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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fTpdyYhY5M5ppNFVt5Z6XGj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001300348</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170135</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005018101</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence and Prediction of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease in Patients Undergoing Primary Heart Valve Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cazelli</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camargo</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kruczan</surname>
            <given-names>Dany David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weksler</surname>
            <given-names>Clara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Felipe</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Rouge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
            <given-names>Ilan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC &#8211; MS), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro (IECAC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Guilherme Cazelli</bold>. Rua Moacir Avidos, 642 Apt 802. Postal Code 29055-350, Praia do Canto, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil E-mail: <email>jgcazelli@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>cazelli@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Cazelli JG, Camargo GC, Gottlieb I; Acquisition of data: Cazelli JG, Kruczan DD, Weksler C, Felipe AR, Gottlieb I; Writing of the manuscript: Cazelli JG, Gottlieb I; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cazelli JG, Camargo GC, Kruczan DD, Weksler C, Gottlieb I.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>348</fpage>
      <lpage>356</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in valvular patients is similar to that of the general population, with the usual association with traditional risk factors. Nevertheless, the search for obstructive CAD is more aggressive in the preoperative period of patients with valvular heart disease, resulting in the indication of invasive coronary angiography (ICA) to almost all adult patients, because it is believed that coronary artery bypass surgery should be associated with valve replacement.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the prevalence of obstructive CAD and factors associated with it in adult candidates for primary heart valve surgery between 2001 and 2014 at the National Institute of Cardiology (INC) and, thus, derive and validate a predictive obstructive CAD score.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study evaluating 2898 patients with indication for heart surgery of any etiology. Of those, 712 patients, who had valvular heart disease and underwent ICA in the 12 months prior to surgery, were included. The P value &lt; 0.05 was adopted as statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of obstructive CAD was 20%. A predictive model of obstructive CAD was created from multivariate logistic regression, using the variables age, chest pain, family history of CAD, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, and male gender. The model showed excellent correlation and calibration (R&#178; = 0.98), as well as excellent accuracy (ROC of 0.848; 95%CI: 0.817-0.879) and validation (ROC of 0.877; 95%CI: 0.830 - 0.923) in different valve populations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Obstructive CAD can be estimated from clinical data of adult candidates for valve repair surgery, using a simple, accurate and validated score, easy to apply in clinical practice, which may contribute to changes in the preoperative strategy of acquired heart valve surgery in patients with a lower probability of obstructive disease.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Computed Tomography Angiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with valvular heart disease has the usual association with traditional risk factors. Nevertheless, the search for obstructive CAD is more aggressive in the preoperative period of patients with valvular heart disease, resulting in the indication of invasive coronary angiography (ICA) to almost all patients older than 35 years, because it is believed that coronary artery bypass surgery should be associated with valve replacement in the presence of obstructive CAD.</p>
      <p>Angina is the major symptom, even though it can have other causes in valvular heart disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> such as left ventricular hypertrophy or overload. Association of obstructive CAD with the impaired heart valve, mainly the aortic valve, is common; however, increasing age has been shown to accompany a higher prevalence of CAD, regardless of the valve.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Older patients tend to have degenerative aortic valve disease more often, but CAD does not differ between patients with aortic or mitral valve impairment in the same age group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The epidemiology of valvular heart disease is heterogeneous and has changed over the past decades in different countries. Rheumatic heart disease was the major cause of valvular heart disease until the mid-20th century, after which, with the widespread use of antibiotics and better access to health care, a substantial reduction in the incidence of that inflammatory valvular heart disease occurred in developed countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The current prevalence of rheumatic valvular disease is estimated to be 2.5% in the USA and Canada, and 22% in Europe.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Concomitantly, with the increase in life expectancy, the prevalence of age-related heart diseases increased, the degenerative etiology being the most common cause of valvular heart disease in developed countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In addition, the higher mean age and, consequently, the higher number of chronic diseases and associated atherosclerotic risk factors increase the prevalence of CAD, which, in North-American and Anglo-Saxon patients with valvular heart disease ranges from 20% to 40%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In developing countries, rheumatic heart disease is still the major cause of valvular heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In Brazil, its prevalence reaches 60.3%, with a mean age of 37 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It usually affects young individuals, who have less risk factors for atherosclerosis, and, thus, lower prevalence of obstructive CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The guidelines suggest that, because of the impact of non-treated CAD, its diagnosis is paramount.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Preoperative ICA is indicated to almost all patients older than 35 years, and non-invasive functional tests are not recommended because of their limited specificity. In the ACC/AHA guideline, coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is suggested for patients with a low or intermediate pretest probability of CAD (class of recommendation IIa, level of evidence C), because of its high negative predictive value to exclude obstructive CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Stratification of obstructive CAD based on current indications does not seem to be the best strategy in our population. The ICA is a high-cost invasive procedure with widely documented morbidity and mortality. The development of tools to estimate the pretest probability of obstructive CAD, as performed in the general population, is urgent, to better select patients who will benefit from different preoperative strategies, therefore preventing the indiscriminate indication of unnecessary and invasive procedures, mainly in groups with a lower clinical probability of obstructive CAD.</p>
      <p>This study was aimed at developing a predictive score for obstructive CAD in adult candidates for primary heart valve surgery, and at validating that score in an independent cohort of patients from another tertiary reference institution.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Selection of patients</title>
        <p>The population studied comprises adults with primary acquired valvular heart disease from a tertiary reference hospital, submitted to heart valve replacement or repair surgery between 2001 and 2014.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
        <p>This study included patients older than 18 years with primary acquired valvular heart disease, submitted to heart valve surgery between 2001 and 2014, who underwent ICA within 12 months from surgery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection</title>
        <p>Data were obtained retrospectively from medical record review and comprised the following variables: age, sex, chest pain, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, dyslipidemia, family history of CAD, smoking, surgery type, and impaired heart valve.</p>
        <p>Obstructive CAD was defined as luminal obstruction greater than 50% in the left main coronary artery (LCA) and obstruction greater than 70% in the other major epicardial vessels, on preoperative ICA, according to the recommendations of the Brazilian Guidelines on Valvular Heart Diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In our study, we dichotomized the symptoms according to the presence or absence of chest pain. Chest pain was defined as the presence of atypical or typical angina, according to the classification of the Brazilian Guidelines on Chronic Coronary Artery Disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> with two or three of the following characteristics: retrosternal discomfort or pain; triggered by exercise or emotional stress; relieved by rest or nitroglycerin use. Absence of chest pain was defined when the patient had none (asymptomatic) or only one of the above-cited characteristics (non-cardiac chest pain).</p>
        <p>The risk factors were defined by the physicians in charge of filling out the patients' registration forms, according to their clinical judgement and the existing classifications at the time.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>Patients with incomplete clinical data were excluded from the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The categorical variables were described as frequency, being compared by use of chi-square test. The only continuous variable used in this study was age, which had a normal distribution confirmed by use of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, was presented as mean and standard deviation and compared in the different groups by use of Student <italic>t</italic> test. Differences with p-value &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        <p>The variables associated with the outcome 'obstructive CAD' were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The risk factors traditionally related to CAD and the variables that, on univariate analysis, showed association with obstructive CAD were included in multivariate analysis. The final model comprised the variables with statistically significant association in the multivariate model and those historically associated with CAD.</p>
        <p>To test the calibration of the model in the derivation cohort, linear regression was used, correlating the mean estimated pretest probability (patients were divided into deciles of increasing probability of obstructive CAD) with the observed prevalence.</p>
        <p>The predictive accuracy for obstructive CAD of the model, in both the derivation and validation cohorts, was tested by constructing the ROC curve and assessing the area under the curve.</p>
        <p>The SPSS software (SPSS Inc., USA), version 22.0, was used for the statistical analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Score validation</title>
        <p>The score was validated in an independent sample (validation cohort) with 294 adult patients with primary valvular heart disease, candidates for heart valve surgery from 1999 to 2005, originating from another tertiary reference hospital for heart surgery, and whose preoperative clinical and angiographic data made them eligible for the study.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>From 2001 to 2014, a total of 2898 primary heart valve surgeries were recorded in adults, 1074 of whom with ICA performed in the 12 months preceding surgery were included in the study, while 362 of whom were excluded due to incomplete clinical data in the hospital registry.</p>
      <p>The prevalence of obstructive CAD in patients with valvular heart disease and ICA in the preoperative period was 20% (145 patients).</p>
      <p>Of the 712 patients studied, 330 (46%) were of the male sex and 382 (54%) of the female sex. Their mean age was 58 (&#177; 12.5) years, and 145 (20%) had obstructive CAD. Chest pain was reported by 165 (23%) patients. Aortic repair surgery was performed in 291 (41%) patients, while mitral repair surgery, in 302 (42%). Double aortic-mitral repair surgery was performed in 109 (15%) patients, while combined coronary artery bypass graft surgery and valvular heart repair surgery, in 139 (20%). The prevalences of cardiovascular risk factors, impaired heart valve and obstructive CAD are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristics of the population and according to the subgroups without and with obstructive CAD</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Cohort</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Without obstructive CAD</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">With obstructive CAD</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">n = 712</th>
              <th align="center">n = 567 (80%)</th>
              <th align="center">n = 145 (20%)</th>
              <th align="center">-</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">58 (&#177; 12)</td>
              <td align="center">55 (&#177; 12)</td>
              <td align="center">66 (&#177; 8)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">330 (46%)</td>
              <td align="center">250 (44%)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (56%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic></td>
              <td align="center">96 (13%)</td>
              <td align="center">55 (13%)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (28%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">493 (69%)</td>
              <td align="center">366 (65%)</td>
              <td align="center">127 (88%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">338 (47%)</td>
              <td align="center">239 (42%)</td>
              <td align="center">99 (68%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">122 (17%)</td>
              <td align="center">74 (13%)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (33%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">240 (34%)</td>
              <td align="center">177 (31%)</td>
              <td align="center">63 (43%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chest pain</td>
              <td align="center">165 (23%)</td>
              <td align="center">85 (15%)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (55%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic valve impairment</td>
              <td align="center">291 (41%)</td>
              <td align="center">206 (36%)</td>
              <td align="center">85 (59%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral valve impairment</td>
              <td align="center">302 (42%)</td>
              <td align="center">249 (44%)</td>
              <td align="center">53 (37%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.109</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic and mitral valve impairment</td>
              <td align="center">109 (15%)</td>
              <td align="center">102 (18%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (5%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CABG</td>
              <td align="center">139 (20%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (3%)</td>
              <td align="center">122 (84%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Values expressed as mean &#177; SD or n (%). CAD: coronary artery disease; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft. Differences with p value &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. T test was used for the variable 'age', and chi-square test, for the other variables.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Patients with obstructive CAD were older, had higher prevalence of chest pain and of traditional risk factors as compared to patients without obstructive CAD. The aortic valve, as compared to the mitral valve, was more often impaired in the former. The male sex showed a higher trend to obstructive CAD as compared to the female sex.</p>
      <p>On univariate analysis, chest pain showed a strong association with obstructive CAD (odds ratio, 6.9; 95%CI: 4.67-10.4; p &lt; 0.001), in addition to traditional risk factors and age. Mitral valve impairment showed no association with obstructive CAD.</p>
      <p>The variables that associated with obstructive CAD on univariate analysis, such as traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis (age, sex, arterial hypertension, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, dyslipidemia, family history and smoking), were entered into the multivariate analysis, in addition to aortic valve impairment, which had statistical significance. Age (p &lt; 0.001), family history of CAD (p &lt; 0.001) and angina (p &lt; 0.001) were independent predictors of obstructive coronary lesion. Aortic valve impairment had no relevant association after adjusting for the other risk factors. Multivariate analysis is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Univariate and multivariate analysis of risk factors for obstructive CAD</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Univariate analysis</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Multivariate analysis</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Odds ratio (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">Odds ratio (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 (1.06 - 1.10)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.06 (1.04 - 1.09)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chest pain</td>
              <td align="center">6.97 (4.67 - 10.41)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">3.83 (2.44 - 6.01)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history</td>
              <td align="center">3.29 (2.15 - 5.03)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">2.42 (1.46 - 3.99)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">1.56 (1.08 - 2.25)</td>
              <td align="center">0,17</td>
              <td align="center">1.29 (0.83 - 2.01)</td>
              <td align="center">0.255</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">2.95 (2.0 - 4.35)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.56 (0.99 - 2.44)</td>
              <td align="center">0.051</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">1.69 (1.16 - 2.45)</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
              <td align="center">1.34 (0.85 - 2.11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.198</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic></td>
              <td align="center">3.67 (2.32 - 5.79)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.49 (0.87 - 2.57)</td>
              <td align="center">0.142</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">3.87 (2.29 - 6.53)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.44 (0.79 - 2.62)</td>
              <td align="center">0.225</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic valve impairment</td>
              <td align="center">2.48 (1.71 - 2.60)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.96 (0.60 - 1.53)</td>
              <td align="center">0.88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral valve impairment</td>
              <td align="center">0.73 (0.50 - 1.07)</td>
              <td align="center">0.110</td>
              <td align="center">&#8722;</td>
              <td align="center">&#8722;</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Differences with p-value &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A predictive logistic model for obstructive CAD was created based on the correlation degree between statistically significant independent predictive variables, in addition to the traditional risk factors, which, even though lacking statistical significance in the last analysis, comprised the model, because of their proven association with CAD. The logistic model is represented by the following equation:</p>
      <p>Logit (CAD) = - 6.872 + (0.257 x male sex) + (0.066 x age) + (1.344 x chest pain) + (0.369 x hypertension) + (0.404 x diabetes) + (0.445 x dyslipidemia) + (0.297 x smoking) + (0.885 x family history of CAD)</p>
      <p>To make clinical use easier, a score of point addition was developed, a simplification of logistic regression, where points are attributed to patients according to their clinical characteristics. One point should be added to every 5 complete yeas of life (from age zero), 1 point to each traditional risk factor (male sex, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> and smoking), 2 points to a family history of CAD, and 4 points to chest pain (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Simplified score to predict obstructive CAD</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Score</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">1 point every 5 years</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">1 point</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">1 point</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic></td>
              <td align="center">1 point</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">1 point</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">1 point</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">2 points</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chest pain</td>
              <td align="center">4 points</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Patients who scored 10 points or less (estimated pretest probability &lt; 5%) were considered to have low pretest probability, while those who scored more than 17 points (estimated pretest probability &gt; 30%) were considered to have high pretest probability. Those who scored between 11 and 16 points comprised the intermediate group (estimated pretest probability between 5% and 30%).</p>
      <p>The model showed an excellent correlation between estimated pretest probability and the obstructive CAD prevalence found in our population (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of obstructive CAD according to the category of estimated pretest probability</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Categories</th>
              <th align="center">Score</th>
              <th align="center">Estimated pretest probability</th>
              <th align="center">Observed obstructive CAD prevalence</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low probability</td>
              <td align="center">0-10</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 5%</td>
              <td align="center">2%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intermediate probability</td>
              <td align="center">11-16</td>
              <td align="center">5 - 30%</td>
              <td align="center">12%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High probability</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 17</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 30%</td>
              <td align="center">49%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>To test the calibration of the predictive model, linear regression was applied correlating the estimated pretest probability (divided into deciles with increasing probability of obstructive CAD, and comprised by approximately 72 patients per decile) with the prevalence observed in the derivation cohort. A positive and significant correlation was observed between the estimated probability and the observed prevalence of obstructive CAD (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.98), proving the predictive capacity of the model, represented in the 0.9954 slope of the line (close to 1.0), confirming that there is neither underestimation nor overestimation of the model tested (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Calibration of the predictive model</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0348-70135-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Both the logistic and the simple additive models had excellent accuracy to predict obstructive CAD in the derivation cohort, being represented by the areas under the ROC curve of 0.848 (95%CI: 0.817 - 0.879) and 0.844 (95%CI: 0.812 - 0.875), respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of the ROC curves of the logistic and simple additive models in the derivation and validation cohorts.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0348-70135-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>To validate the models developed, we used data from a different population of 294 adult patients from another tertiary reference hospital for heart surgery, with primary valvular heart disease, candidates for heart valve surgery from 1999 to 2005. Their preoperative clinical and angiographic variables were eligible for the study.</p>
      <p>In that validation cohort, similarly to our findings, the patients with obstructive CAD were older, mainly of the male sex and had a high prevalence of traditional risk factors. Angina occurred significantly more often in the group of patients with CAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristics of the validation cohort.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Cohort</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Without CAD</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">With CAD</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">n = 294</th>
              <th align="center">n = 247 (84%)</th>
              <th align="center">n = 47 (16%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">56 (&#177; 11)</td>
              <td align="center">52 (&#177; 10)</td>
              <td align="center">66 (&#177; 10)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">139 (47%)</td>
              <td align="center">106 (43%)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (70%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic></td>
              <td align="center">24 (8%)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (4%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (28%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">122 (41%)</td>
              <td align="center">90 (36%)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (68%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">35 (12%)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (9%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (28%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">142 (48%)</td>
              <td align="center">115 (46%)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (57%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">145 (49%)</td>
              <td align="center">116 (47%)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (62%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chest pain</td>
              <td align="center">125 (42,5%)</td>
              <td align="center">85 (35%)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (83%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic valve repair</td>
              <td align="center">104 (35%)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (59%)</td>
              <td align="center">43 (41%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral valve repair</td>
              <td align="center">161 (55%)</td>
              <td align="center">149 (93%)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (7%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic and mitral valve repair</td>
              <td align="center">29 (10%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (86%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (14%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>Values expressed as mean &#177; SD or n (%). CAD: coronary artery disease. Differences with p value &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. T test was used for the variable 'age', and chi-square test, for the other variables.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Both the logistic and simple additive models had excellent and similar accuracy to predict obstructive CAD in the validation cohort, represented by the areas under the ROC curve of 0.877 (95%CI: 0.830 - 0.923) and 0.882 (95%CI: 0.836 - 0.927), respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In our cohort, the observed prevalence of obstructive CAD was 20%, lower than that of the cohorts of developed countries,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and similar to that of the populations of developing countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The prevalence of obstructive CAD in individuals aged less than 50 years was 3.3%, similar to that of other Brazilian studies. Sampaio et al. have reported a prevalence of 3.42% in a sample of 3736 patients with a mean age of 43.7 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Kruczan et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> have shown a global prevalence of obstructive CAD of 15.9%, 6% in patients aged less than 50 years.</p>
      <p>The patients with obstructive CAD were older, mainly of the male sex and had a high prevalence of traditional risk factors and of chest pain.</p>
      <p>There was a univariate association between atherosclerotic risk factors, chest pain, family history, and aortic valve impairment. However, on multivariate analysis, there was no independent association between dysfunctional valve and obstructive CAD, confirming reports in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Therefore, it was not entered in the logistic model. Similarly, the etiology of valvular heart disease has no independent association with CAD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> but with other aggregated risk factors.</p>
      <p>In the general population, calculators to predict and stratify CAD are widely used, and only patients with high probability and no response to clinical treatment or with tests with high-risk changes are referred for invasive stratification, while most patients with low or intermediate pretest probability being suitable for non-invasive stratification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The pretest probability of obstructive CAD is more often calculated by use of the score described in the 1970s by Diamond and Forrester,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> who used estimates of postmortem studies and cross-sectional studies of the North-American population. Although limited and not contemplating other cardiovascular risk factors, that score is still widely used, and continues to be recommended by the guidelines. This currently used model has been shown to overestimate the probability of CAD, and, thus, could be updated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>For patients with valvular heart disease, there is no specific calculator to estimate obstructive CAD and, thus, to guide the preoperative period according to the calculated probability.</p>
      <p>The AHA/ACC guideline considers CCTA a way to exclude obstructive CAD without performing ICA for patients with low or intermediate pretest probability calculated according to the criteria by Diamond and Forrester, reserving invasive stratification for patients with higher probability of CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the past years, with the widespread use of CCTA for CAD stratification in the general population, several studies have tested its performance. A meta-analysis that gathered 1107 patients and 12851 coronary artery segments, has validated CCTA as a safe alternative to ICA in the preoperative period of patients with valvular heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> In another study assessing the preoperative period of valvular heart disease, the stratification strategy with CCTA to patients with low or intermediate pretest probability has predicted a significant cost reduction, because 28% of that study cohort would not require ICA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In addition, in 2012, an European study emphasized the importance of having a preoperative strategy, not only because it is a more comfortable diagnostic alternative for the patient, but also more inexpensive than the conventional strategy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although ICA is gold standard for the diagnosis of obstructive lesions, it an invasive method not free from complications, such as death, vascular events (bleedings, hematomas and arterial occlusions), neurological events (ischemic and hemorrhagic) and cardiac events (arrhythmias, perforations, dissections, revascularizations, infarctions, heat failure and cardiogenic shock).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A Brazilian study with 1916 patients has reported 190 (10.4%) complications in 175 patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> In a registry comprising 85% of the catheterization laboratories in the USA and including 1,091,557 patients, 14,736 patients (1.35%) had complications, the in-hospital mortality related to the procedure being 0.72%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To translate such data into future clinical tools, we elaborated a proposal for the preoperative assessment of patients referred for primary heart valve surgery, and applied it in the derivation cohort.</p>
      <p>We developed a simplified easy-to-use score to stratify patients, and thus better guide the preoperative strategy. Using only clinical data, such as age, sex, chest pain and presence or absence of atherosclerotic risk factors, the pretest probability of obstructive CAD can be calculated at bedside with relative simplicity. The calculator developed in this study is available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://connect.calcapp.net/?app=5tcj4a">https://connect.calcapp.net/?app=5tcj4a</ext-link>, and can be used in multifunctional devices.</p>
      <p>To illustrate the use of that tool in the preoperative assessment of patients, we created arbitrarily three categories of estimated pretest probability of obstructive CAD: low, &lt; 5%; intermediate, between 5% and 30%; and high, &gt; 30%.</p>
      <p>A patient with a score &lt; 17 (low or intermediate probability) should be stratified conservatively, with CCTA, or even directed to heart valve surgery without additional stratification, if the probability is low, ICA being reserved for those with high pretest probability or positive CCTA for obstructive CAD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preoperative strategy based on the use of the simple additive score and estimated pretest probability.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0348-70135-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In a simulation, applying the strategy proposed by the AHA/ACC guideline to our cohort, using CCTA to assess CAD in patients with low and intermediate pretest probability, we would reduce by 82% the ICA in those patients, with a total 57%reduction in the entire cohort. That strategy has a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 90%, using CCTA accuracy data in patients with valvular heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Considering the complication rate of ICA among us,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> we would prevent 40 procedure-related complications (57% reduction).</p>
      <p>Adopting an even more conservative strategy, with patients of low probability directed to surgery with no additional preoperative test and CCTA to assess CAD in patients of intermediate probability, we would have a 60% reduction in ICA, with sensitivity of 98% and specificity of 94%, in addition to a 61% reduction in ICA complications in our population.</p>
      <p>That conservative strategy could result in a lack of diagnosis lower than 5% (&lt; 2% in our cohort), which would not necessarily expose the patient to a higher risk, because cardiac catheterization itself is not free from severe complications, and it has not been clearly established that coronary artery bypass graft surgery combined with heart valve repair significantly influences patients' prognosis. In addition, ischemic complications in patients with CAD who undergo no revascularization during valve replacement are infrequent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Among us, the mortality of coronary artery bypass graft surgery alone ranges from 4.8% to 8.3%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> and that rate can even triple when that surgery is combined with heart valve repair.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that clinical predictive scores are secondary tools, and should not replace the current and previous clinical history, physical exam and previous complementary tests. Patients with a previous history of CAD, left ventricular dysfunction, evidence of myocardial ischemia on tests, or with atherosclerosis evidenced on any other exam or signs of it in other territories (such as reduced lower limb pulses, arterial stiffness and abdominal aneurysm), that increase the probability of CAD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> should be treated on an individual basis.</p>
      <p>This study had limitations. It is a retrospective analysis based on a cohort from a single tertiary center of reference, but validated in another independent cohort from another tertiary center of reference for heart surgery. Neither the previous history of CAD nor left ventricular dysfunction could be assessed, but the patients are already directed to ICA according to the recommendations of the guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In addition, neither the type of valvular dysfunction (stenosis <italic>versus</italic> regurgitation) nor its etiology (degenerative, infectious or inflammatory) could be determined, but none of those factors was an independent predictor of CAD in a review of studies on similar populations.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Obstructive CAD can be estimated based on clinical data of adult candidates for heart valve repair surgery by using a simple, accurate, calibrated, validated and easy-to-use score.</p>
      <p>Establishing a preoperative flowchart beginning with the use of the predictive score of obstructive CAD and definition of the pretest probability group can be a more comfortable and safer strategy for the patient, preventing the indiscriminate indication of unnecessary and invasive procedures, mainly in the groups with higher probability of obstructive CAD.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Jos&#233; Guilherme Cazelli, from Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC-MS).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia e Predi&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana Obstrutiva em Pacientes Submetidos a Cirurgia Valvar Prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cazelli</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camargo</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kruczan</surname>
            <given-names>Dany David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weksler</surname>
            <given-names>Clara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Felipe</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Rouge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
            <given-names>Ilan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC - MS), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro (IECAC), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Guilherme Cazelli</bold>. Rua Moacir Avidos, 642 Apt 802. CEP 29055-350, Praia do Canto, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil E-mail: <email>jgcazelli@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>cazelli@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cazelli JG, Camargo GC, Gottlieb I; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cazelli JG, Kruczan DD, Weksler C, Felipe AR, Gottlieb I; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cazelli JG, Gottlieb I; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cazelli JG, Camargo GC, Kruczan DD, Weksler C, Gottlieb I.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) nos pacientes valvares &#233; semelhante &#224; da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, com associa&#231;&#227;o usual aos fatores de risco tradicionais. Ainda assim, a busca por DAC obstrutiva &#233; mais agressiva nos valvulopatas em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, determinando a angiografia coronariana invasiva (ACI) a praticamente todos os pacientes adultos, uma vez que se acredita que a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica deva ser associada &#224; troca valvar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva e identificar fatores a ela associados em adultos candidatos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca primariamente valvar entre os anos de 2001 a 2014 no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC) e elaborar um modelo preditivo de DAC obstrutiva atrav&#233;s de escore derivado de an&#225;lise multivariada. A partir da estimativa da probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC obstrutiva, espera-se melhor estrat&#233;gia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria para cada paciente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal avaliando 2.898 pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca por qualquer etiologia. Desses, foram estudados 712 pacientes valvopatas submetidos &#224; ACI nos 12 meses anteriores &#224; cirurgia. Diferen&#231;as com valor de p &lt; 0,05 foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva foi de 20%. Um modelo preditivo de DAC obstrutiva foi criado a partir de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, utilizando as vari&#225;veis idade, dor tor&#225;cica, hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, dislipidemia, tabagismo e sexo masculino. O modelo demonstrou excelente correla&#231;&#227;o e calibra&#231;&#227;o (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,98), al&#233;m de &#243;tima acur&#225;cia (ROC de 0,848; IC95% 0,817 - 0,879) e valida&#231;&#227;o em diferente popula&#231;&#227;o valvar (ROC de 0,877; IC 95%: 0,830 - 0,923).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel estimar DAC obstrutiva a partir de dados cl&#237;nicos com elevada acur&#225;cia, o que pode vir a permitir estabelecer estrat&#233;gias pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias de acordo com a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste individual, evitando a indica&#231;&#227;o indiscriminada de procedimentos desnecess&#225;rios e invasivos, principalmente nos grupos de menor probabilidade de DAC obstrutiva. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Valvas Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coronariana Invasiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia por Tomografia Computadorizada</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) nos pacientes valvares tem associa&#231;&#227;o usual aos fatores de risco tradicionais. Ainda assim, a busca por DAC obstrutiva &#233; mais agressiva nos valvulopatas em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, determinando angiografia coronariana invasiva (ACI) a praticamente todos os pacientes acima de 35 anos, uma vez que se acredita que a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica deva ser associada &#224; troca valvar na presen&#231;a de DAC obstrutiva.</p>
        <p>A angina &#233; o principal sintoma, mesmo que tamb&#233;m possa ter outras causas na valvulopatia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> como a hipertrofia ou sobrecarga do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. &#201; comum a associa&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva com a v&#225;lvula acometida, pincipalmente a&#243;rtica, mas j&#225; &#233; demonstrado que as crescentes faixas et&#225;rias acompanham a maior preval&#234;ncia de DAC, independentemente da v&#225;lvula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Pacientes mais idosos tendem a ter mais valvopatia degenerativa a&#243;rtica, mas n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a de DAC entre os pacientes com acometimento a&#243;rtico ou mitral na mesma faixa et&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A epidemiologia da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular &#233; heterog&#234;nea e mudou nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas em diversos pa&#237;ses. A cardiopatia reum&#225;tica era a principal causa de doen&#231;a valvular at&#233; a metade do s&#233;culo 20 e, ap&#243;s a difus&#227;o de antibi&#243;ticos e melhor acesso aos cuidados de sa&#250;de, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o substancial na incid&#234;ncia dessa valvulopatia inflamat&#243;ria nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Estima-se que a preval&#234;ncia atual de valvulopatia reum&#225;tica seja de 2,5% nos EUA e Canad&#225; e de 22% na Europa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Ao mesmo tempo, com o aumento da expectativa de vida, a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas relacionadas a idade aumentou e a valvulopatia degenerativa figura como a doen&#231;a valvular mais comum em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Essa maior m&#233;dia de idade e, consequentemente, mais doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas e fatores de risco ateroscler&#243;ticos associados aumentam tamb&#233;m a preval&#234;ncia de DAC, que nos paciente valvares americanos e anglo-sax&#244;nicos varia de 20% a 40%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento ainda t&#234;m como principal causa de doen&#231;a valvular a cardiopatia reum&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No Brasil, sua preval&#234;ncia chega a 60,3%, com m&#233;dia de idade de 37 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Acomete geralmente indiv&#237;duos mais jovens, com menos fatores de risco ateroscler&#243;ticos e consequentemente uma menor preval&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As diretrizes sugerem que, pelo impacto da DAC n&#227;o tratada, &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia o seu diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A ACI pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria &#233; indicada para praticamente todos os pacientes com idade superior a 35, e testes funcionais n&#227;o invasivos n&#227;o s&#227;o recomendados pela limitada especificidade. Na diretriz do ACC/AHA, a angiotomografia computadorizada de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (ATCC) &#233; sugerida para pacientes com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC baixa ou intermedi&#225;ria (recomenda&#231;&#227;o classe IIa com n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C) pelo seu alto valor preditivo negativo na exclus&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva baseada nas indica&#231;&#245;es atuais n&#227;o parece ser a melhor estrat&#233;gia em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. A ACI &#233; procedimento invasivo de alto custo e com morbimortalidade amplamente documentada. &#201; premente o desenvolvimento de ferramentas capazes de estimar a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC obstrutiva, como feito na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, selecionando melhor os pacientes que se beneficiar&#227;o de diferentes estrat&#233;gias pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias, evitando assim a indica&#231;&#227;o indiscriminada de procedimentos desnecess&#225;rios e invasivos, principalmente nos grupos de menor probabilidade cl&#237;nica de DAC obstrutiva.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do estudo foi construir um escore preditivo de DAC obstrutiva em pacientes adultos candidatos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca primariamente valvar e validar o escore em uma coorte independente de pacientes de outra institui&#231;&#227;o terci&#225;ria de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada &#233; composta por pacientes adultos com valvulopatia prim&#225;ria adquirida de um hospital terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia, submetidos a cirurgia de troca ou reparo valvar entre os anos de 2001 e 2014.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos os pacientes maiores de 18 anos com valvulopatia prim&#225;ria adquirida, submetidos a cirurgia valvar no per&#237;odo referido, e que realizaram CAI nos 12 meses anteriores &#224; cirurgia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de dados</title>
          <p>Os dados foram obtidos retrospectivamente a partir da revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios e corresponderam &#224;s seguintes vari&#225;veis: idade, sexo, dor precordial, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, dislipidemia, hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, tabagismo, tipo de cirurgia realizada e v&#225;lvula acometida.</p>
          <p>Definiu-se DAC obstrutiva como obstru&#231;&#227;o luminal superior a 50% no tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE) e obstru&#231;&#227;o superior a 70% nos demais principais vasos epic&#225;rdicos, pela ACI pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Diretriz Brasileira de Valvulopatias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Em nosso estudo, dicotomizamos os sintomas em dor precordial e aus&#234;ncia de dor precordial. Dor precordial &#233; a presen&#231;a de angina at&#237;pica ou t&#237;pica, segundo classifica&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Doen&#231;a Coron&#225;ria Cr&#244;nica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> que representa duas ou tr&#234;s caracter&#237;sticas a seguir: desconforto ou dor retroesternal; desencadeada pelo exerc&#237;cio ou estresse emocional; aliviada com o repouso ou uso de nitroglicerina. Definimos aus&#234;ncia de dor precordial quando o paciente apresenta apenas uma das caracter&#237;sticas supracitadas (dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o card&#237;aca) ou nenhuma (assintom&#225;tico).</p>
          <p>As defini&#231;&#245;es dos fatores de risco foram estabelecidas pelos m&#233;dicos respons&#225;veis pelo preenchimento dos registros de cada paciente, seguindo o seu julgamento cl&#237;nico e classifica&#231;&#245;es vigentes no per&#237;odo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram em seus registros os dados cl&#237;nicos completos para o estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por sua frequ&#234;ncia e comparadas atrav&#233;s do teste do qui-quadrado. A &#250;nica vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua utilizada nesse estudo foi idade, que apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o normal confirmada atrav&#233;s do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, sendo apresentada como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o e comparada entre os diferentes grupos atrav&#233;s do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. Diferen&#231;as com valor de p &lt; 0,05 foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas.</p>
          <p>Foram avaliadas as vari&#225;veis associadas ao desfecho de DAC obstrutiva utilizando regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada. Foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise multivariada os fatores de risco tradicionalmente ligados a DAC e as vari&#225;veis que na an&#225;lise univariada apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com DAC obstrutiva. O modelo final foi composto pelas vari&#225;veis com associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa no modelo multivariado e aquelas j&#225; historicamente associadas a DAC.</p>
          <p>Para testar a calibra&#231;&#227;o do modelo na coorte deriva&#231;&#227;o, foi aplicada regress&#227;o linear correlacionando a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste m&#233;dia estimada (agrupando os pacientes em decis de probabilidade crescente de DAC obstrutiva) com a preval&#234;ncia observada.</p>
          <p>A acur&#225;cia preditiva para DAC obstrutiva do modelo, tanto na coorte deriva&#231;&#227;o quanto na valida&#231;&#227;o, foi testada atrav&#233;s da constru&#231;&#227;o da curva ROC e avalia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea sob a curva.</p>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, utilizou-se o programa SPSS 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Estados Unidos).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Valida&#231;&#227;o do escore</title>
          <p>A valida&#231;&#227;o do escore foi realizada em uma amostra independente (coorte valida&#231;&#227;o) com 294 pacientes adultos com valvulopatia prim&#225;ria e candidatos &#224; cirurgia de reparo valvar (CRV) no per&#237;odo de 1999 a 2005, provenientes de uma outra institui&#231;&#227;o terci&#225;ria de refer&#234;ncia em cirurgias card&#237;acas e que apresentavam dados cl&#237;nicos e angiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios eleg&#237;veis ao estudo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de 2001 a 2014, registrou-se um total de 2898 cirurgias valvares prim&#225;rias em adultos, dos quais, 1074 foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo por apresentarem dados da ACI nos 12 meses anteriores &#224; cirurgia, tendo 362 sido exclu&#237;dos por dados cl&#237;nicos incompletos no registro hospitalar.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva entre os pacientes valvares com ACI no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi de 20% (145 pacientes).</p>
        <p>Dos 712 pacientes do estudo, 330 (46%) eram homens, 382 (54%) mulheres, a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 58 anos (&#177; 12,5) e 145 (20%) apresentaram DAC obstrutiva. Dor precordial esteve presente em 165 (23%) pacientes. Cirurgia de reparo a&#243;rtico foi realizada em 291 (41%) pacientes e de reparo mitral, em 302 (42%). Duplo reparo a&#243;rtico-mitral ocorreu em 109 (15%) pacientes e cirurgia combinada de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e reparo valvar em 139 (20%). As preval&#234;ncias de fatores de risco cardiovasculares, da v&#225;lvula acometida e de DAC obstrutiva est&#227;o representadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o e por subgrupo sem DAC e com DAC obstrutiva</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Coorte</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Sem DAC obstrutiva</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Com DAC obstrutiva</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">n = 712</th>
                <th align="center">n = 567 (80%)</th>
                <th align="center">n = 145 (20%)</th>
                <th align="center">-</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">58 (&#177; 12)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (&#177; 12)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (&#177; 8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">330 (46%)</td>
                <td align="center">250 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (56%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic></td>
                <td align="center">96 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">493 (69%)</td>
                <td align="center">366 (65%)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (88%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">338 (47%)</td>
                <td align="center">239 (42%)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (68%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar DAC</td>
                <td align="center">122 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (33%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">240 (34%)</td>
                <td align="center">177 (31%)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (43%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor precordial</td>
                <td align="center">165 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (55%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acometimento a&#243;rtico</td>
                <td align="center">291 (41%)</td>
                <td align="center">206 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (59%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acometimento mitral</td>
                <td align="center">302 (42%)</td>
                <td align="center">249 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (37%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,109</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acometimento a&#243;rtico e mitral</td>
                <td align="center">109 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (18%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                <td align="center">139 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (84%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n (%). DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Diferen&#231;as com valor de p &lt; 0,05 consideradas estatisticamente significativas. O teste T foi utilizado para a vari&#225;vel idade e o teste qui-quadrado para as demais vari&#225;veis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os pacientes com DAC obstrutiva eram mais velhos, demonstraram maior preval&#234;ncia de dor precordial e de fatores de risco tradicionais em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes sem DAC obstrutiva. Tamb&#233;m apresentaram maior acometimento da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica comparado &#224; mitral. Houve uma maior tend&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva no sexo masculino comparado ao feminino.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada, dor precordial teve forte associa&#231;&#227;o com DAC obstrutiva com <italic>odds ratio</italic> de 6,9 (IC95%: 4,67-10,4 p &lt; 0,001), al&#233;m dos fatores de risco tradicionais e da idade. Acometimento mitral n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o com DAC obstrutiva.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, foram mantidas as vari&#225;veis que na an&#225;lise univariada apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com DAC obstrutiva, como fatores de risco ateroscler&#243;ticos tradicionais (idade, sexo, hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, dislipidemia, hist&#243;ria familiar e hist&#243;ria de tabagismo) al&#233;m do acometimento a&#243;rtico que apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Idade (p &lt; 0,001), hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC (p &lt; 0,001) e angina (p &lt; 0,001) foram preditores independentes de les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva. Acometimento a&#243;rtico n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o relevante ap&#243;s ajuste pelos demais fatores de risco. A an&#225;lise multivariada &#233; representada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise univariada e multivariada dos fatores de risco para DAC obstrutiva</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">An&#225;lise univariada</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Odds Ratio (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">Odds Ratio (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (1,06 - 1,10)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 (1,04 - 1,09)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor precordial</td>
                <td align="center">6,97 (4,67 - 10,41)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">3,83 (2,44 - 6,01)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar</td>
                <td align="center">3,29 (2,15 - 5,03)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">2,42 (1,46 - 3,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">1,56 (1,08 - 2,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">1,29 (0,83 - 2,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,255</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">2,95 (2,0 - 4,35)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,56 (0,99 - 2,44)</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">1,69 (1,16 - 2,45)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
                <td align="center">1,34 (0,85 - 2,11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,198</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic></td>
                <td align="center">3,67 (2,32 - 5,79)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,49 (0,87 - 2,57)</td>
                <td align="center">0,142</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">3,87 (2,29 - 6,53)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,44 (0,79 - 2,62)</td>
                <td align="center">0,225</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acometimento valvar a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center">2,48 (1,71 - 2,60)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,60 - 1,53)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acometimento valvar mitral</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 (0,50 - 1,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,110</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8722;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada. Diferen&#231;as com valor de p &lt; 0,05 consideradas estatisticamente significativas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Um modelo log&#237;stico preditivo para DAC obstrutiva foi criado a partir do grau de correla&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis preditoras independentes e estatisticamente significativas, al&#233;m dos fatores de risco tradicionais, que mesmo sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, compuseram o modelo, uma vez que esses j&#225; est&#227;o comprovadamente associadas a DAC. O modelo log&#237;stico &#233; representado pela equa&#231;&#227;o a seguir:</p>
        <p>Logito (DAC) = - 6,872 + (0,257 x sexo masculino) + (0,066 x idade) + (1,344 x dor precordial) + (0,369 x hipertens&#227;o) + (0,404 x diabetes) + (0,445 x dislipidemia) + (0,297 x tabagismo) + (0,885 x hist&#243;ria familiar DAC)</p>
        <p>Para facilitar o uso cl&#237;nico, foi desenvolvido um escore aditivo de pontos, uma simplifica&#231;&#227;o da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, onde uma pontua&#231;&#227;o &#233; atribu&#237;da ao paciente de acordo com suas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas. Dever&#225; ser acrescido 1 ponto a cada 5 anos de vida completos (a partir da idade zero), 1 ponto a cada fator de risco tradicional (homem, hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> e tabagismo), 2 pontos pela hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC e 4 pontos pela dor precordial, conforme representado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Escore aditivo simplificado de predi&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Escore</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1 ponto a cada 5 anos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">1 ponto</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">1 ponto</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic></td>
                <td align="center">1 ponto</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">1 ponto</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">1 ponto</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">2 pontos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor precordial</td>
                <td align="center">4 pontos</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Consideramos com baixa probabilidade pr&#233;-teste os pacientes que n&#227;o ultrapassaram os 10 pontos (probabilidade pr&#233;-teste estimada inferior a 5%) e com alta probabilidade pr&#233;-teste, os que ultrapassaram os 17 pontos (probabilidade pr&#233;-teste estimada superior a 30%). Pacientes com pontua&#231;&#227;o entre 11 e 16 compuseram o grupo intermedi&#225;rio (probabilidade pr&#233;-teste estimada entre 5% e 30%).</p>
        <p>O modelo apresentou &#243;tima correla&#231;&#227;o entre a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste estimada e a preval&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva encontrada na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, conforme representado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva por categorias de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste estimada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Categorias</th>
                <th align="center">Escore</th>
                <th align="center">Probabilidade pr&#233;-teste estimada</th>
                <th align="center">Preval&#234;ncia DAC obstrutiva observada</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixa probabilidade</td>
                <td align="center">0-10</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 5%</td>
                <td align="center">2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;ria probabilidade</td>
                <td align="center">11-16</td>
                <td align="center">5 - 30%</td>
                <td align="center">12%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alta probabilidade</td>
                <td align="center">17 ou mais</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 30%</td>
                <td align="center">49%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Para testar a calibra&#231;&#227;o do modelo preditivo, foi aplicada regress&#227;o linear correlacionando a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste estimada (agrupada em decis com probabilidade crescente de DAC obstrutiva e composta por aproximadamente 72 pacientes por decil) com a preval&#234;ncia observada na coorte deriva&#231;&#227;o. Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa entre a probabilidade estimada e a preval&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva observada (R<sup>2</sup> = 0,98), comprovando a capacidade preditiva do modelo, representada na inclina&#231;&#227;o da reta de 0,9954 (pr&#243;xima a 1,0), corroborando que n&#227;o h&#225; subestima&#231;&#227;o ou superestima&#231;&#227;o do modelo testado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Calibra&#231;&#227;o do modelo preditivo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0348-70135-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O modelo log&#237;stico e o modelo aditivo simples apresentaram excelente acur&#225;cia na previs&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva na coorte deriva&#231;&#227;o e foram representadas pela &#225;rea sob a curva ROC de 0,848 (IC95%: 0,817-0,879) e de 0,844 (IC95%: 0,812-0,875), respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das curvas ROC nos modelos log&#237;stico e aditivo simples nas coortes deriva&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0348-70135-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Para validar os modelos desenvolvidos, utilizamos dados de uma popula&#231;&#227;o diferente, composta por 294 pacientes adultos de uma outra institui&#231;&#227;o terci&#225;ria de refer&#234;ncia em cirurgias card&#237;acas, com valvulopatias prim&#225;rias e candidatos &#224; CRV, no per&#237;odo de 1999 a 2005. Tamb&#233;m apresentavam as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios eleg&#237;veis ao estudo.</p>
        <p>Nessa coorte valida&#231;&#227;o, assim como nossos achados, os pacientes com DAC obstrutiva tinham maior idade, maior preval&#234;ncia de sexo masculino e fatores de risco tradicionais. A ocorr&#234;ncia de angina foi significativamente maior no grupo com DAC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da coorte valida&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Coorte</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Sem DAC</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Com DAC</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">n = 294</th>
                <th align="center">n = 247 (84%)</th>
                <th align="center">n = 47 (16%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">56 (&#177;11)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (&#177;10)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (&#177;10)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">139 (47%)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (43%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic></td>
                <td align="center">24 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">122 (41%)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (68%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">35 (12%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (9%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar DAC</td>
                <td align="center">142 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (46%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (57%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">145 (49%)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (47%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (62%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dor precordial</td>
                <td align="center">125 (42,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (83%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reparo a&#243;rtico</td>
                <td align="center">104 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (59%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (41%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reparo mitral</td>
                <td align="center">161 (55%)</td>
                <td align="center">149 (93%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (7%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reparo a&#243;rtico e mitral</td>
                <td align="center">29 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (86%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n (%). DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Diferen&#231;as com valor de p &lt; 0,05 consideradas estatisticamente significativas. O teste T foi utilizado para a vari&#225;vel idade e o teste qui-quadrado para as demais vari&#225;veis.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Tanto o modelo log&#237;stico quanto o modelo aditivo simples apresentaram excelente e semelhante acur&#225;cia na previs&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva na coorte valida&#231;&#227;o, demonstrados pela &#225;rea sob a curva ROC de 0,877 (IC95%: 0,830-0,923) e de 0,882 (IC95%: 0,836-0,927), respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na nossa coorte, a preval&#234;ncia observada de DAC obstrutiva foi de 20%, que &#233; menor que a de coortes de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e semelhante &#224; de popula&#231;&#245;es de pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> DAC obstrutiva em menores de 50 anos foi de 3,3%, dados semelhantes aos de outros estudos brasileiros. Sampaio et al. encontraram preval&#234;ncia de 3,42% em amostra de 3736 pacientes com m&#233;dia de idade de 43,7 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Kruczan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> demonstraram preval&#234;ncia global de DAC obstrutiva de 15,9%, sendo 6% nos pacientes com idade inferior a 50 anos.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes com DAC obstrutiva eram mais velhos, tiveram maior preval&#234;ncia de pacientes do sexo masculino, de fatores de risco tradicionais e de dor precordial.</p>
        <p>Houve associa&#231;&#227;o univariada entre os fatores de risco ateroscler&#243;ticos, dor precordial e hist&#243;ria familiar, al&#233;m do acometimento a&#243;rtico. No entanto, na an&#225;lise multivariada, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre a v&#225;lvula disfuncional e DAC obstrutiva, corroborando achados j&#225; descritos na literatura,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> e por isso n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;da no modelo log&#237;stico. Da mesma forma, a etiologia da valvulopatia n&#227;o apresenta associa&#231;&#227;o independente com DAC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e sim com outros fatores de risco agregados.</p>
        <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, calculadoras para predi&#231;&#227;o e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de DAC s&#227;o amplamente utilizadas, e apenas os pacientes com alta probabilidade, sem resposta ao tratamento cl&#237;nico ou com testes com altera&#231;&#245;es de alto risco, s&#227;o referenciados &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva, estando a maioria dos pacientes, com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste baixa ou intermedi&#225;ria, apta a estratifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A probabilidade pr&#233;-teste para DAC obstrutiva &#233; mais frequentemente calculada atrav&#233;s do escore descrito na d&#233;cada de 70 por Diamond e Forrester,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> que utilizaram estimativas de estudos de aut&#243;psias e estudos transversais de popula&#231;&#227;o americana. Embora seja limitado e n&#227;o contemple outros fatores de risco cardiovascular descritos, esse escore ainda &#233; extensivamente utilizado e continua respaldado pelas diretrizes. Demonstrou-se que esse modelo utilizado atualmente superestima a probabilidade de DAC e poderia ser atualizado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nos pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar n&#227;o h&#225; uma calculadora espec&#237;fica que seja utilizada para estimar DAC obstrutiva e assim conduzir o pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de acordo com sua probabilidade calculada.</p>
        <p>A diretriz da AHA/ACC considera a realiza&#231;&#227;o da ATCC como forma de exclus&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva sem a necessidade de ACI para pacientes com baixa ou intermedi&#225;ria probabilidade pr&#233;-teste calculada pelos crit&#233;rios de Diamond e Forrester, reservando os pacientes de maior probabilidade de DAC &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, com a dissemina&#231;&#227;o da ATCC na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de DAC da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, v&#225;rios estudos testaram o seu desempenho. Uma meta-an&#225;lise, que reuniu 1107 pacientes e 12851 segmentos coronarianos, validou a ATCC como uma alternativa segura &#224; ACI no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de pacientes valvares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Em outro estudo de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio valvar, a estrat&#233;gia de estratifica&#231;&#227;o pela ATCC nos pacientes com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste baixa ou intermedi&#225;ria previu uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de custos, uma vez que 28% da sua coorte n&#227;o precisaria de ACI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Al&#233;m disso, um estudo europeu de 2012 destacou a import&#226;ncia de se ter uma estrat&#233;gia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, n&#227;o s&#243; por ser uma alternativa de diagn&#243;stico mais confort&#225;vel para o paciente, como tamb&#233;m mais econ&#244;mica do que a estrat&#233;gia convencional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de a ACI ser padr&#227;o-ouro para diagn&#243;stico de les&#245;es obstrutivas, &#233; um m&#233;todo invasivo n&#227;o isento de complica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo &#243;bito, eventos vasculares (sangramentos, hematomas e oclus&#245;es arteriais), neurol&#243;gicos (isqu&#234;micos e hemorr&#225;gicos) e card&#237;acos (arritmias, perfura&#231;&#245;es, dissec&#231;&#245;es, revasculariza&#231;&#245;es, infartos, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e choque cardiog&#234;nico).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Em estudo brasileiro com 1916 pacientes, foram relatadas 190 (10,4%) complica&#231;&#245;es em 175 pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Registro abrangendo 85% dos laborat&#243;rios de hemodin&#226;mica dos EUA incluiu 1.091.557 pacientes, e as complica&#231;&#245;es foram observadas em 1,35% (14.736 pacientes), com mortalidade intra-hospitalar relacionada ao procedimento de 0,72%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com o objetivo de traduzir esses dados em ferramentas futuras de utiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, elaborou-se uma proposta de avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria dos pacientes direcionados &#224; cirurgia valvar prim&#225;ria adquirida e aplicada na coorte deriva&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Desenvolvemos um escore simplificado e de f&#225;cil utiliza&#231;&#227;o para estratificar o paciente, e assim direcionar a uma melhor estrat&#233;gia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. Utilizando apenas dados cl&#237;nicos, como idade, sexo, dor precordial e presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de fatores de risco ateroscler&#243;tico, &#233; poss&#237;vel calcular a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC obstrutiva na beira do leito com relativa simplicidade. A calculadora desenvolvida neste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel no site <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://connect.calcapp.net/?app=5tcj4a">https://connect.calcapp.net/?app=5tcj4a</ext-link> e pode ser utilizada em aparelhos multifuncionais.</p>
        <p>Para ilustrar uma proposta de utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessa ferramenta na avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, criamos arbitrariamente tr&#234;s categorias de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste estimada de DAC obstrutiva: baixa, quando abaixo de 5%; intermedi&#225;ria, entre 5% e 30%; e alta, acima de 30%.</p>
        <p>Consideramos que um paciente com uma pontua&#231;&#227;o inferior a 17 (categoria de probabilidade baixa ou intermedi&#225;ria) seja estratificado de forma conservadora, com ATCC, ou at&#233; mesmo direcionando &#224; cirurgia valvar sem estratifica&#231;&#227;o adicional, se a probabilidade &#233; baixa, reservando a ACI para os aqueles com alta probabilidade pr&#233;-teste ou com ATCC positiva para DAC obstrutiva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estrat&#233;gia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de acordo com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do escore aditivo simples e probabilidade pr&#233;-teste estimada.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0348-70135-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Simulando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia proposta pela diretriz da AHA/ACC na nossa coorte, empregando a ATCC na avalia&#231;&#227;o de DAC nos pacientes de baixa e intermedi&#225;ria probabilidade pr&#233;-teste, conseguir&#237;amos redu&#231;&#227;o de 82% das ACI nos pacientes desses grupos, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o total de 57% em toda a coorte. Essa estrat&#233;gia apresenta uma sensibilidade de 99% e especificidade de 90%, utilizando dados da acur&#225;cia da ATCC nos pacientes valvares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Considerando a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es da ACI referidas em nosso meio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> evitar&#237;amos 40 (redu&#231;&#227;o de 57%) complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento.</p>
        <p>Adotando uma estrat&#233;gia ainda mais conservadora, com os pacientes de baixa probabilidade direcionados a cirurgia sem nenhum teste pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio adicional e a ATCC para avalia&#231;&#227;o de DAC em pacientes de intermedi&#225;ria probabilidade, ter&#237;amos uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 60% das ACI, com sensibilidade de 98% e especificidade de 94%, al&#233;m de uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 61% das complica&#231;&#245;es pela ACI, em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Tal estrat&#233;gia conservadora poderia levar a uma falta de diagn&#243;stico inferior a 5% (inferior a 2% em nossa coorte), o que n&#227;o necessariamente seria expor o paciente a um maior risco, visto que o pr&#243;prio cateterismo card&#237;aco n&#227;o &#233; um exame isento de complica&#231;&#245;es graves e at&#233; hoje n&#227;o est&#225; claramente estabelecido que a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica combinada ao reparo valvar influa de maneira significativa no progn&#243;stico dos pacientes. Al&#233;m do mais, complica&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas nos pacientes com DAC que n&#227;o foram revascularizados durante a troca valvar s&#227;o infrequentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Em nosso meio, somente a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica tem mortalidade de 4,8% a 8,3%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> observando-se mortalidade at&#233; tr&#234;s vezes superior quando realizada a cirurgia combinada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; importante lembrar que escores preditivos de uso cl&#237;nico s&#227;o ferramentas secund&#225;rias na proped&#234;utica e n&#227;o devem substituir a hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica atual e pregressa, o exame f&#237;sico e os exames complementares pr&#233;vios. Pacientes com hist&#243;ria de DAC pr&#233;via, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, testes com evid&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, ou que apresentem qualquer outro exame ou sinais de aterosclerose em outros territ&#243;rios (como pulsos de membros inferiores diminu&#237;dos, endurecimento arterial e aneurisma abdominal), que aumentam a probabilidade de DAC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> devem ser tratados de forma individualizada.</p>
        <p>As conclus&#245;es deste trabalho devem ser interpretadas dentro do contexto de suas limita&#231;&#245;es. Este estudo foi uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva com base numa coorte de um &#250;nico centro de refer&#234;ncia terci&#225;rio, por&#233;m validada em outra coorte independente de outro centro terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia em cirurgias card&#237;acas. N&#227;o puderam ser avaliadas a hist&#243;ria pregressa de DAC e a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, por&#233;m esses pacientes j&#225; s&#227;o direcionados &#224; ACI por recomenda&#231;&#227;o de diretrizes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel tamb&#233;m determinar o tipo de disfun&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula (esten&#243;tica <italic>versus</italic> regurgitativa) e nem sua etiologia (degenerativa, infecciosa ou inflamat&#243;ria), por&#233;m nenhum desses fatores foi preditor independente de DAC em revis&#227;o de estudos publicados em popula&#231;&#245;es semelhantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel estimar DAC obstrutiva a partir de dados cl&#237;nicos de pacientes adultos candidatos a cirurgia de reparo valvar, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de escore simples, acurado, calibrado e validado, de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Estabelecer um fluxograma pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio a partir da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de escore preditivo de DAC obstrutiva e defini&#231;&#227;o de grupo de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste poder&#225; ser uma estrat&#233;gia mais c&#244;moda e segura para o paciente, evitando a indica&#231;&#227;o indiscriminada de procedimentos desnecess&#225;rios e invasivos, principalmente nos grupos de menor probabilidade de DAC obstrutiva.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Jos&#233; Guilherme Cazelli pelo Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia (INC-MS).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
