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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BqGjb5x5SzDfSyjLLcthRxx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2017001300340</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170132</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2017005016103</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pre-Participation Physical Fitness does not Influence Adherence to a Supervised Exercise Program</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nishijuka</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Akio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christina Gr&#252;ne de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio (CLINIMEX), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address: Dr. Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo,</bold> Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio. Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101, Postal Code: 22031-070, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Nishijuka FA, Ara&#250;jo CGS; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Nishijuka FA, Silva CGS, Duarte CV, Ara&#250;jo CGS; Obtaining funding: Ara&#250;jo CGS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>109</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>340</fpage>
      <lpage>347</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation tends to reduce mortality. However, it requires medium/long-term adherence to regular physical exercise. It is relevant to identify the variables that affect adherence to an supervised exercise program (SEP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the influence of pre-participation levels of aerobic and non-aerobic physical fitness components in medium-term adherence to SEP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 567 SEP participants (65 &#177; 12 years) (68% men) were studied. Participants adherent to the program for less than 6 months (48%) (non-adherent - NAD) were compared with 52% of participants who were adherent for 6 months or more (adherents - AD). In the non-aerobic fitness, flexibility (FLX) (Flexitest) and muscle power (MPW)/body weight in standing rowing (watts/kg) were evaluated while aerobic fitness was obtained by direct measure of VO<sub>2</sub>max/body weight (VO<sub>2</sub>). These measurements were normatized for sex and age based on percentiles (P) (P-FLX/P-MPW) of reference data or percentages of predicted (P-VO<sub>2</sub>). Additionally, AD and NAD with extreme results (tertiles) were simultaneously compared for the three variables.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There was no difference between AD and NAD for non-aerobic results, in median [P25-P75], P-FLX: 30 [13-56] and 31 [9-52], respectively, (p = 0.69) and P-MPW: 34 [17-58] and 36 [16-62], respectively (p = 0.96), and for aerobic results (mean &#177; standard error) P-VO<sub>2</sub> (75.9 &#177; 1.3% and 75.0 &#177; 1.3%, respectively) (p = 0.83). When comparing extreme tertiles, a difference was found for P-MPW in the lower tertile only, with a slight advantage of AD over NAD- 9 [5-16] versus 4 [1-11] (p = 0.04).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Although awareness of the pre-participation levels of aerobic and non-aerobic physical fitness components is useful for individualized exercise prescription, these variables do not seem to influence medium-term adherence to SEP.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Muscle Strength</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxygen Consumption</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine</kwd>
        <kwd>Sports Medicine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The beneficial effects of regular physical activities and physical exercises, exercises on health, even if in small doses, are widely known.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> High levels of aerobic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and anaerobic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> fitness are associated with reduced all-cause mortality in middle-aged and elderly individuals. In contrast, there is evidence that only three weeks of bed rest would result in a reduction of aerobic fitness by 30%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In fact, attention has been increasingly focused on physical exercise for secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) since the end of the 50s.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Currently, physical exercise is recommended by the guidelines of cardiology societies all over the world<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> as part of the so called cardiac rehabilitation (CR). CR encompasses several components, but classically, physical exercise in different forms are the single or the main component of which is characterized as exercise-based CR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Although underused and frequently of short duration, exercise-based CR promotes several benefits to health, especially in the reduction of cardiovascular mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, despite these favorable evidence of the exercise-based CR, staying physically active throughout life, i.e., being adherent to habitual exercise is difficult for the majority of CVD patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> reducing the potencial benefits of this intervention.</p>
      <p>Therefore, it seems relevant to investigate the variables capable of influencing the adherence rate to adherence to an supervised exercise program (SEP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> To the best of our knowledge, the possible influence of the aerobic and non-aerobic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> fitness component levels before SEP on its adherence has not been studied yet. If, on the one hand, it may be easier to increase initially low fitness levels, on the other hand, individuals with low physical fitness may feel unable to exercise regularly, which could compromise their adherence to a SEP. In this context, we aimed to investigate the influence of flexibility (FLX), muscle power (MPW) and aerobic fitness or maximum oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>max) on medium-term adherence to a SPE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample</title>
        <p>We retrospectively analyzed data of 644 individuals who initiated their participation in a SEP in a private clinic located in the south of Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil, between January 2009 and March 2015. These individuals had been mostly referred by their assistant physicians. Before initiating the SEP, participants had undergone a comprehensive and detailed assessment, including anamnesis, physical exercise, anthropometry, electrocardiography, resting spirometry, 4-second exercise test, cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> and evaluation of FLX<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> and MPW.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>For final characterization of the sample, individuals with one of the following conditions were excluded: 1- age younger than 30 years; 2- an interval longer than 120 days between pre-participation assessment and the start of participation in the SEP; 3- absent data on FLX, MPW or VO<sub>2</sub>max in the pre-participation assessment. In the pre-participation assessment. After application of these criteria, 6 volunteers were excluded because of age, 14 for having started the SEP 120 days after pre-participation assessment, 41 for having incomplete non-aerobic fitness data, and 16 for not performing CPET or for having not achieved maximum strength. Therefore, 567 participants were included in the study.</p>
        <p>For analysis if adherence, an 'appropriated participation was considerated as a continuos participation for more than six-months, that is, a medium-term participation without interruptions longer than one-month. There was a wide variation in the frequency of attendance of the SEP - one to six sessions a week - even though most were advised to attend the SEP three days a week. Thus, different from some other studies, the number of sessions that the volunteers effectively participated was not considered to characterize adherence. Participants were then separated in two groups according to the period of continuous participation in this SEP, as determined by registration in the attendance forms non-adherents (NAD) - less than six months - adherents (AD) - six months or more - regardless of the number of sessions attended in each month during the study period (January 2009 - September 2015).</p>
        <p>All participants read and signed the informed consent form before the CPET and participation in the SEP. Both informed consent form and the retrospective analysis of the data for research purposes were approved by the Ethics Committee (report number 218/10).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Supervised exercise program</title>
        <p>The SEP was conducted in a temperature- (21-24&#176;C) and humidity-controlled (4-60%) room. Before initiating the exercise session, each participant was briefly seen by a physician, who prescribed the aerobic part of the session. The sessions included aerobic exercises - cycle ergometer tests of lower and upper limbs, treadmill, rowing ergometry, and ski ergometer test - and exercises for muscle strengthening, FLX, balance and motor coordination, each session with 60 to 75 minutes of duration. According to the patients clinical conditions and individual goals, some participants also underwent inspiratory muscle training and isometric handgrip test, whose clinical safety has been previously demonstrated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Continuous heart rate monitoring and intermittent blood pressure and electrocardiohgram monitoring were performed during the exercise sessions, as clinically indicated.</p>
        <p>One important characteristic of this SEP, and a variable that could positively contribute to adherence, was the complete freedom of choosing for exercising anytime - 15.5 hours/day during the weekdays and 9 hours/day on Saturdays - during the operation time of the clinic, a total of 86.5 hours per week.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of physical fitness components: FLX, MPW and aerobic conditioning</title>
        <p>FLX was assessed by Flexiteste,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> which evaluates the maximum passive mobility of twenty joint movements, including seven joints, using an increasing, ordinal scale of scores ranging from 0 to 4, by comparing the amplitude obtained by each patient with the specific evaluation maps. The sum of the scores of each of the 20 joint movements generated a global index of body flexibility named Flexindex. Aiming to control the influence of age and sex, Flexindex of each participant was expressed in percentile (P) (P-FLX), adjusted for age and sex, based on data from previous report.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assessment of relative MPW - MPW (watts)/body weight (kg) - was performed during the concentric phase in standing position, using a standardized method described in details in previous studies, showing the reliability of the evaluations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Briefly, MPW was measured using the Fitrodyne (Fitronic, Slovakia), by the product of mean velocity (m/s) during concentric exercise and weight lifted (kg). The weight was gradually increased every five kilograms until maximum MPW was achieved.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Similarly to FLX, individual data were adjusted using laboratory reference data (unpublished data obtained from 4,567 adults in both sexes and age range compatible with the present study), and expressed as percentile (P-MPW), according to age and sex.</p>
        <p>Aerobic fitness was evaluated by CPET using directly measured VO<sub>2</sub>max relative to body weight and direct analysis of expired gases (VO2000; Medgraphics, USA), as previously described in details<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> and following a recent guidelines of Brazilian authors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> All tests were performed by only four physicians in a temperature-controlled room, which was properly equipped for potential clinical events. Tests were performed using individualized ramp protocols, aiming a duration of 8 to 12 minutes to achieve exhaustion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Individual aerobic fitness, in mL/(kg.min), was then expressed as percentage of predicted VO<sub>2</sub>max (P-VO<sub>2</sub>), which was calculated by the formula 60-0.55 x age (years) for men and 48-0,37 x age (years) for women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed based on the measuring scales and data distribution. The D'Agostinho &amp; Pearson, Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to test the normality of data distribution. The Student's t-test was used for comparisons of continuous, normally distributed variables between groups and between subgroups. The Mann-Whitney test was used for analysis of continuous variables without normal distribution, and the chi-square statistics for categorical variables (clinical features and use of medications). Results are shown as mean and standard error for continuous, normally distributed variables, and as median and interquartile range (25th-75th percentile) or percentage (as appropriate) for the others.</p>
        <p>As an additional analysis, we applied the Mann-Whitney test to identify, in NAD and AD groups, possible differences in adherence to SEP in those participants located in the lower (first tertile) and upper (third tertile) limits of physical fitness range of the three physical fitness components. Thus, new, smaller subgroups were defined - NAD1 and AD1, for NAD and AD individuals, respectively, located in the first tertile; and NAD3 and AD3, for non-adherent and adherent individuals, respectively, located in the third tertile - with results already adjusted for age and sex in flexibility, muscle power, and aerobic fitness. The GraphPad Prism 6.0 (GraphPad Software, USA) was used for analyses and figures, and a level of 5% was set as statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Among the 567 participants (68% men), mean age was 65 &#177; 12 years (31-92 years). Based on the criterion used to define adherence to SEP, i.e. continuous attendance in the program for six months, 52% were classified as AD and 48% as NAD. There were no differences in age (p = 0.29) or sex distribution (p = 0.27) between AD and NAD. Body mass index (BMI) varied from 17.5 to 52.4 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> (median 27.1 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, interquartile range of 24.6 - 30.5 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>), without difference between the groups (p = 0.25).</p>
      <p>Based on clinical data obtained from patients' medical records, 61% of patients were hypertensive, 56% had coronary artery disease (CAD), 31% had previous acute myocardial infarction, 37% had a history of percutaneous angioplasty and 17% of coronary artery bypass surgery. In addition, 21% were obese, 30% had a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, 46% were sedentary, 55% were former smokers, i.e., had not smoked for at least six months, and only 5% were active smokers. Considering all these variables, there was only a, slight difference in smoking history (mostly former smokers) between AD (55%) and NAD (65.8%) (p = 0.01). With respect to current and regular use of medications, 63% of patients used beta-blockers, 76% used hypolipidemic agents, 73% used antiplatelet gents, and 59% used psychotropics, with no difference between the groups (p &gt; 0.05). A more detailed description of these results is found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristics and use of medications in adherent and non-adherent patients (n = 567) to the supervised exercise program (SEP) and in the subgroups in the lower (n = 43) and upper (n = 50) extreme tertiles of aerobic and non-aerobic physical fitness</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Participants</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">1<sup>st</sup> (lower) tertile</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">3<sup>rd</sup> (upper) tertile</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">AD <break/>(n = 298)</th>
              <th align="center">NAD <break/>(n = 269)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">AD1 <break/>(n = 18)</th>
              <th align="center">NAD1 <break/>(n = 25)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">AD3 <break/>(n = 20)</th>
              <th align="center">NAD3 <break/>(n = 30)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Clinical features</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary artery disease (%)</td>
              <td align="center">58</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">64</td>
              <td align="center">58</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">0.32</td>
              <td align="center">65</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">68</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">76</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">0.43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking history (%)</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">64</td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary lifestyle (%)</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">0.30</td>
              <td align="center">72</td>
              <td align="center">72</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">0.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Use of medications</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blockers (%)</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
              <td align="center">72</td>
              <td align="center">72</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
              <td align="center">65</td>
              <td align="center">63</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statins (%)</td>
              <td align="center">77</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">0.43</td>
              <td align="center">67</td>
              <td align="center">76</td>
              <td align="center">0.50</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">83</td>
              <td align="center">0.76</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Antiplatelet agents (%)</td>
              <td align="center">73</td>
              <td align="center">72</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">68</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">77</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Psychotropics (%)</td>
              <td align="center">58</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">0.79</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">64</td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>NAD: non-adherents (&lt;6 months of SEP); AD: adherents (&#8805;6 months of SEP); NAD1: non adherent 1<sup>st</sup> tertile; AD1: adherent 1<sup>st</sup> tertile; NAD3: non-adherent 3<sup>rd</sup> tertile; AD3: adherent 3<sup>rd</sup> tertile. Comparison of data distribution of the variables was carried out by chi-square test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The interval between pre-participation assessment and the first SEP session was between 1 and 9 days (median 4 days) for half of participants. During the study period, median duration of participation in the SEP was 6 months, with P25 and P75 of 3 months and 15 months, respectively. Median number of the SEP sessions attended by participants was 46, with P25 and P75 of 19 and 122 sessions, respectively, and minimum of one and maximum of 1,358 sessions. Most participants attended between 5 and 10 sessions per month, with a median of 7.6 sessions/month. Comparison of demographic and SEP's participation data between AD and NAD are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Results of demographic data and attendance data of adherent and non-adherent participants (n = 567) to the supervised exercise program (SEP) and in the subgroups in the lower (n = 43) and upper (n = 50) extreme tertiles</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Participants</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">1<sup>st</sup> (lower) tertile</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">3<sup>rd</sup> (upper) tertile</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">AD <break/>(n = 298)</th>
              <th align="center">NAD <break/>(n = 269)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">AD1 <break/>(n = 18)</th>
              <th align="center">NAD1 <break/>(n = 25)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">AD3 <break/>(n = 20)</th>
              <th align="center">NAD3 <break/>(n = 30)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Men (%)</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
              <td align="center">70</td>
              <td align="center">0.26</td>
              <td align="center">64</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">0.57</td>
              <td align="center">83</td>
              <td align="center">90</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">(&#8224;)</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">66 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">64 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
              <td align="center">60 &#177; 2.8</td>
              <td align="center">57 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
              <td align="center">69 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">70 &#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.76</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">(&#8224;)</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">27 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">28 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
              <td align="center">32 &#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">34 &#177; 1.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.43</td>
              <td align="center">26 &#177; 0.74</td>
              <td align="center">25 &#177; 0.43</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Interval between assessment and enrollment (days) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">(&#8224;)</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">9 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">11 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.44</td>
              <td align="center">7 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">12 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.73</td>
              <td align="center">14 &#177; 4.7</td>
              <td align="center">12 &#177; 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Months of SEP <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">(&#8224;)</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">22 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.9 &#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">19 &#177; 3.5</td>
              <td align="center">3 &#177; 0.3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">22 &#177; 5.4</td>
              <td align="center">3 &#177; 0.2</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of sessions/month <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">(*)</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">9 (7&#8211;10)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (4&#8211;9)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">9 (9&#8211;13)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (5&#8211;9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
              <td align="center">9 (7&#8211;10)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (3&#8211;8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>median (percentile 25 &#8211; percentile 75);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>(&#8224;)</label>
            <p>mean &#177; standard error, t-test for age and Mann-Whitney test for the other variables. Comparison between men and women percentiles was performed by the chi-square test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>NAD: non-adherents (&lt; 6 months of SEP); AD: adherents (&#8805; 6 months of SEP); NAD1: non adherent 1<sup>st</sup> tertile; AD1: adherent 1<sup>st</sup> tertile; NAD3: non-adherent 3<sup>rd</sup> tertile; AD3: adherent 3<sup>rd</sup> tertile.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the results of physical fitness components in the pre-participation assessment, which are the main object of this study, we found that the values obtained in percentile and/or percentage of predicted value (adjusted for age and sex) for the 567 participants tended to be lower than those expected for the general population, i.e., percentiles equal to or greater than 50 (median) and percentage equal to or greater than 100%. For non-aerobic components the median and interquartile range were: P-FLX = 30[11-55] and P-MPW = 35[17-60], and for the aerobic component the mean &#177; standard error was P-VO<sub>2</sub> = 75.5 &#177; 0.91. Distribution of aerobic results, expressed as P (%) of VO<sub>2</sub>max predicted, obtained by the CPET is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. Comparison of the AD group with the NAD group showed no significant differences in the three components of aerobic and non-aerobic fitness, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of aerobic fitness results (n = 567). SEP: supervised exercise program.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0340-70132-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Results of aerobic and non-aerobic physical fitness in adherent and non-adherent participants (n = 567) and in subgroups in the lower (n = 43) and upper (n = 50) tertiles</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Participants</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">1<sup>st</sup> (lower) tertile</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">3<sup>rd</sup> (upper) tertile</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">AD <break/>(n = 298)</th>
              <th align="center">NAD <break/>(n = 269)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">AD1 <break/>(n = 18)</th>
              <th align="center">NAD1 <break/>(n = 25)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
              <th align="center">NAD3 <break/>(n = 20)</th>
              <th align="center">NAD3 <break/>(n = 30)</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Flexindex<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">30 (13&#8211;56)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (9&#8211;52)</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
              <td align="center">6 (1&#8211;11)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1&#8211;11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.70</td>
              <td align="center">70 (60&#8211;88)</td>
              <td align="center">74 (49&#8211;92)</td>
              <td align="center">0.85</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Relative power <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">34 (17&#8211;58)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (16&#8211;62)</td>
              <td align="center">0.96</td>
              <td align="center">9 (5&#8211;16)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1&#8211;12)</td>
              <td align="center">0.039</td>
              <td align="center">78 (64&#8211;92)</td>
              <td align="center">73 (64&#8211;87)</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Predicted relative maximum VO<sub>2</sub> (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">(&#8224;)</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">75.9 &#177; 1.27</td>
              <td align="center">75.0 &#177; 1.30</td>
              <td align="center">0.83</td>
              <td align="center">51.7 &#177; 2.65</td>
              <td align="center">52.1 &#177; 1.94</td>
              <td align="center">0.81</td>
              <td align="center">104.3 &#177; 3.54</td>
              <td align="center">103.0 &#177; 2.42</td>
              <td align="center">0.86</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>age- and sex-percentile in median (25th percentile - 75<sup>th</sup> percentil);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>(&#8224;)</label>
            <p>percentile of predicted relative maximum VO<sub>2</sub> in mean &#177; standard error, Mann&#8209;Whitney test.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>NAD: non-adherents (&lt; 6 months of SEP); AD: adherents (&#8805; 6 months of SEP); NAD1: non adherent 1<sup>st</sup> tertile; AD1: adherent 1<sup>st</sup> tertile; NAD3: non-adherent 3<sup>rd</sup> tertile; AD3: adherent 3<sup>rd</sup> tertile; maximum VO<sub>2</sub>: maximum oxygen consumption</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the other analysis, patients with worse (lower tertiles, n = 48) and better (upper tertiles, n = 50) physical fitness (the three components together) were compared for adherence to the SEP. In analysis of clinical data, current and regular use of medications, and results of physical fitness components, the only significant difference was found in P-MPW for individuals located in the lower tertile (in median and interquartile range): AD1 = 9 (5-16) and NAD1 = 4 (1-12) (p = 0.04). These results are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The literature indicates that regular physical exercise is important for secondary prevention of CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> However, a very small proportion of patients is referred to, and an even smaller proportion of patients are actually enrolled in formal programs of CR or SEP. Despite cost-effectiveness of these programs,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> the number of centers available in Brazil is known to be lower than the desired one. Among the individuals enrolled in the programs, a variable and unfortunately small number complete a reasonable number of exercise sessions, and an even smaller proportion effectively adopts the regular physical exercise as a healthy lifestyle practice. The present article contributes to the body of knowledge in the area, showing that pre-participation levels of the three components of both aerobic and non-aerobic physical fitness have no significant effect on medium-term (i.e., six months) adherence to a SEP.</p>
      <p>Measurement and promotion of adherence to physical exercise is a big challenge that has been investigated for some decades, but there is still insufficient evidence towards desired clinical results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Probably, adherence to a SEP is influenced by many factors including cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors. By adopting different approaches and temporal criteria for characterization of adherence and non-adherence, we showed in previous studies with participants of this same SEP, the negative effect of obesity on adherence,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and that the distance from participants' home to the training center did not seem to be a determinant factor for adherence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Effective participation in SEPs normally results in significant improvement of physical fitness. A recent meta-analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> indicates that mean gain in aerobic fitness was 6.6 mL/(kg.min), and 43 of the 48 original studies included showed significant aerobic gains from participation in an exercise-based CR. In this line of thought, it is of note that initial aerobic physical fitness seems to have a prognostic influence among CR participants. For example, in a study on 12,169 men with CVDs, Kavanagh et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> observed that direct measurement of aerobic fitness before the CR had a strong, favorable influence on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Ross et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> demonstrated in a recently published review that aerobic fitness is closely related to morbidity and mortality, and is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular risk than traditional risck factors such as diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and smoking.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, despite the rich literature about adherence to exercise, there seem to be very few data related to a possible influence of pre-participation aerobic and non-aerobic physical fitness levels on adherence to a SEP or to a more comprehensive CR program. Besides, the pre-participation levels of aerobic physical fitness were the object of studies about other relevant clinical outcomes. In light of this, it is worth mentioning the meta-analysis performed by Sandercook et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> which identified that initial aerobic levels may not predict the magnitude of absolute gain in VO<sub>2</sub>max when participating on a CR,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> although this seems to vary with the type of cardiovascular intervention and patient's clinical condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Unfortunately, this meta-analysis did not include adherence and hence its results cannot be compared with ours.</p>
      <p>In fact, one should recognize the existence of many clinical, logistic and methodological difficulties for a careful, broad assessment of physical fitness components of all candidates for the CR programs and SEPs. Therefore, to our knowledge, this is the first study to obtain direct measurements of aerobic fitness and FLX and MPW data from a large group of participants before starting the SEP, and to evaluate the influence of these results on medium-term adherence (six months) to a SEP. </p>
      <p>In the search of variables able to measure, in a practical, objective way, the chance of adherence, and to help physicians in the individualized approach of participants in the beginning of a SEP, we analyzed the possible influence of pre-participation levels of aerobic and non-aerobic components of physical fitness (FLX, MPW and aerobic fitness) on adherence to a SEP in a six-month period. Participants of the AD group and NAD group were not different in terms of sex, age, BMI, clinical profile and regular use of medications; the only exception was the different percentage of participants with history of smoking, which was higher in the NAD group. It is worth to mention that we opted to describe the variable 'smoking history' in the same way it has been usually described in clinical studies. However, in the present study, the percentage of active smokers among the SEP participants was very small, lower than 5%, with no relevant difference between the groups and subgroups of the study. 'Active smoking' could have influenced the results if there was a clinically relevant difference in this variable between the groups. With respect to age, our data differ from a recent study that demonstrated that adherence in elderly patients is lower than in younger patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> Demographic and clinical features, as well as different SEP may explain the discrepancy in these results.</p>
      <p>In the general population, predicted VO<sub>2</sub>max is expected to be 100%, and the mean percentile for age and sex is expected to be 50 (p50). However, our data indicated that pre-participation levels of physical fitness of the participants of a SEP, when normalized for age and sex based on reference data, tend to be lower than these values. This is in accordance with the perspective that CVDs and other chronic degenerative diseases tend to be more prevalent in sedentary or low active individuals or in those with low physical fitness.</p>
      <p>Our most important finding was that low, isolated, pre-participation levels of aerobic fitness, global FLX and body weight-related MPW seem to not influence medium-term adherence to a SEP. Even using a combined analysis of the extreme tertiles, we did not find any marked influence of the pre-participation levels of physical fitness components on medium-term adherence to the SEP, except for a practically irrelevant, borderline statistically significant difference between median P-MPW of 9 and 4 for the AD and NAD groups, respectively. In this context, it is worth pointing out that recent data have shown beneficial effects of a four-week CR program even on individuals aged older than 75 years, with coronary or valve disease, with improvement of aerobic fitness and MPW.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present study has a number of positive features that deserve considerations. First, there is a new appreciation of CR and its application in non-hospital approaches, including community programs like the SEP of this study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> Second, our sample size of 567 participants was homogeneous regarding clinical features and regular use of medications after application of strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Also, all measures were performed by only four physicians with wide experience in the protocols and measurement techniques, using routine assessment methods, which had been standardized in our lab. And since this was a retrospective study, the authors had no influence on the assessment and/or adherence to SEP results.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the study also has limitations that need to be addressed. Our sample included not only patients with coronary artery disease but also patients with many risk factors for CVD and other diseases. Unfortunately, we could not investigate objective indicators of the clinical reasons for SEP dropouts or mortality among participants of this study, which would be quite pertinent to the present study, and should be investigated in future studies. It is possible that the analysis of only some aspects of physical fitness lead to a limited and maybe biased view of the phenomenon of adherence to a SEP. However, the analysis of the extreme tertiles may corroborate our impression that pre-participation levels of the three physical fitness components, isolated or combined, do not affect medium-term adherence. Other aspects directly related to physical fitness, such as history of physical exercise and sports in different moments of life and magnitude of fitness gains during the SEP may have influenced adherence and should be object of future studies. In addition, racial, socioeconomic characteristics (most patients paid for participation in the SEP), and the higher proportion of men may have biased the present results and compromised their external validity. We could not assess the causes of SEP dropouts and whether participants who had dropped out the program before completing six months of participation continued or not to exercise by themselves and in different places such as clubs, gyms and even other SEPs. Further studies are needed to identify the influence of the components evaluated in this study, by comparing different programs and epidemiological profiles.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The levels of pre-participation aerobic and non-aerobic physical fitness do not affect medium-term adherence to a SEP, although the knowledge of these levels is not only important but recommended for an individualized prescription of aerobic and non-aerobic exercises. This information reinforces the idea that patients with optimal physical fitness, and even debilitated patients or with low physical fitness can be referred for enrollment in a SEP by their assistant physicians and be adherent to the program for at least six months.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq and FAPERJ.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by F&#225;bio Akio Nishijuka to Graduate Program in Cardiology at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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              <surname>Bredin</surname>
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          <article-title>Reflections on physical activity and health: what should we recommend?</article-title>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aptid&#227;o F&#237;sica Pr&#233;-Participa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o Influencia a Ader&#234;ncia a um Programa de Exerc&#237;cio Supervisionado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nishijuka</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Akio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christina Gr&#252;ne de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio (CLINIMEX), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Dr. Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo,</bold> Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio. Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101, CEP: 22031-070, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Nishijuka FA, Ara&#250;jo CGS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Nishijuka FA, Silva CGS, Duarte CV, Ara&#250;jo CGS: Nishijuka FA, Silva CGS, Duarte CV, Ara&#250;jo CGS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ara&#250;jo CGS</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com &#234;nfase em exerc&#237;cio tende a reduzir a mortalidade. Contudo, &#233; necess&#225;rio que haja ader&#234;ncia de m&#233;dio/longo prazo ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular. Identificar vari&#225;veis influenciadoras da ader&#234;ncia a programas de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado (PES) &#233; relevante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia dos componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica e n&#227;o-aer&#243;bica pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o na ader&#234;ncia de m&#233;dio prazo a PES.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram estudados 567 participantes (65 &#177; 12 anos) (68% homens) de um PES. Os participantes aderentes por menos de 6 meses (48%) (n&#227;o-aderentes - NAD) foram comparados aos 52% dos participantes aderentes por 6 meses ou mais (aderentes - AD). Na aptid&#227;o n&#227;o-aer&#243;bica avaliou-se flexibilidade (FLX) (Flexiteste) e pot&#234;ncia muscular (PTO)/peso corporal na remada em p&#233; (watts/kg). Na aer&#243;bica foi medido o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x)/peso corporal. Essas medidas foram normalizadas para sexo e idade usando percentis (P) (P-FLX/P-PTO) de dados de refer&#234;ncia ou percentuais do previsto (P-VO<sub>2</sub>). Adicionalmente, foram comparados AD e NAD com resultados extremos (tercis) simultaneamente para as tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre AD e NAD para os resultados n&#227;o-aer&#243;bicos, em mediana [P25-P75], de P-FLX: 30[13-56] e 31[9-52], respectivamente (p = 0,69), e P-PTO: 34[17-58] e 36[16-62] (p = 0,96), respectivamente, e para resultados aer&#243;bicos (m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o) P-VO<sub>2</sub> (75,9 &#177; 1,3% e 75,0 &#177; 1,3%), respectivamente (p = 0,83). Nos extremos, houve diferen&#231;a apenas para P-PTO no tercil inferior com discreta vantagem dos AD sobre NAD - 9[5-16] versus 4[1-11] (p = 0,04).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Embora seja &#250;til conhecer os n&#237;veis pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o dos componentes de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica e n&#227;o-aer&#243;bica para a prescri&#231;&#227;o individualizada de exerc&#237;cio, essas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o parecem influenciar a ader&#234;ncia de m&#233;dio prazo a PES.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Medicina F&#237;sica e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>For&#231;a Muscular</kwd>
        <kwd>Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>Medicina Esportiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>&#201; amplamente reconhecido que a pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica e de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, mesmo em pequenas quantidades, s&#227;o salutares e j&#225; produzem benef&#237;cios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> N&#237;veis altos de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e n&#227;o-aer&#243;bica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> est&#227;o associados com redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por todas as causas em indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade e idosos. Em contraste, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que apenas tr&#234;s semanas de repouso prolongado no leito podem resultar em uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 30% na condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A partir do final dos anos 50<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico passou a ser progressivamente mais valorizado na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), sendo atualmente recomendado pelas diretrizes de sociedades de cardiologia de todo o mundo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> integrando o que foi denominado de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (RC). Muito embora a RC englobe v&#225;rios componentes, classicamente, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, nas suas diferentes modalidades, &#233; o principal ou &#250;nico componente, caracterizando assim a RC com &#234;nfase ou baseada em exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> De fato, a RC baseada em exerc&#237;cio, ainda que subutilizada e frequentemente de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, promove diversos benef&#237;cios para a sa&#250;de, destacando-se a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> N&#227;o obstante essas evid&#234;ncias favor&#225;veis para a RC baseada em exerc&#237;cio, manter-se fisicamente ativo ao longo da vida, isto &#233;, aderente ao h&#225;bito do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, &#233; dif&#237;cil para a maioria dos pacientes com DCV,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> resultando em redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do potencial de benef&#237;cio dessa interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Parece assim relevante estudar as vari&#225;veis capazes de influenciar a taxa de ader&#234;ncia a um programa de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado (PES).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Em nosso conhecimento, a possibilidade dos n&#237;veis pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o dos componentes de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica aer&#243;bicos e n&#227;o-aer&#243;bicos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> influenciarem na ader&#234;ncia a PESs n&#227;o foi ainda estudada. Se por um lado tende a ser mais f&#225;cil melhorar quando os n&#237;veis iniciais s&#227;o baixos, &#233; tamb&#233;m poss&#237;vel que aqueles com menor aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica sintam-se incapacitados para se exercitar regularmente, o que poderia comprometer sua ader&#234;ncia a um PES. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se verificar a influ&#234;ncia dos n&#237;veis pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o de flexibilidade (FLX), pot&#234;ncia muscular (PTO) e condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica - consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x) - sobre a ader&#234;ncia em m&#233;dio prazo a um PES.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>Foram analisados retrospectivamente os dados de 644 indiv&#237;duos que iniciaram participa&#231;&#227;o em PES de uma cl&#237;nica privada localizada na zona sul da cidade do Rio de Janeiro entre janeiro de 2009 e mar&#231;o de 2015. Quase sempre referidos pelos seus m&#233;dicos assistentes, antes de iniciar o PES esses indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a ampla e detalhada avalia&#231;&#227;o que incluiu anamnese, exame f&#237;sico, antropometria, eletrocardiograma e espirometria de repouso, teste de exerc&#237;cio de 4 segundos, teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> e a avalia&#231;&#227;o de FLX<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> e de PTO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o final da amostra foram exclu&#237;dos os indiv&#237;duos que apresentavam uma ou mais das seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es: 1- ter menos de 30 anos de idade; 2- ter um intervalo superior a 120 dias entre a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o e o in&#237;cio da participa&#231;&#227;o no PES; 3- dados incompletos ou ausentes de FLX, PTO ou VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o desses crit&#233;rios, foram exclu&#237;dos 6 participantes por idade, 14 por terem iniciado o PES ap&#243;s 120 dias da avalia&#231;&#227;o, 41 por terem dados incompletos de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica n&#227;o-aer&#243;bica e 16 por n&#227;o terem realizado o TCPE ou por n&#227;o terem alcan&#231;ado esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, restando 567 participantes.</p>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise da ader&#234;ncia, optou-se por definir que a participa&#231;&#227;o mais apropriada seria aquela que caracterizasse a interven&#231;&#227;o como de m&#233;dio prazo, isto &#233;, superior a seis meses de dura&#231;&#227;o, e que fosse cont&#237;nua, ou seja, sem interrup&#231;&#245;es superiores a um m&#234;s. Ainda que para a maioria dos participantes tenha sido proposta uma frequ&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s vezes semanal ao PES, como no modelo de atendimento adotado nesse PES, houve grande varia&#231;&#227;o - uma a seis sess&#245;es semanais. Assim, diferente de alguns outros estudos, o n&#250;mero de sess&#245;es efetivamente participadas n&#227;o foi considerado para caracterizar a ader&#234;ncia do participante. Os participantes selecionados foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o per&#237;odo de tempo de participa&#231;&#227;o continuada no PES, identificado nos registros de frequ&#234;ncia, em: n&#227;o-aderentes (NAD) - menos de seis meses - ou aderentes (AD) - seis ou mais meses de participa&#231;&#227;o no PES - independentemente do n&#250;mero de sess&#245;es frequentadas em cada m&#234;s dentro do per&#237;odo de an&#225;lise dos dados (janeiro de 2009 a setembro de 2015).</p>
          <p>Todos os participantes do estudo leram e assinaram os termos de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes do TCPE e da participa&#231;&#227;o no PES. Tanto os termos de consentimento como a an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos dados para fins de pesquisa foi aprovada por Comit&#234; de &#201;tica sob o parecer 218/10.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Programa de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado</title>
          <p>O PES era realizado em ambiente climatizado, com temperatura ambiente entre 21 e 24&#176;C e umidade relativa do ar variando entre 40 e 60%. Antes de iniciar a sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios o participante era avaliado brevemente pelo m&#233;dico que, a seguir, prescrevia a parte aer&#243;bica. As sess&#245;es inclu&#237;am exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos - cicloerg&#244;metros de membros inferiores e superiores, esteiras rolantes, remoerg&#244;metros e erg&#244;metros de esqui -, de fortalecimento muscular, de FLX, de equil&#237;brio e de coordena&#231;&#227;o motora, com uma dura&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica entre 60 e 75 minutos. Consoante com a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e objetivos individuais para o PES, para alguns participantes foram tamb&#233;m prescritos treinamento muscular inspirat&#243;rio e isom&#233;trico de preens&#227;o manual, protocolos que foram demonstrados como clinicamente seguros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Monitora&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e monitora&#231;&#227;o intermitente de press&#227;o arterial e de eletrocardiograma eram realizadas durante as sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio, conforme clinicamente indicado.</p>
          <p>Como caracter&#237;stica importante deste PES e uma vari&#225;vel que provavelmente pode contribuir favoravelmente para a ader&#234;ncia, os participantes tinham uma ampla oferta de dias e hor&#225;rios para realizar as sess&#245;es, dentro do per&#237;odo de funcionamento regular da cl&#237;nica - 15,5 horas nos dias &#250;teis e 9 horas aos s&#225;bados -, perfazendo um total de 86,5 horas semanais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica: flexibilidade, pot&#234;ncia muscular e condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica</title>
          <p> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da FLX foi realizada pelo Flexiteste,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> que consiste na avalia&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade passiva m&#225;xima de vinte movimentos articulares englobando sete articula&#231;&#245;es, em uma escala ordinal crescente de escores de zero a quatro, a partir da compara&#231;&#227;o entre a amplitude obtida e os mapas espec&#237;ficos de avalia&#231;&#227;o. A soma dos escores de cada um dos 20 movimentos articulares gera um &#237;ndice global de flexibilidade corporal denominado de Flex&#237;ndice. Objetivando controlar a influ&#234;ncia de idade e sexo, foram utilizados dados de refer&#234;ncia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> para que o Flex&#237;ndice do participante pudesse ser expresso em percentil (P) (P-FLX) ajustado para idade e sexo.</p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da PTO relativa - PTO (watts)/peso corporal (kg) - foi feita na fase conc&#234;ntrica da remada em p&#233;, utilizando procedimento padronizado e descrito detalhadamente em estudos anteriores que demonstraram a fidedignidade das avalia&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Em breve, a PTO foi medida no equipamento Fitrodyne (Fitronic, Eslov&#225;quia), a partir do produto da velocidade m&#233;dia na fase conc&#234;ntrica da execu&#231;&#227;o (m/s) e do peso (kg) levantado. O peso era progressivamente aumentado de cinco em cinco kg at&#233; que fosse obtida a maior PTO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Tal como feito com a FLX, os valores individuais foram ajustados com dados de refer&#234;ncia do laborat&#243;rio (dados n&#227;o-publicados que foram obtidos em 4567 adultos de ambos os sexos e com faixa et&#225;ria compat&#237;vel com a do presente estudo) e expressos como percentil (P-PTO), de acordo com a idade e o sexo.</p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica foi obtida a partir da medida direta do VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x relativo ao peso corporal pelo TCPE com an&#225;lise direta dos gases expirados (VO2000; Medgraphics, Estados Unidos), conforme mais amplamente detalhado em estudos anteriores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> e seguindo as orienta&#231;&#245;es b&#225;sicas de documento recente de diversos autores brasileiros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Todos os exames foram realizados por apenas quatro m&#233;dicos em um ambiente climatizado e devidamente equipado para lidar com eventuais intercorr&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas. Foi realizado um protocolo individualizado de rampa, objetivando uma dura&#231;&#227;o entre oito e 12 minutos para alcan&#231;ar a exaust&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> A condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica individual em mL/(kg.min) foi ent&#227;o expressa como percentual do VO<sub>2</sub>max previsto (P-VO<sub>2</sub>), o qual era calculado como sendo igual a 60 - 0,55 x idade (anos) para homens e 48 - 0,37 x idade (anos) para mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O tipo de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica baseou-se na natureza da escala de mensura&#231;&#227;o e da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados, sendo realizado os testes de normalidade de D&#180;Agostinho &amp; Person, Shapiro-Wilk e do Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados nas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana entre dois grupos ou subgrupos foi utilizado o teste-t de Student. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado para an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-gaussiana, e a estat&#237;stica do qui-quadrado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas (caracter&#237;sticas clinicas e uso de f&#225;rmacos). Os resultados foram apresentados em m&#233;dia e erro-padr&#227;o para as vari&#225;veis de natureza cont&#237;nua e com distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana e em mediana e intervalo interquartis (percentis 25 e 75) ou por percentuais, conforme apropriado, para as demais.</p>
          <p> Como uma an&#225;lise adicional, foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney com o objetivo de se verificar, entre NAD e AD, poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as na ader&#234;ncia ao PES naqueles participantes situados nos extremos do espectro de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, isto &#233;, no primeiro ou no terceiro tercil dos tr&#234;s componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica. Dessa forma, foram assim definidos subgrupos novos e menores da mesma amostra, caracterizados como NAD1 e AD1, respectivamente, NAD e AD no primeiro tercil, e como NAD3 e AD3, respectivamente, NAD e AD no terceiro tercil, com resultados j&#225; ajustados para idade e sexo nos componentes de flexibilidade, pot&#234;ncia muscular e condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica. O <italic>software</italic> estat&#237;stico <italic>Prism</italic> 6.0 (<italic>GraphPad</italic>, Estados Unidos) foi utilizado para os c&#225;lculos e figuras e adotado um n&#237;vel de 5% para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dentre os 567 participantes avaliados (68% do sexo masculino), a idade foi de 65 &#177; 12 anos (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o), variando entre 31 a 92 anos. Com base no crit&#233;rio de perman&#234;ncia continuada por seis meses que foi utilizado para caracterizar ader&#234;ncia ao PES, tivemos 52% como AD e 48% como NAD. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as para os grupos AD e NAD quanto a idade (p = 0,29) ou para a propor&#231;&#227;o de homens e mulheres (p = 0,27). O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) variou entre 17,5 e 52,4 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, com mediana de 27,1 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e percentis 25-75 de, respectivamente, 24,6 e 30,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, tamb&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (p = 0,25).</p>
        <p>Com base nas informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas registradas no hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico, 61% dos pacientes eram hipertensos, 56% tinham doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) conhecida, 31% tinham sofrido infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, 37% j&#225; haviam sido submetidos &#224; angioplastia percut&#226;nea e 17% &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica. Al&#233;m disso, 21% eram obesos, 30% tinham diagn&#243;stico de diabetes melito, 46% foram considerados sedent&#225;rios, 55% eram ex-tabagistas, isso &#233;, estavam sem fumar h&#225; pelo menos seis meses, e apenas 5% relataram ser tabagistas ativos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a todas essas vari&#225;veis, AD e NAD somente diferiram, assim mesmo discretamente, quando foram considerados em conjunto hist&#243;ria de tabagismo (a quase totalidade somente no passado), sendo 55,0% para AD e 65,8% para NAD (p = 0,01). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso atual e regular de f&#225;rmacos, 63% usavam betabloqueadores, 76% antilipemiantes, 73% antiplaquet&#225;rios e 59% psicotr&#243;picos, sem qualquer diferen&#231;a entre os participantes AD e NAD (p &gt; 0,05). Esses resultados s&#227;o mais detalhados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e uso de f&#225;rmacos dos participantes aderentes e n&#227;o aderentes (n = 567) ao PES e dos subgrupos dos tercis extremos inferior (n = 43) e superior (n = 50) para resultados de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica e n&#227;o aer&#243;bica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Participantes</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">1&#186; Tercil (Inferior)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">3&#186; Tercil (Superior)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">AD <break/>(n = 298)</th>
                <th align="center">NAD <break/>(n = 269)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">AD1 <break/>(n = 18)</th>
                <th align="center">NAD1 <break/>(n = 25)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">AD3 <break/>(n = 20)</th>
                <th align="center">NAD3 <break/>(n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Caracteristicas cl&#237;nicas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (%)</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria de tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentarismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Uso de f&#225;rmacos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueador (%)</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina (%)</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">0,50</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antiplaquet&#225;rio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Psicotr&#243;pico (%)</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>PES: programa de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado; NAD: n&#227;o-aderentes (&lt; 6 meses de PES); AD: aderentes (&#8805; 6 meses de PES); NAD1: n&#227;o-aderente 1&#186; tercil; AD1: aderente 1&#186; tercil; NAD3: n&#227;o-aderente 3&#186; tercil; AD3: aderente 3&#186; tercil. A compara&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos diversos resultados nos dois grupos foi feita pelo teste do qui-quadrado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O intervalo de dias entre a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o e a primeira sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio do PES foi, em mediana, de 4 dias, ficando entre 1 a 9 dias para a metade dos participantes. A mediana de tempo de participa&#231;&#227;o no PES foi de 6 meses, com P25 e 75 de, respectivamente, 3 e 15 meses, dentro do per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o do estudo. A mediana do n&#250;mero de sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio do PES frequentadas no per&#237;odo estudado foi de 46 sess&#245;es, com P25 e P75 de, respectivamente 19 e 122 sess&#245;es, com um m&#237;nimo de uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o e um m&#225;ximo de 1358 sess&#245;es. A mediana do n&#250;mero de sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio por m&#234;s foi de 7,6, com a maioria dos participantes frequentando o PES entre 5 a 10 sess&#245;es/m&#234;s. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos AD e NAD em rela&#231;&#227;o aos principais dados demogr&#225;ficos e &#224;s vari&#225;veis da participa&#231;&#227;o no PES s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados dos dados demogr&#225;ficos e informa&#231;&#245;es sobre frequ&#234;ncia dos participantes aderentes e n&#227;o-aderentes (n = 567) ao PES e dos subgrupos dos tercis extremos inferior (n = 43) e superior (n = 50)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Participantes</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">1&#186; Tercil (inferior)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">3&#186; Tercil (superior)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">AD <break/>(n = 298)</th>
                <th align="center">NAD <break/>(n = 269)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">AD1 <break/>(n = 18)</th>
                <th align="center">NAD1 <break/>(n = 25)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">AD3 <break/>(n = 20)</th>
                <th align="center">NAD3 <break/>(n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens (%)</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">(&#8224;)</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">64 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
                <td align="center">69 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Indice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">(&#8224;)</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">32 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">34 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 0,74</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 0,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo Exame-Admiss&#227;o (dias) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">(&#8224;)</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">9 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">11 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
                <td align="center">7 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
                <td align="center">14 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Messes de PES <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">(&#8224;)</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">22 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">3 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">22 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">3 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de sess&#245;es/m&#234;s <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">(*)</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7&#8211;10)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (4&#8211;9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">9 (9&#8211;13)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5&#8211;9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7&#8211;10)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3&#8211;8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>mediana (percentil25-percentil75);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia; compara&#231;&#227;o das distribui&#231;&#245;es dos resultados foi feita por teste-t de Student ou teste de Mann-Whitney ou teste de qui-quadrado, conforme as caracteristicas das das vari&#225;veis.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>PES: programa de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado; NAD: n&#227;o-aderentes (&lt; 6 meses de PES); AD: aderentes (&#8805; 6 meses de PES); NAD1: n&#227;o aderente 1&#186; tercil; AD1: aderente 1&#186; tercil; NAD3: n&#227;o aderente 3&#186; tercil; AD3: aderente 3&#186; tercil.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados das avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o dos componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, principal objeto desse estudo, observamos que, para os 567 participantes, os valores obtidos em percentis e/ou como percentuais do valor previsto (ajustados para idade e sexo) tenderam a se situar abaixo dos desejados para a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, isto &#233;, percentis iguais ou superiores a 50 (mediana) e percentual igual ou superior a 100%; para os componentes n&#227;o-aer&#243;bicos (mediana e [interquartis]), P-FLX = 30[11-55] e para P-PTO = 35[17-60], e para o componente aer&#243;bico em m&#233;dia &#177; erro-padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia, P-VO<sub>2</sub> = 75,5 &#177; 0,91. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos resultados aer&#243;bicos, expressos em percentil (%) do VO<sub>2</sub>max previsto, obtido no TCPE, &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos AD e NAD mostrou que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas nos resultados dos tr&#234;s componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica e n&#227;o-aer&#243;bica estudados, conforme detalhado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos resultados de aer&#243;bica (VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x) (n = 567). PES: programa de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-109-04-0340-70132-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados dos componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica e n&#227;o-aer&#243;bica em participantes aderentes e n&#227;o-aderentes (n = 567) ao PES e dos subgrupos dos tercis extremos inferior (n = 43) e superior (n = 50)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Participantes</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">1&#186; tercil (inferior)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">3&#186; tercil (superior)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">AD <break/>(n = 298)</th>
                <th align="center">NAD <break/>(n = 269)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">AD1 <break/>(n = 18)</th>
                <th align="center">NAD1 <break/>(n = 25)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
                <th align="center">AD3 <break/>(n = 20)</th>
                <th align="center">NAD3 <break/>(n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Flexindice<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">30 <break/>(13&#8211;56)</td>
                <td align="center">31 <break/>(9&#8211;52)</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
                <td align="center">6 <break/>(1&#8211;11)</td>
                <td align="center">4 <break/>(1&#8211;11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,70</td>
                <td align="center">70 (60&#8211;88)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (49&#8211;92)</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pot&#234;ncia relativa<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">34 (17&#8211;58)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (16&#8211;62)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
                <td align="center">9 (5&#8211;16)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1&#8211;12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
                <td align="center">78 (64&#8211;92)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (64&#8211;87)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x relativo previsto (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">75,9 &#177; 1,27</td>
                <td align="center">75,0 &#177; 1,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
                <td align="center">51,7 &#177; 2,65</td>
                <td align="center">52,1 &#177; 1,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
                <td align="center">104,3 &#177; 3,54</td>
                <td align="center">103,0 &#177; 2,42</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>percentil para sexo e idade em mediana (percentil25-percentil75);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>percentual do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo relativo previsto em m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia, compara&#231;&#245;es das distribui&#231;&#245;es dos resultados feita pelo teste de Mann-Whitney ou teste-t de Student conforme apropriado pelas caracter&#237;sticas das vari&#225;veis.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>PES: programa de exerc&#237;cio supervisionado; NAD: n&#227;o-aderentes (&lt; 6 meses de PES); AD: aderentes (&#8805; 6 meses de PES); NAD1: n&#227;o aderente 1&#186; tercil; AD1: aderente 1&#186; tercil; NAD3: n&#227;o aderente 3&#186; tercil; AD3: aderente 3&#186; tercil; VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x: consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na outra an&#225;lise realizada, os participantes com resultados piores (tercis inferiores, n = 48) e melhores (tercis superiores, n = 50) em termos de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica (os tr&#234;s componentes em conjunto) foram comparados quanto &#224; ader&#234;ncia. Analisando algumas das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, o uso atual e regular de f&#225;rmacos e os resultados dos componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, a &#250;nica diferen&#231;a significativa ocorreu na P-PTO para aqueles localizados no tercil inferior - (mediana e [interquartis]) - AD1 = 9 (5-16) e NAD1 = 4 (1-12), p = 0,04. Esses resultados s&#227;o melhores detalhados nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">2</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A literatura indica que a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio regular &#233; muito importante na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria das DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Todavia, parece claro que uma parcela muito pequena dos pacientes &#233; encaminhada e uma parcela ainda menor efetivamente ingressa em programas formais de RC ou PES. Apesar do custo-efetividade desses programas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> sabe-se que o n&#250;mero de centros dispon&#237;veis no Brasil est&#225; aqu&#233;m do desejado. Entre os indiv&#237;duos que ingressam nos programas, uma parcela vari&#225;vel e indesejavelmente baixa completa um n&#250;mero razo&#225;vel de sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio, e um percentual ainda menor adota o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular como parte de um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel. O presente artigo contribui para o corpo de conhecimento na &#225;rea mostrando que os n&#237;veis pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#234;s componentes de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica - aer&#243;bica e n&#227;o aer&#243;bica - n&#227;o influenciam de forma significativa a ader&#234;ncia de m&#233;dio prazo, isso &#233;, seis meses, a um PES.</p>
        <p>Mensurar e promover a ader&#234;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; um grande desafio que vem sendo estudado h&#225; algumas d&#233;cadas, mas com resultados ainda insuficientes para os resultados cl&#237;nicos desejados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> &#201; muito prov&#225;vel que a ader&#234;ncia a um determinado PES possa ser influenciada por um grande n&#250;mero de fatores, tais como cognitivos, comportamentais e ambientais. Utilizando abordagens distintas e crit&#233;rios temporais de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de ader&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o-ader&#234;ncia diferentes, em estudos anteriores com participantes desse mesmo PES, fomos capazes de identificar que a obesidade interferia negativamente na ader&#234;ncia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> enquanto a dist&#226;ncia entre o domic&#237;lio e o local de treinamento n&#227;o parecia ser um fator determinante da ader&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A participa&#231;&#227;o em PES normalmente resulta em uma melhora significativa da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica. Uma metan&#225;lise recente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> indica que o ganho m&#233;dio em condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica &#233; de 6,6 mL/(kg.min) com 43 dos 48 estudos originais inclu&#237;dos apresentando ganhos aer&#243;bicos significativos com a participa&#231;&#227;o em uma RC baseada em exerc&#237;cio. Nesse sentido, &#233; interessante relatar que a aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica inicial parece ter influ&#234;ncia progn&#243;stica para participantes de programas de RC. Por exemplo, Kavanagh et al<italic>.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> estudaram 12169 homens com DCV e observaram que a medida direta da condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica antes de iniciar a RC, exercia uma forte e favor&#225;vel influ&#234;ncia nas mortalidades cardiovascular e por todas as causas. Ross et al<italic>.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> demonstraram, em revis&#227;o recentemente publicada, que a condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bica est&#225; fortemente relacionada com morbidade e mortalidade, sendo um preditor de risco cardiovascular mais possante do que fatores tradicionais como diabetes melito, hipertens&#227;o arterial e tabagismo.</p>
        <p>Todavia, apesar da rica literatura sobre o tema de ader&#234;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, parece haver muito poucos dados relacionados a uma poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia dos n&#237;veis pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica e n&#227;o-aer&#243;bica sobre a ader&#234;ncia a um PES ou a um programa mais amplo de RC. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica foram alvos de estudos sobre outros desfechos cl&#237;nicos relevantes. Nesse sentido, &#233; interessante comentar a metan&#225;lise conduzida por Sandercook et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> que identificaram que os n&#237;veis aer&#243;bicos iniciais n&#227;o parecem predizer a magnitude do ganho absoluto em VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x com a participa&#231;&#227;o em RC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> embora isso pare&#231;a variar com o tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular realizada ou com a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Infelizmente, essa metan&#225;lise n&#227;o abordou a quest&#227;o da ader&#234;ncia e n&#227;o pode ser assim contrastada com os nossos resultados.</p>
        <p>Na realidade, deve-se reconhecer a exist&#234;ncia de in&#250;meras dificuldades cl&#237;nicas, log&#237;sticas e metodol&#243;gicas para realizar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o criteriosa e mais ampla dos componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica de todos os candidatos a programas de RC ou PES. Desse modo, em nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a obter medidas diretas da VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x e dados de FLX e PTO de um grupo grande de participantes antes de iniciar um PES, e a avaliar a influ&#234;ncia desses resultados com a ader&#234;ncia em m&#233;dio prazo (seis meses) ao PES.</p>
        <p>Com o objetivo de buscar vari&#225;veis que possibilitassem mensurar de maneira pr&#225;tica e objetiva a chance de ader&#234;ncia de um indiv&#237;duo, e auxiliar o m&#233;dico na abordagem diferenciada de indiv&#237;duos que iniciam PES, analisamos a poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia dos n&#237;veis pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o dos componentes aer&#243;bicos e n&#227;o-aer&#243;bicos da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica (FLX, PTO e VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x) sobre a ader&#234;ncia a PES no per&#237;odo de seis meses. Os participantes dos grupos AD e NAD eram muito similares quanto a sexo, idade e IMC, perfil cl&#237;nico e uso regular de medica&#231;&#245;es, com a &#250;nica exce&#231;&#227;o de uma diferen&#231;a no percentual de participantes com hist&#243;rico de tabagismo que foi maior no grupo NAD. Vale destacar que optamos por descrever a vari&#225;vel 'hist&#243;rico de tabagismo' tal como &#233; normalmente apresentada em estudos cl&#237;nicos; todavia, no presente estudo, o percentual de tabagistas ativos dentre os participantes do PES foi muito pequeno e inferior a 5%, sem diferen&#231;as numericamente relevantes entre os grupos ou subgrupos estudados. A vari&#225;vel 'tabagismo ativo' poderia vir a influenciar os atuais resultados caso houvesse diferen&#231;a clinicamente relevante nesse dado entre os grupos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, os nossos dados divergem de um estudo recente que demonstrou que pacientes idosos s&#227;o menos aderentes que os jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> Possivelmente, caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, assim como os diferentes formatos de PES podem explicar esses resultados d&#237;spares.</p>
        <p>Espera-se que o VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x previsto seja de 100% e que a m&#233;dia dos percentis para idade e sexo seja 50 (p50) para popula&#231;&#227;o geral. J&#225; os resultados do presente estudo indicam que os n&#237;veis pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica dos participantes de um PES, quando normalizados para idade e sexo por dados de refer&#234;ncia, tendem a ser inferiores a esses valores. Isso est&#225; de acordo com a perspectiva de que as DCVs e outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nico-degenerativas tendem a ser mais prevalentes em indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios ou pouco ativos e, mais comumente, com baixa aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica.</p>
        <p>A informa&#231;&#227;o mais relevante do estudo &#233; que n&#237;veis pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o baixos e isolados de VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x, FLX global e PTO relativa ao peso corporal parecem n&#227;o influenciar a ader&#234;ncia de m&#233;dio prazo ao PES. Mesmo por meio da an&#225;lise combinada dos tercis extremos, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel encontrar uma influ&#234;ncia marcante dos n&#237;veis pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o dos componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica sobre a ader&#234;ncia de m&#233;dio prazo ao PES, exceto por uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente lim&#237;trofe e de pouca relev&#226;ncia pr&#225;tica entre as medianas de P-PTO de 9 e 4, respectivamente, para AD e NAD. Nesse contexto, &#233; oportuno observar que dados recentes mostram que at&#233; mesmo em indiv&#237;duos acima de 75 anos com doen&#231;a coronariana ou valvar, j&#225; &#233; poss&#237;vel observar benef&#237;cios apenas com quatro semanas de RC, melhorando a VO<sub>2</sub>m&#225;x e a PTO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente estudo possui alguns pontos positivos que devem ser enfatizados. H&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia para uma nova valoriza&#231;&#227;o da RC e de sua aplica&#231;&#227;o em abordagens n&#227;o-hospitalares, incluindo programas comunit&#225;rios, tais como o PES desse estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> O tamanho amostral com 567 participantes, com perfil cl&#237;nico e uso regular de medica&#231;&#245;es bastante homog&#234;neo, ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios r&#237;gidos de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o &#233; um ponto favor&#225;vel, assim como o fato de que todas as medidas de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica terem sido realizadas por apenas quatro m&#233;dicos com ampla experi&#234;ncia nos protocolos e t&#233;cnicas de medida, utilizando rotinas de avalia&#231;&#227;o padronizadas no pr&#243;prio laborat&#243;rio. Como se tratou de um estudo retrospectivo, os autores n&#227;o tiveram qualquer influ&#234;ncia sobre os resultados das avalia&#231;&#245;es e/ou da ader&#234;ncia ao PES.</p>
        <p>No entanto, h&#225; tamb&#233;m limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser ressaltadas. A amostra de participantes era clinicamente heterog&#234;nea, incluindo n&#227;o somente pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana conhecida, mas tamb&#233;m pacientes com m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco para DCV e outros com enfermidades distintas. Infelizmente, n&#227;o houve disponibilidade de estudar indicadores objetivos dos motivos cl&#237;nicos relevantes para a interrup&#231;&#227;o do PES ou de mortalidade dos participantes do presente estudo, o que seria bastante oportuno e deve ser objeto de futuros estudos sobre a tem&#225;tica. &#201; poss&#237;vel que ao analisar apenas alguns aspectos da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica tenha-se uma leitura limitada e qui&#231;&#225; enviesada do fen&#244;meno da ader&#234;ncia a um PES, muito embora a an&#225;lise dos tercis extremos possa corroborar a impress&#227;o de que, de forma isolada ou combinada, os n&#237;veis pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#234;s componentes da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica estudados n&#227;o influenciam a ader&#234;ncia de m&#233;dio prazo. Outros aspectos diretamente relacionados &#224; aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, tais como o hist&#243;rico de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e esporte em diferentes momentos da vida e a magnitude dos ganhos de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica com o PES talvez possam influenciar a ader&#234;ncia e devem ser objeto de estudos futuros. Em adendo, as caracter&#237;sticas socioecon&#244;micas (a grande maioria dos participantes custeava diretamente sua participa&#231;&#227;o no PES), raciais e a propor&#231;&#227;o mais alta de homens podem gerar vieses nos resultados e limitar a validade externa dos presentes resultados. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar causas de abandono do PES e at&#233; mesmo, se esses participantes que largaram o PES antes de completar seis meses, continuaram ou n&#227;o se exercitando de forma independente ou em locais diversos tais como clubes, academias ou at&#233; outros PES. Outros estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para identificar a influ&#234;ncia dos componentes aqui avaliados, comparando programas e perfis epidemiol&#243;gicos distintos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o dos componentes de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica e n&#227;o-aer&#243;bica n&#227;o influenciam a ader&#234;ncia a m&#233;dio prazo a um PES, embora seja muito relevante e recomend&#225;vel conhec&#234;-los para a prescri&#231;&#227;o individualizada dos exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos e n&#227;o-aer&#243;bicos a serem realizados nas sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o refor&#231;a a impress&#227;o de que participantes com n&#237;veis &#243;timos de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica e at&#233; mesmo pacientes mais debilitados ou com n&#237;veis mais baixos de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica podem ser encaminhados pelos seus m&#233;dicos assistentes e virem a ser aderentes por pelo menos seis meses a um PES.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq e FAPERJ.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de F&#225;bio Akio Nishijuka no Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
