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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rmp9SLQ4wcQ7nkGY4HFFfxL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001300357</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170125</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005017101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Functional Capacity in Congenital Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schaan</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Wohlgemuth</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Chagastelles Pinto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sbruzzi</surname>
            <given-names>Graciele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Umpierre</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schaan</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA)</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Camila Wohlgemuth Schaan</bold> Rua Eva Laci Camargo Martins, n&#186;. 40. Postal Code 91260-080, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>camilawschaan@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Schaan CW, Macedo ACP, Sbruzzi G, Schaan BD, Pellanda LC; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Schaan CW, Macedo ACP, Umpierre D; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Schaan CW, Macedo ACP, Sbruzzi G, Umpierre D, Schaan BD, Pellanda LC; Statistical analysis: Schaan CW, Macedo ACP, Sbruzzi G, Umpierre D; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Schaan CW, Sbruzzi G, Umpierre D, Schaan BD, Pellanda LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>357</fpage>
      <lpage>367</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Children and adolescents with congenital heart disease often have alterations in their exercise capacity that can be evaluated by various functional testing.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the functional capacity of children and adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD) with systematic review and meta-analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The review included observational studies, data from the first evaluation of randomized clinical trials or observational follow-up periods after clinical trials which evaluated functional capacity by cardiopulmonary exercise test, stress testing, six-minute walk test or step test, in children and adolescents with CHD, aged between six and 18 years, and comparisons with healthy controls in the same age group. The quantitative assessment was performed by meta-analysis, by comparing the maximal oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max) of children and adolescents with CHD and respective control groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Twenty-five of 2.683 studies identified in the search met the inclusion criteria. The VO<sub>2</sub>max measurement showed that patients with CHD have a decrease of 9.31 ml/Kg/min (95% CI. -12.48 to -6.13; I<sup>2</sup>, 94.3%, P for heterogeneity &lt; 0.001) compared with the control group. The meta-analysis of the data of maximum heart rate (HR) reached during cardiopulmonary test and stress testing, retrieved from 18 studies, showed a HR value of -15.14 bpm (95% CI. -20.97 to -9.31; I<sup>2</sup>, 94.3%, P for heterogeneity &lt; 0.001) compared with the control group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Children and adolescents with CHD have lower VO<sub>2</sub>max and HR compared to controls.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Tolerance</kwd>
        <kwd>Review</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) often have a sedentary lifestyle that may reflect both inherent physiological limitations in addition to overprotection of parents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Such lifestyle pattern is likely to be maintained throughout adulthood, which can result in increased risk for cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In children with restriction for physical activity practice, there is an increased risk for overweight and there is an increasing in overweight (RR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.24-3.52) and obesity (RR, 6.14; 95% CI, 2.54-8.82) at follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Functional capacity may indicate cardiovascular, pulmonary or motor dysfunction. In children with chronic disease, maximal oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max) can predict adverse outcomes as well as the greater aerobic fitness is associated with a nearly 10% risk reduction for hospitalization of children with cystic fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The assessment of functional capacity in patients with heart disease is an important clinical tool for diagnosis, quantification of symptoms, prognosis and evaluation of response to treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Several tests are available to assess functional capacity,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> but their use in children and adolescents can give different information than those obtained from adults due to differences in physiological and metabolic responses to stress. Concerning differences in cardiovascular responses, healthy children showed higher chronotropic and lower inotropic responses during maximal effort.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Furthermore, the information of the tests is not standardized in terms of values, which limits the comparison of different studies.</p>
      <p>Functional capacity varies according to the type of CHD, surgical outcome, age and gender of the patient. Patients with incomplete repair of heart defects present significant reductions in peak work rate and age-adjusted maximum ventilation as compared with their pairs who undergone complete repair.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Most of the published studies have a small sample size and include children, adolescents and adults, with a large range of age of subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Thus, the present study aimed to systematically review the literature to summarize the functional capacity of children and adolescents diagnosed with CHD, through a meta-analysis of observational studies.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
        <p>This review included observational studies (cohort, cross-sectional or case-control studies), data from the first evaluation of randomized or non-randomized clinical trials or observational follow-up periods after clinical trials, in which the sample consisted of children and adolescents with CHD, aged between six and 18 years. Other conditions for inclusion of the studies were evaluation of functional capacity by cardiopulmonary exercise test, stress testing, six-minute walk test (6MWT) or step test.</p>
        <p>Studies published in English were included. Only studies published after 1980 were considered, since methods for evaluation of functional capacity were not standardized before that period.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Strategy of search and selection of studies</title>
        <p>The following electronic databases were searched in June 2015: MEDLINE (accessed through Pubmed), <italic>Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials</italic> (Cochrane CENTRAL) and EMBASE. In addition, references from published studies were also searched manually. Duplicate reports were deleted in the first step of selection of articles. The MeSH terms and entry terms used are presented in Box 1 (Supplementary File).</p>
        <p>The titles and abstracts of all articles identified in the search strategy were assessed in duplicate by independent investigators (C.W.S. and A.C.). All abstracts that did not provide sufficient information regarding the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for full-text evaluation. In the second phase, the same reviewers independently evaluated these full-text articles and made their selection in accordance with the eligibility criteria. Any disagreements between reviewers were resolved through consensus and, in cases of persistent disagreement, a third reviewer (G.S.) assessed the publications.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data extraction</title>
        <p>Data were extracted independently by two reviewers (C.W.S and A.C.), using standardized forms comprising methodological characteristics, description of interventions, and outcomes; disagreements were resolved by consensus or by a third reviewer (G.S.).</p>
        <p>In order to quantify possible differences on the functional capacity, the primary outcomes were the VO<sub>2</sub>max and the distance walked in the 6MWT. Additionally, maximum heart rate (HR) and other physiological variables taken from the cardiopulmonary exercise test (cardiovascular assessment and gas analyzes with direct measurement of oxygen consumption ), 6MWT and stress testing (cardiovascular assessment, in which symptoms were observed, the behavior of heart rate, blood pressure and electrocardiogram) were also entered into the analyses. Variables extracted from the cardiopulmonary exercise test were the first and second ventilatory thresholds, and from the exercise stress testing we extracted the maximum systolic blood pressure (SBP).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of risk of bias</title>
        <p>The methodological quality of the studies was assessed by two researchers (C.W.S and A.C.), previously trained and qualified. The <italic>Newcastle-Ottawa Scale</italic> was used for case-control and cohort studies, whereas cross-sectional studies were evaluated with an adaptation of the same scale. The quality score of cohort studies and case-control studies was calculated by the assessment of three components: selection of the study groups (0-4 points), quality of adjustment for confounding (0-2 points) and evaluation of exposure or outcome of interest. The cohort studies evaluation was used for quasi-experimental studies. In the case of cross-sectional studies, the score was calculated in two components: selection of the study groups (0-3 points) and assessment of the outcome of interest (0-4 points). The maximum score could be 9 points for case-control and cohort studies and seven points for cross-sectional studies, representing a high methodological quality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Disagreement between reviewers were resolved by consensus, and, in cases of persistent disagreement, the assessment was made by a third reviewer (G.S).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>The quantitative assessment of the included studies was performed by meta-analysis, by comparing the VO<sub>2</sub>max in relation to body mass of children and adolescents with CHD and respective control groups without CHD. Combined estimates of effects were generated through the maximum values obtained in the studies reviewed, and are presented as weighted mean differences. Statistical heterogeneity among the results on functional capacity of the studies was assessed by the Cochran's Q test, with significance level of 0.1, and by the inconsistency I<sup>2</sup> test, in which values above 50% were considered as indicative of high heterogeneity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The heterogeneity among the studies was explored using two strategies. Initially, each study was individually removed from the meta-analysis in order to verify any particular influence on the results. Second, the influence of age and maximum HR during exercise testing was evaluated by univariate meta-regression, and a threshold of p &lt; 0.05 was used to indicate statistical significance.</p>
        <p>The analyses were performed using Stata software version 11.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Twenty-five of the 2.683 studies identified in the search met the criteria of eligibility and were included in the analysis. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the flow chart of studies of this review. The age of the participants ranged from six to 18 years. Seventeen cross-sectional studies, three quasi-experimental studies and five cross-sectional studies with follow-up were included, with a total of 770 patients with CHD and 754 healthy controls.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of studies evaluated for the meta-analysis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0357-70125-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The characteristics of the studies are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Most of the studies investigated children who underwent surgical correction for cyanotic CHD, such as tetralogy of Fallot (T4F), transposition of the great vessels (TGV) and univentricular hearts. Only one study evaluated children that were not submitted previously to surgical correction. Considering the evaluation of functional capacity, 22 studies conducted maximal exercise testing (18 used cardiopulmonary exercise testing and four used the stress testing). In addition to maximal exercise testing, Moalla and collaborators<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> also performed submaximal test through the 6MWT. Three studies performed submaximal assessment: 1. Hjortdal and collaborators<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> used the stress test to evaluate the functional capacity up to 1 W/kg on the cycloergometer, and since the participants did not reach their maximal HR with this workload the test was considered as submaximal; 2. Reybrock and collaborators<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> conducted a cardiopulmonary exercise testing, considering it as a submaximal test, since the assessment was performed to a HR up to 170 bpm; 3. Marcuccio and collaborators<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> used the cardiopulmonary exercise test, but the maximum HR of the participants was not reached, and the test was therefore considered as submaximal.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Study year</th>
              <th align="center">Characteristics of participants</th>
              <th align="center">Participants (n)</th>
              <th align="center">Mean age (SD)</th>
              <th align="center">Female</th>
              <th align="center">Use of medication</th>
              <th align="center">Outcomes and evaluation methods</th>
              <th align="center">Values of functional capacity test</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Cross-sectional studies</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arvidsson, 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Surgically corrected patients (54 patients had undergone biventricular repair), including: AoS, ASD, CoA, DORV, HLV, HRHS, MA, PA, PAPVC, TAPVC, PS, TGV, IVC. NYHA functional class II.</td>
              <td align="center">79</td>
              <td align="center">9 - 11 years14 - 16 years</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test with cycloergometer; ramp protocol, duration <break/> 8-12 minutes and recovery. The patient was instructed to maintain a pedal rate of 60 rpm during the whole <break/> exercise test.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 42.28 &#177; 8.8 ml/Kg/min</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Giordano, 2003<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Surgically corrected aortic coarctation patients. There were 3 end-to-end anastomoses, 10 patch angioplasties, and 7 left subclavian flap repairs.</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">13.7 &#177; 4.2</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">No antihypertensive medication.</td>
              <td align="center">Maximal stress test with treadmill; Bruce protocol. Mean of the time of exercise test = 10.5 &#177; 2 minutes.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of heart rate = 171 &#177; 17 bpm</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Goldstein, 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Participants with Fontan's procedure, excluding patients with pacemaker dependence, severe hypoxemia (oxygen saturation &lt;80% at rest), atrial arrhythmia or several ventricular dysfunction. NYHA functional class I (94%).</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">15 <break/> (10.9 -17.8)</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test with treadmill; Bruce protocol.</td>
              <td align="center">Median and range of VO<sub>2</sub>max = 28.8 <break/> (25.6-33.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Grant, 1991<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Surgically corrected T4F patients NYHA functional class I.</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">14.1 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test with cycloergometer; <break/> Godfrey protocol.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 28.7 &#177; 6.6 ml/Kg/min</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Groen, 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Surgically corrected T4F patients and Fontan's procedure.</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">14 &#177; 2.8</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test with cycloergometer; <break/> Godfrey protocol.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 33.7 &#177; 8.9 ml/Kg/min</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hjortdal, 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Participants with Fontan's procedure. NYHA functional <break/> class I and II.</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 5.2</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Submaximal stress test (up to 1 W/kg) with cycloergometer.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of heart rate = 111.5 &#177; 64.2 bpm</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ishi, 2005<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Surgically corrected T4F patients.</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">9.6 &#177; 3.3</td>
              <td align="center">Nonspecific</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Maximal stress test with cycloergometer; <break/> ramp protocol.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of heart rate = 143 &#177; 11 bpm</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Marcuccio, 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Surgically corrected T4F patients</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">15 (11-17)</td>
              <td align="center">Nonspecific</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Submaximal stress test with treadmill. <break/> Bruce protocol.</td>
              <td align="center">Median and range of VO<sub>2</sub>max = 35.8 <break/> (23.8-47.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moalla, 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Surgically corrected patients including T4F, TGA, IAC, PA. NYHA functional class II and III.</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">13.0 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">Nonspecific</td>
              <td align="center">Diuretics, cardiotonics, ACE inhibitors.</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test with cycloergometer; Wasserman protocol.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 30.2 &#177; 6.1 ml/Kg/min</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mocelin, 1999<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Patients corrected for: TGA, IVC, PA, T4F.</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">10.8 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test with treadmill, constant-load protocol.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 42.6 &#177; 8.6 ml/Kg/min</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Page, 1996<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Participants with corrected D-TGA.</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">10.4 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test with treadmill; ramp protocol.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 37.6 &#177; 1.4 ml/Kg/min</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reybrouk, 2000 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Participants corrected for TGA e T4F.</td>
              <td align="center">59</td>
              <td align="center">11.2 &#177; 7.6</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Submaximal exercise test (up to 170 bpm) <break/> with treadmill.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean of VO<sub>2</sub>max = 40 ml/Kg/min</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sarubbi, 2000<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Surgically corrected T4F patients.</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">11.2 &#177; 3.9</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">No diuretic of cardiotonic medication.</td>
              <td align="center">Maximal stress test with cycloergometer.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of heart rate = 167.5 &#177; 17.4 bpm</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tomassoni, 1991<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Surgically corrected T4F patients.</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 2.8</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test with treadmill; Bruce protocol for &gt;8 years-old and modified Bruce protocol for &lt;8 years-old.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of VO<sub>2</sub>max = 34.1 &#177; 2.9 ml/Kg/min</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Van Beck, 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Participants with corrected TGV. NYHA functional class I.</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">12.2 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test with cycloergometer; ramp protocol.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of VO<sub>2</sub>max = 41.1 &#177; 6.6 ml/Kg/min</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Muller, 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Participants with PS, IVC, IAC, T4F, aortic coarctation, valve stenosis/regurgitation after surgery, Ebstein anomaly, univentricular heart, TGV and TAC. NYHA functional class I and II.</td>
              <td align="center">88</td>
              <td align="center">12.7 (12.0-13.3)</td>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test and submaximal exercise test with cycloergometer.</td>
              <td align="center">Median and interquartil of VO<sub>2</sub>max = 35.5 (31.3-41.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Su, 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Participants corrected and non corrected IAC. </td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">11.2 &#177; 3.5</td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test with treadmill, Bruce protocol.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of VO<sub>2</sub>max = 31.8 &#177; 6.8ml/Kg/min</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Quasi-experimental studies</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Amiard, 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Surgically corrected patients including: single ventricle and PA, PA with intact sept, T4F, TGV, IAC.</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">15 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">ACE inhibitor; diuretics, anticoagulants, cardiotonics, imunosuppressors.</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test with cycloergometer; Wasserman protocol.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of VO<sub>2</sub>max = 34.4 &#177; 10.9ml/Kg/min</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moalla, 2005<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Participants surgically corrected for: T4F, TGA, IAC, PA. Functional class NYHA II and III.</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">12.9 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">Nonspecific</td>
              <td align="center">Diuretics, cardiotonics, ACE inhibitor, except for beta-blocker.</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test with cycloergometer; Wasserman protocol. Submaximal test <break/> with 6MWT.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of VO<sub>2</sub>max = 28.9 &#177; 1.7ml/Kg/min</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rutenberg, 1983<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Participants corrected for TGA, T4F, valve and aorta diseases.</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">12.8 &#177; 3.4</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test with treadmill; Bruce protocol.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of VO<sub>2</sub>max = 39.3 &#177; 8.8ml/Kg/min</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Cross-sectional studies with follow-up</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Binkhorst, 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Participants with corrected and non&#8209;corrected IVC.</td>
              <td align="center">27 (13 post-correction IVC and 14 non-corrected), three were excluded from the analysis of functional capacity.</td>
              <td align="center">Corrected group = 13 &#177; 2.5Non-corrected group = 12.5 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">Corrected group = 6Non-corrected group = 8</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test with cycloergometer, <break/> ramp protocol.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 45.5 &#177; 29.2 ml/Kg/min</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Carvalho, 1992<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Surgically corrected T4F patients.</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">11.3 &#177; 2.7</td>
              <td align="center">Nonspecific</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test with treadmill; Bruce protocol.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 48.0 &#177; 8.8 ml/Kg/min</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hovels-Gurich, 2003<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Surgically corrected TGA patients. NYHA functional class I.</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">10.5 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Maximal stress test with treadmill; Bruce protocol.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of heart rate = 191.1 &#177; 10.0 bpm</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Musewe, 1988<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Surgically corrected TGA patients. NYHA class I.</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">12.8 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test with cycloergometer; Jones and Campbell protocol.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 31.0 &#177; 7.0 ml/Kg/min</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pfamatter, 2002 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Participants with corrected IAC.</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">11.4 (6.8 - 16.1)</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiopulmonary exercise test with treadmill; ramp protocol.</td>
              <td align="center">Mean and standard deviation of <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 37.8 &#177; 14.8 ml/Kg/min</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>AoS: aortic stenosis; ASD: atrioventricular septal defect; DORV: double outlet right ventricle; HLV: hypoplastic left ventricle; HRHS: hypoplastic right heart syndrome; MA: mitral atresia; PA: pulmonary atresia; PAPVC: partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection; TAPVC: total anomalous pulmonary venous connection; PS: pulmonary stenosis; TGA: transposition of the great arteries; IVC: interventricular communication; T4F: tetralogy of Fallot; IAC: interatrial communication; TAC: truncus arteriosus communis; ACE: angiotensin-converting-enzyme; HR: heart rate; NYHA: New York Heart Association; 6MWT: six minute walk test. VO<sub>2</sub>max: maximum oxygen consumption</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The methodological quality of the cohort studies ranged from two to seven points, with an average of 6.0 &#177; 1.8 points. For cross-sectional studies, the score varied from three to seven points, with an average of 5.4 &#177; 1.0. The cohort study with lowest score (by Pfammater et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> did not describe the origin of the cohort, the methods for assessing the outcome of interest, and how losses were controlled. Among cross-sectional studies, the publication by Page et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> had only three points, since it did not present non-response rates and did not inform on the representativeness of the sample, origin of the control group and situation of this group (whether it was disease-free). Among quasi-experimental studies, two had four points and one received five points.</p>
      <p>In the meta-analysis including 17 studies that conducted cardiopulmonary exercise tests with measurement of VO<sub>2</sub>max, it was 9.31 ml/kg/min lower in patients with CHD (95% CI, -12.48 to -6.13; I<sup>2</sup>, 94.3%, P for heterogeneity &lt; 0.001), as compared with the control group. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>, studies were stratified according to the type of ergometer used for the maximal test. Eleven studies used the cycloergometer. In these studies, the difference between VO<sub>2</sub>max in the CHD group and the control group was -9.71 ml/Kg/min (95% CI -14.06 to -5.36; I<sup>2</sup> = 94.2%, P for heterogeneity &lt; 0.00001). Considering the six studies that used the treadmill, the difference between VO<sub>2</sub>max in the CHD group and the control group was -8.58 ml/Kg/min (95% CI -12.73 to -4.44; I<sup>2</sup> 91.5%, P for heterogeneity &lt; 0.00001).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2 </label>
          <caption>
            <title>Meta-analysis of maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max) in children and adolescents with CHD and in controls, as evaluated on cycloergometer or on treadmill.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0357-70125-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The meta-analysis on the anaerobic threshold included six studies, showing that the CHD group presented an anaerobic threshold of -4.27 mL/kg/minute (95% CI, -10.84 to 2.31; I<sup>2</sup>, 97.6%, P for heterogeneity &lt; 0.001) as compared with the control group.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> shows the meta-analysis of the maximum HR reached during cardiopulmonary exercise test and stress testing, retrieved from 18 studies. The CHD group presented HR of -15.14 bpm (95% CI, -20.97 to -9.31; I<sup>2</sup>, 94.3%, P for heterogeneity &lt; 0.001) as compared with the control group.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Meta-analysis of maximal heart rate (HRmax) in children and adolescents with CHD and in controls, as evaluated in studies using maximum stress testing and studies using stress test.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0357-70125-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Considering the variable HR according to the type of test, 14 studies evaluated maximal HR though the exercise test. In these studies, the CHD group showed a difference of -17.70bpm (95% CI -24.37 to -11.03; I<sup>2</sup>, 94.4%, P for heterogeneity &lt; 0.00001) in relation to the control group. In the four studies that used stress test for evaluation, all presented data as maximal HR. Meta-analysis of these studies showed that the CHD group had a lower HR when compared to the control group (difference -4.68bpm (95% CI -9.32 to -0.04; I<sup>2</sup>, 43.4%, P for heterogeneity = 0.15) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>The meta-regression showed that the age (n = 16) was not associated with the heterogeneity observed in VO<sub>2</sub>max (R<sup>2</sup> = 18.43%. p = 0.09). Maximum HR (n = 13), however, had a significant influence on the heterogeneity observed in VO<sub>2</sub>max (R<sup>2</sup> = 69.20%. p = 0.005), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>. An inverse relationship is por was between the chronotropic deficit and VO<sub>2</sub>max (&#946; = -0.688; p = 0.005).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max) with maximal heart rate (% HR) difference between groups during the maximal exercise test. WMD: weighted mean differences.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0357-70125-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Since only one study evaluated functional capacity through the 6MWT, distance walked could not be analyzed. None of the included studies used the step test for evaluation of functional capacity.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies showed that children and adolescents with CHD present a decrease in functional capacity and in the anaerobic threshold during an exercise maximal test as compared with healthy individuals of the same age group, even when treated. In addition, children and adolescents with CHD have a chronotropic deficit that explained 69.20% of the VO<sub>2</sub>max variance observed among the 13 studies analyzed.</p>
      <p>Maximal oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max) has been widely used as gold standard for evaluation of functional capacity in healthy or ill individuals. There is a difference in cardiorespiratory responses between adults and children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The anatomically smaller heart size in children results in lower venous return, and therefore lower cardiac output, which in turn results in lower VO<sub>2</sub>max when compared with adults. Therefore, the most important compensatory mechanism for children is through the increase in HR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> During exercise, the systolic volume increases around 20% in a normal heart, and the further increase in the cardiac output is due to an increase in HR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Although expected, the information that children and adolescents with CHD in fact have lower functional capacity than their peers, even after corrective surgery, is first summarized in the present meta-analysis.</p>
      <p>Individuals with CHD have insufficient chronotropic response, which leads to a decreased maximum HR, consequently reducing the VO<sub>2</sub>max in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Fedriksen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> investigated children between eight and 17 years of age with several types of CHD and observed that those aged 10 to 13 years with obstruction of the left ventricular output presented oxygen consumption values above that of those with TGV or T4F. Children with T4F had a natural development of the capacity for physical exercise, which was however lower than that of healthy children; children with TGV showed a decline of VO<sub>2</sub> between the ages of 12 and 13 years, probably due to a reduction of right ventricular function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In the present meta-analysis, maximum HR was diminished in 15.14 bpm in the CHD group as compared to the control group. This chronotropic incompetence implies an inability to increase the HR in response to metabolic demand.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, which plays an important role in the modulation of HR during exercise, can be affected by ischemia and/or denervation resulting from surgical procedure or, in cases of cyanotic CHD, by chronic hypoxemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Ohuchi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> observed that both SBP at rest or during peak exercise and HR variability were lower in the group of children with univentricular hearts compared with healthy controls,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> which supports this hypothesis, that the HR directly influences the VO<sub>2</sub>max.</p>
      <p>The anaerobic threshold, defined as the maximum intensity of exercise performed by an individual using aerobic metabolism, is inversely related to age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> In a study with 17 children with complex CHD, evaluated by cardiopulmonary exercise testing, Ohuchi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> observed that the anaerobic threshold was lower in these children as compared with the control group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In addition, Paridon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> also used cardiopulmonary exercise test to assess 411 children who undergone Fontan procedure showing normal maximal oxygen consumption in 28% of the sample. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max) within the normal range was observed in only 28% of the sample. However, the anaerobic threshold was in the normal predicted range in most individuals (63%), suggesting that this population with univentricular hearts could tolerate a high level of submaximal and non-maximal activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Most studies showed high methodological quality in the evaluation of both exposure and outcome variables. Cross-sectional studies described more detailed evaluations regarding these variables when compared to cohort studies.</p>
      <p>The main study limitation derive from that most studies included patients with different types of heart disease, and used different types of evaluation protocols with heterogeneity of ergometers for functional capacity evaluation, even if these are standardized in the literature. Thus, studies showed important differences in relation to these methodological aspects, although all have fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis. High heterogeneity observed in the meta-analyses partially reflects such methodological aspects, and we therefore explored it by using meta-regression analyses for factors of interest. In addition, the heterogeneous nature of the congenital heart lesions may also limit wide exploration of studies in this field, since many lesions have different pathophysiological behaviors and a broad spectrum of severity. In this context, it is important to systematically review all the available information in order to establish more detailed and useful evidence for this specific group.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The presence of CHD in children and adolescents is associated with lower functional capacity than in healthy controls, measured by VO<sub>2</sub>max in cardiopulmonary exercise testing, being influenced by the impaired chronotropic response observed in this population, and not by age. In addition, a lower ventilatory threshold was observed in the same group, suggesting a lower ability to perform aerobic exercise and consequently tolerate lower exercise loads when comparing to healthy controls of the same age.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Camila Wohlgemuth Schaan, from Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Capacidade Funcional na Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schaan</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Wohlgemuth</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Chagastelles Pinto de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sbruzzi</surname>
            <given-names>Graciele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Umpierre</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schaan</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) , Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Camila Wohlgemuth Schaan</bold> Rua Eva Laci Camargo Martins, n&#186;. 40. CEP 91260-080, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>camilawschaan@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Schaan CW, Macedo ACP, Sbruzzi G, Schaan BD, Pellanda LC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Schaan CW, Macedo ACP, Umpierre D; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Schaan CW, Macedo ACP, Sbruzzi G, Umpierre D, Schaan BD, Pellanda LC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Schaan CW, Macedo ACP, Sbruzzi G, Umpierre D; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Schaan CW, Sbruzzi G, Umpierre D, Schaan BD, Pellanda LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Crian&#231;as e adolescentes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita frequentemente apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es na sua capacidade de exerc&#237;cio que pode ser avaliada atrav&#233;s de v&#225;rios testes funcionais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a capacidade funcional de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas (CC) atrav&#233;s de revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>A revis&#227;o incluiu estudos observacionais, dados da primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados ou acompanhamento ap&#243;s ensaios cl&#237;nicos que avaliaram a capacidade funcional atrav&#233;s teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar, teste ergom&#233;trico, teste de caminhada de seis minutos ou teste do degrau em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com CC, idade entre seis e 18 anos e seus controles saud&#225;veis. A avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa foi realizada por metan&#225;lise, comparando o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>max) entre crian&#231;as e adolescentes com CC e seus pares saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Vinte e cinco dos 2.683 estudos identificados na pesquisa atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. A medida do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x mostrou que os pacientes com CC apresentaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 9,31 ml/Kg/min (IC 95%: -12,48 a -6,13; I<sup>2</sup>, 94,3%, P para heterogeneidade &lt; 0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. A metan&#225;lise dos dados de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (FCM) alcan&#231;ada durante o teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar e teste ergom&#233;trico, avaliado por 18 estudos, mostrou um valor de -15,14 bpm (IC 95%: -20,97 a -9,31; I<sup>2</sup>; 94,3%, P para heterogeneidade &lt; 0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Crian&#231;as e adolescentes com CC apresentam menor VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x e FCM em rela&#231;&#227;o a controles saud&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Toler&#226;ncia ao Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o, Met&#225;nalise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (CC) frequentemente tem estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio, que pode ser reflexo de limita&#231;&#245;es psicol&#243;gicas inerentes &#224; doen&#231;a, al&#233;m da superprote&#231;&#227;o dos pais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Isto pode resultar na manuten&#231;&#227;o desse padr&#227;o durante a vida adulta, podendo culminar em risco aumentado para doen&#231;as card&#237;acas adquiridas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Em crian&#231;as orientadas a n&#227;o realizar atividade f&#237;sica, observa-se um aumento no risco de sobrepeso (RR, 2,51; IC 95%: 1,24-3,52) e obesidade (RR, 6,14; IC a 95%, 2,54-8,82) a longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A capacidade funcional pode indicar disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, pulmonar ou motora. Em crian&#231;as com doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x) pode predizer diversos desfechos, como por exemplo, a maior aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bica est&#225; associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o de risco de quase 10% na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as com fibrose c&#237;stica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca &#233; um importante instrumento cl&#237;nico para o diagn&#243;stico, quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas, progn&#243;stico e avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta ao tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> V&#225;rios testes est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para determinar a capacidade funcional,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> mas em crian&#231;as e adolescentes as informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas podem ser diferentes das observadas em adultos, devido as diferen&#231;as nas respostas fisiol&#243;gicas e metab&#243;licas ao estresse. As crian&#231;as apresentam respostas cronotr&#243;picas maiores e inotr&#243;picas menores durante o esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Al&#233;m disso, as informa&#231;&#245;es dos testes n&#227;o s&#227;o padronizadas em termos de valores, o que limita a compara&#231;&#227;o de diferentes estudos.</p>
        <p>A capacidade funcional varia de acordo com o tipo de CC, resultado cir&#250;rgico, idade e sexo do paciente. Os pacientes com reparo incompleto de seu defeito card&#237;aco apresentam menor capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e ventila&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes que realizaram o reparo completo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A maioria dos estudos publicados tem um pequeno tamanho de amostra e inclui crian&#231;as, adolescentes e adultos com ampla faixa et&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Assim, o presente estudo objetivou revisar sistematicamente a literatura para sumarizar a capacidade funcional de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com CC, atrav&#233;s de uma metan&#225;lise de estudos observacionais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
          <p>Esta revis&#227;o incluiu estudos observacionais (estudos de coorte, estudos transversais ou casos-controles), dados da primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o de estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados ou n&#227;o ou per&#237;odos de acompanhamento observacional ap&#243;s estudos cl&#237;nicos, nos quais a amostra foi constitu&#237;da por crian&#231;as e adolescentes com CC, com idade entre seis e 18 anos comparadas a controles saud&#225;veis. Outra condi&#231;&#227;o para a inclus&#227;o dos estudos foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional por meio do teste ergoespirom&#233;trico, teste ergom&#233;trico, teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) ou teste do degrau.</p>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos apenas estudos publicados em ingl&#234;s. Al&#233;m disso, foram considerados apenas aqueles publicados ap&#243;s 1980, uma vez que os m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional n&#227;o eram padronizados antes desse per&#237;odo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca e sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
          <p>Os seguintes bancos de dados eletr&#244;nicos foram pesquisados at&#233; a data de junho de 2015: MEDLINE (acessado atrav&#233;s do Pubmed), <italic>Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials</italic> (Cochrane Central) e EMBASE. Al&#233;m disso, as refer&#234;ncias de estudos publicados tamb&#233;m foram pesquisadas manualmente. Estudos em duplicata foram exclu&#237;dos na primeira etapa de sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos. Os termos MeSH e estrat&#233;gia de busca est&#227;o apresentados no Box 1 (Material Suplementar).</p>
          <p>Todos os t&#237;tulos e resumos dos artigos identificados na estrat&#233;gia de busca foram avaliados em duplicata por investigadores independentes (C.W.S e A.C.). Todos os artigos dos quais os resumos n&#227;o forneciam informa&#231;&#245;es suficientes sobre os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o foram selecionados para avalia&#231;&#227;o em texto integral. Na segunda fase, os mesmos revisores avaliaram de forma independente esses artigos pelo texto completo e fizeram sua sele&#231;&#227;o de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade. Quaisquer desacordos entre os revisores foram resolvidos por consenso e, em casos de desacordo persistente, um terceiro revisor (G.S.) avaliou as publica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
          <p>Os dados foram extra&#237;dos de forma independente por dois revisores (C.W.S e A.C.), utilizando tabela padronizada que compreendeu: descri&#231;&#227;o das interven&#231;&#245;es e resultados.Desacordos foram resolvidos por consenso ou por um terceiro revisor (G.S.).</p>
          <p>Para quantificar poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as na capacidade funcional, foram considerados desfechos prim&#225;rios o VO<sub>2</sub>max e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6. Al&#233;m disso, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (FCM) e outras vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas extra&#237;das do teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e an&#225;lises de gases com medida direta do consumo de oxig&#234;nio), TC6 e teste ergom&#233;trico (avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular em que os sintomas foram observados, press&#227;o arterial e eletrocardiograma) tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos nas an&#225;lises. As outras vari&#225;veis extra&#237;das do teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar foram o primeiro e segundo limiares ventilat&#243;rios e, a partir do teste ergom&#233;trico, extra&#237;mos a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) m&#225;xima.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s</title>
          <p>A qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos foi avaliada por dois pesquisadores (C.W.S e A.C.), previamente treinados e qualificados. A <italic>Escala Newcastle-Ottawa</italic> foi utilizada para estudos de caso-controle e de coorte, enquanto estudos transversais foram avaliados com uma adapta&#231;&#227;o da mesma escala. A pontua&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos de coorte e caso-controle foi calculada em tr&#234;s componentes: sele&#231;&#227;o dos grupos (0-4 pontos), qualidade de ajuste para confus&#227;o (0-2 pontos) e avalia&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s desfecho (0-3 pontos). A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos estudos de coorte foi utilizada para estudos quase-experimentais. Nos estudos transversais, a pontua&#231;&#227;o foi calculada em dois componentes: sele&#231;&#227;o dos grupos (0-3 pontos) e avalia&#231;&#227;o do desfecho (pontos 0-4). A pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima pode ser de nove pontos para estudos de caso-controle e coorte e sete pontos para estudos transversais, o que representa alta qualidade metodol&#243;gica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Desacordos entre os pesquisadores foram resolvidas por consenso e, em caso de desacordo persistente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o foi feita por um terceiro revisor (G.S.).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa dos estudos inclu&#237;dos foi realizada por metan&#225;lise, comparando-se o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa corporal de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com CC e respectivos grupos controle sem CC. As estimativas combinadas dos efeitos foram geradas atrav&#233;s dos valores m&#225;ximos obtidos nos estudos revisados e s&#227;o apresentadas como diferen&#231;a das m&#233;dias ponderadas. A heterogeneidade estat&#237;stica entre os resultados sobre a capacidade funcional dos estudos foi avaliada pelo teste Q de Cochran, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,1 e pelo teste de inconsist&#234;ncia I<sup>2</sup>, em que valores acima de 50% foram considerados indicativos de alta heterogeneidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A heterogeneidade entre os estudos foi explorada utilizando duas estrat&#233;gias. Inicialmente, cada estudo foi individualmente removido da metan&#225;lise, a fim de verificar qualquer influ&#234;ncia particular sobre os resultados. Em segundo lugar, a influ&#234;ncia da idade e da FCM durante o teste de esfor&#231;o foi avaliada por meta-regress&#227;o univariada e um limiar de p &lt; 0,05 foi utilizado para indicar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
          <p>As an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o software Stata vers&#227;o 11.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Vinte e cinco dos 2.683 estudos identificados na pesquisa preencheram os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref> mostra o fluxograma dos estudos desta revis&#227;o. A idade dos participantes variou de seis a 18 anos. Foram inclu&#237;dos dezessete estudos transversais, tr&#234;s estudos quase-experimentais e cinco estudos transversais com seguimento, totalizando 770 pacientes com CC e 754 controles saud&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma dos estudos avaliados para a metan&#225;lise.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0357-70125-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>. A maioria dos estudos investigou crian&#231;as submetidas a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para CC cian&#243;tica, tais como tetralogia de Fallot (T4F), transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias (TGA) e cora&#231;&#245;es univentriculares. Apenas um estudo avaliou crian&#231;as que n&#227;o foram submetidas &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, previamente. Considerando a avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional, 22 estudos realizaram testes de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo (18 testes de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar e quatro utilizaram o teste ergom&#233;trico). Al&#233;m do teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, Moalla et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> tamb&#233;m realizaram teste subm&#225;ximo atrav&#233;s do TC6. Tr&#234;s estudos realizaram avalia&#231;&#227;o subm&#225;xima: 1. Hjortdal et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> utilizaram o teste ergom&#233;trico para avaliar a capacidade funcional at&#233; 1 W/kg no cicloerg&#244;metro e, como os participantes n&#227;o atingiram sua FCM com essa carga de trabalho, o teste foi considerado subm&#225;ximo; 2. Reybrock et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> realizaram um teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar, considerando-o como um teste subm&#225;ximo, uma vez que a avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de at&#233; 170 bpm; 3. Marcuccio et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> utilizaram o teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar, mas a FCM dos participantes n&#227;o foi atingida e o teste foi considerado subm&#225;ximo.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Ano do estudo</th>
                <th align="center">Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes</th>
                <th align="center">Participantes (n)</th>
                <th align="center">Idade M&#233;dia (SD)</th>
                <th align="center">Mulheres</th>
                <th align="center">Uso de medica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Resultados e m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Valores do teste de capacidadefuncional</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Estudos transversais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arvidsson, 2009 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes cirurgicamente corrigidos (54 pacientes foram submetidos a reparo ventricular),incluindo: EA, DSAV, DVSVD, VEH, SCDH, AM, AP, DVAPP, EP, TGA, CIV.NYHA classe funcional.</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
                <td align="center">9 - 11 anos14 - 16 anos</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com cicloerg&#244;metro; protocolo em rampa, dura&#231;&#227;o de 8-12 min e recupera&#231;&#227;o. O paciente foi instru&#237;do a manter <break/> 60 rpm durante todo o teste de exerc&#237;cio.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o deVO<sub>2</sub>max = 42,28 &#177; 8,8 ml/Kg/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Giordano, 2003<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes com coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta corrigidos cirurgicamente. </td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">13,7 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">Sem medica&#231;&#227;oanti-hipertensiva.</td>
                <td align="center">Teste ergom&#233;trico com esteira protocolo de Bruce. M&#233;dia do tempo do teste = 10,5 &#177; 2 minutos.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca = 171 &#177; 17 bpm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Goldstein, 2011<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes p&#243;s procedimento de Fontan, excluindo pacientes com marca&#8209;passo, hipoxemia grave (satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio &lt; 80% em repouso), arritmia atrial ou disfun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares.NYHA classe funcional I (94%).</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">15 (10,9&#8209;17,.8)</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com esteira; protocolo Bruce.</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana e intervalo interquartil de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x = 28,8 (25,6-33,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grant, 1991<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes corrigidos cirurgicamente para T4F e, NYHA classe funcional I.</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">14,1 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com cicloerg&#244;metro; protocolo Godfrey.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o de <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 28,7 &#177; 6,6 ml/Kg/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Groen, 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes corrigidos cirurgicamente para T4F procedimento de Fontan.</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">14 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com cicloerg&#244;metro; protocolo Godfrey.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o de <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 33,7 &#177; 8,9 ml/Kg/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hjortdal, 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes p&#243;s procedimento de Fontan, NYHA classe funcional I e II.</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste ergom&#233;trico subm&#225;ximo (at&#233; 1W/kg) com cicloerg&#244;metro.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca = 111,5 &#177; 64,2 bpm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ishi, 2005<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes corrigidos cirurgicamente para T4F.</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">Inespec&#237;fico</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo com cicloerg&#244;metro; protocolo de rampa.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca = 143 &#177; 11 bpm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marcuccio, 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes corrigidos cirurgicamente para T4F.</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">15 (11-17)</td>
                <td align="center">Inespec&#237;fico</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste para ergom&#233;trico subm&#225;ximo com esteira. Protocolo Bruce.</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana e intervalo interquartil VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x = 35,8 (23,8&#8209;47,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moalla, 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes corrigidos cirurgicamente para: T4F, TGA, CIA, AP. NYHA classe funcional II e III.</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">13,0 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">Inespec&#237;fico</td>
                <td align="center">Diur&#233;ticos, cardiot&#244;nicos, inibidores da ECA.</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com cicloerg&#244;metro. Protocolo de Wasserman.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o de <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x = 30,2 &#177; 6,1 ml/Kg/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mocelin, 1999<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes corrigidos cirurgicamente para: TGA, CIV, AP,T4F.</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">10,8 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com esteira, protocolo de carga constante.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o de VO<sub>2</sub>max = 42,6 &#177; 8,6ml/Kg/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Page, 1996<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes corrigidos cirurgicamente para TGA.</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">10,4 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com esteira; protocolo rampa.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o de <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 37,6 &#177; 1,4 ml/Kg/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reybrouk, 2000<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes corrigidos cirurgicamente para: TGA e T4F.</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">11,2 &#177; 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste ergom&#233;trico (at&#233; 170 bpm) com esteira.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia de VO<sub>2</sub>max = 40 ml/Kg/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sarubbi, 2000<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes corrigidos cirurgicamente para T4F.</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">11,2 &#177; 3,9</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">Medica&#231;&#227;o cardiot&#244;nica n&#227;o diur&#233;tica.</td>
                <td align="center">Teste ergom&#233;trico com cicloerg&#244;metro.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca = 167,5 &#177; 17,4 bpm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tomassoni, 1991<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes corrigidos cirurgicamente para T4F.</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com esteira; protocolo Bruce para &gt; 8 anos de idade e protocolo de Bruce modificado para &lt; 8 anos de idade.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o de <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 34,1 &#177; 2,9 ml/Kg/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Van Beck, 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes corrigidos cirurgicamente para TGA, NYHA classe funcional I.</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">12,2 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com cicloerg&#244;metro; Rampa.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o de <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 41,1 &#177; 6,6 ml/kg/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Muller, 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes com PS, CIV, CIA, T4F, coarcta&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, estenose / regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar p&#243;s cirurgia, anomalia de Ebstein, cora&#231;&#227;o univentricular, <break/> TGA e TAC.NYHA classe funcional I e II.</td>
                <td align="center">88</td>
                <td align="center">12,7 (12,0&#8209;13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar e teste ergom&#233;trico subm&#225;ximo com cicloerg&#244;metro.</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana e intervalo interquartil de VO<sub>2</sub>max = 35,5 (31,3-41,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Su, 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes corrigidos e n&#227;o- corrigidos para CIA.</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">11,2 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com esteira, protocolo <break/> de Bruce.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o do <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x = 31,8 &#177; 6,8 ml/kg/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Estudos quase-experimentais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Amiard, 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes corrigidos cirurgicamente para: ventr&#237;culo &#250;nico e AP, AP com septo intacto, T4F, TGA, CIA.</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">15 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">Inibidor ACE; Diur&#233;ticos, anticoagulantes, cardiot&#244;nicos, imunossupressores.</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com cicloerg&#244;metro; protocolo de Wasserman.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o de <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 34,4 &#177; 10,9 ml/Kg/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moalla, 2005<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes corrigidos cirurgicamente para: T4F, TGA, CIA, AP. NYHA classe funcional II e III.</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">12,9 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">Inespec&#237;fico</td>
                <td align="center">Diur&#233;ticos, cardiot&#244;nicos, inibidores da ECA, exceto betabloqueador.</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com cicloerg&#244;metro; protocolo de Wasserman. <break/> Teste subm&#225;ximo com TC6.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o de <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 28,9 &#177; 1,7 ml/Kg/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rutenberg, 1983<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes corrigidos cirurgicamente para: TGA, T4F, doen&#231;a valvar e a&#243;rtica.</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">12,8 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o informado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com esteira; protocolo Bruce.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o de <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 39,3 &#177; 8,8 ml/kg/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Estudos transversais com acompanhamento</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Binkhorst, 2008<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes com CIV corrigido e n&#227;o corrigido.</td>
                <td align="center">27 (13 CIV p&#243;s-corre&#231;&#227;o e 14 n&#227;o corrigidos), tr&#234;s foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise da capacidade funcional.</td>
                <td align="center">Grupo corrigido = 6Grupo n&#227;o corrigido = 8</td>
                <td align="center">= 6Grupo n&#227;o corrigido = 8</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com cicloerg&#244;metro, protocolo de rampa.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o de <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 45,5 &#177; 29,2 ml/kg/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carvalho, 1992<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes corrigidos cirurgicamente para T4F.</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">11,3 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com esteira; protocolo Bruce.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o de VO<sub>2</sub>max = 48,0 &#177; 8,8 ml/kg/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hovels-Gurich, 2003<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes corrigidos cirurgicamente para TGA, NYHA classe funcional I.</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira; protocolo <break/> de Bruce.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca = 191,1 &#177; 10,0 bpm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Musewe, 1988<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Participantes corrigidos cirurgicamente para TGA, NYHA classe funcional I.</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">12,8 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com cicloerg&#244;metro; protocolo Jones e Campbell.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o de <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 31,0 &#177; 7,0 ml/Kg/min</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pfamatter, 2002<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes com CIA corrigida.</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">11,4 (6,8&#8209;16,1)</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;oinformado</td>
                <td align="center">Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar com esteira; Protocolo <break/> de rampa.</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o de <break/> VO<sub>2</sub>max = 37,8 &#177; 14,8 ml/Kg/min</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>EA: estenose a&#243;rtica; DSAV: defeito do septo atrioventricular; DVSVD: dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito; VEH: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo hipopl&#225;sico; SCDH: s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o direito hipopl&#225;sico; AM: atresia mitral; AP: atresia pulmonar; DVAPP: drenagem venosa an&#244;mola pulmonar parcial; DVAPT: drenagem venosa an&#244;mola pulmonar total; EP: estenose pulmonar; TGA: transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias; CIV: comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular; T4F: tetralogia de Fallot; CIA: comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial; TAC: tronco arterioso comum; NYHA: New York Heart Association; VO<sub>2</sub>max = consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio;TC6 = teste de caminhada dos seis minutos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos de coorte variou de dois a sete pontos, com m&#233;dia de 6,0 &#177; 1,8 pontos. Para os estudos transversais, a pontua&#231;&#227;o variou de tr&#234;s a sete pontos, com m&#233;dia de 5,4 &#177; 1,0. O estudo de coorte com menor pontua&#231;&#227;o (por Pfammater et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> n&#227;o descreveu a origem da coorte, os m&#233;todos para avaliar desfecho e como as perdas foram controladas. Entre os estudos transversais, a publica&#231;&#227;o por Page et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> teve apenas tr&#234;s pontos, uma vez que n&#227;o apresentou taxas de n&#227;o-resposta e n&#227;o informou sobre a representatividade da amostra, origem do grupo controle e situa&#231;&#227;o desse grupo (se estava livre de doen&#231;a). Entre os estudos quase-experimentais, dois tiveram quatro pontos e um recebeu cinco pontos.</p>
        <p>Na metan&#225;lise, incluindo 17 estudos que realizaram avalia&#231;&#245;es atrav&#233;s do teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar a medida de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x foi menor em 9,31 ml/kg/min em pacientes com CC (IC 95%, -12,48 a -6,13; I<sup>2</sup>, 94,3% P para heterogeneidade &lt; 0,001), em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle. Conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>, os estudos foram estratificados de acordo com o tipo de erg&#244;metro utilizado para o teste m&#225;ximo. Onze estudos utilizaram o cicloerg&#244;metro. Nestes estudos, a diferen&#231;a entre VO<sub>2</sub>max no grupo CC e no grupo controle foi -9,71 ml/Kg/min (95% CI -14,06 a -5,36; I<sup>2</sup> = 94,2%, P para heterogeneidade &lt; 0,00001). Considerando os seis estudos que utilizaram a esteira, a diferen&#231;a entre VO<sub>2</sub>max no grupo CC e o grupo controle foi -8,58 ml/Kg/min (IC 95%: -12,73 a -4,44; I<sup>2</sup> 91,5%, P para heterogeneidade &lt; 0,00001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Metan&#225;lise do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>max) em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com CC e em controles, avaliada em cicloerg&#244;metro ou em esteira. WMD: diferen&#231;a das m&#233;dias ponderadas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0357-70125-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A metan&#225;lise do limiar anaer&#243;bio incluiu seis estudos, mostrando que o grupo CC apresentou um limiar anaer&#243;bio de -4,27 mL/kg/minuto (IC 95%, -10,84-2,31; I<sup>2</sup>, 97,6%, P para heterogeneidade &lt; 0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref> mostra a metan&#225;lise da FCM alcan&#231;ada durante o teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar e teste ergom&#233;trico, obtido de 18 estudos. O grupo CC apresentou FC de -15,14 bpm (IC 95%, -20,97 a -9,31; I<sup>2</sup>, 94,3%, P para heterogeneidade &lt; 0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Metan&#225;lise da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (FCM) em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com CC e em controles, conforme avaliado em estudos que utilizaram teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar e teste ergom&#233;trico. WMD: diferen&#231;a das m&#233;dias ponderadas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0357-70125-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Considerando a vari&#225;vel FC de acordo com o tipo de teste, 14 estudos avaliaram a FCM atrav&#233;s do teste de esfor&#231;o. Nestes estudos, o grupo CC apresentou uma diferen&#231;a de -17,70 bpm (95% CI -24,37 a -11,03; I<sup>2</sup>, 94,4%, P para heterogeneidade &lt; 0,00001) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Nos quatro estudos que utilizaram o teste ergom&#233;trico para avalia&#231;&#227;o, todos apresentaram dados de FCM. A metan&#225;lise destes estudos mostrou que o grupo CC apresentou menor FC quando comparado ao grupo controle (diferen&#231;a de -4,68 bpm (95% CI -9,32 a -0,04; I<sup>2</sup>, 43,4%, P para heterogeneidade = 0,15) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>A meta-regress&#227;o mostrou que a idade (n = 16) n&#227;o foi associada &#224; heterogeneidade observada no VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x (R<sup>2</sup> = 18,43% p = 0,09). No entanto, a FCM (n = 13) teve uma influ&#234;ncia significativa na heterogeneidade observada no VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x (R<sup>2</sup> = 69,20%, p = 0,005), como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>. Observa-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o deficit cronotr&#243;pico e o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x (( = -0,688; p = 0,005).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima entre os grupos durante o teste de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo. WMD: diferen&#231;a das m&#233;dias ponderadas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0357-70125-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Como apenas um estudo avaliou a capacidade funcional atrav&#233;s do TC6, a dist&#226;ncia percorrida n&#227;o p&#244;de ser analisada. Nenhum dos estudos inclu&#237;dos utilizou o teste do degrau para avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise de estudos observacionais mostrou que crian&#231;as e adolescentes com CC apresentam diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional e do limiar anaer&#243;bio durante o teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis da mesma faixa et&#225;ria, mesmo quando tratados. Al&#233;m disso, crian&#231;as e adolescentes com CC apresentam d&#233;ficit cronotr&#243;pico que explicou 69,20% da vari&#226;ncia do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x observada entre os 13 estudos analisados.</p>
        <p>O consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>max) tem sido amplamente utilizado como padr&#227;o-ouro para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis ou doentes. H&#225; uma diferen&#231;a nas respostas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias entre adultos e crian&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O tamanho anat&#244;mico menor do cora&#231;&#227;o em crian&#231;as resulta em menor retorno venoso e, portanto, menor d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, o que por sua vez resulta em menor VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x quando comparado com adultos. Portanto, o mecanismo compensat&#243;rio mais importante para as crian&#231;as &#233; o aumento da FC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Durante o exerc&#237;cio, o volume sist&#243;lico aumenta em torno de 20% em um cora&#231;&#227;o normal e o aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco &#233; devido a um aumento da FC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Embora esperado que crian&#231;as e adolescentes com CC tenham menor capacidade funcional comparado a seus pares saud&#225;veis, mesmo ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a sintetizar este achado por meio de metan&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos com CC t&#234;m resposta cronotr&#243;pica insuficiente, o que leva a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da FCM, consequentemente reduzindo o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Fedriksen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> investigaram crian&#231;as entre oito e 17 anos de idade com v&#225;rios tipos de CC e observaram que aqueles com idades entre 10 e 13 anos anos com obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentaram valores de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x superiores daqueles com TGA ou T4F. As crian&#231;as com T4F tiveram um desenvolvimento natural da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, por&#233;m inferior ao das crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis; crian&#231;as com TGA apresentaram decl&#237;nio do consumo de oxig&#234;nio entre 12 e 13 anos, provavelmente devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Na presente metan&#225;lise, a FCM foi menor em 15,14 bpm no grupo CC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Essa incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica implica em uma incapacidade de aumentar a FC em resposta &#224; demanda metab&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> A atividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e parassimp&#225;tico, que desempenha um papel importante na modula&#231;&#227;o da FC durante o exerc&#237;cio, pode ser afetada pela isquemia e/ou desnerva&#231;&#227;o resultante de procedimento cir&#250;rgico em casos de CC cian&#243;tica, pela hipoxemia cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Ohuchi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> observaram que tanto a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica em repouso ou durante o pico de exerc&#237;cio quanto a variabilidade da FC foram menores no grupo de crian&#231;as com cora&#231;&#245;es univentriculares em compara&#231;&#227;o a controles saud&#225;veis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> o que sustenta esta hip&#243;tese, que a FC influencia diretamente o VO<sub>2</sub>max.</p>
        <p>O limiar anaer&#243;bio, definido como a intensidade m&#225;xima do exerc&#237;cio realizado por um indiv&#237;duo usando o metabolismo aer&#243;bio, est&#225; inversamente relacionado com a idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Em um estudo com 17 crian&#231;as com CC complexa, avaliadas pelo teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar, Ohuchi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> observaram que o limiar anaer&#243;bio foi menor nessas crian&#231;as em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Com o mesmo teste, Paridon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> avaliaram 411 crian&#231;as de uma coorte de pacientes submetidos ao procedimento de Fontan na inf&#226;ncia. O VO<sub>2</sub>max dentro dentro da normalidade foi observado em apenas 28% da amostra. No entanto, o limiar anaer&#243;bio estava na faixa normal predita na maioria dos indiv&#237;duos (63%), sugerindo que esta popula&#231;&#227;o com cora&#231;&#245;es univentriculares poderia tolerar um alto n&#237;vel de atividade subm&#225;xima e n&#227;o tolerar n&#237;veis m&#225;ximos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A maioria dos estudos mostrou alta qualidade metodol&#243;gica na avalia&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o e desfecho. Estudos transversais descreveram avalia&#231;&#245;es mais detalhadas sobre essas vari&#225;veis quando comparados com estudos de coorte.</p>
        <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo &#233; devido a maioria dos estudos incluir indiv&#237;duos com diferentes CC e utilizar diferentes protocolos de avalia&#231;&#227;o com heterogeneidade de erg&#244;metros para avalia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional, mesmo que estes protocolos estejam padronizados na literatura. Dessa forma, os estudos mostraram diferen&#231;as importantes em rela&#231;&#227;o a esses aspectos metodol&#243;gicos, embora todos tenham preenchido os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para essa metan&#225;lise. A alta heterogeneidade observada nesta metan&#225;lise, parcialmente reflete estes aspectos metodol&#243;gicos, e por isso foi explorada utilizando an&#225;lise de meta-regress&#227;o para fatores de interesse. Al&#233;m disso, a natureza heterog&#234;nea das CC tamb&#233;m pode limitar a ampla explora&#231;&#227;o dos estudos neste campo, uma vez que muitas les&#245;es t&#234;m diferentes comportamentos fisiopatol&#243;gicos e um amplo espectro de gravidade. Neste contexto, &#233; importante rever sistematicamente toda a informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel, a fim de estabelecer evid&#234;ncias mais detalhadas e &#250;teis para este grupo espec&#237;fico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de CC em crian&#231;as e adolescentes est&#225; associada &#224; menor capacidade funcional comparado a seus controles saud&#225;veis, medida pelo VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x no teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar, sendo influenciada pela resposta cronotr&#243;pica prejudicada e n&#227;o pela idade. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se um limiar ventilat&#243;rio inferior no mesmo grupo, sugerindo uma menor capacidade de realizar exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e consequentemente tolerar menores cargas de exerc&#237;cio quando comparado a controles saud&#225;veis da mesma idade.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Camila Wohlgemuth Schaan pela Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
