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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Srxvs6LfyJrN7PQbr4Yt5dd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001300370</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170148</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 5/2017 - A 28-Year-Old Woman with Cor Pulmonale Due to Pulmonary Hypertension Secondary to Chronic Pulmonary Thromboembolism</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bruno</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Amorim Belo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>370</fpage>
      <lpage>375</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Heart Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Respiratory Insufficiency</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The patient is a 28-year-old female, who presented with dyspnea on minimum exertion and dry cough.</p>
    <p>The patient reported being asymptomatic until one year ago, when she had an episode of retrosternal pain followed by syncope, requiring admission to the intensive care unit, being then diagnosed with pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE).</p>
    <p>Her technetium-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-DTPA) radioaerosol inhalation lung scintigraphy (May 21, 2008) revealed marked hypoventilation of the left lung and retention of the radiotracer in the right peri-hilar region, suggestive of a parenchymal process. The use of <sup>99m</sup>TC human albumin macroaggregates (<sup>99m</sup>TC MAA) revealed no perfusion in the left lung and perfusion defects in the right lung base.</p>
    <p>Computed tomography (acute phase) with contrast suggested thrombosis of the left pulmonary artery.</p>
    <p>The patient was referred for treatment at InCor.</p>
    <p>On her first visit (Jul 8, 2008), she complained of dyspnea on milder than usual exertion and dry cough. She denied smoking, and reported being on oral contraception until the time of the PTE. Her obstetrical history revealed one gestation with normal delivery and no abortion.</p>
    <p>Her physical examination showed heart rate (HR) of 80 bpm and blood pressure (BP) of 120/80 mm Hg. Her pulmonary auscultation showed reduced breath sound intensity in the left lung. Her cardiac auscultation was normal, as was her abdominal examination. There was edema (+/4+) in the left lower limb. Her pulses were palpable and symmetrical. Her peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>) was 90%. She was on warfarin, and her INR was 2.4.</p>
    <p>Her laboratory tests (Jul 17, 2008) were as follows: glycemia, 70 mg/dL; creatinine, 0.81 mg/dL; potassium, 5.4 mEq/L; sodium, 141 mEq/L; hemoglobin, 17 g/dL; hematocrit, 53%; MCV, 91 fL; leukocytes, 12900/mm<sup>3</sup> (65% neutrophils, 1% eosinophils, 29% lymphocytes and 5% monocytes); platelets, 341000/mm<sup>3</sup>; PT (INR), 2.4; APTT (rel), 1.17; normal urinalysis; homocysteine, 7.5 &#181;mol/L. The lupus anticoagulant test was negative, and mutant prothrombin, absent. The anticardiolipin antibody test was negative, as were the antinuclear factor (ANF HEp-2; Anti-SM) and ANCA antibody tests.</p>
    <p>Her echocardiogram (Sept 16, 2008) revealed the following diameters: aorta, 29 mm; left atrium, 30 mm; right ventricle, 34 mm; left ventricle (D/S), 39/23 mm; septal and posterior wall thickness, 8 mm. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 73%, left ventricular relaxation was abnormal, and ventricular septal motion, atypical. The right ventricle was markedly hypokinetic, and the valves, normal. The systolic pulmonary artery pressure was estimated as 50 mm Hg.</p>
    <p>Computed tomography angiography of the pulmonary arteries (24 Sept 2008) revealed chronic PTE with occlusion of the left branch of the pulmonary artery.</p>
    <p>Selective pulmonary angiography (Dec 17, 2008) showed occlusion at the origin of the left pulmonary artery. The right pulmonary artery was dilated and patent, and there was contrast stop at the level of the anterior basal branches of the lower lobe and branches of the middle lobe.</p>
    <p>Spirometry revealed forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV<sub>1</sub>) of 71% of the predicted value, and forced vital capacity (FVC) of 68% of the predicted value, being the ventilatory disorder classified as mild.</p>
    <p>Furosemide (40 mg) was prescribed, and warfarin, maintained. Surgical treatment of chronic thromboembolism by use of pulmonary endarterectomy was considered.</p>
    <p>The dyspnea progressed to minimum exertion, being then accompanied by precordial pain and weight loss of 6 kg over 1 year. The patient was then hospitalized.</p>
    <p>On physical examination (Mar 24, 2009), she was tachypneic (respiratory rate of 28 bpm), cyanotic and hydrated. Her HR was 100 bpm, and blood pressure, 110/80 mm Hg. Her weight was 69.7 kg, and height, 1.59 m. Her pulmonary auscultation revealed reduced breath sound intensity in the lung bases, worse at the right side. On cardiac auscultation, there was increased intensity of the pulmonary component of the second cardiac sound, and neither accessory sounds nor murmurs were heard. The abdomen was difficult to exam due to the patient&#8217;s dyspnea. Her left lower limb showed hard edema. Her pulses were normal and symmetrical. Her SpO<sub>2</sub> was 84%, even with the use of an O<sub>2</sub> catheter (5 L/min).</p>
    <p>Her laboratory tests (Mar 25, 2009) were as follows: hemoglobin, 16.5 g/dL; hematocrit, 50%; MCV, 100 fL; leukocytes, 5000/mm&#179; (5% band neutrophils, 47% segmented neutrophils, 1% eosinophils, 42% lymphocytes and 5% monocytes); platelets, 229000/mm&#179;; ESR, 1 mm; glucose, 68 mg/dL; urea, 26.1 mg/dL; creatinine, 0.94 mg/dL; sodium, 142 mEq/L; potassium, 4.7 mEq/L; AST, 21 U/L; ALT, 40 U/L; calcium, 4.4 mEq/L; phosphorus, 4.5 mg/dL; magnesium, 1.5 mEq/L; DHL, 238 u/L; CRP, 2.4 mg/L; BNP, 463 pg/mL; INR, 2.6; APTT (rel), 1.22.</p>
    <p>Her ECG (Mar 29, 2009) revealed sinus rhythm, HR of 100 bpm, PR = 160 ms, dQRS = 80 ms, right atrial overload (P = 4 mV; S&#194;P = +60&#186;) and right ventricular overload (S&#194;QRS = +120&#186; forward, qR in V1).</p>
    <p>Her echocardiogram (Mar 26 and 30, 2009) showed the following diameters: aorta, 29 mm; left atrium, 32; right ventricle, 40/45 mm; left ventricle, 40/26 mm. The ventricular septum and posterior wall thickness was 9 mm, and the LVEF, 65%. Left ventricular systole was normal, and the filling pattern showed relaxation impairment. The right ventricle was hypertrophic and severely hypokinetic. The valves had no changes. Systolic pulmonary artery pressure was estimated as 64 mm Hg.</p>
    <p>The dyspnea and hypoxemia worsened, and the patient required orotracheal intubation. Nitric oxide, milrinone and cefepime were initiated (Mar 30, 2009).</p>
    <p>Her laboratory tests (Mar 30, 2009) were as follows: urea, 39 mg/dL; creatinine, 0.92 mg/dL; glucose, 87 mg/dL; potassium, 4.2 mEq/L; sodium, 140 mEq/L; BNP, 510 pg/mL; INR, 1.8; TTPA (rel), 1.27; arterial lactate, 267 mg/dL. Arterial blood gas analysis revealed: pH, 7.41; pCO<sub>2</sub>, 23.5 mm Hg; pO<sub>2</sub>, 48.7 mm Hg; SatO<sub>2</sub>, 82%; HCO<sub>3</sub>, 17.2 mEq/L; and base excess (-) 3.2 mEq/L</p>
    <p>Two hours after intubation, the patient had a cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity, which was initially reversed, but recurred few minutes later, and the patient died (Mar 31, 2009, 2h45min).</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>We report the case of a 28-year female patient denying any previous morbidity, who had acute PTE and progressively developed significant functional impairment and signs suggestive of chronic PTE during follow-up until death.</p>
      <p>Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the third most frequent cause of cardiovascular disease in the general population, with an annual incidence of 100 to 200 cases per 100000 inhabitants, acute PTE being its most severe clinical presentation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The prevalence and incidence of spontaneous VTE in young adults are low, but increase significantly in the presence of risk factors, such as oral contraception use, obesity and thrombophilia, especially in associations. The use of oral contraceptives, such as estrogens/progestogens, increases by 2 to 4 times the risk of venous thromboembolic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Activated protein C resistance is attributed to a mechanism related to higher risk for VTE in patients on oral contraceptives. In our case, the patient had been on regular use of oral contraceptives until the first event, but there is no information on their formulation. Obesity is considered a risk factor, increasing by 2.4 times the risk for VTE in obese individuals as compared to non-obese individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> When associating obesity and oral contraceptive use simultaneously, the risk for VTE increases by 10 times.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Significant thrombophilias, such as deficiencies in protein C, protein S and antithrombin, homozygosity for factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutation increase in up to 7 times the risk for venous thromboembolic events in patients on oral contraceptives.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> During the patient&#8217;s follow-up, certain thrombophilias, such as prothrombin gene mutation, hyperhomocysteinemia and antiphospholipid syndrome, were excluded, but neither factor V Leiden nor deficiency in natural anticoagulants were investigated.</p>
      <p>The incidence of chronic PTE is heterogeneous, ranging from 0.4% to 9.1% of the patients after an acute embolic event in different studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Its etiology is little known, being related to genetic and ethnic factors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Hypercoagulable states, such as clotting factor VIII elevation and presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, are related to thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Mortality related to recurrent PTE 3 to 6 months after anticoagulant therapy is approximately 0.4% per year, partially depending on the presence or absence of comorbidities. Patients with acute PTE, who develop systolic pulmonary hypertension (levels &gt; 50 mm Hg), that is not solved in the first weeks, have worse prognosis. In addition, the incidence of death due to recurrent PTE or chronic pulmonary hypertension within the first 3 years after anticoagulant treatment discontinuation ranges from 1% to 3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our patient maintained significant pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction according to the findings from both the echocardiography in September 2009, and the computed tomography angiography of the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary angiography suggesting chronic occlusion of the left pulmonary artery despite the anticoagulant therapy instituted. During outpatient clinic follow-up, between September and December 2008, the possibility of surgical treatment was considered. Assessment for pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in patients with chronic PTE should be early, even in patients with non-limiting symptoms, because surgery can prevent irreversible vasculopathy. The decision to perform the procedure should consider whether the pulmonary artery anatomy is favorable, presence of hemodynamic and ventilatory abnormalities, comorbidities associated, and the patient&#8217;s will. In specialized centers, the mortality related to pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in low-risk patients is around 1.3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In patients not eligible for surgical treatment and those maintaining pulmonary hypertension after the procedure, pharmacological treatment with the following pulmonary vasodilators should be considered: riociguat (soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator) and intravenous prostanoids, such as eprostinil and treprostinil, in critical patients. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, such as sildenafil and tadalafil, and endothelin receptor antagonists, such as bosentan, can be alternatives to treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The patient developed progressive dyspnea with important functional impairment until hospitalization in March 2009. She had the following factors of poor prognosis: advanced functional class (III/IV, according to the WHO classification); right ventricular systolic dysfunction; signs of overload of the right chambers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>); and lack of specific treatment (pharmacological or surgical). Her echocardiogram revealed increased right ventricular dimensions and elevated systolic pulmonary artery pressure as compared to previous measurements, in addition to persistence of important right ventricular dysfunction. It is worth noting the significant respiratory failure and hypoxemia even when using oxygen supplementation via catheter, which required orotracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation. Despite those measures, the patient had a cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity, probably related to refractory respiratory failure. Regarding the causes of decompensation and death, we considered the course of the underlying disease, with progressive aggravation of pulmonary arterial hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction, in addition to the likelihood of a new acute pulmonary thromboembolic event. <bold>(Jussara de Almeida Bruno, MD, and Rafael Amorim Belo Nunes, MD)</bold></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG: Sinus rhythm, right atrial overload, S&#194;QRS +120&#186;, right ventricular overload.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0370-70148-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypothesis:</bold> respiratory failure and hemodynamic collapse due to chronic thromboembolic pulmonary arterial hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction, and possible recurrence of acute pulmonary thromboembolism. <bold>(Jussara de Almeida Bruno, MD, and Rafael Amorim Belo Nunes, MD)</bold></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Postmortem examination</title>
      <p>Not even the postmortem examination could clarify the major issues of this patient&#8217;s disease. The major findings were: partial occlusion of the left pulmonary artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>); <italic>cor pulmonale</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>); phlebosclerosis of the left iliac vein (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>); focal areas similar to pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>); and severe pulmonary congestion, with blood in larger vessels and questionable recent thromboembolism (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>). The causes of neither chronic thromboembolism nor phlebosclerosis could be determined, and it was not certain whether the pulmonary vessels really had thromboemboli that would explain the sudden worsening of the patient&#8217;s condition and her death. The bone marrow pattern was normal to age. <bold>(Prof. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez, MD)</bold></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Microscopic section of o a central pulmonary artery showing partial occlusion by an organizing thrombus (T). Verhoeff stain; Objective magnification = 1X.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0370-70148-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gross aspect of the heart, frontal section, showing cor pulmonale, characterized by hypertrophy and dilatation of the right ventricle (RV), whose dimensions are close to those of the left ventricle (LV).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0370-70148-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Microscopic section of the left iliac vein showing phlebosclerosis and organized thrombosis. Verhoeff stain; Objective magnification = 1X.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0370-70148-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Microscopic section of the lung showing an area with capillary hemangiomatosis, characterized by the presence of more than one layer of capillaries (some indicated by the arrows) in alveolar septa. Reticulin stain; Objective magnification = 1X.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0370-70148-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Microscopic section of an intrapulmonary arterial branch showing severe congestion, not conclusive of recent thromboembolism. Hematoxylin-Eosin; Objective magnification = 20X.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0370-70148-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnoses:</bold> Major disease: chronic pulmonary thromboembolism.</p>
      <p><bold>Cause of death:</bold> undetermined (questionable recent thromboembolism). (<bold>Prof. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez, MD</bold>)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>Neither the underlying disease nor the cause of death were determined, but the anatomopathological findings confirmed the clinical, echocardiographic and imaging diagnoses: the patient had chronic pulmonary thromboembolism, and signs of organized peripheral venous thrombosis.</p>
      <p>Therefore, her thrombophilic condition, whose nature was not clarified even with the postmortem examination, was evident. Some thrombophilic conditions are as follows: collagen diseases, such as lupus and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome; hematological disorders; and postsplenectomy state. Apparently, lupus was ruled out based on the laboratory tests, but there was no time for a comprehensive clinical investigation.</p>
      <p>In chronic pulmonary thromboembolism, the histopathological findings usually differ between central and peripheral arteries. Thrombi in central elastic arteries usually organize as intimal thickenings of varied degrees, which extend to the hilar branches.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Surgical endarterectomy is aimed at resecting those thickenings, re-establishing local circulation. In smaller arteries, thromboses can organize as a re-channeling with multiple vascular lumens, named &#8220;colander lesion&#8221;, which should not be mistaken for the classic plexiform lesion.</p>
      <p>However, in peripheral pulmonary arteries, the changes are usually similar to those found in the idiopathic form of pulmonary arterial hypertension and in the Eisenmenger syndrome, reflecting vascular remodeling in response to increased flow and shear stress in the distal portions of the vascular bed of the central arterial branches that were not obstructed by thrombosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Those changes include mainly hypertrophy of the arterial tunica media and concentric proliferation of the intima.</p>
      <p>In our case, it is worth noting the relatively mild remodeling of the peripheral pulmonary arteries, with mild hypertrophy of the tunica media and few foci of intimal thickening. In addition, the pattern known as pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis was observed, a finding not usually described in the thromboembolic condition. That occurred in foci, being characterized by the presence of capillary proliferation in alveolar septa, in more than one layer, as opposed to the normal aspect of one single layer. That type of lesion has been mainly described in association with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (absent in our case),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> but also in some other forms of pulmonary vascular disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> or as an incidental necropsy finding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Its meaning is uncertain, but seems more often related to pulmonary venous hypertensive conditions. (<bold>Prof. Vera Demarchi Aiello, MD</bold>)</p>
      <p><bold>Section editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p><bold>Associated editors:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 5/2017 - Mulher de 28 Anos de Idade com Cor Pulmonale Devido a Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar Secund&#225;ria a Tromboembolismo Pulmonar Cr&#244;nico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bruno</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Amorim Belo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>, Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Cardiopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Respirat&#243;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Paciente do sexo feminino de 28 anos de idade apresentou-se com dispneia aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os e tosse seca.</p>
      <p>Era assintom&#225;tica at&#233; h&#225; um ano, quando apresentou epis&#243;dio de dor retroesternal seguida de s&#237;ncope e necessitou de interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade de tratamento intensivo. O diagn&#243;stico foi de tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP).</p>
      <p>A cintilografia (21 mai 2008) inalat&#243;ria com &#225;cido dietilenotriaminopentac&#233;tico marcado com Tc (<sup>99m</sup>Tc-DTPA) revelou hipoventila&#231;&#227;o acentuada de pulm&#227;o esquerdo e reten&#231;&#227;o do material em regi&#227;o peri-hilar direita, essa &#250;ltima sugestiva de processo parenquimatoso. A perfus&#227;o com macroagregado de albumina humana marcado com <sup>99m</sup>Tc (MAA <sup>99m</sup>Tc) revelou aus&#234;ncia de perfus&#227;o em pulm&#227;o esquerdo e defeitos perfusionais em base de pulm&#227;o direito.</p>
      <p>A tomografia (na fase aguda) com uso de contraste foi sugestiva de trombose de art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda.</p>
      <p>A paciente foi encaminhada para tratamento no InCor.</p>
      <p>Em sua 1&#170; consulta (8 jul 2008) queixava-se de dispneia aos esfor&#231;os menores que os habituais e tosse seca. Negou tabagismo e fazia uso de anticoncepcional oral at&#233; a &#233;poca do TEP. A hist&#243;ria obst&#233;trica revelou ter tido uma gesta&#231;&#227;o com parto normal e negou abortos.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico revelou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de 80 bpm e press&#227;o arterial (PA) de 120/80 mmHg. A ausculta pulmonar revelou diminui&#231;&#227;o do murm&#250;rio vesicular em hemit&#243;rax esquerdo. A ausculta card&#237;aca foi normal, e o abdome n&#227;o mostrou anormalidade. Havia edema (+/4+) em membro inferior esquerdo. Os pulsos eram palp&#225;veis e sim&#233;tricos. A satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>) foi 90%. Fazia uso de varfarina e o INR era 2,4.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (17 jul 2008) revelaram: glicemia, 70 mg/dL; creatinina, 0,81 mg/dL; pot&#225;ssio, 5,4 mEq/L; s&#243;dio, 141 mEq/L; hemoglobina, 17 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 53%; VCM, 91 fL; leuc&#243;citos, 12.900/mm<sup>3</sup> (65% neutr&#243;filos, 1% eosin&#243;filos, 29% linf&#243;citos e 5% mon&#243;citos); plaquetas, 341.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; TP (INR), 2,4; TTPA (rel), 1,17; urina I normal; homociste&#237;na, 7,5 &#181;mol/L. A pesquisa de anticoagulante l&#250;pico foi negativa; protrombina mutante ausente. A pesquisa de anticorpos anticardiolipina foi negativa, bem como a pesquisa de fatores antinucleares (FAN HEP2; Anti-SM) e ANCA.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (16 set 2008) revelou os seguintes di&#226;metros: aorta, 29 mm; &#225;trio esquerdo, 30 mm; ventr&#237;culo direito, 34 mm; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (D/S), 39/23 mm; espessura de septo e parede posterior, 8 mm. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) era 73%. Havia altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e movimenta&#231;&#227;o at&#237;pica do septo ventricular. O ventr&#237;culo direito apresentava hipocinesia acentuada. As valvas eram normais. A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi estimada em 50 mmHg.</p>
      <p>A angiotomografia de art&#233;rias pulmonares (24 set 2008) revelou TEP Cr&#244;nico com oclus&#227;o do ramo esquerdo da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</p>
      <p>A angiografia pulmonar seletiva (17 dez 2008) revelou oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda em sua origem. A art&#233;ria pulmonar direita era dilatada e p&#233;rvia, havia parada do contraste no ramo basal anterior do lobo inferior e ramos do lobo m&#233;dio.</p>
      <p>A espirometria revelou volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado 1&#186; s (VEF<sub>1</sub>) de 71% do predito e capacidade vital for&#231;ada (CVF) de 68% da predita, sendo o dist&#250;rbio ventilat&#243;rio classificado como leve.</p>
      <p>Foram prescritos 40 mg de furosemida e mantida a varfarina. Foi aventada a possibilidade de tratamento cir&#250;rgico do tromboembolismo cr&#244;nico por endarterectomia pulmonar.</p>
      <p>Houve progress&#227;o da dispneia at&#233; ser desencadeada por m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os, agora acompanhada de dor precordial, e perda de peso, 6 kg em 1 ano. A paciente foi ent&#227;o internada.</p>
      <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico (24 mar 2009) estava taquipneica (frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 28 ipm), cian&#243;tica e hidratada. A FC era de 100 bpm e a press&#227;o arterial de 110/80 mmHg. Seu peso era 69,7 kg e a altura, 1,59 m. A ausculta pulmonar revelou murm&#250;rio vesicular diminu&#237;do em bases, pior &#224; direita. A ausculta card&#237;aca revelou hiperfonese do componente pulmonar da segunda bulha, n&#227;o tendo sido auscultadas bulhas acess&#243;rias ou sopros. O abdome foi dif&#237;cil de examinar devido &#224; dispneia da paciente. Havia edema duro de membro inferior esquerdo. Os pulsos eram normais e sim&#233;tricos. A SpO<sub>2</sub> era 84%, mesmo com uso de cateter de O<sub>2</sub> (5 L/min).</p>
      <p>Resultados de exames de laborat&#243;rio (25 mar&#231;o 2009): hemoglobina, 16,5 g/dL; hemat&#243;crito, 50%; VCM, 100 fL; leuc&#243;citos, 5000/mm<sup>3</sup> (5% bast&#245;es, 47% segmentados, 1% eosin&#243;filos, 42% linf&#243;citos e 5% mon&#243;citos); plaquetas, 229.000/mm<sup>3</sup>; VHS, 1 mm; glicose, 68 mg/dL; ureia, 26,1 mg/dL; creatinina, 0,94 mg/dL; s&#243;dio, 142 mEq/L; pot&#225;ssio, 4,7 mEq/L; AST, 21 U/L; ALT, 40 U/L; c&#225;lcio, 4,4 mEq/L; f&#243;sforo, 4,5 mg/dL; magn&#233;sio, 1,5 mEq/L; DHL, 238 u/L; PCR, 2,4 mg/L; BNP, 463 pg/mL; INR, 2,6; TTPA (rel), 1,22.</p>
      <p>O ECG (29 mar 2009) revelou ritmo sinusal, FC de 100 bpm, PR = 160 ms, dQRS = 80 ms, sobrecarga atrial direita (P = 4 mV; S&#194;P = +60&#186;) e sobrecarga ventricular direita (S&#194;QRS = +120&#186; para frente, qR em V1).</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (26 e 30 mar 2009) mostrou os seguintes di&#226;metros: aorta, 29 mm; &#225;trio esquerdo, 32; ventr&#237;culo direito, 40/45 mm; ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 40/26 mm. A espessura de septo ventricular e parede posterior foi 9 mm e a FEVE, 65%. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo tinha s&#237;stole normal, enchimento com padr&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o de relaxamento. O ventr&#237;culo direito era hipertr&#243;fico com hipocinesia acentuada. As valvas n&#227;o mostravam altera&#231;&#245;es. A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica pulmonar foi estimada em 64 mmHg.</p>
      <p>Houve piora do padr&#227;o da dispneia e da hipoxemia, necessitando a paciente de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal. Iniciou-se o uso de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, milrinona e cefepima (30 mar 2009).</p>
      <p>Os exames de laborat&#243;rio (30 mar 2009) revelaram: ureia, 39 mg/dL; creatinina, 0,92 mg/dL; glicose, 87 mg/dL; pot&#225;ssio, 4,2 mEq/L; s&#243;dio, 140 mEq/L; BNP, 510 pg/mL; INR, 1,8; TTPA (rel), 1,27; lactato arterial, 267 mg/dL. A gasimetria arterial revelou: pH, 7,41; pCO<sub>2</sub>, 23,5 mmHg; pO<sub>2</sub>, 48,7 mmHg; SatO<sub>2</sub>, 82%; HCO<sub>3</sub>, 17,2 mEq/L; e excesso de base (-) 3,2 mEq/L</p>
      <p>Cerca de duas horas ap&#243;s a intuba&#231;&#227;o, apresentou parada card&#237;aca em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso, sendo inicialmente revertida, mas recorreu poucos minutos depois e a paciente foi a &#243;bito (31 mar 2009, 2h45min).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>O caso acima descreve mulher de 28 anos sem antecedentes m&#243;rbidos, que apresentou TEP agudo e evoluiu com limita&#231;&#227;o funcional importante e sinais sugestivos de TEP cr&#244;nico durante o seguimento at&#233; o &#243;bito.</p>
        <p>O tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) &#233; a terceira causa mais frequente de doen&#231;a cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, com incid&#234;ncia anual de 100 a 200 casos por 100.000 habitantes, sendo o TEP agudo a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais grave do TEV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A preval&#234;ncia e a incid&#234;ncia de TEV espont&#226;neo em adultos jovens s&#227;o baixas, mas aumentam de forma expressiva na presen&#231;a de fatores de risco, principalmente quando associados, como o uso de anticoncepcional oral, obesidade e trombofilias. O uso de anticoncepcionais orais com estr&#243;genos/progest&#225;genos aumenta em 2 a 4 vezes o risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos venosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Aventa-se que a resist&#234;ncia &#224; atividade da prote&#237;na C ativada possa ser um mecanismo relacionado ao maior risco de TEV em pacientes em uso de anticoncepcionais orais. No caso em quest&#227;o, a paciente vinha em uso regular de anticoncepcional oral at&#233; a data do primeiro evento, apesar de n&#227;o haver relato sobre sua formula&#231;&#227;o. A obesidade tamb&#233;m &#233; considerada fator de risco, com aumento por volta de 2,4 vezes do risco de TEV em obesos quando comparados a n&#227;o obesos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e ainda aumento do risco em at&#233; 10 vezes quando obesidade e uso de contraceptivos orais est&#227;o presentes simultaneamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Trombofilias significativas, como defici&#234;ncias de prote&#237;na C, prote&#237;na S, antitrombina, homozigosidade para o fator V de Leiden e o gene da protrombina mutante aumentam em at&#233; 7 vezes o risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos venosos em pacientes usu&#225;rias de contraceptivos orais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> No acompanhamento da paciente, foram exclu&#237;das determinadas trombofilias como a muta&#231;&#227;o do gene da protrombina, hiper-homocisteinemia e s&#237;ndrome antifosfol&#237;pide, mas n&#227;o observamos pesquisas do fator V de Leiden ou defici&#234;ncia dos anticoagulantes naturais.</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia do TEP cr&#244;nico &#233; heterog&#234;nea, com uma varia&#231;&#227;o de 0,4% a 9,1% dos pacientes ap&#243;s evento emb&#243;lico agudo em diferentes estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A etiologia &#233; pouco conhecida, sendo relacionada a fatores gen&#233;ticos e &#233;tnicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Estados de hipercoagulabilidade, como eleva&#231;&#227;o do fator VIII e a presen&#231;a de anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pides est&#227;o relacionados &#224; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A mortalidade relacionada ao TEP recorrente ap&#243;s 3 a 6 meses de terapia anticoagulante &#233; de aproximadamente 0,4% ao ano e depende em parte da presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de comorbidades. Os pacientes com TEP agudo, que desenvolvem hipertens&#227;o pulmonar sist&#243;lica com n&#237;veis superiores a 50 mmHg e que n&#227;o se resolve nas primeiras semanas, apresentam pior progn&#243;stico. Al&#233;m disso, a incid&#234;ncia de morte por TEP recorrente ou hipertens&#227;o pulmonar cr&#244;nica nos primeiros 3 anos ap&#243;s descontinua&#231;&#227;o do tratamento anticoagulante varia entre 1 e 3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No caso em quest&#227;o, a paciente manteve hipertens&#227;o pulmonar significativa e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito conforme dados do ecocardiograma realizado em setembro de 2009, assim como angiotomografia de art&#233;rias pulmonares e angiografia pulmonar com achados sugestivos de oclus&#227;o cr&#244;nica da art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda a despeito da terapia anticoagulante institu&#237;da. Durante acompanhamento ambulatorial, entre setembro e dezembro de 2008, suscitou-se a possibilidade de tratamento cir&#250;rgico. A avalia&#231;&#227;o para tromboendarterectomia pulmonar em pacientes com TEP cr&#244;nica deve ser precoce, mesmo em pacientes com sintomas n&#227;o limitantes, pois a cirurgia pode prevenir a ocorr&#234;ncia de vasculopatia irrevers&#237;vel. A decis&#227;o de realizar o procedimento deve levar em conta se a anatomia arterial pulmonar &#233; favor&#225;vel, a presen&#231;a de anormalidades hemodin&#226;micas e ventilat&#243;rias, as comorbidades associadas e o desejo do paciente. Em centros especializados, a mortalidade da tromboendarterectomia pulmonar em pacientes de baixo risco encontra-se por volta de 1,3%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Em pacientes n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico e naqueles com manuten&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar ap&#243;s o procedimento, deve-se considerar o tratamento medicamentoso com vasodilatadores pulmonares como riociguat (estimulante da guanilato ciclase sol&#250;vel) e prostanoides endovenosos, como eprostinil e treprostinil, em pacientes mais graves. Inibidores da fosfodiesterase, como sildenafil e tadalafil, e antagonistas do receptor de endotelina, como a bosentana, podem ser considerados como alternativas de tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A paciente evoluiu com dispneia progressiva com importante limita&#231;&#227;o funcional at&#233; ser internada em mar&#231;o de 2009. Observamos fatores de mau progn&#243;stico, como classe funcional avan&#231;ada (III/IV, segundo classifica&#231;&#227;o da OMS), disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito, sinais de sobrecarga de c&#226;maras direitas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>) e aus&#234;ncia de tratamento espec&#237;fico (medicamentoso ou cir&#250;rgico). O ecocardiograma revelou aumento das dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo direito e da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s pr&#233;vias, assim como manuten&#231;&#227;o da importante disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita. Notam-se insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e hipoxemia significativas na vig&#234;ncia de suplementa&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio por cateter, o que resultou na necessidade de intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal para realiza&#231;&#227;o de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. A despeito das medidas realizadas, a paciente evoluiu com parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso, provavelmente relacionada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria refrat&#225;ria. Dentre os motivos para descompensa&#231;&#227;o e &#243;bito, consideramos a evolu&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a de base com piora progressiva da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, assim como a possibilidade de novo evento tromboemb&#243;lico pulmonar agudo. (<bold>Dra. Jussara de Almeida Bruno e Dr. Rafael Amorim Belo Nunes</bold>)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ECG: Ritmo sinusal, sobrecarga atrial direita, S&#194;QRS +120&#186;, sobrecarga ventricular direita.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0370-70148-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e colapso hemodin&#226;mico decorrente de hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, e poss&#237;vel recorr&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo. (<bold>Dra. Jussara de Almeida Bruno e Dr. Rafael Amorim Belo Nunes</bold>)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsia</title>
        <p>Nem mesmo a necropsia conseguiu esclarecer quest&#245;es fundamentais da doen&#231;a desta paciente. Os achados principais foram: oclus&#227;o parcial da art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>); <italic>cor pulmonale</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>); fleboesclerose da veia il&#237;aca esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>); &#225;reas focais com aspecto de hemangiomatose capilar pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>); e acentuada congest&#227;o pulmonar, com presen&#231;a de sangue em alguns vasos maiores, com aspecto duvidoso quanto ao diagn&#243;stico de tromboembolismo recente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref>). De todo modo, n&#227;o se determinou qual a causa do tromboembolismo cr&#244;nico, nem da fleboesclerose, nem se pode dar precis&#227;o se ao menos os vasos pulmonares tinham mesmo trombo&#234;mbolos que explicariam a piora s&#250;bita e o desencadeamento do &#243;bito. A medula &#243;ssea tinha padr&#227;o normal para a idade. (<bold>Prof. Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>)</p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos:</bold> Doen&#231;a principal: tromboembolismo pulmonar cr&#244;nico.</p>
        <p><bold>Causa mortis:</bold> indeterminada (duvidoso tromboembolismo recente). (<bold>Prof. Dr. Paulo Sampaio Gutierrez</bold>)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte histol&#243;gico de art&#233;ria pulmonar central, mostrando oclus&#227;o parcial por trombo&#234;mbolo em organiza&#231;&#227;o (T). Colora&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Verhoeff; aumento da objetiva: 1x.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0370-70148-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte frontal do cora&#231;&#227;o, mostrando cor pulmonale, caracterizado por hipertrofia e dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), cujas dimens&#245;es se aproximam das do esquerdo (VE).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0370-70148-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte histol&#243;gico da veia il&#237;aca esquerda, com fleboesclerose e trombose organizada. Colora&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Verhoeff; aumento da objetiva: 1x.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0370-70148-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte histol&#243;gico de pulm&#227;o mostrando &#225;rea com hemangiomatose capilar, caracterizada pela presen&#231;a de mais de uma camada de capilares (alguns dos quais apontados por setas) nos septos alveolares. Colora&#231;&#227;o pela reticulina; aumento da objetiva 10x.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0370-70148-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Corte histol&#243;gico de ramo arterial intrapulmonar, com grande congest&#227;o, sendo duvidoso se corresponde a tromboembolismo bem recente. Colora&#231;&#227;o por hematoxilina e eosina; aumento da objetiva: 20x.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0370-70148-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
        <p>Embora sem determinar a doen&#231;a de base ou a causa terminal do &#243;bito, os achados anatomopatol&#243;gicos confirmaram os diagn&#243;sticos cl&#237;nico, ecocardiogr&#225;fico e de exames de imagem: a paciente apresentava tromboembolismo pulmonar cr&#244;nico, al&#233;m de sinais de trombose venosa perif&#233;rica organizada.</p>
        <p>Ficou clara, portanto, a condi&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a trombof&#237;lica, cuja natureza n&#227;o foi esclarecida mesmo com o estudo da necropsia. Dentre tais condi&#231;&#245;es, como discutido mais acima, incluem-se algumas doen&#231;as do col&#225;geno, como l&#250;pus e s&#237;ndrome do anticorpo antifosfol&#237;pide, doen&#231;as hematol&#243;gicas ou estado p&#243;s-esplenectomia. Aparentemente, l&#250;pus foi descartado por exames laboratoriais, mas n&#227;o houve tempo h&#225;bil para investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais extensa.</p>
        <p>Em geral, no tromboembolismo pulmonar cr&#244;nico, os achados histopatol&#243;gicos s&#227;o diferentes em art&#233;rias centrais quando comparadas &#224;s perif&#233;ricas. Os trombos nas art&#233;rias el&#225;sticas centrais usualmente organizam-se sob forma de espessamentos intimais de graus vari&#225;veis, que se estendem aos ramos hilares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A endarterectomia cir&#250;rgica visa ressecar tais espessamentos, restabelecendo grandemente a circula&#231;&#227;o local. Por vezes, em art&#233;rias menores, a organiza&#231;&#227;o das tromboses se faz sob forma de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o com m&#250;ltiplos lumens vasculares, les&#227;o que recebe em ingl&#234;s o nome de &#8220;<italic>colander lesion</italic>&#8221; e que n&#227;o deve ser confundida com a les&#227;o cl&#225;ssica plexiforme.</p>
        <p>J&#225; nas art&#233;rias pulmonares perif&#233;ricas, as altera&#231;&#245;es costumam ser semelhantes &#224;s encontradas na forma idiop&#225;tica da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar e na s&#237;ndrome de Eisenmenger, refletindo o remodelamento vascular em resposta ao aumento de fluxo e de &#8220;<italic>shear stress</italic>&#8221; nas por&#231;&#245;es distais do leito vascular dos ramos arteriais centrais que n&#227;o foram obstru&#237;dos por trombose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Tais altera&#231;&#245;es incluem principalmente hipertrofia da t&#250;nica m&#233;dia arterial e prolifera&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica da &#237;ntima.</p>
        <p>No caso em discuss&#227;o, chamou aten&#231;&#227;o o grau relativamente discreto de remodelamento das art&#233;rias pulmonares perif&#233;ricas, com leve hipertrofia da t&#250;nica m&#233;dia e poucos focos de espessamento intimal. Al&#233;m disso, tivemos um achado que n&#227;o costuma ser descrito na condi&#231;&#227;o de tromboembolismo, o padr&#227;o conhecido como &#8220;hemangiomatose capilar pulmonar&#8221;. Tal achado ocorreu em focos, e caracteriza-se pela presen&#231;a de prolifera&#231;&#227;o de capilares em septos alveolares, aparecendo sob forma de mais de uma camada, contrapondo-se ao aspecto normal de camada &#250;nica. Esse tipo de les&#227;o tem sido descrito principalmente em associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; doen&#231;a pulmonar venoclusiva (ausente neste caso),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> mas tamb&#233;m em outras formas de doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> ou ent&#227;o como achado incidental de necropsia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Seu significado &#233; incerto, mas parece estar relacionado na maioria das vezes a situa&#231;&#245;es de hipertens&#227;o venosa pulmonar. <bold>(Profa. Dra Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        <p>Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
