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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">cSkXx4x44D7RJDvcvVkNmYQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001400384</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170166</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Autonomic Modulation - The Search for an Ultimate Technique</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivarola</surname>
            <given-names>Esteban</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Mauricio Scanavacca</bold> Av. Joaquim C. A. Marques, 1205, Morumbi, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mibrahim@cardiol.br</email>, <email>mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>384</fpage>
      <lpage>386</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Bradycardia</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrioventricular Block</kwd>
        <kwd>Syncope, Vasovagal</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Ganglia, Autonomic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Abnormal parasympathetic activity on the heart has been implicated in several forms of symptomatic bradycardia, especially in young and otherwise healthy individuals. Neurally mediated syncope, sinus arrest and advanced atrioventricular (AV) block have high risk of injury and serious implications on quality of life. Nonetheless, until recently, their clinical management, mainly based on behavioral measures and pacing, have often proved to be ineffective or inadequate. An alternative approach to treat this specific population, avoiding device implants and continuous drug therapy seemed to be required.</p>
    <p>Ganglionated plexus (GP) ablation was first described in 2005,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> with the purpose of targeting the main parasympathetic ganglia and promoting a vagal attenuation. During the last decade, several authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> presented their clinical results, with significant remission of symptoms and electrocardiographic improvement, and autonomic modulation became an established therapeutic modality.</p>
    <p>The cardiac autonomic nervous system, however, is not a simple target. Precisely the opposite: a complex interface between the central nervous system and the heart, comprising both extrinsic (Vagus nerve and sympathetic thoracic chain) and intrinsic components (epicardial GPs). It is widely recognized that most thoracic nerves and cardiac ganglia have both parasympathetic and sympathetic inputs (except the purely parasympathetic Vagus nerve and the purely sympathetic Stellate cardiac nerve), and present remarkable anatomic and functional heterogeneity. The variation and overlap of autonomic nervous supply to the myocardium makes interventional treatment difficult, although the predilection of certain structures for specific areas of the heart might be helpful for this purpose.</p>
    <p>The intrinsic cardiac nervous system, a dense network of neuronal somata and connecting pre- and postganglionic fibers is the main target of the autonomic modulation procedures. Since almost all these epicardial ganglia have dual innervation, a titrated ablation with a net result of vagal attenuation must be reached.</p>
    <p>Most authors considered as eligible for treatment those patients with no structural heart disease and recurrent functional bradycardia (cardioinhibitory syncope, advanced AV block or sinus arrest), after failure of medical treatment. Some authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> recommend that a pre-ablation atropine test must be performed (0.04mg/Kg) and a positive response required as eligible criteria. Denervation has also been proposed to treat extreme bradycardia (pauses longer than 10 seconds) in asymptomatic patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> a very uncommon presentation with still unknown cardiovascular risks.</p>
    <p>Several methods to identify the main GP implicated in functional bradycardia have been studied, alone and combined. Endocardial high-frequency stimulation has been widely used in previous articles,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> despite limitations caused by immediate rhythm disturbances and the requirement of specific equipment.</p>
    <p>Spectral analysis of endocardial electrograms is an alternative method. Areas with right-shifted spectra (&gt; 120 Hz) correlate with vagal-evoked response sites,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and it has been used as a diagnostic parameter to identify GP sites.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Due to technical limitations of above mentioned methods, the anatomic location alone, conducted based on previous anatomic studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> emerged as a simple and attractive mapping strategy in recent articles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> It is based on the concept that, although the structural organization of the intrinsic autonomic system varies from heart to heart, the most critical sites of innervation to the sinoatrial and AV nodes locate in predictable areas.</p>
    <p>The cardiac autonomic nervous fibers spread through out the entire atrial epicardial surface; therefore a comprehensive ablation would be necessary to promote a significant atria autonomic modulation. However, most of autonomic ganglia are concentrated in some specific areas of the atria, allowing that a tailored amount of radiofrequency promote sufficient autonomic modulation and avoiding extensive lesions and potential complications. Recent clinical observations have contributed to our understanding of the sinoatrial node and AV node innervation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, and the interatrial septum emerged as a critical area, involved in most of the parasympathetic tone changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Ablation of both sides of the septum, near the anterior right GP and inferior right GP of the left atrium, and the superior and inferior GP of right atrium had the greatest impact on heart rate and atrial-His interval.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> These data bring the perspective of performing ablation targeting the interatrial septum.</p>
    <p>In specific cases, it was possible to observe that certain GP sites had differential effects on the sinoatrial and AV nodes, implying the presence of selective pathways in these structures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> These data raised the possibility of treating sinus node arrest with selective denervation of the sinus node, and managing advanced AV block with selective AV node therapy, although we still lack clinical evidence that these patterns are consistent in large populations.</p>
    <p>Amongst all the technical aspects of the autonomic denervation procedure, finding the best endpoints to measure vagal modulation is one of the most controversial issues in the field.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Vagal-evoked response is a crude way to locate GP and, accordingly, evoked response abolition is a crude way to demonstrate clinical denervation. Spectral mapping with elimination of all right shifted signals can be useful but is a surrogate outcome and might result in large non-specific radiofrequency lesions.</p>
    <p>Objective evaluation of the sinoatrial node and AV node function has been regarded as hard endpoints during denervation in recent articles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Authors observed a significant shortening of heart rate, AH interval and Wenckebach cycle length that, combined with a negative or significantly blunted response to atropine (0,04 mg/Kg) were considered procedural primary endpoints.</p>
    <p>A recent work by Pachon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> proposed a method of vagal stimulation by using an electrophysiological catheter placed in the internal jugular vein. This extracardiac technique has brought valuable data for denervation confirmation, although the presence of parasympathetic fibers also in most of the sympathetic thoracic nerves innervating the heart might limit its efficacy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Long-term follow-up results demonstrate that some technical aspects remain to be mastered, as symptom recurrence rates varying between 0 and 27%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Clinical limitations of the cardiac denervation procedure lie in the complexity of the intrinsic autonomic system: GPs behave as integration centers with extensive signal modulation that makes a uniform and permanently successful outcome unlikely. The highly dense neuroanatomy of the atria raises the possibility that a significant portion of the innervation remain stunned but still functional after ablation. In that case, a redo procedure might be helpful.</p>
    <p>Late vagal tonus recovery is another important cause of recurrences. Metaiodobenzylguanidine imaging studies revealed that denervation persists for at least 4 months,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> but long-term evaluation are still lacking.</p>
    <p>A large, multicenter clinical trial designed to determine the most proper method to perform denervation is of the essence. Yet, some available data seem consistent and valuable, as interventions on autonomic cardiac modulation became a worldwide standard procedure for management of functional bradycardia: 1- denervation is useful for refractory patients; 2- anatomic mapping emerge as a simple and effective approach; 3- the interatrial septum has a critical role, and 4- physiological evaluation (extracardiac stimulation, heart rate and AH interval shortening) combined with a negative atropine test seemed to be the most adequate endpoints.</p>
  </body>
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        <article-title>Modula&#231;&#227;o Auton&#244;mica Card&#237;aca - A Busca por uma T&#233;cnica Definitiva</article-title>
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          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
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      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mauricio Scanavacca</bold> Av. Joaquim C. A. Marques, 1205, Morumbi, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mibrahim@cardiol.br</email>, <email>mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</email>
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        <kwd>S&#237;ncope Vasovagal</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
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    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A atividade parassimp&#225;tica anormal do cora&#231;&#227;o tem sido associada a v&#225;rias formas de bradicardia sintom&#225;tica, principalmente em jovens e indiv&#237;duos considerados saud&#225;veis. A s&#237;ncope vasovagal, a parada sinusal e o bloqueio atrioventricular (AV) avan&#231;ado oferecem alto risco de les&#245;es e consequ&#234;ncias &#224; qualidade de vida. No entanto, at&#233; recentemente, seu manejo cl&#237;nico, baseado principalmente em medidas comportamentais e implantes de marca-passo, tem se mostrado ineficaz ou inadequado. Parece ser necess&#225;ria uma abordagem alternativa para tratar essa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica, evitando-se o implante de aparelhos e o uso cont&#237;nuo de medicamentos.</p>
      <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o dos plexos ganglionares (PGs) foi primeiramente descrita em 2005,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> visando principalmente os principais g&#226;nglios parassimp&#225;ticos e com objetivo de promover uma atenua&#231;&#227;o vagal. Durante a &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, v&#225;rios autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> apresentaram seus resultados cl&#237;nicos, com significativa remiss&#227;o dos sintomas e melhora nos achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, de modo que a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica estabeleceu-se como uma modalidade terap&#234;utica.</p>
      <p>O sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo card&#237;aco, no entanto, n&#227;o &#233; um alvo simples; pelo contr&#225;rio: consiste em uma complexa interface entre o sistema nervoso central e o cora&#231;&#227;o, envolvendo tanto componentes intr&#237;nsecos como extr&#237;nsecos (PGs epic&#225;rdicos). J&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecido que a maioria dos nervos tor&#225;cicos e dos g&#226;nglios card&#237;acos recebe tanto est&#237;mulos parassimp&#225;ticos como simp&#225;ticos (com exce&#231;&#227;o do nervo vago, exclusivamente parassimp&#225;tico, e do g&#226;nglio cervicotor&#225;cico, exclusivamente simp&#225;tico), e apresenta heterogeneidade anat&#244;mica e funcional marcante. A varia&#231;&#227;o e a sobreposi&#231;&#227;o dos nervos auton&#244;micos no mioc&#225;rdio tornam dif&#237;cil o tratamento intervencionista, apesar de que a predile&#231;&#227;o de certas estruturas por &#225;reas espec&#237;ficas do cora&#231;&#227;o poder ser &#250;til nesse prop&#243;sito.</p>
      <p>O sistema nervoso card&#237;aco intr&#237;nseco, uma densa rede de corpos neuronais e de fibras pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-ganglionares conectoras, &#233; o principal alvo dos procedimentos de modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica. Uma vez que quase todos esses g&#226;nglios epic&#225;rdicos possuem dupla inerva&#231;&#227;o, deve-se realizar uma abla&#231;&#227;o titulada que resulte em atenua&#231;&#227;o vagal.</p>
      <p>A maioria dos autores consideraram eleg&#237;veis para tratamento aqueles pacientes sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural e bradicardia funcional recorrente (s&#237;ncope cardioinibit&#243;ria, bloqueio AV avan&#231;ado ou parada sinusal), ap&#243;s falha do tratamento m&#233;dico. Alguns autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> recomendam a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um teste pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o com atropina (0,04 mg/Kg), e uma resposta positiva ao teste &#233; considerada como crit&#233;rio de elegibilidade. A denerva&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi proposta como tratamento da bradicardia grave (pausas maiores que 10 segundos) em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o pouco frequente com riscos cardiovasculares ainda desconhecidos.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rios m&#233;todos para identificar os principais PGs envolvidos na bradicardia funcional foram estudados, isoladamente e de forma combinada. A estimula&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica com alta frequ&#234;ncia foi amplamente utilizada em estudos pr&#233;vios,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> apesar de algumas limita&#231;&#245;es impostas por dist&#250;rbios imediatos no ritmo e pela necessidade de equipamentos espec&#237;ficos.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise espectral dos eletrocardiogramas &#233; um m&#233;todo alternativo. &#193;reas com espectro (&gt; 120 Hz) orientado para a direita correlacionam-se com locais de respostas vagais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> o que tem sido usado como um par&#226;metro diagn&#243;stico para se identificar locais de PGs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
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      <p>Devido &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas dos m&#233;todos citados acima, a localiza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, conduzida com base em estudos anat&#244;micos pr&#233;vios,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> surgiu como uma estrat&#233;gia simples e atrativa de mapeamento em artigos mais recentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O m&#233;todo baseia-se no conceito de que, apesar de a organiza&#231;&#227;o estrutural do sistema auton&#244;mico intr&#237;nseco variar de cora&#231;&#227;o para cora&#231;&#227;o, os principais locais de inerva&#231;&#227;o para o n&#243; sinusal e o n&#243; AV localizam-se em &#225;reas previs&#237;veis.</p>
      <p>As fibras nervosas do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo do cora&#231;&#227;o distribuem-se por toda a superf&#237;cie epic&#225;rdica dos &#225;trios; assim, uma extensa abla&#231;&#227;o atrial seria necess&#225;ria para promover uma modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica atrial significativa. Entretanto, a maioria dos g&#226;nglios auton&#244;micos est&#227;o concentrados em &#225;reas espec&#237;ficas dos &#225;trios. Essa caracter&#237;stica anat&#244;mica permite que a abla&#231;&#227;o focal dessas &#225;reas produza modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica clinicamente relevante, evitando les&#245;es atriais extensas e potenciais complica&#231;&#245;es. Observa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas recentes contribu&#237;ram para nosso entendimento sobre a inerva&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal e do n&#243; AV,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e a regi&#227;o do septo interatrial destacou-se como &#225;rea cr&#237;tica, estando frequentemente envolvida nas mudan&#231;as de t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A abla&#231;&#227;o de ambos os lados do septo, pr&#243;ximo ao PG anterior e inferior direito do &#225;trio esquerdo, e ao PG superior e inferior do &#225;trio direito, teve o maior impacto sobre a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e o intervalo entre o &#225;trio e o feixe de His.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Esses dados apresentam a perspectiva de se realizar abla&#231;&#227;o, tendo, como alvo, o septo interatrial.</p>
      <p>Em casos espec&#237;ficos, foi poss&#237;vel observar que certas &#225;reas do PG tiveram efeitos diferenciados sobre os n&#243;dulos sinusal e AV, indicando a presen&#231;a de vias seletivas nessas estruturas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Esses dados levantaram a possibilidade de se tratar a parada sinusal com denerva&#231;&#227;o seletiva do n&#243;dulo sinusal, e de controlar o bloqueio AV avan&#231;ado com terapia seletiva no n&#243;dulo AV, apesar de ainda faltarem evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas de que esses padr&#245;es sejam consistentes em grandes popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Entre todos os aspectos cl&#237;nicos do procedimento de denerva&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, encontrar os principais desfechos para medir a modula&#231;&#227;o vagal &#233; uma das quest&#245;es mais controversas na &#225;rea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A identifica&#231;&#227;o da resposta vagal &#233; uma forma grosseira de se localizar os PGs, assim como a aboli&#231;&#227;o dessa resposta para demonstrar denerva&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. O mapeamento espectral com elimina&#231;&#227;o de sinais orientados para a direita pode ser &#250;til, por&#233;m trata-se de um desfecho substituto, podendo resultar em les&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas por radiofrequ&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Em estudos recentes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> a avalia&#231;&#227;o objetiva da fun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243;dulo sinusal e do n&#243;dulo AV tem sido considerada como um desfecho duro durante a denerva&#231;&#227;o. Os autores observaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, do intervalo entre o &#225;trio e o feixe de His e da dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo de Wenckebach; esses achados, combinados com uma resposta negativa ou significativamente reduzida &#224; atropina (0,04mg/Kg), foram considerados desfechos prim&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>Um estudo recente de Pachon et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> prop&#244;s um m&#233;todo de estimula&#231;&#227;o vagal, utilizando um cateter eletrofisiol&#243;gico posicionado na veia jugular interna. Essa t&#233;cnica extracard&#237;aca trouxe dados valiosos para confirmar a denerva&#231;&#227;o, apesar de sua efic&#225;cia poder ser limitada pela presen&#231;a de fibras parassimp&#225;ticas na maioria dos nervos simp&#225;ticos tor&#225;cicos no cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Resultados de acompanhamento por longo prazo demonstram que alguns aspectos t&#233;cnicos devem ainda ser superados, tais como as taxas de recorr&#234;ncia de sintomas variando entre 0 e 27%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> As limita&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas do procedimento de denerva&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca baseiam-se na complexidade do sistema aut&#244;nomo intr&#237;nseco: os PGs atuam como centros de integra&#231;&#227;o, com extensa modula&#231;&#227;o de sinal, que torna improv&#225;vel a ocorr&#234;ncia de um desfecho uniforme e permanentemente bem sucedido. A densa neuroanatomia dos &#225;trios levanta a possibilidade de que uma parcela significativa da inerva&#231;&#227;o permanece inibida, por&#233;m funcionalmente &#237;ntegra ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o. Nesse caso, executar uma nova abla&#231;&#227;o pode ser &#250;til.</p>
      <p>A recupera&#231;&#227;o tardia do t&#244;nus vagal &#233; outra causa importante de recorr&#234;ncias. Estudos de imagens com metaiodobenzilguanidina revelaram que a denerva&#231;&#227;o persiste por pelo menos 4 meses,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> mas ainda &#233; necess&#225;ria uma avalia&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Um grande ensaio cl&#237;nico multic&#234;ntrico, delineado para determinar qual o m&#233;todo mais apropriado para realizar denerva&#231;&#227;o torna-se essencial. Entretanto, alguns dados consistentes j&#225; dispon&#237;veis s&#227;o de grande valia, na medida em que as interven&#231;&#245;es de regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca adquire o status de procedimento padr&#227;o em todo o mundo para o manejo da bradicardia funcional: 1- a denerva&#231;&#227;o &#233; &#250;til para pacientes resistentes; 2- o mapeamento anat&#244;mico emerge como uma abordagem simples e eficaz; 3- o septo interatrial tem um papel cr&#237;tico, e 4- a avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica (estimula&#231;&#227;o extracard&#237;aca, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e encurtamento do intervalo entre &#225;trio e feixe de His) em combina&#231;&#227;o com um teste da atropina negativo parecem ser os desfechos mais apropriados.</p>
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