align="left">Patients with abdominal masses or abdominal murmurs.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Exercise test</td>
                <td align="left">Suspicion or family history of CAD, DM.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Brain MRI</td>
                <td align="left">Patients with cognitive disorders and dementia. Detection of silent infarctions and micro hemorrhages.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; TOD: target-organ damage; ECG: electrocardiogram; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; HF: heart failure; LV: left ventricular; BS: body surface; RF: risk factors; US: ultrasonography; CbVD: cerebrovascular disease; IMT: intima-media thickness; CAD: coronary artery disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Target-organ damage should be investigated with the complementary tests shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>, in addition to the following exams:</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Left ventricular hypertrophy, assessed on electrocardiogram: Sokolow-Lyon index [S in V1 + R in V5 or V6 (whichever is larger)] &gt; 35 mm; RaVL &gt; 1.1 mV; Cornell index [S in V3 + R in aVL &gt; 28 mm (men), and S in V3 + R in aVL &gt; 20 mm (women)]; or on echocardiogram: left ventricular mass index &#8805; 116 g/m<sup>2</sup> (men), and &#8805; 96 g/m<sup>2</sup> (women);</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Atherosclerotic disease in other sites and chronic kidney disease &#8805; stage 3 [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) &gt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Stratification based on risk factors, target-organ damage and cardiovascular or kidney disease</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">SBP 130-139 or DBP 85-89</th>
                <th align="center">Stage 1 SAH SBP 140-159 or DBP 90-99</th>
                <th align="center">Stage 2 SAH SBP 160-179 or DBP 100-109</th>
                <th align="center">Stage 3 SAH SBP &#8805; 180 or DBP &#8805; 110</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No risk factor</td>
                <td align="center">No additional risk</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#339966;color:#ffffff">Low risk</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#153b66;color:#ffffff">Intermediate risk</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">High risk</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1-2 risk factors</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#339966;color:#ffffff">Low risk</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#153b66;color:#ffffff">Intermediate risk</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">High risk</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">High risk</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 3 risk factors</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#153b66;color:#ffffff">Intermediate risk</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">High risk</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">High risk</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">High risk</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presence of TOD, CVD, CKD or DM</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">High risk</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">High risk</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">High risk</td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">High risk</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>BP: blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; TOD: target-organ damage; CVD: cardiovascular disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; DM: diabetes mellitus. Source: 7th Brazilian guideline for arterial hypertension management, 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Risk stratification should consider the classical RF, relating them to BP levels as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>.</p>
        <p>The following risk factors are considered:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>male sex and age (men &gt; 55 years and women &gt; 65 years);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>smoking habit, dyslipidemia (triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dL; LDL-C &gt; 100 mg/dL; HDL-C &lt; 40 mg/dL), obesity (body mass index &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), abdominal obesity (abdominal circumference &gt; 102 cm for men, and &gt; 88 cm for women), diabetes mellitus, abnormal oral glucose tolerance test or fasting glycemia of 102-125 mg/dL, and family history of premature cardiovascular disease (men &lt; 55 years, and women &lt; 65 years).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Treatment</title>
        <p>Blood pressure reduction is followed by a significant cardiovascular risk reduction, which is higher in individuals at high cardiovascular risk, with a relative residual risk reduction in the other individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Non-pharmacological therapy with changes in lifestyle (CLS) should be initially implemented for all stages of SAH and for individuals with BP of 135-139/85-89 mmHg (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>). For stage 1 hypertensives at low or intermediate cardiovascular risk, management can start with CLS, and 3 to 6 months can be waited before deciding to start pharmacological treatment. For the other stages, antihypertensive agents should be initiated as soon as the diagnosis is established.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recommendations for the non-pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Measure</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Recommendations</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Body weight control</td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Maintain BMI &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> up to 65 years of age;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Maintain BMI &lt; 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> after 65 years of age;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Maintain AC &lt; 88 cm for women and &lt; 102 cm for men.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="11">Dietary pattern</td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Adopt a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, with a reduced amount of saturated fat.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">The DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) diet, with 2100 kcal/day as originally proposed, is the most used:</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fruits (portions/day)</td>
                <td align="center">4-5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vegetables (portions/day)</td>
                <td align="center">4-5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Milk and dairy products &lt; 1% fat (portions/day)</td>
                <td align="center">2-3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lean meat, fish and poultry (g/day)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 180</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Oils and fats (portions/day)</td>
                <td align="center">2-3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Seeds and nuts (portions/week)</td>
                <td align="center">4-5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Added sugars (portions/week)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Salt (portion/day)</td>
                <td align="center">~ 6 g (3000 mg of sodium)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Whole grains (portions/day)</td>
                <td align="center">6-8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <td align="left">Moderate alcohol consumption</td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Limit daily alcohol consumption to 1 dose for women and low-weight individuals, and 2 doses for men.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="6">Physical activity</td>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>For all hypertensives &#8211; population recommendation &#8211; physical activity practice</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Moderate, continuous (1 x 30 min) or cumulative (2 x 15 min or 3 x 10 min) physical activity (similar to walking): at least 30 min/day, 5 to 7 days/week.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Aerobic training</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">At least 3 times/week (ideally 5 times/week), minimum of 30 min (ideally 40 to 50 min);<break/> Several modalities: walking, running, dancing, swimming;<break/> Moderate intensity defined as: higher intensity that still allows talking (no breathlessness), and sensation of mild to moderate tiredness;<break/> Maintain training heart rate (THR) between the lower and upper THR calculated as follows:<break/> Lower THR = (maximum HR &#8211; resting HR) x 0.5 + resting HR*; upper THR = (maximum HR &#8211; resting HR) x 0.7+ resting HR*<break/> Ideally, the HR used to calculate the intensity of the aerobic training should be determined on a maximum exercise test, with patients on their usual medication.<break/> *<underline>Maximum HR</underline>: obtained either on a maximum exercise test with regular medications, or by calculating maximum HR estimated according to age (220 - age; not to be used for individuals with heart disease or hypertensives on beta-blockers or nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers). <underline>Resting HR</underline>: measured after a 5-minute rest, lying down.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Resistance training</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">2 - 3 times/week, 8 - 10 exercises for the large muscle groups, prioritizing unilateral execution, when possible;<break/> 1 - 3 sets with 10 - 15 repetitions up to moderate fatigue (reducing the movement velocity and avoiding apnea, exhaling during contraction and inhaling when returning to the initial position); <break/> Long passive pauses: 90 - 120 s.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; AC: abdominal circumference. Source: Adapted from the 7th Brazilian guideline for arterial hypertension management, 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A BP target lower than 130/80 mm Hg is recommended for patients at high cardiovascular risk, including those with diabetes mellitus, and lower than 140/90 mm Hg for stage 3 hypertensives. For patients with coronary artery disease, BP should not be lower than 120/70 mm Hg because of the risk of coronary hypoperfusion, myocardial damage and cardiovascular events. For elderly hypertensives &#8805; 80 years, BP levels should be lower than 145/85 mm Hg. Special attention should be paid to patients with dark skin phenotype who will benefit more from the use of calcium-channel blockers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the pharmacological approach to SAH.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart for the treatment of arterial hypertension. (adapted from Malachias et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</title>
              <p>CV: cardiovascular; BP: blood pressure; ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin-receptor blocker; CCB: calcium-channel blocker.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0389-70165-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>When angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) are not tolerated, they should be replaced with low-cost angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB). Beta-blockers should be considered for young individuals intolerant to ACEI and ARB, lactating women, individuals with increased adrenergic tone, and those with IHD or heart failure (HF). In case of intolerance to calcium-channel blockers (CCB) because of edema, or HF or suspected HF, diuretics can be used: thiazide diuretics (chlorthalidone - 12.5-25 mg 1X day; indapamide - 1.5-2.5 mg 1X day). Individuals with dark skin phenotype should have ARBs rather than ACEIs for pharmacological combinations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Approximately two thirds of the patients will need combinations of at least two drugs to control BP. The advantage of the association is the synergism of different mechanisms of action, with dose reduction and consequent decrease in adverse effects, in addition to higher therapeutic adherence.</p>
        <p>There is no preference for a therapeutic class of drug to treat a hypertensive patient with a previous stroke, but a BP lower than 130/80 mm Hg should be targeted.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref> depicts the clinical situations with indication for or contraindication to specific drugs. For chronic kidney disease, ACEI and ARB reduce albuminuria, and thiazide diuretics are used for stages 1 to 3, while loop diuretics, for stages 4 and 5.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical situations with indication for or contraindication to specific drugs</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Drugs with specific indication</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clinical situation</td>
                <td align="left">Initial therapy indicated</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart failure</td>
                <td align="left">ACEI/ARB, diuretics and BB</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AMI, angina pectoris, percutaneous or surgical myocardial revascularization</td>
                <td align="left">ACEI/ARB, BB, ASA, statins</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="left">Thiazide diuretics, ACEI/CCB, BB</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chronic renal failure</td>
                <td align="left">ACEI/ARB, loop diuretics</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Metabolic syndrome</td>
                <td align="left">CCB, ACEI/ARB</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aortic aneurysm</td>
                <td align="left">BB</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peripheral arterial disease</td>
                <td align="left">ACEI, CCB</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pregnancy</td>
                <td align="left">Methyldopa, CCB</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Contraindicated drugs</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clinical situation</td>
                <td align="left">Contraindicated therapy</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Asthma and chronic bronchitis</td>
                <td align="left">Non-cardioselective BB</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pregnancy</td>
                <td align="left">ACEI, ARB</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AV block</td>
                <td align="left">BB, nondihydropyridine CCB</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gout</td>
                <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bilateral stenosis of the renal artery</td>
                <td align="left">ACEI, ARB</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin-receptor blocker; CCB: calcium-channel blocker; BB: beta-blockers; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; AV: atrioventricular.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>ACEI and ARB should not be associated, because of the ONTARGET study. Adapted from<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Arterial hypertension in pregnancy</title>
        <p>Pregnant women with uncomplicated chronic hypertension should have BP levels lower than 150/100 mmHg, but DBP should not be &lt; 80 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The use of ACEI and ARB is contraindicated during pregnancy, and atenolol and prazosin should be avoided. Methyldopa, beta-blockers (except atenolol), hydralazine and CCBs (nifedipine, amlodipine and verapamil) can be safely used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In chronic gestational hypertension with TOD, BP levels should be maintained under 140/90 mmHg, and the pregnant woman should be referred to a specialist for proper care during delivery and to avoid teratogenicity. Delivery should not be hastened if BP &lt; 160/110 mmHg (with or without anti-hypertensive drugs) up to the 37<sup>th</sup> week. The fetal growth and amount of amniotic fluid should be monitored with ultrasonography between the 28<sup>th</sup>and 30<sup>th</sup>weeks and between the 32<sup>nd</sup>and 34<sup>th</sup> weeks, and with umbilical artery Doppler. During delivery, BP levels should be monitored continuously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> During the puerperium period, BP levels should be maintained under 140/90 mmHg, preferably with the following drugs, whose use is safe during lactation: hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone, alpha-methyldopa, propranolol, hydralazine, minoxidil, verapamil, nifedipine, nimodipine, nitrendipine, benazepril, captopril and enalapril.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Preeclampsia (PE) is defined by the presence of SAH after the 20<sup>th</sup> gestational week, associated with significant proteinuria or presence of headache, blurred vision, abdominal pain, low platelet count (&lt; 100,000/mm<sup>3</sup>), elevation of liver enzymes (twice the baseline level), kidney impairment (creatinine &gt; 1.1 mg/dL or twice the baseline level), pulmonary edema, visual or cerebral disorders and scotomas. Eclampsia occurs when grand mal seizure associates with PE. The use of magnesium sulfate is recommended to prevent and treat eclampsia, at an attack dose of 4-6 g IV for 10-20 minutes, followed by infusion of 1-3 g/h, usually for 24 hours after the seizure. In case of relapse, 2-4 g IV can be administered. The use of corticosteroids, IV anti-hypertensives (hydralazine, labetalol) and blood volume expansion are recommended. Patients should be admitted to the intensive care unit.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 8</xref> lists the reasons for not achieving proper BP control. It is worth noting the importance of ruling pseudoresistance out (WCH).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Possible reasons of not achieving proper blood pressure control</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                <td align="left">Inadequate adherence to medications, diet, physical activity practice, and consumption of salt, tobacco and alcohol.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                <td align="left">Associated conditions: overweight and obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, chronic pain, blood volume overload, chronic kidney disease, thyroid disease.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                <td align="left">Drug interaction: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, anabolic steroids, sympathomimetic drugs, decongestants, amphetamine, erythropoietin, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, licorice, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                <td align="left">Suboptimal therapeutic regimen, low doses of drugs, inappropriate combinations of anti-hypertensive drugs, renal sodium retention (pseudotolerance).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                <td align="left">Secondary hypertension: renovascular disease, primary hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>Source: Leung et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Secondary arterial hypertension</title>
        <p>The prevalence of secondary SAH in the hypertensive population is around 3-5%. The most common cause of secondary SAH is renal parenchymal disease, responsible for 2-5% of the SAH cases. The adrenal causes of SAH and pheochromocytoma occur in less than 1% of all cases of SAH. However, 80% of the patients with Cushing's syndrome have SAH. Physicians must keep a high level of clinical suspicion when managing hypertensives of difficult control. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 9</xref> lists the clinical findings of the major etiologies of secondary SAH, associating them with the complementary tests that should be used to establish the diagnosis.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Table 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Causes of secondary SAH, signs and complementary diagnostic tests</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Clinical findings</th>
                <th align="center">Diagnostic suspicion</th>
                <th align="center">Additional studies</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Snoring, daytime sleepiness, MS</td>
                <td align="center">OSAHS</td>
                <td align="center">Berlin questionnaire, polysomnography or home respiratory polygraphy with at least 5 episodes of apnea and/or hypopnea per sleep hour</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RAH and/or hypopotassemia (not necessary) and/or adrenal nodule</td>
                <td align="center">Primary hyperaldosteronism (adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma)</td>
                <td align="center">Measurements of aldosterone (&gt; 15 ng/dL) and plasma renin activity/concentration; aldosterone/renin &gt; 30. Confirmatory tests (furosemide and captopril). Imaging tests: thin-sliced CT or MRI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Edema, anorexia, fatigue, high creatinine and urea, urine sediment changes</td>
                <td align="center">Kidney parenchymal disease</td>
                <td align="center">Urinalysis, eGFR calculation, renal US, search for albuminuria/proteinuria</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abdominal murmur, sudden APE, renal function changes due to drugs that block the RAAS</td>
                <td align="center">Renovascular disease</td>
                <td align="center">Renal Doppler US and/or renogram, angiography via MRI or CT, renal arteriography</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Absent or decreased femoral pulses, decreased blood pressure in the lower limbs, chest X ray changes</td>
                <td align="center">Coarctation of the aorta</td>
                <td align="center">Echocardiogram and/or chest angiography via CT</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight gain, decreased libido, fatigue, hirsutism, amenorrhea, 'moon face', 'buffalo hump', purple striae, central obesity, hypopotassemia</td>
                <td align="center">Cushing's syndrome (hyperplasia, adenoma and excessive production of ACTH)</td>
                <td align="center">Salivary cortisol, 24-h urine free cortisol and suppression test: morning cortisol (8h) and 8 hours after administration of dexamethasone (1 mg) at 12PM. MRI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Paroxysmal AH with headache, sweating and palpitations</td>
                <td align="center">Pheochromocytoma</td>
                <td align="center">Free plasma metanephrines, plasma catecholamines and urine metanephrines. CT and MRI</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fatigue, weight gain, hair loss, DAH, muscle weakness</td>
                <td align="center">Hypothyroidism (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">TSH and free T4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intolerance to heat, weight loss, palpitations, exophthalmos, hyperthermia, hyperreflexia, tremors, tachycardia</td>
                <td align="center">Hyperthyroidism</td>
                <td align="center">TSH and free T4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Renal lithiasis, osteoporosis, depression, lethargy, muscle weakness or spasms, thirst, polyuria</td>
                <td align="center">Hyperparathyroidism (hyperplasia or adenoma)</td>
                <td align="center">Plasma calcium and PTH</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Headache, fatigue, visual disorders, enlarged hands, feet and tongue</td>
                <td align="center">Acromegaly</td>
                <td align="center">IGF-1 and GH levels at baseline and during oral glucose tolerance test</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>MS: metabolic syndrome; OSAHS: obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome; RAH: resistant arterial hypertension; CT: computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; US: ultrasonography; APE: acute pulmonary edema; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; ACTH: adrenocorticotropin; AH: arterial hypertension; DAH: diastolic arterial hypertension; TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone; PTH: parathormone; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor type 1; GH: growth hormone. Source: Malachias et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Similarly to CNCD, lifelong adherence to the SAH treatment is poor. In the first year, 40% of the patients quit regular treatment, which prevent them from profiting from a reduction in both TOD and cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. The following factors are related to non-adherence to treatment: adverse effects, number of daily doses and drug tolerance. Fixed drug combinations increase adherence by enabling better individual adequacy, reducing the likelihood of irregular use of daily doses. The involvement of patients and families, as well as a multidisciplinary approach enhance adherence to treatment. The use of interactive apps that increase the participation of patients in BP control is suggested to encourage their persistence and regular medication use.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Especial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>2017: Diretrizes em Hipertens&#227;o Arterial para Cuidados Prim&#225;rios nos Pa&#237;ses de L&#237;ngua Portuguesa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vin&#237;cius Bol&#237;var</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Osni</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Armando Serra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Capingana</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Pires</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Vanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Irenita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">9</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Menete</surname>
            <given-names>Alda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">10</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">11</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">10</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">11</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Miryan Bandeira dos Prazeres Cassandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">12</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">13</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, E.P.E. - Hospital de Santa Cruz, Carnaxide - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Educacional Lucas Machado (FCMMG/FELUMA), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Leiria - Hospital de Santo Andr&#233;, Leiria - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Santos Dumont, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Superior de Ci&#234;ncias de Sa&#250;de do Cuando Cubango de Angola - Angola</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Col&#233;gio da Especialidade de Cardiologia da Ordem dos M&#233;dicos de Cabo Verde - Cabo Verde</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Mo&#231;ambique - Mo&#231;ambique</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Col&#233;gio da Especialidade de Cardiologia da Ordem dos M&#233;dicos de Mo&#231;ambique - Mo&#231;ambique</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff25">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Dr. Ayres de Menezes, S&#227;o Tom&#233; - S&#227;o Tom&#233; e Pr&#237;ncipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff26">
        <label>13</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Am&#233;rico Boavida, Luanda - Angola</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - R. Prof. Rodolpho P. Rocco, 255 - Pr&#233;dio do HU 8&#186; andar - sala 6, UFRJ. CEP 21941-913, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>glauciam@cardiol.br</email>, <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Cr&#244;nica / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Comunidade dos Pa&#237;ses de L&#237;ngua Portuguesa</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A meta da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) de reduzir a mortalidade por doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis (DCNT) em 2% ao ano demanda um enorme esfor&#231;o dos pa&#237;ses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Esse grande desafio dos profissionais de sa&#250;de requer uma a&#231;&#227;o pol&#237;tica global atrav&#233;s do controle pelas medidas sociais, com interven&#231;&#245;es populacionais de cunho custo-efetivo para reduzir as DCNT e seus fatores de risco (FR). Aos profissionais de sa&#250;de cabe a exig&#234;ncia ao governo de implementa&#231;&#227;o de medidas com custo aceit&#225;vel, como a elimina&#231;&#227;o do tabaco, o esclarecimento sobre alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, a necessidade de atividade f&#237;sica regular, o controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), al&#233;m da promo&#231;&#227;o de atividades de ensino e atualiza&#231;&#227;o em programas voltados para essas afec&#231;&#245;es. Essas medidas contribuiriam com cerca de 70% da meta de redu&#231;&#227;o de 2%/ano das DCNT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A HAS, dislipidemia e obesidade s&#227;o doen&#231;as multifatoriais de grande preval&#234;ncia nas popula&#231;&#245;es dos pa&#237;ses de l&#237;ngua portuguesa (PLP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A HAS representa o principal FR para complica&#231;&#245;es como acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, correspondendo em import&#226;ncia &#224; dislipidemia e obesidade para as doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Al&#233;m do significativo impacto epidemiol&#243;gico, o tratamento n&#227;o medicamentoso desses FR cardiovascular agrega significativo valor econ&#244;mico &#224;s despesas dos Minist&#233;rios da Sa&#250;de, Seguran&#231;a Social e Economia, por se tratar de uma das principais causas envolvidas direta ou indiretamente (por suas complica&#231;&#245;es) no afastamento do trabalho. Evid&#234;ncias demonstram que as a&#231;&#245;es preventivas s&#227;o mais promissoras no &#226;mbito da aten&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica.</p>
        <p>O n&#250;mero de adultos com HAS aumentou de 594 milh&#245;es em 1975 para 1,13 bilh&#245;es em 2015, sendo 597 milh&#245;es de homens e 529 milh&#245;es de mulheres. Esse aumento possivelmente foi devido ao crescimento e envelhecimento das popula&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Na an&#225;lise das tend&#234;ncias dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial (PA) de 19,1 milh&#245;es de adultos de diversos estudos populacionais, nas &#250;ltimas quatro d&#233;cadas (1975-2015), foi observado um deslocamento dos n&#237;veis elevados nos pa&#237;ses de alto n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico para os de baixo e m&#233;dio n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico do sul da &#193;sia e da &#193;frica Subsaariana. Por outro lado, os n&#237;veis permaneceram elevados na Europa Oriental e Central e na Am&#233;rica Latina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Observaram-se tend&#234;ncias diversas na an&#225;lise da mortalidade proporcional e no percentual de mudan&#231;a das taxas de mortalidade por doen&#231;as hipertensivas e pelos desfechos dela decorrentes, doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) e AVE, nos PLP no per&#237;odo de 1990 a 2015 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 1</xref>). Observam-se as maiores mortalidades proporcionais por doen&#231;as hipertensivas no Brasil, Mo&#231;ambique e Angola. Portugal apresentou o maior &#237;ndice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) em 2015 e tinha maiores taxas de mortalidade por AVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Possivelmente o acesso reduzido, cerca de 50-65%, aos medicamentos essenciais nos pa&#237;ses de baixo n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico e de baixo-moderado n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico contribu&#237;ram para esses resultados. Tamb&#233;m deve ser referido que 40% desses pa&#237;ses t&#234;m menos de 1 m&#233;dico para 1000 habitantes, e pequeno n&#250;mero de leitos hospitalares para o cuidado dos desfechos relacionados com a HAS n&#227;o controlada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Sendo assim, a&#231;&#245;es conjuntas que visem &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o de medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria poder&#227;o reduzir os desfechos relacionados com a doen&#231;a hipertensiva, especialmente DIC e AVE. Torna-se necess&#225;rio garantir a implementa&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes para o tratamento da HAS atrav&#233;s de um processo continuado, envolvendo fundamentalmente a&#231;&#245;es de educa&#231;&#227;o, de mudan&#231;a do estilo de vida e garantia de acesso aos medicamentos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mortalidade proporcional e porcentagem anual de mudan&#231;a nas taxas de mortalidade em ambos os sexos, todas as idades, de 1990 a 2015, por doen&#231;as hipertensivas, isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, IDH e popula&#231;&#227;o em 2015 </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Pa&#237;ses</th>
                <th align="center">Doen&#231;as hipertensivas</th>
                <th align="center">Doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">IDH 2015</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Popula&#231;&#227;o 2015<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3">Mortalidade proporcional (% anual de mudan&#231;a nas taxas de mortalidade)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Brasil</td>
                <td align="center">1,77 (+1,79)</td>
                <td align="center">14,44 (+0,44)</td>
                <td align="center">10,61 (+0,12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,754<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">205.002.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mo&#231;ambique</td>
                <td align="center">1,46 (+0,27)</td>
                <td align="center">3,84 (+1,25)</td>
                <td align="center">5,37 (+0,52)</td>
                <td align="center">0,418<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">25.727.911</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angola</td>
                <td align="center">1,28 (-0,97)</td>
                <td align="center">4,65 (-0,96)</td>
                <td align="center">5,35 (-1,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,533<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">25.789.024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Portugal</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (+1,20)</td>
                <td align="center">12,71 (-1,32)</td>
                <td align="center">14,96 (-2,32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,843<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">10.374.822</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Guin&#233;-Bissau</td>
                <td align="center">0,53 (-0,43)</td>
                <td align="center">4,87 (+0,25)</td>
                <td align="center">5,07 (+0,22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,424<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.844.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Timor-Leste</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 (+0,38)</td>
                <td align="center">11,84 (+1,16)</td>
                <td align="center">10,02(+0,57)</td>
                <td align="center">0,605<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.212.107</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Macau</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">ND</td>
                <td align="center">0,566<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">#</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">642.900</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cabo Verde</td>
                <td align="center">0,75 (-0,62)</td>
                <td align="center">11,74 (+1,34)</td>
                <td align="center">13,74 (-0,18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,648<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">524.833</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#227;o Tom&#233; e Pr&#237;ncipe</td>
                <td align="center">0,44 (-0,55)</td>
                <td align="center">8,18 (-0,41)</td>
                <td align="center">10,22 (-0,18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,574<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">190.000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>&#250;ltimo ano dispon&#237;vel - 2015, </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>&#250;ltimo ano dispon&#237;vel - 2014, ND: n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel. Fonte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagn&#243;stico e classifica&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>O risco decorrente dos n&#237;veis elevados de PA &#233; incremental com a idade e cada eleva&#231;&#227;o de 2 mmHg est&#225; associada com aumento de 7% no risco de morte por DIC e 10% por AVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA no consult&#243;rio pode ser feita pelo m&#233;todo autom&#225;tico ou auscultat&#243;rio, considerando-se elevada a PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou PA diast&#243;lica (PAD) &#8805; 90 mmHg, em pelo menos duas ocasi&#245;es.</p>
          <p>O diagn&#243;stico de HAS baseia-se na medi&#231;&#227;o no consult&#243;rio m&#233;dico de dois ou mais valores de PA elevada em pelo menos duas ocasi&#245;es. A classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA de acordo com as medidas de consult&#243;rio, em maiores de 18 anos, pode ser vista na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 2</xref>. O uso da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da PA por 24 horas (MAPA) ou da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da PA (MRPA) pode auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o do avental branco (HAB) e da hipertens&#227;o mascarada (HM). A HAB relaciona-se &#224; diferen&#231;a observada entre a PA aferida no consult&#243;rio (elevada) e na MAPA ou MRPA (normal). Na HM, a situa&#231;&#227;o ocorre de modo inverso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Perante a suspeita de HAB ou de HM, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de MAPA torna-se mandat&#243;ria, podendo ser substitu&#237;da pela MRPA nas comunidades onde a MAPA n&#227;o estiver dispon&#237;vel. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> descreve o fluxograma para o diagn&#243;stico da HAS.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA de acordo com a medi&#231;&#227;o no consult&#243;rio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Classifica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center">PAS (mm Hg)</th>
                  <th align="center">PAD (mm Hg)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804; 120</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804; 80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">121 &#8211; 139</td>
                  <td align="center">81 &#8211; 89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1</td>
                  <td align="center">140 &#8211; 159</td>
                  <td align="center">90 &#8211; 99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2</td>
                  <td align="center">160 &#8211; 179</td>
                  <td align="center">100 &#8211; 109</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 3</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 180</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 110</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <p>Quando a PAS e a PAD situam-se em categorias diferentes, a maior deve ser utilizada para a classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA. Considera-se hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada se PAS &#8805; 140 mmHg e PAD &lt; 90 mmHg, devendo a mesma ser classificada em est&#225;gios 1, 2 e 3.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>a partir de 18 anos de idade. Fonte: 7&#170; Diretriz brasileira de hipertens&#227;o arterial, 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
								</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma para o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial. PA: press&#227;o arterial; MAPA: monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da PA; MRPA: monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da PA.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0389-70165-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A MAPA possibilita identificar as altera&#231;&#245;es circadianas da PA, especialmente as relacionadas ao per&#237;odo de sono. Considera-se eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA na MAPA os seguintes valores: PA nas 24 horas &#8805; 130/80 mmHg, variando entre os per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia &#8805; 135/85 mmHg e sono &#8805; 120/70 mmHg. Para a MRPA, considera-se elevada a PA &#8805; 135/85 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>T&#233;cnica recomendada para aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>Inicialmente devemos explicar o procedimento para os pacientes e seguir os passos da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 3</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA deve ser realizada por todos os profissionais de sa&#250;de em cada avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e pelo menos uma vez ao ano.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>T&#233;cnica recomendada para aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial de consult&#243;rio pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                  <td align="left">A aferi&#231;&#227;o deve ser realizada com esfigmoman&#244;metro validado, calibrado e acurado, adequando-se o manguito &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o (seguindo-se a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do fabricante). Como regra geral, a largura deve ser pr&#243;xima de 40% e o comprimento deve cobrir 80-100% da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                  <td align="left">O manguito deve estar ajustado e posicionado 2-3 cm acima da fossa cubital, com a parte compressiva centralizada sobre a art&#233;ria braquial. O bra&#231;o deve estar apoiado e posicionado na altura do cora&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                  <td align="left">O paciente deve repousar por 5 minutos, em ambiente calmo, sentado com as costas apoiadas e as pernas descruzadas sobre o solo. Deve ainda estar relaxado, sem fazer exerc&#237;cio por 30 minutos, e sem usar tabaco, &#225;lcool ou energ&#233;ticos (incluindo caf&#233;) 1 hora antes da aferi&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                  <td align="left">A aferi&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m ser&#225; realizada ap&#243;s 2 minutos na posi&#231;&#227;o supina com o bra&#231;o apoiado, especialmente em diab&#233;ticos e idosos e na suspeita de hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica. Lembrar que a PA na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada servir&#225; para tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica, enquanto a da posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, para modifica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento se hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica estiver presente.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                  <td align="left">Insuflar o manguito rapidamente 30 mmHg acima da extin&#231;&#227;o do pulso radial e proceder &#224; defla&#231;&#227;o do manguito na velocidade aproximada de 2 mmHg/batimento. A PAS ser&#225; determinada pela ausculta do primeiro som (fase I de Korotkoff) e a PAD pelo desaparecimento dos sons (fase V de Korotkoff). Na persist&#234;ncia dos batimentos at&#233; o n&#237;vel zero, determinar a PAD no abafamento dos sons (fase IV de Korotkoff).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                  <td align="left">Deve-se descartar a primeira aferi&#231;&#227;o e fazer duas medidas sequenciais nos dois membros, registrando-se a de maior valor. Na presen&#231;a de arritmia, o n&#250;mero de aferi&#231;&#245;es dever&#225; ser maior para determina&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia da PA.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                  <td align="left">Registrar o valor de PA obtido para o paciente. Reavalia&#231;&#227;o pelo menos mensal at&#233; obter-se o controle da PA e posteriormente a cada 3 meses.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <p>PA: press&#227;o arterial; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o complementar tem como objetivo detectar les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo (LOA), auxiliar na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular e identificar ind&#237;cios de HAS secund&#225;ria. Os exames complementares recomendados (rotina e para popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas) podem ser vistos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t13">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Os exames complementares recomendados (rotina e para popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Exames de rotina para todos os pacientes hipertensos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>An&#225;lise de urina</td>
                  <td>Glicemia de jejum e HbA1c</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RFG-e</td>
                  <td>Colesterol total, HDL-C e triglic&#233;rides plasm&#225;ticos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECG convencional</td>
                  <td>N&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de creatinina, pot&#225;ssio e &#225;cido &#250;rico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Exames recomendados em popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para pesquisa de LOA</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Radiografia de t&#243;rax</td>
                  <td>Suspeita cl&#237;nica de comprometimento card&#237;aco e/ou pulmonar Dilata&#231;&#227;o ou aneurisma da aorta (se ecocardiograma n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel) Suspeita de coarta&#231;&#227;o da aorta</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ecocardiograma</td>
                  <td>Ind&#237;cios de HVE ao ECG ou pacientes com suspeita cl&#237;nica de IC HVE = massa VE indexada SC &#8805; 116 g/m<sup>2</sup> (homens) ou 96 g/m<sup>2</sup> (mulheres)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumin&#250;ria</td>
                  <td>Hipertensos diab&#233;ticos, com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica ou com dois ou mais FR Valores normais &lt; 30 mg/24h</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>US das car&#243;tidas</td>
                  <td>Sopro carot&#237;deo, sinais de DCbV, doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica em outros territ&#243;rios. Valores da EMI &gt; 0,9 mm e / ou placas ateroscler&#243;ticas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>US renal ou Doppler</td>
                  <td>Pacientes com massas abdominais ou sopro abdominal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Teste ergom&#233;trico</td>
                  <td>Suspeita ou hist&#243;ria familiar para DAC, DM</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RNM cerebral</td>
                  <td>Pacientes com dist&#250;rbios cognitivos e dem&#234;ncia Detec&#231;&#227;o de infartos silenciosos e micro hemorragias</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <p>HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; RFG-e: ritmo de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimado; LOA: les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo; ECG: eletrocardiograma; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; VE: ventricular esquerda; SC: superf&#237;cie corporal; FR: fator de risco; US: ultrassonografia; DCbV: doen&#231;a cerebrovascular; EMI: espessura m&#233;dio-intimal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DM: diabetes mellitus; RNM: resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A pesquisa de LOA deve ser realizada com os exames complementares descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t13">Tabela 4</xref> adicionando-se os seguintes exames:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, avaliada por eletrocardiograma (&#237;ndice de Sokolow-Lyon - somat&#243;ria da maior onda R da deriva&#231;&#227;o V5 ou V6 com a onda S da deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 &gt; 35 mm; RaVL &gt; 1,1 mV; &#237;ndice de Cornell-somat&#243;ria da onda R de aVL com a onda S de V3 &gt; 28 mm em homens e &gt; 20 mm em mulheres) ou ecocardiograma (&#237;ndice de massa de VE: homens &#8805; 116 g/m<sup>2</sup> e mulheres &#8805; 96 g/m<sup>2</sup>);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica em outros territ&#243;rios e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica a partir do est&#225;gio 3 [ritmo de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimado (RFG-e) &gt; 60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <table-wrap id="t14">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o por fatores de risco, les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo e doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou renal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">PAS 130-139 ou PAD 85-89</th>
                  <th align="center">HAS est&#225;gio 1 PAS 140-159 ou PAD 90-99</th>
                  <th align="center">HAS est&#225;gio 2 PAS 160-179 ou PAD 100-109</th>
                  <th align="center">HAS est&#225;gio 3 PAS &#8805; 180 ou PAD &#8805; 110</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sem fator de risco</td>
                  <td align="center">Sem Risco Adicional</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#339966;color:#ffffff">Risco Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#153b66;color:#ffffff">Risco Moderado</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">Risco Alto</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1-2 fatores de risco</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#339966;color:#ffffff">Risco Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#153b66;color:#ffffff">Risco Moderado</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">Risco Alto</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">Risco Alto</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 3 fatores de risco</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#153b66;color:#ffffff">Risco Moderado</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">Risco Alto</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">Risco Alto</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">Risco Alto</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Presen&#231;a de LOA, DCV, DRC ou DM</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">Risco Alto</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">Risco Alto</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">Risco Alto</td>
                  <td align="center" style="background-color:#94366c;color:#ffffff">Risco Alto</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <p>PA: press&#227;o arterial; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; LOA: les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; DM: diabetes mellitus. Fonte: 7&#170; Diretriz brasileira de hipertens&#227;o arterial, 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
								</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco dever&#227;o ser levados em conta os FR cl&#225;ssicos, relacionando-os com os n&#237;veis de PA como descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t14">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Os fatores de risco considerados s&#227;o:</bold>
          </p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>sexo masculino e idade (homens &gt; 55 anos e mulheres &gt; 65 anos),</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>tabagismo, dislipidemias (triglic&#233;rides &gt; 150 mg/dl; LDL-C &gt; 100 mg/dl; HDL-C &lt; 40 mg/dl), obesidade (&#237;ndice de massa corporal &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), obesidade abdominal (circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura &gt; 102 cm nos homens e &gt; 88 cm nas mulheres), diabetes mellitus, teste de toler&#226;ncia a glicose anormal ou glicemia de jejum 102-125 mg/dL, e hist&#243;ria familiar prematura de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (homens &lt; 55 anos e mulheres &lt; 65 anos).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tratamento</title>
          <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da PA acompanha-se de significativa redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular com maior magnitude naqueles de alto risco cardiovascular, observando-se tamb&#233;m redu&#231;&#227;o de risco residual relativo nos demais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> A terapia n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica com mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida (MEV) deve ser implementada inicialmente para todos os est&#225;gios de HAS e tamb&#233;m para os portadores de PA de 135-139/85-89 mmHg (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t15">Tabela 6</xref>). Nos hipertensos est&#225;gio 1 com risco cardiovascular moderado ou baixo, pode-se iniciar com MEV e aguardar 3 a 6 meses antes da decis&#227;o de come&#231;ar a terapia medicamentosa. Nos demais est&#225;gios, recomenda-se iniciar a medica&#231;&#227;o hipertensiva t&#227;o logo tenha sido feito o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t15">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o tratamento n&#227;o medicamentoso da hipertens&#227;o arterial</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Medida</th>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Controle do peso</td>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Manter IMC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> at&#233; 65 anos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Manter IMC &lt; 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> ap&#243;s 65 anos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Manter CA &lt; 88 cm nas mulheres e &lt; 102 cm nos homens</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="11">Padr&#227;o alimentar</td>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Adotar dieta rica em frutas, vegetais e com baixo teor de gorduras saturadas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">A dieta DASH (<italic>Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension</italic>), com 2100 kcal/dia conforme proposta original, &#233; a mais empregada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Frutas (por&#231;&#245;es/dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">4-5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vegetais (por&#231;&#245;es/dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">4-5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Leite e derivados &lt;1% gordura (por&#231;&#245;es/dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">2-3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Carnes magras, peixe e frango (g/dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 180</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#211;leos e gorduras (por&#231;&#245;es/dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">2-3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sementes e oleaginosas (por&#231;&#245;es/semana)</td>
                  <td align="center">4-5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">A&#231;&#250;cares (por&#231;&#245;es/semana)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sal (por&#231;&#227;o/dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">~ 6 g (3000 mg de s&#243;dio)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gr&#227;os integrais (por&#231;&#245;es/dia)</td>
                  <td align="center">6-8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                  <td align="left">Modera&#231;&#227;o no consumo de &#225;lcool</td>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Limitar o consumo di&#225;rio de &#225;lcool a 1 dose (mulheres e pessoas com baixo peso) e a 2 doses para os homens</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="6">Atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Para todos os hipertensos &#8211; recomenda&#231;&#227;o populacional &#8211; pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Fazer, no m&#237;nimo, 30 min/dia de atividade f&#237;sica moderada (semelhante a caminhada), de forma cont&#237;nua (1 x 30 min) ou acumulada (2 x 15 min ou 3 x 10 min) em 5 a 7 dias da semana</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Treinamento Aer&#243;bico</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Pelo menos 3 vezes/semana (ideal 5 vezes/semana). Pelo menos 30 min (ideal entre 40 e 50 min)<break/> Modalidades diversas: andar, correr, dan&#231;ar, nadar Intensidade moderada definida por: maior intensidade conseguindo conversar (sem ficar ofegante), sentir-se entre ligeiramente cansado e cansado <break/> Manter a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de treino (FT) na margem entre a FT inferior e superior calculada por: <break/> FT inferior = (FC m&#225;xima &#8211; FC repouso) x 0,5 + FC repouso*; FT superior = (FC m&#225;xima &#8211; FC repouso) x 0,7+ FC repouso* Idealmente as FC utilizadas para calcular a intensidade do treino aer&#243;bio devem ser determinadas em teste de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo, realizado sob a medica&#231;&#227;o habitual do doente. <break/> * <underline>FC m&#225;xima</underline>: obtida em teste ergom&#233;trico m&#225;ximo com medicamentos regulares, ou pelo c&#225;lculo da FC m&#225;xima prevista pela idade (220 - idade; n&#227;o usar em cardiopatas ou hipertensos em uso de betabloqueadores ou bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio n&#227;o di-idropirid&#237;nicos).<break/>
										<underline>FC repouso</underline>: deve ser medida ap&#243;s 5 min de repouso deitado.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Treinamento resistido</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">2 a 3 vezes/semana, 8 a 10 exerc&#237;cios para os principais grupos musculares, dando prioridade para execu&#231;&#227;o unilateral, quando poss&#237;vel.<break/> 1 a 3 s&#233;ries com 10 a 15 repeti&#231;&#245;es at&#233; a fadiga moderada (redu&#231;&#227;o da velocidade de movimento e impedir a apneia, expirando na contra&#231;&#227;o e inspirando no retorno &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o inicial) <break/> Pausas longas passivas - 90 a 120 s</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal. Fonte: Adaptado de 7&#170; Diretriz brasileira de hipertens&#227;o arterial, 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
								</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Recomenda-se meta press&#243;rica inferior a 130/80 mmHg para pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular, incluindo os diab&#233;ticos. Os hipertensos no est&#225;gio 3 dever&#227;o ter como meta press&#243;rica a PA &lt; 140/90 mmHg. Para pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana, a PA n&#227;o deve ser inferior a 120/70 mmHg pelo risco de hipoperfus&#227;o coronariana, les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e eventos cardiovasculares. Para hipertensos idosos &#8805; 80 anos, recomenda-se PA &lt; 145/85 mmHg. Deve-se ter aten&#231;&#227;o especial com os pacientes com fen&#243;tipo de pele escura que ir&#227;o se beneficiar mais do uso de bloqueadores de c&#225;lcio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref> descreve a abordagem farmacol&#243;gica da HAS.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma para o tratamento de hipertens&#227;o arterial. (adaptada de Malachias et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</title>
                <p>CV: cardiovascular; PA: press&#227;o arterial; IECA: inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; BCC: bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio.</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-05-0389-70165-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Se os inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (IECA) n&#227;o forem tolerados, deve-se substitu&#237;-los por bloqueadores de receptores de angiotensina (BRA) de baixo custo. Betabloqueadores devem ser considerados para os indiv&#237;duos jovens com intoler&#226;ncia aos IECA ou BRA, mulheres em amamenta&#231;&#227;o, indiv&#237;duos com t&#244;nus adren&#233;rgico aumentado e portadores de DIC ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Em caso de intoler&#226;ncia aos bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio (BCC) devido a edema, ou presen&#231;a ou suspeita de IC, os diur&#233;ticos podem ser empregados: tiaz&#237;dicos (clortalidona- 12,5-25 mg 1X ao dia; indapamida - 1,5-2,5 mg 1X ao dia). Nos portadores de fen&#243;tipo pele escura os BRA s&#227;o prefer&#237;veis aos IECA para combina&#231;&#245;es de medicamentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Cerca de dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes ir&#227;o necessitar de combina&#231;&#245;es de pelo menos dois f&#225;rmacos para controle da PA. A vantagem da associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; o sinergismo dos diferentes mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o com diminui&#231;&#227;o das doses e consequente redu&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos adversos, al&#233;m de maior ades&#227;o terap&#234;utica.</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; prefer&#234;ncia por classe terap&#234;utica para o tratamento do hipertenso com passado de AVE, mas deve ter-se como alvo PA menor que 130/80 mmHg.</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t16">Tabela 7</xref> descreve situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas onde existe indica&#231;&#227;o ou contraindica&#231;&#227;o de drogas espec&#237;ficas. No caso de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, IECA e BRA associam-se com redu&#231;&#227;o de albumin&#250;ria, empregando-se tamb&#233;m os diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos para est&#225;gios 1 a 3, e os diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a para est&#225;gios 4 e 5.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <table-wrap id="t16">
            <label>Tabela 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas onde existe indica&#231;&#227;o ou contraindica&#231;&#227;o de drogas espec&#237;ficas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">F&#225;rmacos com indica&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</td>
                  <td align="left">Terap&#234;utica inicial indicada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="left">IECA/BRA, diur&#233;ticos e BB</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM, angina de peito, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica</td>
                  <td align="left">IECA/BRA, BB, AAS, estatinas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos, IECA/BCC, BB</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="left">IECA/BRA, diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="left">BCC, IECA/BRA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aneurisma a&#243;rtico</td>
                  <td align="left">BB</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
                  <td align="left">IECA, BCC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gravidez</td>
                  <td align="left">Metildopa, BCC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:thin;border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>F&#225;rmacos contraindicados</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</td>
                  <td align="left">Terap&#234;utica contraindicada</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Asma e bronquite cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="left">BB n&#227;o cardio-selectivos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gravidez</td>
                  <td align="left">IECA, BRA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bloqueio AV</td>
                  <td align="left">BB, BCC n&#227;o diidropirid&#237;nicos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gota</td>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estenose bilateral da art&#233;ria renal</td>
                  <td align="left">IECA, BRA</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN22">
                <p>IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores de receptores de angiotensina II; BB: betabloqueadores; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; BCC: bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio; AV: atrioventricular.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN23">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>n&#227;o se deve associar IECA e BRA, em consequ&#234;ncia do estudo ONTARGET. Adaptado de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
								</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hipertens&#227;o arterial na gravidez</title>
          <p>Mulheres gr&#225;vidas com hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica n&#227;o complicada devem ter os n&#237;veis de PA inferiores a 150/100 mmHg, tomando-se cuidado para que a PAD n&#227;o seja &lt; 80 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O uso de IECA e BRA &#233; contraindicado na gesta&#231;&#227;o, e o atenolol e prazosin devem ser evitados. A metildopa, os betabloqueadores (exceto atenolol), a hidralazina e os BCC (nifedipino, amlodipino e verapamil) podem ser usados com seguran&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Na hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica gestacional com LOA, a PA deve ser mantida em n&#237;veis inferiores a 140/90 mmHg e a gestante deve ser encaminhada a um especialista com intuito de preparar a assist&#234;ncia durante o parto e evitar teratogenicidade. N&#227;o se deve antecipar o parto se PA &lt; 160/110 mmHg (com ou sem o uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas) at&#233; a 37&#170; semana. A monitora&#231;&#227;o do crescimento fetal e da quantidade de l&#237;quido amni&#243;tico deve ser feita com ultrassonografia, entre a 28&#170; e 30&#170; semana e entre a 32&#170; e 34&#170; semana, e com dopplerfluxometria da art&#233;ria umbilical. A PA deve ser monitorizada continuamente durante o parto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Durante o per&#237;odo puerperal, a PA deve ser mantida em n&#237;veis inferiores a 140/90 mmHg, preferencialmente com as seguintes medica&#231;&#245;es, que s&#227;o seguras durante a amamenta&#231;&#227;o: hidroclorotiazida, espironolactona, alfa-metildopa, propranolol, hidralazina, minoxidil, verapamil, nifedipino, nimodipino, nitrendipino, benazepril, captopril e enalapril.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia (PE) &#233; definida pela presen&#231;a de HAS ap&#243;s a 20&#170; semana associada a protein&#250;ria significativa ou presen&#231;a de cefaleia, turva&#231;&#227;o visual, dor abdominal, plaquetopenia (menos que 100.000/mm<sup>3</sup>), eleva&#231;&#227;o de enzimas hep&#225;ticas (duas vezes o valor basal), comprometimento renal (acima de 1,1 mg/dl de creatinina ou duas vezes o valor basal), edema pulmonar, dist&#250;rbios visuais ou cerebrais e escotomas. A ecl&#226;mpsia ocorre quando as convuls&#245;es do tipo grande mal se associam a PE. O uso de sulfato de magn&#233;sio &#233; recomendado para a preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da ecl&#226;mpsia, na dose de ataque de 4 a 6 g IV por 10 a 20 minutos, seguido por infus&#227;o de 1-3 g/h, em geral por 24 horas ap&#243;s a convuls&#227;o. Em caso de recorr&#234;ncia de convuls&#227;o, 2 a 4 g IV podem ser administrados. O uso de corticosteroides, anti-hipertensivos venosos (hidralazina, labetalol) e expans&#227;o vol&#234;mica tamb&#233;m s&#227;o recomendados. As pacientes devem ser internadas em ambiente de terapia intensiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t17">Tabela 8</xref> lista as raz&#245;es a serem verificadas quando n&#227;o se obt&#233;m o controle adequado da PA, sendo importante afastar previamente a pseudorresist&#234;ncia (HAB).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t17">
            <label>Tabela 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Raz&#245;es poss&#237;veis para controle inadequado da press&#227;o arterial</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                  <td align="left">Ader&#234;ncia inadequada n&#227;o s&#243; aos medicamentos, mas tamb&#233;m &#224; dieta, ao consumo de sal, tabaco e &#225;lcool e &#224; atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                  <td align="left">Condi&#231;&#245;es associadas: sobrepeso e obesidade, apneia obstrutiva do sono, dor cr&#244;nica, sobrecarga vol&#234;mica, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a da tireoide</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                  <td align="left">Intera&#231;&#227;o de drogas: anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroides, corticosteroides, esteroides anabolizantes, simpaticomim&#233;ticos, descongestionantes, anfetaminas, eritropoetina, ciclosporina, tacrolimus, alca&#231;uz, inibidores da monoaminoxidase, inibidores da recapta&#231;&#227;o de serotonina e norepinefrina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                  <td align="left">Regime terap&#234;utico sub&#243;timo, doses baixas de medicamentos, combina&#231;&#245;es inapropriadas de anti-hipertensivos, reten&#231;&#227;o renal de s&#243;dio (pseudotoler&#226;ncia)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8226;</td>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria: doen&#231;a renovascular, hiperaldosteronismo prim&#225;rio, feocromocitoma</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN24">
                <p>Fonte: Leung et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
								</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hipertens&#227;o arterial secund&#225;ria</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de HAS secund&#225;ria na popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos, de modo geral, est&#225; em torno de 3-5%. A causa mais comum de HAS secund&#225;ria &#233; a doen&#231;a do par&#234;nquima renal, respons&#225;vel por 2-5% dos casos de HAS. As causas adrenais de HAS e o feocromocitoma ocorrem em menos de 1% de todos os casos de HAS. Por outro lado, 80% dos pacientes portadores de s&#237;ndrome de Cushing t&#234;m HAS. &#201; fundamental que os m&#233;dicos tenham um alto grau de suspeita cl&#237;nica em hipertensos de dif&#237;cil controle. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t18">Tabela 9</xref> lista os achados cl&#237;nicos das principais etiologias de HAS secund&#225;ria, associando-as com exames complementares que devem ser usados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t18">
            <label>Tabela 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Etiologias, sinais indicativos e exames complementares para o diagn&#243;stico de HAS secund&#225;ria</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Achados cl&#237;nicos</th>
                  <th align="center">Suspeita diagn&#243;stica e preval&#234;ncia</th>
                  <th align="center">Estudos adicionais</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ronco, sonol&#234;ncia diurna, SM</td>
                  <td align="center">SAHOS</td>
                  <td align="center">Question&#225;rio de Berlim, polissonografia ou poligrafia residencial com 5 ou mais epis&#243;dios de apneia e/ou hipopneia por hora de sono</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HAR e/ou hipopotassemia (n&#227;o obrigat&#243;ria) e/ou n&#243;dulo adrenal</td>
                  <td align="center">Hiperaldosteronismo prim&#225;rio (hiperplasia ou adenoma)</td>
                  <td align="center">Determina&#231;&#245;es de aldosterona (&gt;15 ng/dL) e atividade/concentra&#231;&#227;o de renina plasm&#225;tica; c&#225;lculo da rela&#231;&#227;o aldosterona/renina &gt; 30. Testes confirmat&#243;rios (furosemida e captopril). Exames de imagem: TC com cortes finos ou RNM</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Edema, anorexia, fadiga, creatinina e ureia elevadas, altera&#231;&#245;es do sedimento urin&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">Doen&#231;a renal parenquimatosa</td>
                  <td align="center">Exame de urina, c&#225;lculo do RFG-e, US renal, pesquisa de albumin&#250;ria / protein&#250;ria</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sopro abdominal, EAP s&#250;bito, altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal por medicamentos que bloqueiam o SRAA</td>
                  <td align="center">Doen&#231;a renovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">US com Doppler renal e/ou renograma, angiografia por RNM ou TC, arteriografia renal</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pulsos em femorais ausentes ou de amplitude diminu&#237;da, PA diminu&#237;da em membros inferiores, altera&#231;&#245;es na radiografia de t&#243;rax</td>
                  <td align="center">Coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta</td>
                  <td align="center">Ecocardiograma e/ou angiografia de t&#243;rax por TC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ganho de peso, diminui&#231;&#227;o da libido, fadiga, hirsutismo, amenorreia, "f&#225;cies em lua cheia", "giba dorsal", estrias purp&#250;reas, obesidade central, hipopotassemia</td>
                  <td align="center">S&#237;ndrome de Cushing (hiperplasia, adenoma e excesso de produ&#231;&#227;o de ACTH)</td>
                  <td align="center">Cortisol salivar, cortisol urin&#225;rio livre de 24h e teste de supress&#227;o: cortisol matinal (8h) e 8h ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de dexametasona (1 mg) &#224;s 24 h. RNM</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HA parox&#237;stica com cefaleia, sudorese e palpita&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">Feocromocitoma</td>
                  <td align="center">Metanefrinas plasm&#225;ticas livres, catecolaminas s&#233;ricas e metanefrinas urin&#225;rias. TC e RNM</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fadiga, ganho de peso, perda de cabelo, HAD, fraqueza muscular</td>
                  <td align="center">Hipotireoidismo (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">TSH e T4 livre</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Intoler&#226;ncia ao calor, perda de peso, palpita&#231;&#245;es, exoftalmia, hipertermia, reflexos exaltados, tremores, taquicardia</td>
                  <td align="center">Hipertireoidismo</td>
                  <td align="center">TSH e T4 livre</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Lit&#237;ase urin&#225;ria, osteoporose, depress&#227;o, letargia, fraqueza ou espasmos musculares, sede, poli&#250;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">Hiperparatireoidismo (hiperplasia ou adenoma)</td>
                  <td align="center">C&#225;lcio s&#233;rico e PTH</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cefaleia, fadiga, problemas visuais, aumento de m&#227;os, p&#233;s e l&#237;ngua</td>
                  <td align="center">Acromegalia</td>
                  <td align="center">IGF-1 e GH basal e durante teste de toler&#226;ncia oral &#224; glicose</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN25">
                <p>SM: s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica; SAHOS: s&#237;ndrome da apneia e hipopneia obstrutiva do sono; HAR: hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente; TC: tomografia computadorizada; RNM: resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica; RFG-e: ritmo de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimado; US: ultrassonografia; EAP: edema agudo de pulm&#227;o; SRAA: sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona; ACTH: adrenocorticotropina; HA: hipertens&#227;o arterial; HAD: hipertens&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; TSH: horm&#244;nio tireoestimulante; PTH: paratorm&#244;nio; IGF-1: fator de crescimento insulina-s&#237;mile tipo 1; GH: horm&#244;nio do crescimento. Fonte: Malachias et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
								</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Como em todas as DCNT, a ades&#227;o ao tratamento da HAS para toda a vida &#233; pequena e acredita-se que, no primeiro ano, cerca de 40% dos pacientes abandonem o tratamento regular, deixando de se beneficiar da redu&#231;&#227;o das LOA e da diminui&#231;&#227;o dos eventos cardiovasculares, como a ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e AVE. Os fatores que se associam &#224; n&#227;o ades&#227;o ao tratamento s&#227;o: ocorr&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos, n&#250;mero de doses di&#225;rias e tolerabilidade aos f&#225;rmacos. Parece que as combina&#231;&#245;es fixas de f&#225;rmacos aumentam a ades&#227;o por possibilitar melhor adequa&#231;&#227;o individual com menor possibilidade de uso irregular das diversas doses di&#225;rias. O envolvimento do paciente e de seus familiares e a abordagem por equipe multidisciplinar tamb&#233;m aumentaram a ades&#227;o. Sugere-se o emprego de aplicativos interativos que aumentem a participa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes no controle da PA, encorajando-os na persist&#234;ncia e na tomada de medica&#231;&#245;es regularmente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
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